• 1. What was the battle that started the Civil War?

• 2. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

• 3. Why was the Gettysburg address written?

• What battle ended the Civil War?

The Reconstruction.

Lincoln and government plan for reunion… should they just forgive and

forget the South … or make them suffer?

Lincoln believes in _______• Proposes the 10%

Plan• Offered the South

amnesty (official pardon/ forgiveness)

• How would they obtain the Pardon?

• 1. swear an oath of loyalty

• 2. agree that slavery is illegal

• *Vote for it as a state 10% of population made it a deal!!

Lincoln encourages the 13 Amendment• On January 31, 1865

Congress passed the 13th

amendment..• 13th outlaws slavery!!• Meaning of freedom

• Absence of slavery?• Rights?• Equal rights?• Vote?• Property?

Echo of White Society“if I cannot do like the white man, I am not free”

• No whippings• Keep families intact• Access to education• No sexual exploitation• Openly held mass meetings• Religious services• Acquired dogs, guns, and liquor• Migration – into cities, off plantation,

finding family members• Gender roles changed

Free Labor Vision

• North• Free labor vision w/ good society vision• Same opportunities for advancement• Public schools, small towns,

independent farmers• South

• Planters - As close to slavery as possible

• Former slaves – autonomy and access to land

Freedmen’s Bureau • 1st experiment in social policy• Less than 1,000 agents O. O.

Howard• Establish a working labor system• Provide aid to the poor and aged• Settle disputes between freedmen

and whites• Secure equal treatment in the courts• Schools

• Coordinated and helped finance• Missionary society, groups of ex slaves

Failure

• North views• Fair wages, good working

conditions, opportunity to improve

• Freedmen’s views• Land of their own, not jobs on

plantations

Sherman’s order• Special Field Order 15• Confiscated and abandoned Confederate

land• 40 acres of land• Mule• Rental - Own• South Carolina and Georgia coast

Johnson

• Ordered all land returned to former owners

• Army evicted blacks on Sherman’s land

• No land distribution took place• Remained poor w/o

property• Had to work on

plantations• Deep sense of

betrayal

Share Cropping step back• Black’s desire for land and

planters demand for labor– Rent part of the plantation, crops

divided between worker and owner

• Keeps African American poor• Share land• Prices fall over seas• Rent it stay in debt for ever…• Poverty is enslavement!

White Farmers

• Yeomen = poor white farmer• Loss of freedom• Property was destroyed• Economy worsened• Crop failures• Had to start growing cotton• Needed loans “cotton lien”• Started to sharecrop

New Groups

• Urban south grows• Rail = Direct trade with North, not overseas• Landowning employers• Black and white sharecroppers• Cotton producing white farmers• Wage-earning black laborers• Urban entrepreneurs

3 days after the end of the war….Lincoln is killed

April 14, 1865At Ford’s Theater

John WilkesBooth

BTW- Those involved are hanged

Johnson becomes President• Not Lincoln

• Southerner• States Rights• Won’t Compromise

• 1. to return to union.• Illegal to secede – never left the

union, or surrender their right to govern

• 2. the Freedman’s Bureau..• Period of Presidential

Reconstruction

“Andrew Johnson Mends the Union?”

• Pardon • Restored political

and property rights• Excluded Confederate

leaders and wealthy planters

• Provisional govt• White only• Could create laws

• Same leaders elected

Black Codes -laws that severely limited the rights of freedmen.

African-Americans were forbidden from…

…voting,working,

…owning guns.

…serving on juries.

…running for political office.

"Black Codes" of Mississippi – 1865Section 3. …it shall not be lawful for any freedman, free negro or mulatto to intermarry with any white person; nor for any person to intermarry with any freedman, free negro or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the State penitentiary for life;

Section 5. Every freedman, free negro and mulatto shall…have a lawful home or employment, and shall have written evidence thereof…if living in any incorporated city, town, or village, a license from that mayor thereof; and if living outside of an incorporated city, town, or village, from the member of the board of police of his beat, …which license may be revoked

for cause at any time by the authority granting the same.

Who do you think created this cartoon. What is he saying…

Radical Republicans - members of the Republican party that believed that Pres. Johnson was too lenient on the South.

Radical Republicans want action to stop the South!

• Believed black codes were cruel.• Believed Pres. Johnson not harsh• Radical Republics get a bill in Congress.• Equal rights regardless of race• The Freedman’s Bureau Bill- Johnson vetoes it!!!• Republicans propose another bill- the Civil Rights Bill

of 1866– Defines the 13th amendment– Born here = Citizen– Johnson again vetoes it!!!– Passes over veto

The 14th is then proposed• Citizenship for all persons born in the

US• Either grant blacks the right to vote or

reduce representation in Congress• Pres. Johnson fears this Amendment• He goes nation wide speaking on

behalf of democrats...• Democrats loose elections of 1866

(Congress)• Republicans control the House and

senate… now president cant veto their bills!

Now the Congress controlled the Reconstruction!!

• New rules- to return to union• Yes loyalty, agree to 13th

amendment and allow African Americans to vote!!!

• Pres. Johnson DISAGREED with this plan.

Congress vs. President• Congress pass law to

limit Presidents power.• In the meantime pass

the Military reconstruction act.

• Basically it undid the governments of each Southern State..

• Rebels of Civil War could not vote…

• Angers President and South…

Congress vs. President cont.• Johnson breaks law.• House of

Representatives note to impeach president.

• Impeachment Trial starts

• Eventually Johnson stays in office by one vote.

1868 New President Grant• Easy victory• Congress passes 15th

Amendment– Right to vote

• Many laws are passed to protect African Americans… so why doesn’t life get better for them?