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MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Silverman Transcription by Faith Tabije - Limb pain, joint pain, limp & swollen
joints are commonly musculoskeletal - Need not be aware of the mode of
action of every joint to perform an adequate exam
MUSCLES - Clues to the presence of muscle
disease based on age:
Perinatal Infant & Child - ↓ Intrauterine
movement - Neonatal resp
distress - Poor suck - ↓ Limb activity
- Floppy baby - Delayed
milestones - Trouble walk/run - Frequent tripping - Fatigue - Double vision at
the end of day - Troubling
climbing stairs/ getting up
- Muscle pain - Difficulty
swallowing - Garbled speech
after eating - Trouble releasing
Family History - Extremely important - Differentials is easier when there is
family history of similar illness Physical examination 1. Inspection, palpation, percussion 2. Evaluation of strength 3. Exclusion of nervous system disorders
that have associated myopathy 4. Exclusion of joint disease associated
with disuse atrophy 5. Observation of gait 6. Assessment of ADLs INSPECTION - Look at size, shape, symmetry
o Size – small, large o Shape – normality of muscle o Symmetry – bilat distribution
Congenital absence of muscle - Isolated – pectoralis muscle - Associated with a syndrome
o Dep labii oris = congen HD o Pectoralis = leukemia o Temporalis = mytotonia
Wasting - Due to disuse, primary muscle
degeneration, secondary to anterior horn cell or peripheral nerve dse
- Generalized wasting o Chronic disease o Correlated with weight loss
- Localized wasting o Hemiplegia = one side o PN paralysis = only one group
of muscles Hypertrophy - May be normal or pathologic - Localized or generalized
o Congenital hemihypertrophy § Should always alert
doctor to serious dse o Isolated hypertrophy
§ Duchenne dystrophy – calf muscles are big
o General hypertrophy – CAH
Fasciculation - Associated with irritation of the
anterior horn cells (poliomyelitis, Werdnig-‐Hoffman)
PALPATION - Feeling of induration = pyomyositis,
dermatomyositis, infectious myositis - Tenderness = dermatomyo, trichinosis - Temperature variations are not useful - Palpating the tendon when testing a
very weak muscle helps to recognize non-‐demonstrable muscle movement
PERCUSSION - Contraction of percussed muscle with
delayed relaxation = myotonia congen o Demonstrable in biceps
(best) and tongue muscles MUSCLE STRENGTH Screening Tests
Test Muscle Get up from a supine position.
Ant neck flexors
Shrug shoulders Trapezius Elevate arms over head Deltoids Flex elbow with palm up Biceps Extend knee Quadriceps Lying on side, flex knee, Abduct opposite hip
Gluteus medius
Prone, lift hip off table Gluteus maximus
Push down sole of foot Gastroc - General method for testing strength:
ask the patient to move in one direction and apply resistance to it
- Better method for testing strength: move the joint to maximum range & apply force to bring it back to neutra
Grading 0 No muscle movement I Trace Palpable contraction
No joint movement II Poor Full range, gravity elim III Fair Full range, against gravity IV Good Full range, against gravity
Moderate resistance V N Full range, against gravity
Normal resistance Pattern of Weakness - Proximal = dermatomyositis - Distal = peripheral neuritis - One-‐sided = unilateral cerebral insult - Unequal LE = myelominingocele - Equal LE = paraplegia ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING - Useful measurement for functional
classification of severely handicapped - Categories:
I. Fully independent II. Mostly independent –
minimal help required III. Wheelchair-‐bound – but
can take care of certain items
IV. Totally dependent Functional Tests Useful in Dermatomyositis 1. Elevation of neck from supine lying 2. Elevation of extended LE (in seconds) 3. Rising from lying down without help 4. Rising form sitting with arms folded
Clues in Diagnosing Weakness SSx Suggestion
Myotonia Menteral retardation Exaggerated reflexes
CNS disease
Fasciculation Anterior horn cell dse Rashes Collagen vascular de Sensory Peripheral nerve dse Dark urine Myoglobinuria
GAIT - Certain characteristics of gait:
o Waddling = prox hip weakness o Toe walking = tight heel cord,
Duchenne dystrophy o Slapping = peripheral neuro o High-‐stepping = post column
- Tested by asking child to walk/run o Walk on toes → plantar flexors o Walk on heels → dorsiflexors o Stand on one leg → glut medius
JOINTS AND BONES - Point to remember in exam of joints:
o History o Inspection o Palpation o Auscultation o Range of motion o Evaluation of function & gait o Exam of bone, tendon,
periarticular tissues o Exam of other systems
HISTORY - Points suggesting joint problems
o Pain, swelling, joint immobility & contractures
