SIMPLE_MODEL.pdf

|

KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM &

MINERALS

CMG-IMEX

TUTORIALS PETE-402 LAB

Najmudeen Sibaweihi

CMG-IMEX TUTORIALS 2014

INSTRUCTOR: NAJMUDEEN SIBAWEIHI Page 1

Contents Introducing the CMG Technologies Launcher ....................................................................... 2

Starting Launcher .............................................................................................................. 3

Adding a New Project ........................................................................................................ 4

Builder .................................................................................................................................. 5

Saving Your Work to a Simulator Input File (Dataset) ......................................................... 6

Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data) ................................................................... 7

Creating PVT Data ........................................................................................................... 10

Creating Relative Permeability Data ................................................................................ 11

Creating Initial Conditions .............................................................................................. 13

Well Definition and Constraints ....................................................................................... 15

Numerical Control ........................................................................................................... 19

Input / Output Control ..................................................................................................... 20

Titles and Case ID ........................................................................................................ 21

Simulation Results Output ............................................................................................. 21

Running the IMEX Dataset (Initialization of Dataset) ............................................................ 24

Running the IMEX Dataset ................................................................................................... 25

Plotting Simulation Results using RESULTS GRAPH .............................................................. 26

Repeating a Plot............................................................................................................... 30

Plotting Property vs Distance ........................................................................................... 32

Plotting Flow Property vs Depth. ..................................................................................... 33

Visualizing Simulation Results using RESULTS 3D ................................................................ 36

Effects of Grid Size .............................................................................................................. 42

Results Comparison with Result Graph. ........................................................................... 48

Homogenous and Heterogeneous Example ........................................................................ 51

Pressure Transient Testing .................................................................................................. 56

Problem:.......................................................................................................................... 56

Water Coning ..................................................................................................................... 66

Critical Rate ........................................................................................................................ 70



Introducing the CMG Technologies Launcher

The CMG Technologies Launcher (Launcher) is a project management application that allows you to keep track of your CMG simulations and launch jobs from one

location.

Using Launcher, you can set up projects or folders on your computer that contain

related simulation files. From these projects, you can:

Start Builder to set up your dataset,

Start a simulator job to compute your results, and

Load Results Graph or Results 3D to analyze your results.

You can also use Launcher to schedule jobs to run on your computer overnight.

Launcher will ensure that jobs are run in order so that each job has access to the

computer resources it requires. You can use Launcher to submit jobs to other

scheduling technologies, such as Microsoft HPC Server or IBM Platform LSF, or to a

collection of computers running the CMG Job Service.

Launcher uses a drag-and-drop methodology for launching simulators and

applications. You can extend Launcher by adding icons for your favorite

applications.



Starting Launcher

Launcher may be started from the Windows Start menu or from the Launcher icon

installed on your desktop.

Launchers main window contains a number of areas.

Project Selector: The Project Selector allows you to easily switch between

projects you have defined. When you select a different project, the File List

View and Project Tree are updated to show the new project.

Folder Selector: You can enter a folder that is not a project that Launcher

knows about, either by browsing for the folder, or by explicitly typing it in.

The File List View is updated to show you the files in this folder, and the

Project Tree is updated to show you the subfolders.

File List View: The File List View shows you the files in the selected folder

or project. You can view files in the same manner as you do in Windows

Explorer, or you can use the CMG Folder Viewer to cluster related simulation

files together. You can also use the File List Filter to show only files of a

particular type.

Project

tree

File list

view

w

Job list view

Project tree

Job list

view

Project tree

Application icon

area w

Job list view

Project tree

Project

selector

w

Job list view

Project tree

Folder

selector

w

Job list view

Project tree



Project Tree: The Project Tree shows you the subfolders contained within

the selected Projects folder. The tree does not show folders above the Project

Folder, but you can use the Up One Level button to view the parent

folder.

Application Icon Area: Application Icons allow you to start any

application from Launcher, either by double-clicking on the icon or by

dragging and dropping a file from the File List Area onto the icon.

