4
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Silverman Transcription by Faith Tabije - Limb pain, joint pain, limp & swollen joints are commonly musculoskeletal - Need not be aware of the mode of action of every joint to perform an adequate exam MUSCLES - Clues to the presence of muscle disease based on age: Perinatal Infant & Child - Intrauterine movement - Neonatal resp distress - Poor suck - Limb activity - Floppy baby - Delayed milestones - Trouble walk/run - Frequent tripping - Fatigue - Double vision at the end of day - Troubling climbing stairs/ getting up - Muscle pain - Difficulty swallowing - Garbled speech after eating - Trouble releasing Family History - Extremely important - Differentials is easier when there is family history of similar illness Physical examination 1. Inspection, palpation, percussion 2. Evaluation of strength 3. Exclusion of nervous system disorders that have associated myopathy 4. Exclusion of joint disease associated with disuse atrophy 5. Observation of gait 6. Assessment of ADLs INSPECTION - Look at size, shape, symmetry o Size – small, large o Shape – normality of muscle o Symmetry – bilat distribution Congenital absence of muscle - Isolated – pectoralis muscle - Associated with a syndrome o Dep labii oris = congen HD o Pectoralis = leukemia o Temporalis = mytotonia Wasting - Due to disuse, primary muscle degeneration, secondary to anterior horn cell or peripheral nerve dse - Generalized wasting o Chronic disease o Correlated with weight loss - Localized wasting o Hemiplegia = one side o PN paralysis = only one group of muscles Hypertrophy - May be normal or pathologic - Localized or generalized o Congenital hemihypertrophy Should always alert doctor to serious dse o Isolated hypertrophy Duchenne dystrophy – calf muscles are big o General hypertrophy – CAH Fasciculation - Associated with irritation of the anterior horn cells (poliomyelitis, WerdnigHoffman) PALPATION - Feeling of induration = pyomyositis, dermatomyositis, infectious myositis - Tenderness = dermatomyo, trichinosis - Temperature variations are not useful - Palpating the tendon when testing a very weak muscle helps to recognize nondemonstrable muscle movement PERCUSSION - Contraction of percussed muscle with delayed relaxation = myotonia congen o Demonstrable in biceps (best) and tongue muscles MUSCLE STRENGTH Screening Tests Test Muscle Get up from a supine position. Ant neck flexors Shrug shoulders Trapezius Elevate arms over head Deltoids Flex elbow with palm up Biceps Extend knee Quadriceps Lying on side, flex knee, Abduct opposite hip Gluteus medius Prone, lift hip off table Gluteus maximus Push down sole of foot Gastroc - General method for testing strength: ask the patient to move in one direction and apply resistance to it - Better method for testing strength: move the joint to maximum range & apply force to bring it back to neutra Grading 0 No muscle movement I Trace Palpable contraction No joint movement II Poor Full range, gravity elim III Fair Full range, against gravity IV Good Full range, against gravity Moderate resistance V N Full range, against gravity Normal resistance Pattern of Weakness - Proximal = dermatomyositis - Distal = peripheral neuritis - Onesided = unilateral cerebral insult - Unequal LE = myelominingocele - Equal LE = paraplegia ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING - Useful measurement for functional classification of severely handicapped - Categories: I. Fully independent II. Mostly independent minimal help required III. Wheelchairbound – but can take care of certain items IV. Totally dependent Functional Tests Useful in Dermatomyositis 1. Elevation of neck from supine lying 2. Elevation of extended LE (in seconds) 3. Rising from lying down without help 4. Rising form sitting with arms folded Clues in Diagnosing Weakness SSx Suggestion Myotonia Menteral retardation Exaggerated reflexes CNS disease Fasciculation Anterior horn cell dse Rashes Collagen vascular de Sensory Peripheral nerve dse Dark urine Myoglobinuria GAIT - Certain characteristics of gait: o Waddling = prox hip weakness o Toe walking = tight heel cord, Duchenne dystrophy o Slapping = peripheral neuro o Highstepping = post column - Tested by asking child to walk/run o Walk on toes plantar flexors o Walk on heels dorsiflexors o Stand on one leg glut medius JOINTS AND BONES - Point to remember in exam of joints: o History o Inspection o Palpation o Auscultation o Range of motion o Evaluation of function & gait o Exam of bone, tendon, periarticular tissues o Exam of other systems HISTORY - Points suggesting joint problems o Pain, swelling, joint immobility & contractures - Symptoms referable to other systems: o Rash, pleuritic pain, Raynaud - Trauma is an important piece of history and should be sought in all cases of joint pain Pain in a Joint - Also known as arthralgia; not synonymous with arthritis - Onset o Acute = trauma, inflam dse o Slow = collagen vascular dse - Distribution o Mono = trauma, inflam dse o Poly = generalized disorder o Migrating (one joint in the morning, diff joint by evening) o Referred Hip gluteus medius, inguinal triangle, anterior aspect of thigh (patella) SI joint deep in buttocks Cerival spine occiput IV disc chest wall - Duration o 12 days = trauma, infection o Daysmonths = collagen dse - Intensity o Painless arthritis = neuropathic o Moderate = juvenile RA o Intense, acute = aRF, septic o Extreme = vasomotor dse o Flitting, fleeting (migrating) = acute RF, gonococcemia o Nonmigrating polyarticular = collagen vascular disorders - Precipitating/Relieving Factors o Aspirin = aRF, juvenile RA o Activity = destruction joint dse (acute cartilaginous necrosis) o Early morning = juvenile RA o Interfering with sleep = vasomotor, bleeding into joint, growing pains, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoid osteoma INSPECTION - Presence/absence of swelling o Periarticular – only one side o Cellulitis – above/below joint o Effusion – true swelling with illdefined edges merging into surrounding area o Synovial thickening swelling with defined edges o Diffuse swelling of dorsal hand flexor TS with LE, sickle cell, serum sickness Swelling Clinical Correlation Sterno clavicular - Chronic juvenile RA - Acute gonococcemia Elbow - Obliteration of dimples next to olecranon Carpal - Dorsal - Diffused, unclear edges - Limitation of extension Extensor tendon - Clear, distal oblique transverse edge Flexor TS - Dorsum of hand - Flexed clawlike fingers Knee - “Bulge sign” if minimal - Also look for a popliteal cyst in popliteal space Ankle - On either side of tendoachilles - One side TS - Anterior edema Foot - Plantar with tenderness ankylosing spondylitis - Sole/dorsum without tenderness SS TS = tensosynovitis Bulge Sign - Will elicit a fluid wave - Extend knee and push fluid away by rubbing vertically along the medial border of patella o Fluid is pushed laterally into suprapatellar pouch - A gentle stoke with one/two fingers along the lateral edge of patella will produce a bulge medial to the patella o Patella should be immobile PALPATION Heat - Mild temperature difference between joints can be appreciated easily - Heat over a joint is required for diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis Tenderness - Good indicator of persistent inflamm in longterm followup of juvenile RA A. Temperomandibular Joint Tenderness - To elicit tenderness over TMJ o Place one finger into the external auditory meatus and feel forward (anteriorly) o Cartilage will be palpable directly under the finger and tenderness can be elicited - Auscultation o Crepitus juvenile RA B. Small Finger Joint Tenderness - Squeeze each individually - Percussion along flexor tendon o Exquisite tenderness FTS o Tingling of 3 medial fingers carpal tunnel syndrome