- Symptoms referable to other systems: o Rash, pleuritic pain, Raynaud
- Trauma is an important piece of history and should be sought in all cases of joint pain
Pain in a Joint - Also known as arthralgia; not
synonymous with arthritis - Onset
o Acute = trauma, inflam dse o Slow = collagen vascular dse
- Distribution o Mono = trauma, inflam dse o Poly = generalized disorder o Migrating (one joint in the
morning, diff joint by evening) o Referred
§ Hip → gluteus medius, inguinal triangle, anterior aspect of thigh (patella)
§ SI joint → deep in buttocks § Cerival spine → occiput § IV disc → chest wall
- Duration o 1-‐2 days = trauma, infection o Days-‐months = collagen dse
- Intensity o Painless arthritis = neuropathic o Moderate = juvenile RA o Intense, acute = aRF, septic o Extreme = vasomotor dse o Flitting, fleeting (migrating) =
acute RF, gonococcemia o Non-‐migrating polyarticular =
collagen vascular disorders - Precipitating/Relieving Factors
o Aspirin = aRF, juvenile RA o Activity = destruction joint dse
(acute cartilaginous necrosis) o Early morning = juvenile RA o Interfering with sleep =
vasomotor, bleeding into joint, growing pains, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoid osteoma
INSPECTION - Presence/absence of swelling
o Periarticular – only one side o Cellulitis – above/below joint o Effusion – true swelling with
ill-‐defined edges merging into surrounding area
o Synovial thickening – swelling with defined edges
o Diffuse swelling of dorsal hand → flexor TS with LE, sickle cell, serum sickness
Swelling Clinical Correlation Sterno-‐clavicular
- Chronic → juvenile RA - Acute → gonococcemia
Elbow - Obliteration of dimples next to olecranon
Carpal - Dorsal - Diffused, unclear edges - Limitation of extension
Extensor tendon
- Clear, distal oblique transverse edge
Flexor TS - Dorsum of hand - Flexed claw-‐like fingers
Knee - “Bulge sign” if minimal - Also look for a popliteal
cyst in popliteal space Ankle - On either side of
tendoachilles - One side → TS - Anterior → edema
Foot - Plantar with tenderness → ankylosing spondylitis
- Sole/dorsum without tenderness → SS
TS = tensosynovitis Bulge Sign - Will elicit a fluid wave - Extend knee and push fluid away by
rubbing vertically along the medial border of patella o Fluid is pushed laterally into
suprapatellar pouch - A gentle stoke with one/two fingers
along the lateral edge of patella will produce a bulge medial to the patella o Patella should be immobile
PALPATION Heat - Mild temperature difference between
joints can be appreciated easily - Heat over a joint is required for
diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis Tenderness - Good indicator of persistent inflamm
in long-‐term follow-‐up of juvenile RA A. Temperomandibular Joint Tenderness - To elicit tenderness over TMJ
o Place one finger into the external auditory meatus and feel forward (anteriorly)
o Cartilage will be palpable directly under the finger and tenderness can be elicited
- Auscultation o Crepitus → juvenile RA
B. Small Finger Joint Tenderness - Squeeze each individually - Percussion along flexor tendon
o Exquisite tenderness → FTS o Tingling of 3 medial fingers
→ carpal tunnel syndrome
C. Hip Tenderness - No direct way of testing - Pain limiting movement < 5° in any
movement → septic arthritis D. Subtalar Tenderness - Elicited by gripping ankle firmly and
moving foot into inversion/eversion - Small joints should be tested indiv. E. Sacroiliac Tenderness - Pretzel Test
o Cross one LE over other LE o Cross opp UE across trunk o In this position, hold the
shoulder (of the crossed UE) and knee (of the crossed LE)
o Do a quick spring-‐like stretch o If (+) pain/wincing → SI dse
F. Flexor Tendon & Periarticular Tenderness - Minimal synovial thickening can be
appreciated with practice - Always compare one joint with the
opposite (normal) joint - Feel for the amount of tissue, texture - Synovial thickening
o Appreciat with gentle palpation; firm pressure will cause synovium to collapse
o “Cashmere Velvet” feeling → hypertrophic synovium
- Percussion o Severe pain → TS o Pain along medial 3 fingers
→ carpal tunnel syndrome - Auscultation
o Crepitus → scleroderma TS G. Periarticular Tenderness - Imp to exclude periarticular pain - Bony tenderness close to a joint may
appear as if it is joint pain/tenderness Origin of Pain Differential Diagnosis Tibial tubercle Osteochon. dissecans
(Osgoode-‐Schlatter) Metaphysis Osteomyelitis Medullary Leukemia Tendoachilles AS, polytendonitis in
hyperlipidemia RANGE OF MOVEMENT - Essential in long-‐term follow-‐up and
rehabilitation of arthritis - Can be left to specialists/therapists
Joint Test Cervical Look down, chin to chest. Atlanto-‐axial
Look up. Side to side.