Applications may be started directly or through the Job Scheduler. You can

group your icons onto different tabs, have Launcher scan your CMG Home

location for new applications or versions, or create new icons for other

applications yourself.

Job List View: Any jobs that are run through the Job Scheduler will be

listed in this area. From here you can monitor the progress of jobs as they are

run. If your computer is part of a CMG Cluster, you may also see jobs that

your computer is scheduling or running on behalf of others.

Create a folder at your desired location and name it Building Simple Model.

Adding a New Project

1. Select Project | Add in the main menu, or click the Add Project icon in

the project toolbar.

2. The Add/Modify Project dialog box is displayed:

3. Specify the directory in which you want to create a project by clicking the Browse button to open the Browse for Folder dialog box.



4. Browse to and select the project file.

5. In the Project Description box, enter a description of the new project.

6. Click OK.

Builder

Builder is a Microsoft Windows based software tool that you can use to create

simulation input files (datasets) for CMG simulators. All three CMG simulators IMEX,

GEM and STARS are supported by Builder. Builder covers all areas of data input, including creating and importing grids and grid properties, locating wells, importing

well production data, importing or creating fluid models, rock-fluid properties, and

initial conditions. Builder contains a number of tools for data manipulation, creating

tables from correlations, and data checking. It allows you to visualize and check your

data before running a simulation.

Double click on builder icon in the Application Icon Area in launcher. Builder starts

then the Reservoir Simulator Settings dialog box is displayed.

Under Simulator, select IMEX.

Under Working Units, Field.

Under Porosity, select Single Porosity.

Under Simulation Start Date, enter 2014-01-01. This is usually the date of the start of

production or injection in the earliest well.

Click OK twice to apply your settings.



Saving Your Work to a Simulator Input File (Dataset)

Builder has both File | Save and File | Save As menu items. You can save the file as

a single file, or as a set of *INCLUDE files.

When you select the Save As menu item (or the first time you select Save for a new

dataset), you will bring up the Save As dialog box:

Change the file name to simModel.dat in Main file edit box and click ok to apply.

Comment edit

box

Main file edit

box



Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data)

Click on Reservoir in the menu bar to select Create grid and then choose Cartesian from the options.

Create Cartesian grid dialog box appears. Fill in the box as shown.



Click OK.

Double click Array Properties under Reservoir section in Model Tree View.

Fill in the following information.

Select Permeability J and right click in the Whole Grid box. Select EQUALSI then

OK.



Do the same with Permeability K and select EQUALSI. In the first box select * and

then enter a value of 0.1 in the second field (this applies a Kv/Kh ratio of 0.1). Press

the OK button.

Press OK to leave the General Property Specification section and then press OK to

calculate the Properties.

Double click on Rock Compressibility in the tree view menu and input 4E-6 in the

rock compressibility box, 4000 psi in the reference pressure box and OK. Units will

be applied automatically; you should now have the Green check mark for Reservoir

section.

This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on. Click File then

Save. If Save is not activated click on probe mode to activate it.



Creating PVT Data

Click the Components tab in the tree view. Double click the MODEL keyword.

Select Launch dialog to create a quick BLACKOIL model using correlations then

press the OK.

Fill in the black oil model dialog as shown.

Click OK. The Component section should have a green check mark now.



Creating Relative Permeability Data

Click the Rock-Fluid tab in the tree view and double click on Rock Fluid types in the

tree view.

Click on button and select New Rock Type.

Press the Tools button (on the Relative Permeability Tables tab) and select

Generate Tables using Correlations.



Enter the following. Press Apply and then OK. Press OK again to get out of the Rock

Types window. A graph containing the relative permeability curves will appear

The Rock Fluid section should have a green check mark. Save the file at this time.



Creating Initial Conditions

Click the Initial Conditions tab on the tree view of Builder.

Double click on Initial Conditions.

Select Water, Oil, Gas as the initial fluid in the reservoir to perform a Gravity-

Capillary Equilibrium Calculation.