Silverman Trans [FST] - Musculoskeletal

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

muskuloskeletal

Citation preview

Page 1: Silverman Trans [FST] - Musculoskeletal

MUSCULOSKELETAL  SYSTEM  Silverman  Transcription  by  Faith  Tabije    - Limb  pain,  joint  pain,  limp  &  swollen  

joints  are  commonly  musculoskeletal    - Need  not  be  aware  of  the  mode  of  

action  of  every  joint  to  perform  an  adequate  exam  

 MUSCLES  - Clues  to  the  presence  of  muscle  

disease  based  on  age:    

Perinatal   Infant  &  Child  - ↓  Intrauterine  

movement  - Neonatal  resp  

distress  - Poor  suck  - ↓  Limb  activity  

- Floppy  baby  - Delayed  

milestones  - Trouble  walk/run  - Frequent  tripping  - Fatigue  - Double  vision  at  

the  end  of  day  - Troubling  

climbing  stairs/  getting  up    

- Muscle  pain  - Difficulty  

swallowing    - Garbled  speech  

after  eating  - Trouble  releasing  

 Family  History  - Extremely  important  - Differentials  is  easier  when  there  is  

family  history  of  similar  illness    Physical  examination  1. Inspection,  palpation,  percussion  2. Evaluation  of  strength  3. Exclusion  of  nervous  system  disorders  

that  have  associated  myopathy  4. Exclusion  of  joint  disease  associated  

with  disuse  atrophy  5. Observation  of  gait  6. Assessment  of  ADLs    INSPECTION  - Look  at  size,  shape,  symmetry  

o Size  –  small,  large  o Shape  –  normality  of  muscle  o Symmetry  –  bilat  distribution  

 Congenital  absence  of  muscle  - Isolated  –  pectoralis  muscle  - Associated  with  a  syndrome  

o Dep  labii  oris  =  congen  HD  o Pectoralis  =  leukemia  o Temporalis  =  mytotonia  

 Wasting  - Due  to  disuse,  primary  muscle  

degeneration,  secondary  to  anterior  horn  cell  or  peripheral  nerve  dse  

- Generalized  wasting  o Chronic  disease  o Correlated  with  weight  loss  

- Localized  wasting  o Hemiplegia  =  one  side  o PN  paralysis  =  only  one  group  

of  muscles      Hypertrophy  - May  be  normal  or  pathologic  - Localized  or  generalized  

o Congenital  hemihypertrophy  § Should  always  alert  

doctor  to  serious  dse  o Isolated  hypertrophy  

§ Duchenne  dystrophy  –  calf  muscles  are  big  

o General  hypertrophy  –  CAH    

Fasciculation  - Associated  with  irritation  of  the  

anterior  horn  cells  (poliomyelitis,  Werdnig-­‐Hoffman)  

 PALPATION  - Feeling  of  induration  =  pyomyositis,  

dermatomyositis,  infectious  myositis  - Tenderness  =  dermatomyo,  trichinosis  - Temperature  variations  are  not  useful  - Palpating  the  tendon  when  testing  a  

very  weak  muscle  helps  to  recognize  non-­‐demonstrable  muscle  movement  

 PERCUSSION  - Contraction  of  percussed  muscle  with  

delayed  relaxation  =  myotonia  congen  o Demonstrable  in  biceps  

(best)  and  tongue  muscles    MUSCLE  STRENGTH  Screening  Tests  

Test   Muscle  Get  up  from  a  supine  position.  