Lower cervical
Laterally bend, touching ear to shoulder.
SH Raise arms above shoulder (abd) & touch palms (IR).
Wrist, Elbow
Fold hands in Indian greeting position (wrist extension) & press hard (elbow flexion).
DIP, PIP Scratch. MCP Close fist. Hip, Knee
Squat, then get up. If trouble sitting → joint If trouble rising → muscular
ROM of Hip - Loos at its position at rest
o Flexion, ER → effusion - Testing for hip flexion contracture
o Patient lies supine o Flex hips as far as possible o Hold one hip at maximum
flexed position to fix the pelvis against the table and obliterate lumbar lordosis
o Ask patient to put other hip down as far as it will go § If the thigh does not
touch examining table → hip flex contracture
§ If the pelvis is not fixed, lordosis may look as if the hips were extending
o Repeat on opposite side - In the prone position, the following
can be done (4): 1 - Have patient lie prone and flex
their knees as far as they can - Both heels should touch the butt - Both knees should be capable of
the same ROM 2 - Have patient fully flex the knees
- If hip raises off table → hip flexion contracture
3 - Have patient rotate the femurs with knees in 90° flexion o For ER, adduct/cross heels o For IR, abduct heels
4 - Have patient lift thigh off table with knee flexed and hold
- Tests gluteus maximus - Limitation of IR is an early sign of
many hip disease: o Slipped epiphysis o Legg-‐Perthes disease
- Excessive external rotation is normal up to 18 months of age
ROM of Knee - Should extend in a straight line - Hyperextention in girls may be 5-‐10° - Loss of full extension → arthritides - Pain below knee limiting full flexion
→ Osgoode-‐Schlatter disease ROM of Ankle & Foot - Have patient sit at the edge of table
with hip hanging loose - Dorsi/plantarflexion = 30° - Subtalar = 10-‐15°
o Test by fixing the ankle, holding the calceneum
o Invert & evert the foot Torsional Deformities of the LE - Obtain a history of the following:
o When was it noticed? § At birth – met adductus § Start walking – flatfloot
o What is progression rate? § Most are corrected by
age 7-‐8 years § If rapid, it may need tx
o Family history - Includes in-‐toeing and out-‐toeing In-‐Toeing & Out-‐Toeing - Common during dev age periods
In-‐toeing Out-‐toeing Hip Femoral
anteversion Physiologic (infancy)
Tibia Internal torsion
External torsion
Foot Metatarsus adductus
Flat foot/ curved foot
PE & Clinical Correlation Foot - Look at sole of foot
- Lateral border should is normally straight
- Convexity → met adductus Leg - Have child sitting at edge of
table with legs dangling - Tibial tubercle & patella
should face anteriorly - Vertical line from tubercle
should run through the second metatarsal
- If otherwise → (+) deform Tibial - Examine with child prone
and thigh flexed at 90° - IR of the tibia is normal in
the 2 years of life - Thigh-‐Foot Angle – draw an
imaginary line through the femoral axis, and another through the axis of the foot
o N = 10-‐30° Hip - Excess ER, limited IR → N
- Persistent excessive ER with limited IR → hypotonic infants who lie supine all the time
- IR is normally < 70° - If IR > 70° → femoral
anteversion; may be exaggerated by having the child in a “W” position
- Significant IR limitation → intra-‐articular hip disease
Gait - Normally 10° ER when walking in a straight line
- If < 10° ER → in-‐toeing - If > 30° ER → out-‐toeing
In-‐Toeing - Gets worse when the child is tired or
when carrying the weight of a shoe - In-‐toeing due to femoral anteversion
o Patella faces medially when the child walks
o Entire foot will land in a medially-‐rotated position
- Forefoot problems & tibial torsion o Foot will land normally, then
rotate inwardly during weight-‐bearing phase
Genu Varum & Valgum - Examine patient standing erect - With medial malleoli touching, there
should be < 2 in (5 cm) bwn medial condyles (intermalleolar space)
Genu Varum Genu Valgum “Bow legged” “Knocked knee” > 2 inches < 2 inches
Physio < 2½ years Physio 2-‐5 years Pronated Foot - Examine patient standing erect,
looking from behind - Tenchoachilles normally makes a