Type the following values in the available fields: o 4000 (psi implied) in the Reference Pressure window

o 10007 (ft implied) in the Reference Depth window

o 10105 (ft implied) in the Water-Oil Contact window

o 6496 (ft implied) in the Gas-Oil Contact window

o 943 (psi implied) in Constant Bubble Point Pressure (PB) window

Leave the other boxes blank.



Initial conditions interface should look as:

Click on Apply; then OK.

You should now be back in the main Builder window with all tabs showing a green

checkmark in the tree view, except for the Wells & Recurrent tab.

At this point it is advisable to save the data again by selecting File from the top menu

and Save.



Well Definition and Constraints

Click on Wells & Recurrent tab under Model Tree view and double click on Wells

to create new wells.

Under ID & Type tab. We are creating 4 oil producers. If you are defining a single

well do not select Add multiple wells numbered box. In this tutorial we assume the

first well was opened for production 2014-01-01 and subsequent wells were opened

for production after every 2 months.

Click on the Constraints tab and enter the parameters as shown.

o Constraints: OPERATE.

o Parameter: BHP Bottom hole pressure.

o Limit / Mode: MIN.

o Value: 1000psi.



Click OK to add new wells.

Click on the black arrow on Wells & Recurrent tab and select Well new. This time

under Type drop down list select INJECTOR MOBWEIGHT. Change name to INJ

and add 4 injectors. The injectors are drilled after every 2 months like the producers.

Click on the Constraints tab and enter the parameters as shown.

o Constraints: OPERATE.

o Parameter: BHP Bottom hole pressure.

o Limit / Mode: MAX.

o Value: 5500psi.

Click OK to add new wells.

Under Wells & Recurrent tab, double click on Dates. Click on Add a range of dates

and select the following. Click OK to return to Simulation Dates dialog and check the

last box to set simulation stop time.



Click Close.

Click on the black arrow under Wells & Recurrent tab and select Well Completion.

Under General folder change the well radius to 0.325 and Skin to 2.5. Click on

Apply to apply changes.



Click on Perforation folder.

Click on to add new lines and enter the following coordinates (X, Y, Z) for each

well.

o INJ001: 1 1 1- 4

o INJ002: 30 1 1- 4

o INJ003: 30 30 1- 4

o INJ004: 1 30 1- 4

o PRD001: 15 15 1- 4

o PRD002: 19 7 1- 4

o PRD003: 4 12 1- 4

o PRD004: 15 24 1- 4

Click Apply and OK. Wells & Recurrent tab should be green now.



Numerical Control

Normally, you do not need to enter any values in the Numerical Control section, as defaults are supplied for all values. It is recommended that you

only override the defaults if you are an experienced reservoir simulation

user, or directed to do so by CMG support personnel.

Numerical controls are provided in three subsections: time step control,

solution method control, and linear solver control. Click on the black arrow on Numerical and select Time Step Control. This is point

for setting time step size during the simulation run.

DATE DTMAX (days) DTMIN(days) DTWELL (days)

2014-01-01 1 0.05 1

2014-01-02 3 0.05 1

2014-01-05 6 0.05 1

2014-01-11 10 0.05 1

2014-01-21 30 0.05 1



Input / Output Control

The Input / Output (I/O) Control section controls a number of aspects of simulator

data: Titles and Case ID, Run Time Dimensioning, Restart, Simulation Results Output,

Text Output, and Miscellaneous. While all of these can be set to default values, you

should, as a minimum, enter simulation run titles and a case id.

Normally, you will not need to enter anything in the Run Time Dimensioning section;

however, if your simulation run terminates with a report of a dimensioning error, you

may need to enter dimensioning values to override the simulator defaults.

Restart runs are used to break a simulation run into a sequence of (shorter)

simulation runs. For example, you could run one simulation for the history portion of

a simulation, and then run several forecast runs, each for a different development

scenario, without having to repeat the simulation of the historical period.

There are many options for controlling the information that is saved from the

simulation run. Saving all information leads to very large simulation results files

which may fill large hard drives. The Simulation Results Output section allows you to

choose the appropriate variables to output to the SR2 file. The data in SR2 files may

be viewed and analyzed using CMG Results 3D and Graph.