Ant  neck  flexors  

Shrug  shoulders   Trapezius  Elevate  arms  over  head   Deltoids  Flex  elbow  with  palm  up   Biceps  Extend  knee   Quadriceps  Lying  on  side,  flex  knee,  Abduct  opposite  hip  

Gluteus  medius  

Prone,  lift  hip  off  table   Gluteus  maximus  

Push  down  sole  of  foot   Gastroc    - General  method  for  testing  strength:    

ask  the  patient  to  move  in  one  direction  and  apply  resistance  to  it  

- Better  method  for  testing  strength:  move  the  joint  to  maximum  range  &  apply  force  to  bring  it  back  to  neutra  

 Grading  0     No  muscle  movement  I   Trace   Palpable  contraction  

No  joint  movement  II   Poor   Full  range,  gravity  elim  III   Fair   Full  range,  against  gravity  IV   Good   Full  range,  against  gravity  

Moderate  resistance  V   N   Full  range,  against  gravity  

Normal  resistance    Pattern  of  Weakness  - Proximal  =  dermatomyositis  - Distal  =  peripheral  neuritis  - One-­‐sided  =  unilateral  cerebral  insult  - Unequal  LE  =  myelominingocele  - Equal  LE  =  paraplegia    ACTIVITIES  OF  DAILY  LIVING  - Useful  measurement  for  functional  

classification  of  severely  handicapped  - Categories:  

I. Fully  independent  II. Mostly  independent  –  

minimal  help  required  III. Wheelchair-­‐bound  –  but  

can  take  care  of  certain  items  

IV. Totally  dependent    Functional  Tests  Useful  in  Dermatomyositis  1. Elevation  of  neck  from  supine  lying  2. Elevation  of  extended  LE  (in  seconds)  3. Rising  from  lying  down  without  help  4. Rising  form  sitting  with  arms  folded  

           

Clues  in  Diagnosing  Weakness  SSx   Suggestion  

Myotonia   Menteral  retardation  Exaggerated  reflexes  

CNS  disease  

Fasciculation   Anterior  horn  cell  dse  Rashes   Collagen  vascular  de  Sensory   Peripheral  nerve  dse  Dark  urine   Myoglobinuria  

 GAIT  - Certain  characteristics  of  gait:  

o Waddling  =  prox  hip  weakness  o Toe  walking  =  tight  heel  cord,  

Duchenne  dystrophy  o Slapping  =  peripheral  neuro  o High-­‐stepping  =  post  column    

- Tested  by  asking  child  to  walk/run  o Walk  on  toes  →  plantar  flexors  o Walk  on  heels  →  dorsiflexors  o Stand  on  one  leg  →  glut  medius  

 JOINTS  AND  BONES  - Point  to  remember  in  exam  of  joints:  

o History  o Inspection  o Palpation  o Auscultation  o Range  of  motion  o Evaluation  of  function  &  gait  o Exam  of  bone,  tendon,  

periarticular  tissues  o Exam  of  other  systems  

 HISTORY  - Points  suggesting  joint  problems  

o Pain,  swelling,  joint  immobility  &  contractures  

- Symptoms  referable  to  other  systems:  o Rash,  pleuritic  pain,  Raynaud  

- Trauma  is  an  important  piece  of  history  and  should  be  sought  in  all  cases  of  joint  pain  

 Pain  in  a  Joint  - Also  known  as  arthralgia;  not  

synonymous  with  arthritis  - Onset  

o Acute  =  trauma,  inflam  dse  o Slow  =  collagen  vascular  dse  

- Distribution  o Mono  =  trauma,  inflam  dse  o Poly  =  generalized  disorder  o Migrating  (one  joint  in  the  

morning,  diff  joint  by  evening)  o Referred  

§ Hip  →  gluteus  medius,  inguinal  triangle,  anterior  aspect  of  thigh  (patella)  

§ SI  joint  →  deep  in  buttocks  § Cerival  spine  →  occiput  § IV  disc  →  chest  wall  

- Duration  o 1-­‐2  days  =  trauma,  infection  o Days-­‐months  =  collagen  dse  

- Intensity  o Painless  arthritis  =  neuropathic  o Moderate  =  juvenile  RA  o Intense,  acute  =  aRF,  septic  o Extreme  =  vasomotor  dse  o Flitting,  fleeting  (migrating)  =  

acute  RF,  gonococcemia  o Non-­‐migrating  polyarticular  =  

collagen  vascular  disorders  - Precipitating/Relieving  Factors  

o Aspirin  =  aRF,  juvenile  RA  o Activity  =  destruction  joint  dse  

(acute  cartilaginous  necrosis)  o Early  morning  =  juvenile  RA  o Interfering  with  sleep  =  

vasomotor,  bleeding  into  joint,  growing  pains,  septic  arthritis,  osteomyelitis,  osteoid  osteoma  

INSPECTION  - Presence/absence  of  swelling  

o Periarticular  –  only  one  side  o Cellulitis  –  above/below  joint  o Effusion  –  true  swelling  with  

ill-­‐defined  edges  merging  into  surrounding  area  

o Synovial  thickening  –  swelling  with  defined  edges  

o Diffuse  swelling  of  dorsal  hand  →  flexor  TS  with  LE,  sickle  cell,  serum  sickness  