vertical line or has a very minimal medial curve
- “C” curve → pronated foot Flat Foot - Examine patient standing erect - Present it the medial border of foot
touches the floor - Normal in the first 18-‐30 months - Plain & simple flatfoot do not need
correction
FUNCTION TESTS FOR JOINT PROBLEMS Duration of Morning Stiffness - Obtained by history - Reliable indicator of disease activity in
rheumatic diseases Grip Strength - Measures a composite of:
o Pain, tenderness o Limitation of ROM o Muscle weakness
- It is a good indicator of improvement/ worsening in children with arthritis
- A blood pressure cuff is rolled and given to the child to hold o Should be small enough that
the fingers go around it - The bulb is squeezed by the examiner
to reach a measurement of 20 mmHg on the manometer
- Child is then asked to squeeze the bag as strongly as possible with one hand o Repeat 2 more times o The best of three tries is
taken as the value - Repeat on the other side - Normal:
o 6-‐10 years = up to 120mmHg o Adolescents = can squeeze
the mercury out of the unit Gait - In a child with arthritis, special types
of gaits are seen
Pathology Characteristic Gait Painful limp - Bears weight for longer
duration on one side than on the other side during walking
Hip pain - Walks with hip markedly flexed
- Holds thigh while walking
- Bears weight at the tip of shoe
MTP pain of great toe
- Walks on outer side of the foot
Stiff knee, painful foot
- Lifts the whole foot at once without a smooth heel-‐off-‐toe cycle
Other Functional Methods 1. Give the child a piece of paper to see
if the child can pinch it. 2. Give a key and see if the child can
hold it between the opposing aspects of the thumb and index finger.
3. Give a pen and spoon to see if the patient can use them without difficulty and pain.
4. Have the patient sit down and get up from a chair.
5. Have patient climb up/down stairs. Clues in Other Systems - Symptoms in other systems may give
clues to the diagnosis of the musculoskeletal problem
Rash Diagnosis
Erythema marginatum Acute RF Evanescent macular rash Juvenile RA Malar rash SLE Vesicles over extensor aspects of joint
Gonococcal artheritis-‐dermatitis
Purpuric sport over distal portion of extremities
HSP
Eryth chronicum migrans Lyme arthr
SPINE INSPECTION - Short neck, elevated SH, scoliosis →
hemivertebrae - Extremely careful walking →
imflammation of IVD, caries of spine - Hair over lower end of spine →
lipomeningocele (esp if paraparesis, tight heel cord, urinary problems)
- Dimple at lower end of spine → sacrococcygeal dimple, pilonidal sinus o More likely pilonidal sinus if
higher, tan/blue, and hairy Spinal Curvature - Concave (C-‐curve): cervical, lumbar
o Loss of cervical curve → juvenile RA, Pott’s disease
o Loss of lumbar lordosis → familial, hip flex contracture, developmental (up to 7-‐8 yrs)
- Concave: thorax, sacrum o Prominent thoracic curve →
kyphosis, Morquio disease o Distinct kyphotic angle
(gibbus) → fracture, collapse Scoliosis - Signs of scoliosis:
o Elevated SH on one side o Unequal bra cup-‐size o Family history o Prominent scapula o Leg-‐length discrepancy
- Easily visible by examining from back o “Scoliosis with convexity to
the right/left” - May be primary or secondary
o Be sure to rule out neuromuscular disease or leg-‐length discrepancy
- Leg-‐length discrepancy o Measure with patient supine o With lower limbs in equal
degrees of abduction from midline, measure distance from ASIS to med malleolus
o Tape should run across thigh, over medial knee, along medial aspect of tibia
- May be a fixed or non-‐fixed lesion o Test by asking patient to lean
forward as if to touch toes § If curve corrects →
non-‐fixed curve o In a small child, lift child by
the arms/hands vertically § If curve disappears →
non-‐fixed curve Mobility of Lumbar Spine - Tested using a modified Schober’s
o Place a line across the back at the lumbosacral junction with the patient standing
o Place a mark on the skin in the midline over the spine 10cm above the first point
o Place another mark on skin 5cm below the first point
