Silicon Velly

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Silicon Valley 1

Silicon Valley

A view of downtown San Jose, the self-proclaimed "Capital of Silicon

Valley"

San Jose

Silicon Valley is a term which refers to the

southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in

Northern California in the United States. The

region is home to many of the world's largest

technology corporations.[1]

The term originally

referred to the region's large number of silicon

chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually

came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the

area; it is now generally used as a metonym for

the American high-tech sector. Despite the

development of other high-tech economic centers

throughout the United States and the world,

Silicon Valley continues to be the leading hub for

high-tech innovation and development,

accounting for 1/3 of all of the venture capital

investment in the United States.[2]

Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses

all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of

San Jose (and adjacent communities), the

southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay.

Origin of the term

The term Silicon Valley was coined by Ralph

Vaerst, a Central California entrepreneur. Its first published use is credited to Don Hoefler, a friend of Vaerst's, who

used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. The series, entitled

"Silicon Valley in the USA," began in the paper's issue dated January 11, 1971. Valley refers to the Santa Clara

Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while Silicon refers to the high concentration of companies

involved in the semiconductor (silicon is used to create most semiconductors commercially) and computer industries

that were concentrated in the area. These firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname,

the Valley of Heart's Delight.
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Silicon Valley 2

History

"Perhaps the strongest thread that runs through the Valley's past and present is the drive to "play" with novel

technology, which, when bolstered by an advanced engineering degree and channeled by astute management,

has done much to create the industrial powerhouse we see in the Valley today."[3]

Looking west over northern San Jose (downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley

Since the early twentieth century, Silicon Valley has been home to an electronics industry. The industry began

through experimentation and innovation in the fields of radio, television, and military electronics. StanfordUniversity, its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of this area.

[4]

A powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley. From the 1890s, Stanford

University's leaders saw its mission as service to the West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the

perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build

self-sufficient indigenous local industry. Thus, regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's

high-tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley's development.[5]

During the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick Terman, as Stanford's dean of engineering and provost, encouraged faculty

and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, and

other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford campus. Terman is often

called "the father of Silicon Valley."

During 1955-85, solid state technology research and development at Stanford University followed three waves of

industrial innovation made possible by support from private corporations, mainly Bell Telephone Laboratories,

Shockley Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, and Xerox PARC. In 1969 the Stanford Research Institute

operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet.[6]

Social roots of information technology revolution

It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit, the microprocessor, the microcomputer, among

other key technologies, were developed, and has been the site of electronic innovation for over four decades,

sustained by about a quarter of a million information technology workers. Silicon Valley was formed as a milieu of

innovations by the convergence on one site of new technological knowledge; a large pool of skilled engineers and

scientists from major universities in the area; generous funding from an assured market with the Defense

Department; the development of an efficient network of venture capital firms; and, in the very early stage, the

institutional leadership of Stanford University.[7]
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Silicon Valley 3

Roots in radio and military technology

The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of U.S. Navy research and technology. In 1909, Charles

Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose. Later

that year, Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission

technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in Palo Alto. Over the next decade, the FTC

created the world's first global radio communication system, and signed a contract with the U.S. Navy in 1912.[3]

In 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale, California, was commissioned by the United States Government for use as a Naval Air

Station (NAS) to house the airship USS Macon in Hangar One. The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field, and

between 1933 and 1947, US Navy blimps were based here.[8]

A number of technology firms had set up shop in the

area around Moffett to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its West

Coast operations to San Diego, NACA (the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, forerunner of NASA)

took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones

moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms such as Lockheed.

Stanford Industrial Park

After World War II, universities were experiencing enormous demand due to returning students. To address the

financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment opportunities for graduating

students, FrederickTerman proposed the leasing of Stanford's lands for use as an office park, named the Stanford

Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park). Leases were limited to high technology companies. Its first tenant was

Varian Associates, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military radar components. However, Terman

also found venture capital for civilian technology start-ups . One of the major success stories was Hewlett-Packard.

Founded in Packard's garage by Stanford graduates William Hewlett and David Packard, Hewlett-Packard moved its

offices into the Stanford Research Park slightly after 1953. In 1954, Stanford created the Honors Cooperative

Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the University on a

part-time basis. The initial companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for

each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal computer manufacturer in

the world, and transformed the home printing market when it released the first ink jet printer in 1984. In addition, the

tenancy of Eastman Kodak and General Electric made Stanford Industrial Park a center of technology in the

mid-1990s.[9]

Silicon transistor and birth of the Silicon Valley

In 1953, William Shockley left Bell Labs in a disagreement over the handling of the invention of the transistor. After

returning to California Institute of Technology for a short while, Shockley moved to Mountain View, California in

1956, and founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the

semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Shockleyintended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley diode), but

the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end

research on the silicon transistor. As a result, eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor.

Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to found

Intel.[10]
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Silicon Valley 4

Law firms

The rise of Silicon Valley was also bolstered by the development of appropriate legal infrastructure to support the

rapid formation, funding, and expansion of high-tech companies, as well as the development of a critical mass of

litigators and judges experienced in resolving disputes between such firms. From the early 1980s onward, many

national (and later international) law firms opened offices in San Francisco and Palo Alto in order to provide Silicon

Valley startups with legal services. Furthermore, California law has a number of quirks which help entrepreneursestablish startups at the expense of established firms, such as a nearly absolute ban on non-compete clauses in

employment agreements.

Venture capital firms

By the early 1970s, there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and

programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive.

The growth was fueled by the emergence of the venture capital industry on Sand Hill Road, beginning with Kleiner

Perkins in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1.3 billion IPO of Apple Computer

in December 1980.

The rise of software

Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in

recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer

operating systems, software, and user interfaces.

Using money from NASA and the U.S. Air Force, Doug Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext-based

collaboration tools in the mid-1960s, while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). When Engelbart's

Augmentation Research Center declined in influence due to personal conflicts and the loss of government funding,

Xerox hired some of Engelbart's best researchers. In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center

(PARC) played a pivotal role in object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet, PostScript,and laser printers.

While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The

diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems, and indirectly to Cisco, Apple Computer and

Microsoft. Apple's Macintosh GUI was largely a result of Steve Jobs' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key

personnel.[11]

Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford's campus

Ethernet.

Internet bubble

Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the dot-com bubble which started from the

mid-1990s and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in April 2000. During the

bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels. For a brief time, Sand Hill Road was home to the most

expensive commercial real estate in the world, and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion.

Even after the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and

development centers in the world. A 2006 The Wall Street Journal story found that 13 of the 20 most inventive

towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley.[12]

San Jose led the list with 3,867

utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents.[13]
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Silicon Valley 5

Economy

According to a 2008 study by AeA in 2006, Silicon Valley was the third largest high-tech center (cybercity) in the

United States, behind the New York metropolitan area and Washington metropolitan area, with 225,300 high-tech

jobs. The Bay Area as a whole however, of which Silicon Valley is a part, would rank first with 387,000 high-tech

jobs. Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of

every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary at $144,800.[14] Largely aresult of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the

most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita.[15]

The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States.[16]

[17]

The unemployment rate of the

region was 9.4% in January 2009, up from 7.8% in the previous month.[18]

Notable companies

Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley. Among those, the following are in the

Fortune 1000:

Adobe Systems

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

Apple Inc.

Adobe Systems Advanced Micro Devices

Agilent Technologies

Apple Inc.

Applied Materials

Cisco Systems

eBay

Google

Hewlett-Packard

Intel

Intuit Juniper Networks

KLA Tencor

LSI Logic

Marvell Semiconductors

Maxim Integrated Products

Morabito Corporation (M-Corporation)

National Semiconductor

NetApp

Nvidia

Oracle Corporation SanDisk

Sanmina-SCI

Symantec

Yahoo!

Additional notable companies headquartered (or with a significant

presence) in Silicon Valley include (some defunct or subsumed):

3Com (acquired by HP)

A10 Networks

Actel

Actuate Corporation

Adaptec
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Silicon Valley 6

Cisco Systems

eBay

Facebook

Google

Aeria Games and Entertainment

Altera

Amazon.com's A9.com

Amazon.com's Lab126.com

Amdahl

Ampex

Antibody Solutions

Aricent

Asus

Atari

Atmel

Broadcom

Brocade Communications Systems

BEA Systems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)

Business Objects (acquired by SAP)

Cypress Semiconductor Electronic Arts

EMC Corporation (headquartered in Hopkinton, Massachusetts)

E*TRADE (headquartered in New York, NY)

Facebook

Fairchild Semiconductor

Force10

Foundry Networks

Fujitsu (headquartered in Tokyo, Japan)

Hitachi Data Systems

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies IBM Almaden Research Center (headquartered in Armonk, New

York)

IDEO

Intuitive Surgical

LinkedIn

Logitech

LynuxWorks

Maxtor (acquired by Seagate)

McAfee (acquired by Intel)

Memorex (acquired by Imation and moved to Cerritos, California)

Micron Technology (headquartered in Boise, Idaho)

Microsoft (headquartered in Redmond, Washington)