The Text Output section has controls for the variable and information output to the

ASCII output and log files. These files may be opened and read in a text editor.



The Miscellaneous section has a few controls that dont fit in any of the other sections.

Titles and Case ID

To bring up the Identification dialog box, click the I/O Control button above the

tree view, then double-click Titles and Case ID on the tree view. Alternatively,

select Titles and Case ID from the IO Control menu.

The Identification dialog box will be displayed:

In this dialog box, enter text in the text entry fields. The first Titles field is limited to

40 characters, and the second and third are limited to 80. When the limit is reached,

characters entered will no longer be shown in the text entry field. When you have finished the text entry, click OK to accept your changes, or Cancel.

Simulation Results Output

The simulation results file is used to control the information that is written to the SR2

file, for later view and analysis with CMG Results 3D and Results Graph. The SR2 file is

actually a pair of files with the same root file name and the file extensions *.irf and *.mrf. To open the Simulation Results Output dialog box, click I/O Control in the

tree view then double-click Simulation Results Output, or select Simulation

Results Output from the IO Control menu:



The Simulation Results File Writing dialog box is divided into two parts. The

Frequency of Simulation Results File Writing section controls how often, in

simulation time, different types of information are written. The Items in Simulation

Results Files controls what is written. Each control has a simulation Date/Time when

it applies, and the control remains in effect until it is overwritten by a later control. The Date/Time when the control comes into effect is indicated in the Date/Time

column of the control.

Under Items in Simulation Results Files, click on select button for the grid properties. The

dialog box shown below appears. Select these simulation variables:

o Pressure (PRES).

o Gas saturation (SG).



o Oil saturation (SO).

o Water saturation (SW).

o Viscosity of oil (VISO).

Click OK twice to return to interface below. Now we are ready to validate

datasets we just created. All sections must have green mark.



Running the IMEX Dataset (Initialization of Dataset)

Click on validate with IMEX tab and click Yes for any dialog box that appears.

Select Run to view initialization (run one time step).

Click on Run button and wait for some few seconds.

The End of Simulation should be Normal Termination. If your message is

Abnormal Termination you must recheck your dataset.

At the bottom, you should get these values as the initial fluids in place in the

reservoir.

o Total oil in place STB 0.18348E+09

o Total water in place STB 0.78758E+08

o Total gas in place SCF 0.32354E+11



Running the IMEX Dataset If you are satisfied with the initialization run, Select Run normal immediately

radio button to run the simulation till the stopping time we set in Well &

Recurrent section.

Click on Run button and wait for some few seconds.

The End of Simulation should be Normal Termination. If your message is

Abnormal Termination you must recheck your dataset.



Plotting Simulation Results using RESULTS GRAPH Click on Launch Results button on Validate / Run Simulator dialog box.

Results package interface opens. Click on File on the menu bar and select Open

Results Graph. You should see the figure below.

Click on icon to add a curve.

In the Origin Type select Field, Parameters select Oil Rate SC and Origins select

Default-Field-PRO. Then Click OK.



Right click inside the graph and select Add curve. This time select Water Rate SC for

Parameters and leave the rest. Click OK and you should see the plot below.



To add a different plot right click inside the graph and select Add Plot to open a new

blank page.

Right click inside the blank page and select Add curve.

In the Origin Type select Special History, Parameters select PRES: Average

Reservoir Pressure and Origins select PRES: Average Reservoir Pressure. Then

Click OK.


In the Origin Type select Sector (Region), Parameters select Oil Recovery Factor

SCTR and Origins select Entire Field. Then Click OK.



To add a different plot right click inside the graph and select Add Plot to open a new

blank page.


In the Origin Type select Well, Parameters select Oil Rate SC and Origins select

PRD001. Then Click OK.


In the Origin Type select Well, Parameters select Water Rate SC and Origins

select PRD001. Then Click OK.