o Ask patient to bend forward o Measure the distance bw
upper and lower mark o Back should stretch to at
least 7 cm bw the two points - Simpler method
o Place two fingers on adjacent spinous processes and
o Ask patient to bend forward o Estimate finger separation
PALPATION - Palpate the spine for local tenderness
o Esp if osteomyelitis or tumour is suspected
o Tenderness bw vertebrae → IVD inflammation
HAND GENERAL CLUES Handedness - May be established 2½-‐3 years
o If present at a very early age → hemiplegia
o No dominant handedness by 7-‐8 years is suspicious
- Possible findings in dominant hand: o Wider, squarer nail (thumb) o Obtuse web-‐space between
thumb and index finger o Will reach higher when asked
to raise hands between the shoulder blades
Tremors - At rest → essential tremor, Wilson’s - In sustained posture:
o Anxiety, fatigue o Thyrotoxicosis o Cerebellar disease
- Intention tremor – occurs with activity (finger-‐nose test) o Cerebellar disease, stress
- Athetosis – writhing movement of the distal parts of the body; most commonly seen in the hands
- Carpopedal spasm – resembles athetosis, but elicited by occlusion of vessels with a cuff
- Asterixis/liver flap – flopping movement of the outstretched hand o Hepatic failure (Reye syn)
Power Grasp - Felt during a handshake
o Weak → neurologic/joint dse o Inability to sustain → chorea o Sweaty → anxiety
Radial, Medial & Ulnar Nerves Motor Component Nerve Loss Radial Abduction, extension Ulnar Adduction Median Apposition of thumb
Sensory Component Nerve Distribution Radial Dorsal aspect of web Ulnar Ulnar aspect of little finger Median Radial aspect of index
SIZE - Small hands/fingers:
o Down syndrome o DeLange syndrome o Achondroplasia
- Large hands → gigantism - Large hands with spidery fingers →
arachnodactyly, homocystinuria - Hypoplastic radial aspect of hand →
Holt-‐Oram syndrome, Fanconi SHAPE - Mitten hand → Apert syndrome - Bifid, claw-‐like → Thalidomide synd
HAND POSITION - “Policeman receiving tip” → brachial
plexus paralysis - Wrist drop → radial nerve paralysis - Claw-‐hand → ulnar nerve paralysis
o 4-‐5th fingers are extended at the MCP joints; flex at PIP
- Ulnar deviation, volar subluxation at the wrist → juvenile RA
TROPHIC CHANGES - Seen in:
o Reflex sympathetic dystrophy o Scleroderma (pulp thinning,
vasculitis ulcers at fingertips) COLOUR - Flushed → high output HF - Pale, cold, clammy → shock - Blue → cyanosis - Yellow creases → jaundice - Raynaud phenomenon
o Periodic attacks of colour changes in the fingers, esp when exposed to cold
o Pale → blue → red o Pale stage may be painful;
red stage may feel hot RASHES & NODULES
Rash/Nodule Possible Disease Palmar
macular lesions SLE 2° syphilis Erythema multiforme
Red, dry, scaly lesions over dorsum
Dm (over IP joints) LE (between IP joints)
Telangiectasia, periungual erythema
Dermatomyositis
Palmar papular lesions
Eczematous dermatitis Scabies
Vesicular lesions
Scabies HSV, congenital syphilis Chicken pox Epidermolysis bullosa Gonococcemia (dorsally) Smallpox (eradicated)
Pustules Impetigo Infected scabies
Nodules RA (dorsum of joints) Granuloma annulare Juvenile RA (flexor tendon)
Purpura Rocky Mountain Meningococcemia
Vasculitic Scleroderma (fingertips) SLE (around nail edges)
Splinter hemorrhages
SBE (under the nails)
*Dm = dermatomyositis Scabies Lesions - Seen in creases (wrist, palm) and
between the fingers - Papular or vesicular FINGERS - Short fingers of the same length or
“banana-‐bunch” fingers o Hypothyroidism o Achondroplasia – there is a
divergence between 3-‐4th fingers (“trident sign”)
- Swollen, flexed, tender → acute TS - “Triggering”/locking → nodules - Camptodactyly
o Flexion deformity in pinky o AD; 1.9% of population o Downs, Carpenter, Aarskog
- Clinodactyly o Shortening of radial aspect of
the middle phalanx → radial deflection of distal phalanx
o Common in females o 0.3% of population
- Hypoplasia of all metacarpal bones o Coffin-‐Siris o Cri-‐du-‐chat
- Hypoplasia of 4th metacarpal o Causes a dimple where a