Mozilla Foundation

Nokia (headquartered in Espoo, Finland)

Netflix

Netscape (acquired by AOL)

NeXT Computer, Inc. (acquired by Apple)

Ning

NXP Semiconductors

Olivetti (headquartered in Ivrea, Italy)

Opera Software (headquartered in Oslo, Norway)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oslohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivettihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NXP_Semiconductorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ning_%28website%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NeXThttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AOLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netscape_Communications_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netflixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Espoo%2C_Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozilla_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redmond%2C_Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boise%2C_Idahohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micron_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerritos%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memorexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McAfeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seagate_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxtorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LynuxWorkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logitechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LinkedInhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intuitive_Surgicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IDEOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_Almaden_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hitachi_Global_Storage_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hitachi_Data_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foundry_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairchild_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E%2ATRADEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAP_AGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Objects_%28company%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BEA_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocade_Communications_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atari%2C_Inchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aricenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibody_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amdahl_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lab126http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A9.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeria_Games_and_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AGoogleplexsouthside.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A1601californiaavelobby.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEbayheadquarters.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACiscosystemsheadquarters.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cisco_Systems


7/12

Silicon Valley 7

Hewlett-Packard

Intel

Intuit

Nvidia

OPPO

Palm, Inc. (acquired by HP)

PalmSource, Inc. (acquired by ACCESS)

PayPal (now part of eBay)

Philips Lumileds Lighting Company

PlayPhone Qualcomm, Inc.

Rambus

Riverbed Technology

ROBLOX

RSA (acquired by EMC)

Redback Networks (acquired by Ericsson)

SAP AG (headquartered in Walldorf, Germany)

Siemens (headquartered in Berlin and Munich, Germany)

Silicon Graphics

Silicon Image Solectron (acquired by Flextronics)

Sony

Sony Ericsson

SRI International

Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)

SunPower

Tibco Software

Tesla Motors

TheWallvideo Productions

TWiT Tellme Networks (acquired by Microsoft)

TiVo

VA Software (Slashdot)

WebEx (acquired by Cisco Systems)

Western Digital

VeriSign

Veritas Software (acquired by Symantec)

VMware

Vocera

Xilinx

YouTube (acquired by Google)

Zoran Corporation

Zynga

Silicon Valley is also home to the high-tech superstore retail chain

Fry's Electronics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fry%27s_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superstorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zyngahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoran_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xilinxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vocerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VMwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symantechttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veritas_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VeriSignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cisco_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebExhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slashdothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VA_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TiVohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tellme_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWiThttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TheWallvideo_Productionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tibco_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SunPowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SRI_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flextronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solectronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walldorfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAP_AGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redback_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RSA_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robloxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverbed_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rambushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qualcomm%2C_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlayPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philips_Lumileds_Lighting_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PayPalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Access_Co.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PalmSource%2C_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm%2C_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPPOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ANvidiaheadquarters.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nvidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIntuitheadquarters.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIntelheadquarters.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHewlett_Packard_HQ_entrance.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hewlett-Packard


8/12

Silicon Valley 8

Oracle

Sun Microsystems

VMware

Yahoo!

Notable government facilities

Moffett Federal Airfield

NASA Ames Research Center

Onizuka Air Force Station

Universities and colleges

San Jos State University

San Francisco State University

Stanford University

Santa Clara University

John F. Kennedy University Campbell Campus

University of California, Berkeley Extension

University of California, Santa Cruz Extension

Hult International Business School Carnegie Mellon University (Silicon Valley campus)

Golden Gate University Silicon Valley Campus

Silicon Valley University

University of Phoenix San Jose Campus

University of San Francisco South Bay Campus

Lincoln Law School of San Jose

University of Silicon Valley Law School

San Jose City College

Menlo College

Evergreen Valley College

Foothill College

De Anza College

Mission College

West Valley College

National Hispanic University

Ohlone College

Cogswell Polytechnical College

The Art Institute of CaliforniaSunnyvale

Cities

A number of cities are located in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):

Campbell

Cupertino

Los Altos

Los Altos Hills

Los Gatos
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Gatos%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Altos_Hills%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Altos%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupertino%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campbell%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Art_Institute_of_California_%E2%80%93_Sunnyvalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cogswell_Polytechnical_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohlone_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Hispanic_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Valley_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_College_%28Santa_Clara%2C_California%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Anza_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foothill_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evergreen_Valley_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menlo_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Jose_City_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Silicon_Valley_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Law_School_of_San_Josehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Phoenixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Gate_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Mellon_Silicon_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hult_International_Business_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_California%2C_Santa_Cruzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_California%2C_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_F._Kennedy_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Clara_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Jos%C3%A9_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onizuka_Air_Force_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASA_Ames_Research_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moffett_Federal_Airfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AYahoo_Headquarters.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahoo%21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AVMware_HQ_campus_3401_Hillview_entrance.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VMwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASun_Agnews_Campus_Bldgs_21_22.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AOracle_Corporation_HQ.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Corporation