 Swelling   Clinical  Correlation  Sterno-­‐clavicular  

- Chronic  →  juvenile  RA  - Acute  →  gonococcemia  

Elbow   - Obliteration  of  dimples  next  to  olecranon  

Carpal   - Dorsal  - Diffused,  unclear  edges  - Limitation  of  extension  

Extensor  tendon  

- Clear,  distal  oblique  transverse  edge  

Flexor  TS   - Dorsum  of  hand  - Flexed  claw-­‐like  fingers  

Knee   - “Bulge  sign”  if  minimal  - Also  look  for  a  popliteal  

cyst  in  popliteal  space  Ankle   - On  either  side  of  

tendoachilles  - One  side  →  TS  - Anterior  →  edema  

Foot   - Plantar  with  tenderness  →  ankylosing  spondylitis  

- Sole/dorsum  without  tenderness  →  SS  

TS  =  tensosynovitis    Bulge  Sign  - Will  elicit  a  fluid  wave  - Extend  knee  and  push  fluid  away  by  

rubbing  vertically  along  the  medial  border  of  patella  o Fluid  is  pushed  laterally  into  

suprapatellar  pouch  - A  gentle  stoke  with  one/two  fingers  

along  the  lateral  edge  of  patella  will  produce  a  bulge  medial  to  the  patella  o Patella  should  be  immobile  

 PALPATION  Heat  - Mild  temperature  difference  between  

joints  can  be  appreciated  easily  - Heat  over  a  joint  is  required  for  

diagnosis  of  inflammatory  arthritis    Tenderness  - Good  indicator  of  persistent  inflamm  

in  long-­‐term  follow-­‐up  of  juvenile  RA    A.  Temperomandibular  Joint  Tenderness  - To  elicit  tenderness  over  TMJ  

o Place  one  finger  into  the  external  auditory  meatus  and  feel  forward  (anteriorly)  

o Cartilage  will  be  palpable  directly  under  the  finger  and  tenderness  can  be  elicited  

- Auscultation  o Crepitus  →  juvenile  RA  

 B.  Small  Finger  Joint  Tenderness  - Squeeze  each  individually  - Percussion  along  flexor  tendon    

o Exquisite  tenderness  →  FTS  o Tingling  of  3  medial  fingers  

→  carpal  tunnel  syndrome          

Page 2: Silverman Trans [FST] - Musculoskeletal

C.  Hip  Tenderness  - No  direct  way  of  testing  - Pain  limiting  movement  <  5°  in  any  

movement  →  septic  arthritis    D.  Subtalar  Tenderness  - Elicited  by  gripping  ankle  firmly  and  

moving  foot  into  inversion/eversion  - Small  joints  should  be  tested  indiv.    E.  Sacroiliac  Tenderness  - Pretzel  Test  

o Cross  one  LE  over  other  LE    o Cross  opp  UE  across  trunk  o In  this  position,  hold  the  

shoulder  (of  the  crossed  UE)  and  knee  (of  the  crossed  LE)  

o Do  a  quick  spring-­‐like  stretch  o If  (+)  pain/wincing  →  SI  dse  

 F.  Flexor  Tendon  &  Periarticular  Tenderness  - Minimal  synovial  thickening  can  be  

appreciated  with  practice  - Always  compare  one  joint  with  the  

opposite  (normal)  joint  - Feel  for  the  amount  of  tissue,  texture  - Synovial  thickening  

o Appreciat  with  gentle  palpation;  firm  pressure  will  cause  synovium  to  collapse  

o “Cashmere  Velvet”  feeling  →  hypertrophic  synovium  

- Percussion  o Severe  pain  →  TS  o Pain  along  medial  3  fingers  

→  carpal  tunnel  syndrome  - Auscultation  

o Crepitus  →  scleroderma  TS    G.  Periarticular  Tenderness  - Imp  to  exclude  periarticular  pain  - Bony  tenderness  close  to  a  joint  may  

appear  as  if  it  is  joint  pain/tenderness    Origin  of  Pain   Differential  Diagnosis  Tibial  tubercle   Osteochon.  dissecans  

(Osgoode-­‐Schlatter)  Metaphysis   Osteomyelitis  Medullary   Leukemia  Tendoachilles   AS,  polytendonitis  in  

hyperlipidemia    RANGE  OF  MOVEMENT  - Essential  in  long-­‐term  follow-­‐up  and  

rehabilitation  of  arthritis  - Can  be  left  to  specialists/therapists    

Joint   Test  Cervical   Look  down,  chin  to  chest.  Atlanto-­‐axial  

Look  up.  Side  to  side.  

Lower  cervical  

Laterally  bend,  touching  ear  to  shoulder.  

SH   Raise  arms  above  shoulder  (abd)  &  touch  palms  (IR).  

Wrist,  Elbow  

Fold  hands  in  Indian  greeting  position  (wrist  extension)  &  press  hard  (elbow  flexion).  

DIP,  PIP   Scratch.  MCP   Close  fist.  Hip,  Knee  

Squat,  then  get  up.  If  trouble  sitting  →  joint  If  trouble  rising  →  muscular  

                 

ROM  of  Hip  - Loos  at  its  position  at  rest  

o Flexion,  ER  →  effusion  - Testing  for  hip  flexion  contracture  

o Patient  lies  supine  o Flex  hips  as  far  as  possible  o Hold  one  hip  at  maximum  

flexed  position  to  fix  the  pelvis  against  the  table  and  obliterate  lumbar  lordosis  

o Ask  patient  to  put  other  hip  down  as  far  as  it  will  go  § If  the  thigh  does  not  

touch  examining  table  →  hip  flex  contracture  

§ If  the  pelvis  is  not  fixed,  lordosis  may  look  as  if  the  hips  were  extending  

o Repeat  on  opposite  side  - In  the  prone  position,  the  following  

can  be  done  (4):    1   - Have  patient  lie  prone  and  flex  

their  knees  as  far  as  they  can  - Both  heels  should  touch  the  butt  - Both  knees  should  be  capable  of  

the  same  ROM  2   - Have  patient  fully  flex  the  knees  

- If  hip  raises  off  table  →  hip  flexion  contracture  

3   - Have  patient  rotate  the  femurs  with  knees  in  90°  flexion  o For  ER,  adduct/cross  heels  o For  IR,  abduct  heels  