Repeating a Plot

Select Edit | Plot | Repeat from the menu bar. The Repeat Plots dialog box

appears:



Click OK. Select PRD004.



Plotting Property vs Distance

Click on Edit | Curve | Add Property vs Distance

Select these options as shown. NB: To add different curve for different times, select

the time, then click on Add Curve button .



Click OK to plot.

Plotting Flow Property vs Depth.

Click on Edit | Plot | Plot Flow Property vs Depth (PLT).

Select PRD001 and click Ok. Click no if any dialog box appears. Make these

selections as shown.



Click OK.

Right click inside the plot and select Add plot to open a new blank page.

Repeat the process but this time makes these selections.



Click OK.



Visualizing Simulation Results using RESULTS 3D

Click on File on the menu bar and select Open Results 3D. Change the view from

IJ-2D Areal to 3D View (in the upper left corner!!). Select Oil Saturation from the

drop down list.

Click on 3D Properties on the top right corner.

Deselect show grid lines.

Under lighting, adjust the Ambient, Diffuse and Specular scale to your desired

choice.

Under material properties, adjust the Shininess, Specular reflection and

Transparency to your desired choice.

At the top left corner, select Oil Saturation or any properties of your choice from the

drop down list. The Click on the play button to view the changes of the property with

time in the reservoir.

Click on Tools in the menu bar and select Export to AVI Movie File. The make the

following selections and Click Ok. Wait some few seconds to generate the movie file.



Click on View in the menu bar and select New View. Repeat that three times. Click

on Window in the menu bar and select Tile Horizontally.

Click on the Top-Right window and change the properties to Gas Saturation, Down-

Left to Water Saturation and Down-Right to Pressure from the drop down list in the

upper right corner for properties.

Click on View in the menu bar and select Synchronize Views. Then make the

following selections and press OK. Click on the play button to view the changes of

the properties with time in the reservoir.



Maximize the pressure property window and change the view to IJ-2D Areal.



Right click on PRD004 and select Quick Plot Well. Make these selections and press

OK. Remember PRD004 is oil producer.



Repeat the step above but this time choose Oil Producer Cumulatives.

Right click on PRD004 and select Quick Plot Property. Make these selections and

press OK. Remember PRD004 is oil producer.



Effects of Grid Size Start new Builder file from Launcher by double clicking on builder icon in

application icon area.

Fill in the information as shown below and click OK twice.

Select I/O Control | Titles and Case ID. Fill in as follows.

Click File |Save and Change the filename to G10x10x4.dat in Main File and click

OK to save.

Select Reservoir | Create grid | Cartesian and fill in as follows. Click OK to return

to main interface.



Double click on Array Properties under Reservoir in the Model Tree View. Fill in

the properties using this data:

o Grid Top (Layer 1) : 10000ft

o Grid Thickness:

Layer 1: 30ft

Layer 2: 30ft

Layer 3: 30ft

Layer 4: 30ft

o Porosity:

Layer 1: 0.16

Layer 2: 0.13

Layer 3: 0.17

Layer 4: 0.15

o Permeability (I and J):

Layer 1: 50md

Layer 2: 250md

Layer 3: 500md

Layer 4: 100md

o Permeability K = 0.1 * Permeability I

o Rock Compressibility (CPOR) = 4e-6psi-1

o Reference pressure (PRPOR) = 4000psi



Click on File | Import from another file |Components Properties.

Select the file simModel.dat if it is in the same folder as the current builder file else

browse to the folder is located in and click Open. The Components section should

be green now. This how to copy component properties from another IMEX input file.

Click on Rock-Fluid | Create / Edit Rock Types.

Click on the arrow near Rock Type and select Import and Average Rock Type from

the drop down list.

Click on Tools | Read Another Simulation Data File and Extract Rock Fluid Data.



Select the file simModel.dat if it is in the same folder as the current builder file else

browse to the folder is located in and click Open. The following plot appears.



Click on Next |Finish | OK. The following table should appear.



Click Apply | OK and the Rock-Fluid section should be green now.