9/12

Silicon Valley 9

YouTube

Milpitas

Monte Sereno

Mountain View

Morgan Hill

Palo Alto

San Jose

Santa Clara

Saratoga

Sunnyvale

Cities sometimes associated with the region:

East Palo Alto (San Mateo County)

Foster City

Fremont (Alameda County)

Menlo Park (San Mateo County, location of some venture capital companies)

Newark (Alameda County) Redwood City (San Mateo County, home to Oracle, Electronic Arts and PDI/DreamWorks)

San Mateo, California (San Mateo County; YouTube was founded here; home to SolarCity, NetSuite among

others)

Scotts Valley (Santa Cruz County, home to Seagate Technology among others)

References

[1] (http://www.siliconvalley.com/sv150/ci_14902728?nclick_check=1) from SiliconValley.com

[2] (https://www.pwcmoneytree.com/MTPublic/ns/moneytree/filesource/exhibits/Q1 2010 MoneyTree Report.pdf) from

PriceWaterhouseCoopers.com

[3] Timothy J. Sturgeon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Timothy J. Sturgeon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology SV Globalization

(http://ipc-lis. mit.edu/globalization/Silicon Valley.pdf)PDF (90.0 KiB)

[4] Markoff, John (2009-04-17). "Searching for Silicon Valley" (http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.

html?pagewanted=1).New York Times (The New York Times Company). . Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[5] Stephen B. Adams, "Regionalism in Stanford's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley,"Enterprise & Society 2003 4(3): 521-543

[6] Christophe Lcuyer, "What Do Universities Really Owe Industry? The Case of Solid State Electronics at Stanford,"Minerva: a Review of

Science, Learning & Policy 2005 43(1): 51-71

[7] The Information Technology Revolution by Marvel Castells (On the history of formation of Silicon Valley by Rogers and Larsen 1984 and

Malone 1985)

[8] moffettfieldmuseum (http://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/history.html)

[9] 1984 printer (http://www.thocp.net/timeline/1984.htm)

[10] Goodheart (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/weekinreview/02goodheart.html) July 2, 2006

[11] Graphical User Interface (GUI) (http://apple-history.com/gui.html) from apple-history.com

[12] Reed Albergotti, "The Most Inventive Towns in America," (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB115352188346314087.html) Wall Street

Journal, 2223 July 2006, P1.

[13] Ibid.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB115352188346314087.htmlhttp://apple-history.com/gui.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/weekinreview/02goodheart.htmlhttp://www.thocp.net/timeline/1984.htmhttp://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/history.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Timeshttp://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kibibytehttp://ipc-lis.mit.edu/globalization/Silicon%20Valley.pdfhttps://www.pwcmoneytree.com/MTPublic/ns/moneytree/filesource/exhibits/Q1%202010%20MoneyTree%20Report.pdfhttp://www.siliconvalley.com/sv150/ci_14902728?nclick_check=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotts_Valley%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Mateo%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redwood_City%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newark%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menlo_Park%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fremont%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foster_City%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Palo_Alto%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunnyvale%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saratoga%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Clara%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Jose%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palo_Alto%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Hill%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View%2C_Santa_Clara_County%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Sereno%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milpitas%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A901cherryave.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube


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Silicon Valley 10

[14] Cybercities 2008: An Overview of the High-Technology Industry in the Nation's Top 60 Cities (http://www.aeanet.org/publications/

idjj_cc2008_overview.asp)

[15] http://www.forbes.com/2007/11/30/greediest-cities-billionaires-forbeslife-cx_ee_1203greed.html

[16] http://www.pcmag. com/article2/0,2817,2321510,00.asp

[17] Silicon Valley and N.Y. still top tech rankings (http://www. marketwatch.com/news/story/story.

aspx?guid={DB88FD73-1B6F-4CDB-8CC4-2B311773289F})

[18] Silicon Valley unemployment rate jumps to 9.4 percent (http://www.mercurynews.com/breakingnews/ci_11849190)

Further reading

Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 19301970 by Christophe Lcuyer, MIT Press

(2006)

Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution by Steven Levy, Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday

(1984)

A History of Silicon Valley: The Greatest Creation of Wealth in the History of the Planetby Arun Rao and Piero