4   - Have  patient  lift  thigh  off  table  with  knee  flexed  and  hold  

- Tests  gluteus  maximus    - Limitation  of  IR  is  an  early  sign  of  

many  hip  disease:  o Slipped  epiphysis  o Legg-­‐Perthes  disease  

- Excessive  external  rotation  is  normal  up  to  18  months  of  age  

 ROM  of  Knee  - Should  extend  in  a  straight  line  - Hyperextention  in  girls  may  be  5-­‐10°  - Loss  of  full  extension  →  arthritides  - Pain  below  knee  limiting  full  flexion  

→  Osgoode-­‐Schlatter  disease    ROM  of  Ankle  &  Foot  - Have  patient  sit  at  the  edge  of  table  

with  hip  hanging  loose  - Dorsi/plantarflexion  =  30°  - Subtalar  =  10-­‐15°  

o Test  by  fixing  the  ankle,  holding  the  calceneum  

o Invert  &  evert  the  foot  Torsional  Deformities  of  the  LE  - Obtain  a  history  of  the  following:  

o When  was  it  noticed?  § At  birth  –  met  adductus  § Start  walking  –  flatfloot  

o What  is  progression  rate?  § Most  are  corrected  by  

age  7-­‐8  years  § If  rapid,  it  may  need  tx  

o Family  history  - Includes  in-­‐toeing  and  out-­‐toeing    In-­‐Toeing  &  Out-­‐Toeing  - Common  during  dev  age  periods    

  In-­‐toeing   Out-­‐toeing  Hip   Femoral  

anteversion  Physiologic  (infancy)  

Tibia   Internal  torsion  

External  torsion  

Foot   Metatarsus  adductus  

Flat  foot/  curved  foot  

 

  PE  &  Clinical  Correlation  Foot   - Look  at  sole  of  foot  

- Lateral  border  should  is  normally  straight  

- Convexity  →  met  adductus  Leg   - Have  child  sitting  at  edge  of  

table  with  legs  dangling  - Tibial  tubercle  &  patella  

should  face  anteriorly  - Vertical  line  from  tubercle  

should  run  through  the  second  metatarsal  

- If  otherwise  →  (+)  deform  Tibial   - Examine  with  child  prone  

and  thigh  flexed  at  90°  - IR  of  the  tibia  is  normal  in  

the  2  years  of  life  - Thigh-­‐Foot  Angle  –  draw  an  

imaginary  line  through  the  femoral  axis,  and  another  through  the  axis  of  the  foot    

o N  =  10-­‐30°  Hip   - Excess  ER,  limited  IR  →  N  

- Persistent  excessive  ER  with  limited  IR  →  hypotonic  infants  who  lie  supine  all  the  time  

- IR  is  normally  <  70°  - If  IR  >  70°  →  femoral  

anteversion;  may  be  exaggerated  by  having  the  child  in  a  “W”  position  

- Significant  IR  limitation  →  intra-­‐articular  hip  disease  

Gait   - Normally  10°  ER  when  walking  in  a  straight  line  

- If  <  10°  ER  →  in-­‐toeing  - If  >  30°  ER  →  out-­‐toeing  

 In-­‐Toeing  - Gets  worse  when  the  child  is  tired  or  

when  carrying  the  weight  of  a  shoe  - In-­‐toeing  due  to  femoral  anteversion  

o Patella  faces  medially  when  the  child  walks  

o Entire  foot  will  land  in  a  medially-­‐rotated  position  

- Forefoot  problems  &  tibial  torsion  o Foot  will  land  normally,  then  

rotate  inwardly  during  weight-­‐bearing  phase  

 Genu  Varum  &  Valgum  - Examine  patient  standing  erect  - With  medial  malleoli  touching,  there  

should  be  <  2  in  (5  cm)  bwn  medial  condyles  (intermalleolar  space)  

 Genu  Varum   Genu  Valgum  “Bow  legged”   “Knocked  knee”  >  2  inches   <  2  inches  

Physio  <  2½  years   Physio  2-­‐5  years    Pronated  Foot  - Examine  patient  standing  erect,  

looking  from  behind  - Tenchoachilles  normally  makes  a  

vertical  line  or  has  a  very  minimal  medial  curve  

- “C”  curve  →  pronated  foot    Flat  Foot  - Examine  patient  standing  erect  - Present  it  the  medial  border  of  foot  

touches  the  floor  - Normal  in  the  first  18-­‐30  months  - Plain  &  simple  flatfoot  do  not  need  

correction          

FUNCTION  TESTS  FOR  JOINT  PROBLEMS  Duration  of  Morning  Stiffness  - Obtained  by  history  - Reliable  indicator  of  disease  activity  in  

rheumatic  diseases    Grip  Strength  - Measures  a  composite  of:  

o Pain,  tenderness  o Limitation  of  ROM  o Muscle  weakness  

- It  is  a  good  indicator  of  improvement/  worsening  in  children  with  arthritis  