Click the Initial Conditions tab on the tree view of Builder.

Double click on Initial Conditions.

Select Water, Oil, and Gas as the initial fluid in the reservoir to perform a Gravity-

Capillary Equilibrium Calculation.

Type the following values in the available fields: o 4000 (psi implied) in the Reference Pressure window

o 10007 (ft. implied) in the Reference Depth window

o 10105 (ft. implied) in the Water-Oil Contact window

o 6496 (ft. implied) in the Gas-Oil Contact window

o 943 (psi implied) in Constant Bubble Point Pressure (PB) window

Initial condition section should be green now.



Click on the black arrow on Numerical and select Time Step Control. This is point for

setting time step size during the simulation run. Make sure you save your work now.

DATE DTMAX (days) DTMIN(days) DTWELL (days)

2014-01-01 1 0.05 1

2014-01-02 3 0.05 1

2014-01-05 6 0.05 1

2014-01-11 10 0.05 1

2014-01-21 30 0.05 1

Repeat the wells and recurrent section for the previous example. This case the well

locations are:

o INJ001: 1 1 1- 4

o INJ002: 30 1 1- 4

o INJ003: 30 30 1- 4

o INJ004: 1 30 1- 4

o PRD001: 5 5 1- 4

o PRD002: 7 3 1- 4

o PRD003: 7 4 1- 4

o PRD004: 5 8 1- 4

Add range of dates under well and recurrent section from 2014-01-01 to 2019-07-01.

Validate with IMEX and compare results of Initial fluids in place with the previous case

simModel.dat.

Run normally and launch results.

Results Comparison with Result Graph.

Go to launcher. In the File list drag and drop G10x10x4.irf onto Results Graph in

Application icon area.

Go to File|Open CMG Simulation Results and select simModel.irf.

Right click inside the plot area and select Add curve. This time select Add from

multiple open files options (for comparisons of different cases in a single plot).



Click OK. Select the files you want to compare and click OK.



The graph shown should appear. This tutorial demonstrates the effect of the grid block

size on the simulation results. The exercises at the end of the tutorial will shed more

light into this.

To save the plot, select File | Save Image. Rename the file to save at Base File Name

and select the format to save the image at Image File Format. Click OK to save.



Homogenous and Heterogeneous Example Copy simModel.dat and paste twice. Name the first file HM.dat and the second file

HT.dat.

Drag and drop HM.dat in File list onto Builder in Application icon to open.

Click on Specify Property in the open builder window and change the porosity and

permeability values to a constant value for the whole reservoir. To do that we find the

arithmetic average of the porosity and permeability in the heterogeneous example

(HT.dat).

o =0.16 + 0.13+0.17+0.15

4= 0.1525

o =50+250+500+100

4= 225

Under Whole Grid enter the average for permeability and porosity.



Click OK twice.

Go to File | Exit. Save the file when prompt messages pops up.

Go to Launcher. Drag and drop HM.dat onto IMEX icon.

Select Run immediately.

Click OK to run.



Repeat the same procedure to run HT.dat.

Close the black screens at the end of the run. End of Simulation should be normal

termination.

Drag and drop HM.irf onto Results Graph to open.

Compare the oil rate, water rate and average reservoir pressure using results

graph.



Pressure Transient Testing

Problem:

Consider a well located at the center of a closed circular drainage area of radius = 8000

ft. The well was put on production at a constant flow rate of 4000 STB/D for 4 days and

then shut-in for another 4 days.

Objective: To simulate drawdown and buildup tests.

Procedure: Run the simulator using 20 radial grid cells and a starting time step size of 1.0x10-

4 days to obtain the numerical results.

Repeat the same calculations with variable Cartesian grid system.

Prepare a drawdown and buildup graphs (semi-log).

Plot the pressure distribution during the drawdown period at t = 0.01, 0.1, and 4 days, and during the buildup period at t = 4.01, 4.1, and 8 days on a semi-log

graph.

Compare the results obtained using the radial and Cartesian systems (Home work).

NB: use dimensions of 41 x 41 x 1.