Scaruffi, Omniware Press (2010), ISBN 097655318X

Behind the Silicon Curtain: The Seductions of Work in a Lonely Era, Dennis Hayes, London: Free Association

Books (1989) Silicon Valley, Inc.: Ruminations on the Demise of a Unique Culture (http://www.thomasscoville.com/merc2.

html), The San Jose Mercury News (1997)

Cultures@Silicon Valley (http://www.sup.org/book. cgi?isbn=0804744297), J. A. English-Lueck, Stanford:

Stanford University Press (2002)

The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy,

David Naguib Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park, New York University Press (2003)

What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, John Markoff,

Viking (2005)

Silicon Follies: A Dot. Comedy, Thomas Scoville, Pocket Books (2000)

The Silicon Boys: And Their Valleys Of Dreams, David A. Kaplan, Harper Perinneal (April 2000), ISBN0-688-17906-1

Cities of knowledge: Cold War science and the search for the next Silicon Valley (http://pup.princeton.edu/

titles/7859. html), Margaret Pugh OMara, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, (2005)

Accidental Empires: How the boys of Silicon Valley make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't

get a date, Robert X. Cringely, Addison-Wesley Publishing, (1992), ISBN 0-201-57032-7

Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance, John McLaughlin, Leigh Weimers, Ward Winslow, Santa Clara Valley

Historical Association (2008), ISBN 096492174X

Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computerby Paul Freiberger & Michael Swaine, McGraw-Hill

(1984)

Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 by AnnaLee Saxenian, HarvardUniversity Press (1996), ISBN 0674753402

Clusters of Creativity: Enduring Lessons on Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Silicon Valley and Europe's

Silicon Fen by Rob Koepp, John Wiley (2002), ISBN 0471496049

The Nudist on the Late Shift: And Other True Tales of Silicon Valley by Po Bronson, Random House (1999),

ISBN 0375502777
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_X._Cringelyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accidental_Empireshttp://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7859.htmlhttp://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7859.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Scovillehttp://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804744297http://www.thomasscoville.com/merc2.htmlhttp://www.thomasscoville.com/merc2.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Association_Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Association_Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Hayeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Levyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolutionhttp://www.mercurynews.com/breakingnews/ci_11849190http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/story.aspx?guid=%7BDB88FD73%2D1B6F%2D4CDB%2D8CC4%2D2B311773289F%7Dhttp://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/story.aspx?guid=%7BDB88FD73%2D1B6F%2D4CDB%2D8CC4%2D2B311773289F%7Dhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2321510,00.asphttp://www.forbes.com/2007/11/30/greediest-cities-billionaires-forbeslife-cx_ee_1203greed.htmlhttp://www.aeanet.org/publications/idjj_cc2008_overview.asphttp://www.aeanet.org/publications/idjj_cc2008_overview.asp


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Silicon Valley 11

External links

California's Historic Silicon Valley (http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/intro. htm)

Growth of a Silicon Empire (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/12/

27/BU52171. DTL) by Henry Norr published at the end of 1999 in the San Francisco Chronicle

How Silicon Valley Came to Be (http://ipc-lis.mit.edu/globalization/Silicon Valley.pdf)PDF (90.0 KiB)

Red tile roofs in Bangalore: Stanford's look copied in Silicon Valley and beyond (http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/february4/silicon-24. html) from Stanford University

The Silicon Valley Cultures Project (http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/anthropology/svcp/) from San Jose State

University

Silicon Valley Historical Association (http://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/home)

A Weekend in Silicon Valley (http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/08/27/travel/20100905SILICON.

html) - slideshow by The New York Times
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Politclyincrekt, Postlebury, Prowikipedians, PrqStar, Qazjaz, Quadra630, Quarl, Rab777hp, Radiosband, Ramm23, Randigee, Rbakker99, Redthoreau, Rehmansiddiq, Res08hao, RexNL, Rich

Farmbrough, Rich Moore7, RickK, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rohit tripathi60, Rrjanbiah, Rror, Rufus210, Ruv, Rydel, Rzelnik, SNIyer12, Saint-Paddy, SamuelTheGhost, Sanjosecalifornia, Sapphic,

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:San Jose, California, USA.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:San_Jose,_California,_USA.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was

Cpudude91 at en.wikipedia

File:SAN JOSE CALIFORNIA PALM TREE 2010.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SAN_JOSE_CALIFORNIA_PALM_TREE_2010.jpg License: Creative

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Image:Adobe HQ.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adobe_HQ.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:CoolcaesarImage:Amdheadquarters.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amdheadquarters.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: en:User:Coolcaesar

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Coolcaesar at en.wikipedia

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BrianDuff on en.wikipedia

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