- A  blood  pressure  cuff  is  rolled  and  given  to  the  child  to  hold  o Should  be  small  enough  that  

the  fingers  go  around  it  - The  bulb  is  squeezed  by  the  examiner  

to  reach  a  measurement  of  20  mmHg  on  the  manometer  

- Child  is  then  asked  to  squeeze  the  bag  as  strongly  as  possible  with  one  hand  o Repeat  2  more  times  o The  best  of  three  tries  is  

taken  as  the  value  - Repeat  on  the  other  side  - Normal:  

o 6-­‐10  years  =  up  to  120mmHg  o Adolescents  =  can  squeeze  

the  mercury  out  of  the  unit    Gait  - In  a  child  with  arthritis,  special  types  

of  gaits  are  seen    

Pathology   Characteristic  Gait  Painful  limp   - Bears  weight  for  longer  

duration  on  one  side  than  on  the  other  side  during  walking  

Hip  pain   - Walks  with  hip  markedly  flexed  

- Holds  thigh  while  walking  

- Bears  weight  at  the  tip  of  shoe  

MTP  pain  of  great  toe  

- Walks  on  outer  side  of  the  foot  

Stiff  knee,  painful  foot  

- Lifts  the  whole  foot  at  once  without  a  smooth  heel-­‐off-­‐toe  cycle  

 Other  Functional  Methods  1. Give  the  child  a  piece  of  paper  to  see  

if  the  child  can  pinch  it.  2. Give  a  key  and  see  if  the  child  can  

hold  it  between  the  opposing  aspects  of  the  thumb  and  index  finger.  

3. Give  a  pen  and  spoon  to  see  if  the  patient  can  use  them  without  difficulty  and  pain.  

4. Have  the  patient  sit  down  and  get  up  from  a  chair.  

5. Have  patient  climb  up/down  stairs.    Clues  in  Other  Systems  - Symptoms  in  other  systems  may  give  

clues  to  the  diagnosis  of  the  musculoskeletal  problem  

 Rash   Diagnosis  

Erythema  marginatum   Acute  RF  Evanescent  macular  rash   Juvenile  RA  Malar  rash   SLE  Vesicles  over  extensor  aspects  of  joint  

Gonococcal  artheritis-­‐dermatitis  

Purpuric  sport  over  distal  portion  of  extremities  

HSP  

Eryth  chronicum  migrans   Lyme  arthr        

Page 3: Silverman Trans [FST] - Musculoskeletal

SPINE  INSPECTION  - Short  neck,  elevated  SH,  scoliosis  →  

hemivertebrae  - Extremely  careful  walking  →  

imflammation  of  IVD,  caries  of  spine  - Hair  over  lower  end  of  spine  →  

lipomeningocele  (esp  if  paraparesis,  tight  heel  cord,  urinary  problems)  

- Dimple  at  lower  end  of  spine  →  sacrococcygeal  dimple,  pilonidal  sinus  o More  likely  pilonidal  sinus  if  

higher,  tan/blue,  and  hairy    Spinal  Curvature  - Concave  (C-­‐curve):  cervical,  lumbar  

o Loss  of  cervical  curve  →  juvenile  RA,  Pott’s  disease  

o Loss  of  lumbar  lordosis  →  familial,  hip  flex  contracture,  developmental  (up  to  7-­‐8  yrs)  

- Concave:  thorax,  sacrum  o Prominent  thoracic  curve  →  

kyphosis,  Morquio  disease  o Distinct  kyphotic  angle  

(gibbus)  →  fracture,  collapse    Scoliosis  - Signs  of  scoliosis:  

o Elevated  SH  on  one  side  o Unequal  bra  cup-­‐size  o Family  history  o Prominent  scapula  o Leg-­‐length  discrepancy  

- Easily  visible  by  examining  from  back  o “Scoliosis  with  convexity  to  

the  right/left”  - May  be  primary  or  secondary  

o Be  sure  to  rule  out  neuromuscular  disease  or  leg-­‐length  discrepancy  

- Leg-­‐length  discrepancy  o Measure  with  patient  supine  o With  lower  limbs  in  equal  

degrees  of  abduction  from  midline,  measure  distance  from  ASIS  to  med  malleolus  

o Tape  should  run  across  thigh,  over  medial  knee,  along  medial  aspect  of  tibia  

- May  be  a  fixed  or  non-­‐fixed  lesion  o Test  by  asking  patient  to  lean  

forward  as  if  to  touch  toes  § If  curve  corrects  →  

non-­‐fixed  curve  o In  a  small  child,  lift  child  by  

the  arms/hands  vertically  § If  curve  disappears  →  

non-­‐fixed  curve    Mobility  of  Lumbar  Spine  - Tested  using  a  modified  Schober’s  

o Place  a  line  across  the  back  at  the  lumbosacral  junction  with  the  patient  standing  

o Place  a  mark  on  the  skin  in  the  midline  over  the  spine  10cm  above  the  first  point  

o Place  another  mark  on  skin  5cm  below  the  first  point  

o Ask  patient  to  bend  forward  o Measure  the  distance  bw  

upper  and  lower  mark  o Back  should  stretch  to  at  

least  7  cm  bw  the  two  points  - Simpler  method  

o Place  two  fingers  on  adjacent  spinous  processes  and    

o Ask  patient  to  bend  forward  o Estimate  finger  separation  

     