bump should be seen o Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Polydactyly Syndactyly
Ellis-‐Van Creveld Trisomy 13
Apert DeLange Prader-‐Willi
Thumb - Thumb Sign
o Ask patient to clench fist with thumb held inside the palm
o (+) thumb sign – thumb tip protrudes past ulnar border of palm → Marfan syndrome
o (-‐) thumb sign – rules out homocystinuria (ddx)
Abnormality Syndrome
Triphalangeal thumb Holt-‐Oram Broad thumb Rubinstein-‐Taybi Flexed thumb Arthrogryposis Bifid thumb t(3;13) Thumb aplasia 13q syndrome Proximal placement of thumb
18q syndrome
DERMATOGLYPHICS - Epidermal ridges and crease are
unique for each individual - Identical twins will not have identical
ridge characteristics - Established by Sir Franci Galton - Finger pattern recognized by Purkinje - Three components of dermatoglyphic
patterns o Flexion creases o Ridge arrangement of palms o Finger patterns
Flexion Creases - Usually three palmar creaes - Simian crease
o Two distal creases are fused o Single crease across palm
reaching ulnar border o Down syndrome
- Sydney line o Two transverse creases o Prox one runs across palm o Congenital rubella syndrome
- Interphalangeal joint creases o N = 2-‐3 creases over PIP o N = 1 creases over DIP o 2 DIP creases → sickle cell
Ridge Arrangement of Palms - Run in different direction - Triradii
o Triradiate structures o Formed where three ridge
systems meet
Proximal/axial triradius
Digital triradii (4)
t A, B, C, D On the palm close to wrist
Under the index, middle, ring, pinky
- AtD triangle
o Refers to angle between the triradii located on A, t, D
o Usually 40° o AtD angle = 70-‐80° →
congenital rubella syndrome, Downs, Turners
Finger Patterns - Loop, whorl, arch
o Whorl = 2 triradii o Loop = 1 triradius
- Ulnar loop – opens to ulnar side - Radial loop – opens to radial side - Usual finger pattern:
o Little finger = ulnar loop o Middle finger = whorl/arch o Index finger = radial loop
- Rarely the same pattern in all fingers o Whorls → congenital rubella o Arches or absent → Tris 18 o Ulnar loop → Downs
- Ridge count o Number of ridges cutting
across a line joining the center of a loop/whorl to the nearest triradius
o Female average = 127 o Male average = 145 o Inc → rubella, Turner (169) o Dec → Klinefelter (27)
SPORTS INJURIES OF KNEES & ANKLES Soft Tissue Injury - Soft tissue trauma is common - Strain – muscle-‐tendon injury - Sprain – ligament injury - Fractures are more common than
ligament tear in children - Ligament tears can occur in adoles
o Knee and ankle joints are most common
Patella - May be completely displaced from
intercondylar notch due to an acute violent force pushing it laterally o Common in hyperextendible o (+) pain, swelling medially
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) - To test, hold lower end of the leg with
one hand and place palm of the other below the knee on medial aspect
- Give outward pressure on the upper part of the tibia + inward pressure on the lower leg
- This should stretch the LCL Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) - Same procedure as above - Give inward pressure over the upper
part of the tibia with the palm held on the outer aspect + outward pressure on the lower leg
- There should be painless motion >5° - Motion >5° → instability - Pain → damage articular cartilage Cruciate Ligament of the Knee - Have patient supine with the knew in
flexion and sole of foot touching table - Sit on the dorsum of foot & grasp the
upper en of the tibia with both hands - Rock the tibia forward and backward - It should not move - Gliding movement → loss of integrity
of cruciate ligaments
Grading of Ankle Sprains G Swelling Pain Disability I Min Min (-‐) II Mod Sev Some III Snapping Sev (+)
Type III Sprain - Associated with instability - To test talofibular ligament:
o Stabilize the lower leg with one hand & grasp the heel firmly with other hand
o Try to push anteriorly to look for excess ant movement of the talus in the ankle mortise
o Compare to opposite side - To test calcaneo-‐fibular ligament:
o Grasp the heel as above o Look for excess inversion o Compare to opposite side