DI

2082.4 1471.3 1039.5 734.4 518.9 366.6 259.0 183.0 129.3 91.3 64.5 45.6 32.2 22.8

16.1 11.4 8.0 5.7 4.0 2.8 2.0 2.8 4.0 5.7 8.0 11.4 16.1 22.8 32.2 45.6 64.5 91.3

129.3 183.0 259.0 366.6 518.9 734.4 1039.5 1471.3 2082.4

DJ

2082.4 1471.3 1039.5 734.4 518.9 366.6 259.0 183.0 129.3 91.3 64.5 45.6 32.2 22.8

16.1 11.4 8.0 5.7 4.0 2.8 2.0 2.8 4.0 5.7 8.0 11.4 16.1 22.8 32.2 45.6 64.5 91.3

129.3 183.0 259.0 366.6 518.9 734.4 1039.5 1471.3 2082.4



DK 90

Plot well oil production rate, water production rate and BHP. Fluid Properties

PRESSURE

(psi)

RS

(Ft3/bbl)

BOIL

BGAS

(Bbl./Mft3)

VISO

(cp)

VISG

(cp)

14.7 0 1.008 180 2.96 0.0109

264.7 170 1.086 10.5 2.47 0.0115

514.7 325 1.147 6.4 2.24 0.0126

764.7 468 1.204 4.2 2.04 0.0138

1014.7 500 1.26 3.3 1.84 0.0153

1514.7 650 1.338 2.4 1.52 0.0162

2014.7 730 1.377 2.1 1.25 0.017

2514.7 790 1.428 1.7 1 0.0174

3014.7 854 1.474 1.54 0.77 0.0177

3200 1.471 0.78

3400 1.469 0.79

3600 1.464 0.80

3800 1.459 0.81

4014.7 1.477 0.82

Water-oil Relative Permeability Table

SW KRW KRO PCOW

0.1 0 1 10

0.15 0.006 0.86 5

0.2 0.012 0.75 3

0.3 0.041 0.435 1.8

0.4 0.092 0.23 1

0.5 0.152 0.094 0.24

0.6 0.222 0.012 0.2

0.75 0.28 0 0

0.8 0.35 0 0

1 1 0 0

Gas-oil Relative Permeability Table

0 0 1 0

0.01 0 0.81 0

0.08 0.03 0.55 0

0.12 0.07 0.4 0

0.19 0.118 0.178 0

0.28 0.22 0.108 0

0.37 0.38 0.02 0

0.42 0.42 0 0



0.57 0.58 0 0

0.9 0.8 0 0

Water PVT Properties.

Ref Pressure: 2784.7psi

Bw: 1.01

Cw: 3.00E-6psi-1

Visw: 0.7cp

Rock Compressibility: 4e-6@ 2784.7psi

Oil-water-contact: 7500ft.

Gas-oil-contact: 6000ft.

Reference depth: 7000ft.

Reference pressure: 2784.7psi

Well radius: 0.6ft

Skin factor: +2.5

Minimum BHP: 1000psi

Porosity: 0.2

Top depth: 7000ft.

Permeability: 120md

Reservoir temperature: 150F

Oil density: 52 lb/ft3

Water density: 62.6 lb/ft3

Gas density: 0.066 lb/ft3

Building Radial Model using Builder

Double click on Builder in Application icon area in Launcher.

Make the following selections

o Simulator: IMEX

o Working Units: Field

o Porosity: Single Porosity



o Date: 2014-01-01

Click OK twice.

Click on Reservoir | Create grid | Radial (Cylindrical).

o R-divisions: 30

o Theta-divisions: 1

o K-divisions: 1

o Inner radius: 0.3ft

o Seep: 360

Click on Calculate suggested gridblock widths from above.

Click OK.

Enter the following by double clicking on array properties.

o Grid Top: 7000ft

o Grid Thickness: 90ft

o Porosity: 0.2

o Permeability: 120md

Enter the rock compressibility data.

Click on Components | Model.

Select None of the above. Launch detailed dialog.