PALPATION  - Palpate  the  spine  for  local  tenderness  

o Esp  if  osteomyelitis  or  tumour  is  suspected  

o Tenderness  bw  vertebrae  →  IVD  inflammation  

 HAND  GENERAL  CLUES  Handedness  - May  be  established  2½-­‐3  years  

o If  present  at  a  very  early  age  →  hemiplegia  

o No  dominant  handedness  by  7-­‐8  years  is  suspicious  

- Possible  findings  in  dominant  hand:  o Wider,  squarer  nail  (thumb)  o Obtuse  web-­‐space  between  

thumb  and  index  finger  o Will  reach  higher  when  asked  

to  raise  hands  between  the  shoulder  blades  

 Tremors  - At  rest  →  essential  tremor,  Wilson’s  - In  sustained  posture:    

o Anxiety,  fatigue  o Thyrotoxicosis  o Cerebellar  disease  

- Intention  tremor  –  occurs  with  activity  (finger-­‐nose  test)  o Cerebellar  disease,  stress  

- Athetosis  –  writhing  movement  of  the  distal  parts  of  the  body;  most  commonly  seen  in  the  hands  

- Carpopedal  spasm  –  resembles  athetosis,  but  elicited  by  occlusion  of  vessels  with  a  cuff  

- Asterixis/liver  flap  –  flopping  movement  of  the  outstretched  hand  o Hepatic  failure  (Reye  syn)  

 Power  Grasp  - Felt  during  a  handshake  

o Weak  →  neurologic/joint  dse  o Inability  to  sustain  →  chorea  o Sweaty  →  anxiety  

 Radial,  Medial  &  Ulnar  Nerves  Motor  Component  Nerve   Loss  Radial   Abduction,  extension  Ulnar   Adduction  Median   Apposition  of  thumb  

 Sensory  Component  Nerve   Distribution  Radial   Dorsal  aspect  of  web  Ulnar   Ulnar  aspect  of  little  finger  Median   Radial  aspect  of  index  

 SIZE  - Small  hands/fingers:  

o Down  syndrome  o DeLange  syndrome  o Achondroplasia  

- Large  hands  →  gigantism  - Large  hands  with  spidery  fingers  →  

arachnodactyly,  homocystinuria  - Hypoplastic  radial  aspect  of  hand  →  

Holt-­‐Oram  syndrome,  Fanconi    SHAPE  - Mitten  hand  →  Apert  syndrome  - Bifid,  claw-­‐like  →  Thalidomide  synd                

HAND  POSITION  - “Policeman  receiving  tip”  →  brachial  

plexus  paralysis  - Wrist  drop  →  radial  nerve  paralysis  - Claw-­‐hand  →  ulnar  nerve  paralysis  

o 4-­‐5th  fingers  are  extended  at  the  MCP  joints;  flex  at  PIP  

- Ulnar  deviation,  volar  subluxation  at  the  wrist  →  juvenile  RA  

 TROPHIC  CHANGES  - Seen  in:  

o Reflex  sympathetic  dystrophy  o Scleroderma  (pulp  thinning,  

vasculitis  ulcers  at  fingertips)    COLOUR  - Flushed  →  high  output  HF  - Pale,  cold,  clammy  →  shock  - Blue  →  cyanosis  - Yellow  creases  →  jaundice  - Raynaud  phenomenon  

o Periodic  attacks  of  colour  changes  in  the  fingers,  esp  when  exposed  to  cold  

o Pale  →  blue  →  red  o Pale  stage  may  be  painful;  

red  stage  may  feel  hot    RASHES  &  NODULES  

Rash/Nodule   Possible  Disease  Palmar  

macular  lesions  SLE  2°  syphilis  Erythema  multiforme  

Red,  dry,  scaly  lesions  over  dorsum  

Dm  (over  IP  joints)  LE  (between  IP  joints)  

Telangiectasia,  periungual  erythema  

 Dermatomyositis  

Palmar  papular  lesions  

Eczematous  dermatitis  Scabies  

Vesicular  lesions  

Scabies  HSV,  congenital  syphilis  Chicken  pox  Epidermolysis  bullosa  Gonococcemia  (dorsally)  Smallpox  (eradicated)  

Pustules   Impetigo  Infected  scabies  

Nodules   RA  (dorsum  of  joints)  Granuloma  annulare  Juvenile  RA  (flexor  tendon)  

Purpura   Rocky  Mountain  Meningococcemia  

Vasculitic   Scleroderma  (fingertips)  SLE  (around  nail  edges)  

Splinter  hemorrhages  

SBE  (under  the  nails)  

*Dm  =  dermatomyositis  Scabies  Lesions  - Seen  in  creases  (wrist,  palm)  and  

between  the  fingers  - Papular  or  vesicular    FINGERS  - Short  fingers  of  the  same  length  or  

“banana-­‐bunch”  fingers  o Hypothyroidism  o Achondroplasia  –  there  is  a  

divergence  between  3-­‐4th  fingers  (“trident  sign”)  

- Swollen,  flexed,  tender  →  acute  TS  - “Triggering”/locking  →  nodules  - Camptodactyly  

o Flexion  deformity  in  pinky  o AD;  1.9%  of  population  o Downs,  Carpenter,  Aarskog  

- Clinodactyly  o Shortening  of  radial  aspect  of  

the  middle  phalanx  →  radial  deflection  of  distal  phalanx  

o Common  in  females  o 0.3%  of  population  

     

- Hypoplasia  of  all  metacarpal  bones  o Coffin-­‐Siris  o Cri-­‐du-­‐chat  

- Hypoplasia  of  4th  metacarpal  o Causes  a  dimple  where  a  

bump  should  be  seen  o Pseudohypoparathyroidism  

 Polydactyly   Syndactyly  

Ellis-­‐Van  Creveld  Trisomy  13  

Apert  DeLange  Prader-­‐Willi  

 Thumb  - Thumb  Sign  

o Ask  patient  to  clench  fist  with  thumb  held  inside  the  palm  

o (+)  thumb  sign  –  thumb  tip  protrudes  past  ulnar  border  of  palm  →  Marfan  syndrome    

o (-­‐)  thumb  sign  –  rules  out  homocystinuria  (ddx)  

 Abnormality   Syndrome  

Triphalangeal  thumb   Holt-­‐Oram  Broad  thumb   Rubinstein-­‐Taybi  Flexed  thumb   Arthrogryposis  Bifid  thumb   t(3;13)  Thumb  aplasia   13q  syndrome  Proximal  placement  of  thumb  

18q  syndrome  

 DERMATOGLYPHICS  - Epidermal  ridges  and  crease  are  

unique  for  each  individual  - Identical  twins  will  not  have  identical  

ridge  characteristics  - Established  by  Sir  Franci  Galton  - Finger  pattern  recognized  by  Purkinje  - Three  components  of  dermatoglyphic  

patterns  o Flexion  creases  o Ridge  arrangement  of  palms  o Finger  patterns  

 Flexion  Creases  - Usually  three  palmar  creaes  - Simian  crease  

o Two  distal  creases  are  fused  o Single  crease  across  palm  

reaching  ulnar  border  o Down  syndrome  

- Sydney  line  o Two  transverse  creases  o Prox  one  runs  across  palm  o Congenital  rubella  syndrome  

- Interphalangeal  joint  creases  o N  =  2-­‐3  creases  over  PIP  o N  =  1  creases  over  DIP  o 2  DIP  creases  →  sickle  cell  

 Ridge  Arrangement  of  Palms  - Run  in  different  direction  - Triradii  

o Triradiate  structures  o Formed  where  three  ridge  

systems  meet    

Proximal/axial  triradius  

Digital  triradii  (4)  

t   A,  B,  C,  D  On  the  palm  close  to  wrist  

Under  the  index,  middle,  ring,  pinky  

 - AtD  triangle  

o Refers  to  angle  between  the  triradii  located  on  A,  t,  D  

o Usually  40°  o AtD  angle  =  70-­‐80°  →  

congenital  rubella  syndrome,  Downs,  Turners  

 

Page 4: Silverman Trans [FST] - Musculoskeletal

Finger  Patterns  - Loop,  whorl,  arch  

o Whorl  =  2  triradii  o Loop  =  1  triradius  

- Ulnar  loop  –  opens  to  ulnar  side  - Radial  loop  –  opens  to  radial  side  - Usual  finger  pattern:  

o Little  finger  =  ulnar  loop  o Middle  finger  =  whorl/arch  o Index  finger  =  radial  loop  

- Rarely  the  same  pattern  in  all  fingers  o Whorls  →  congenital  rubella  o Arches  or  absent  →  Tris  18  o Ulnar  loop  →  Downs  

- Ridge  count  o Number  of  ridges  cutting  

across  a  line  joining  the  center  of  a  loop/whorl  to  the  nearest  triradius  

o Female  average  =  127  o Male  average  =  145  o Inc  →  rubella,  Turner  (169)  o Dec  →  Klinefelter  (27)  

 SPORTS  INJURIES  OF  KNEES  &  ANKLES  Soft  Tissue  Injury  - Soft  tissue  trauma  is  common  - Strain  –  muscle-­‐tendon  injury  - Sprain  –  ligament  injury  - Fractures  are  more  common  than  

ligament  tear  in  children  - Ligament  tears  can  occur  in  adoles  

o Knee  and  ankle  joints  are  most  common  

Patella  - May  be  completely  displaced  from  

intercondylar  notch  due  to  an  acute  violent  force  pushing  it  laterally  o Common  in  hyperextendible  o (+)  pain,  swelling  medially  

 Lateral  Collateral  Ligament  (LCL)  - To  test,  hold  lower  end  of  the  leg  with  

one  hand  and  place  palm  of  the  other  below  the  knee  on  medial  aspect  

- Give  outward  pressure  on  the  upper  part  of  the  tibia  +  inward  pressure  on  the  lower  leg  

- This  should  stretch  the  LCL    Medial  Collateral  Ligament  (MCL)  - Same  procedure  as  above  - Give  inward  pressure  over  the  upper  

part  of  the  tibia  with  the  palm  held  on  the  outer  aspect  +  outward  pressure  on  the  lower  leg  

- There  should  be  painless  motion  >5°  - Motion  >5°  →  instability  - Pain  →  damage  articular  cartilage    Cruciate  Ligament  of  the  Knee  - Have  patient  supine  with  the  knew  in  

flexion  and  sole  of  foot  touching  table  - Sit  on  the  dorsum  of  foot  &  grasp  the  

upper  en  of  the  tibia  with  both  hands  - Rock  the  tibia  forward  and  backward  - It  should  not  move  - Gliding  movement  →  loss  of  integrity  

of  cruciate  ligaments                              

Grading  of  Ankle  Sprains  G   Swelling   Pain   Disability  I   Min   Min   (-­‐)  II   Mod   Sev   Some  III   Snapping   Sev   (+)  

 Type  III  Sprain  - Associated  with  instability  - To  test  talofibular  ligament:  

o Stabilize  the  lower  leg  with  one  hand  &  grasp  the  heel  firmly  with  other  hand  

o Try  to  push  anteriorly  to  look  for  excess  ant  movement  of  the  talus  in  the  ankle  mortise  

o Compare  to  opposite  side  - To  test  calcaneo-­‐fibular  ligament:  

o Grasp  the  heel  as  above  o Look  for  excess  inversion  o Compare  to  opposite  side