In the Model dialog select Black Oil from model drop down list.

Click on PVT Regions Tab. Make sure you change the table uses from EG to BG.

Enter the PVT table provided in the question and click Apply.



Click on the General Folder and enter the required data as provided in the question.

Click Apply.

Click on Undersaturated Data tab.

Select BOT Tables and click on Insert Table.

Copy and paste Pressure vrs. Bo in the table.

Repeat the same thing for Pressure vs. Viscosity.



Click on Rock-Fluid | Create/ Edit rock types.

Create new rock type.

Deselect imbibition option. Copy and paste the water-oil relative permeability data in

the table and Click Apply.

Double click on Dates.

Click on add range of days and change the options to days. Select 2014-01-09 as last

date. Since we are simulating for 8days.

Save your file as pressureTesting.dat.



Select Liquid-gas Table from the drop-down list and change the saturation option to

gas saturation.

Deselect imbibition curve option. Copy and paste gas-oil relative permeability table.

Click Apply and OK.

Enter initialization data.

Create a new production well and named it WELLTEST. The well is located at the

center of the model. Set the constraints as shown.



Click OK.

Enter the well completion, skin and well radius by double clicking on perforation

under well in model tree view.

Double click on wells under well and recurrent in model tree view.

Select constraints and click on the calendar icon and make the following selections

Click on constraint definition box and change the oil rate target to 0 bbl/day.



Click Apply and OK.

Validate with IMEX and launch results.

Export the data to excel to make the plots for drawdown and Build up.

Compare the results of the Cartesian and radial coordinates (Home Work).



Water Coning

Problem:

Consider a well located in the center of a radial system (4000 ft radius). The pay zone

thickness is 150 ft. The well is producing 1500 STB/D with minimum bottom hole pressure of

1300 psi.

Objectives:

To optimize the completion of a vertical well to minimize the water cut

To maximize the oil recovery for a well producing above the critical rate.

Procedure:

Make simulation runs with different completions assuming that the pay zone composed of 30 layers each of them is 5 feet thick.

Plot the oil recovery and water cut as a function of time, and oil recovery as a function of water cut for the different completion cases considered

Identify the completion that maximizes the oil recovery in 20 years time such that the water cut does not exceed 0.70 by plotting the oil recovery as a function of completion thickness

Plot the oil recovery as a function of completion thickness at the end of 20 years on the same graph as (3)

Suggest a completion or production scheme that will increase the recovery and still meet the water cut requirement.



Building the Model Using Builder.

Make a copy of pressureTesting.dat and rename it waterConning.dat.

Open the file using builder.

Click on Reservoir | create grid | radial (Cylindrical) and make the following

changes.

Click OK.

Double click on the array properties and enter the data as shown.



Click OK.

Click on the probe mode.

Select Reservoir | Create / Aquifers select bottom aquifer.

Click OK and enter the following data.

Click Apply and OK.

Click on initialization and click Apply and OK.



Under wells & recurrent create new wells and enter the following constraints.

Click OK.

Add perforation and location. (1 1 1-7).

Add range of dates for 20 years.

Validate with IMEX.



Critical Rate Problem:

Consider a vertical well located in a cylindrical grid system and a horizontal well is

modeled using Cartesian grid system.

Objective:

To simulate water coning.

To determine the critical production rate using vertical and horizontal wells.

Procedure

Divide the oil zone into 25 simulation layers. Use small grid cells close to the horizontal well. Assume the horizontal well is penetrating the whole width of the drainage area. Therefore only

one grid cell is needed in the y-direction.

Make simulation runs with different oil production rates for the vertical and horizontal wells. Run the vertical well with completion interval from layers 1 to 4 and the horizontal well case with

the well completed in layer 4.

Plot the water production rate and water cut as a function of time for the different rate and completion cases considered.

Identify the oil production rate at which the water cut increases dramatically. Compare the results obtained with the vertical and horizontal wells and discuss the advantages if

any of the horizontal well.

Documents

SIMPLE_MODEL.pdf