Sir Roy George Douglas Allen

8/8/2019 Sir Roy George Douglas Allen

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George Waddel Snedecor(October 20, 1881 February 15, 1974) wasan Americanmathematician and statistician. He contributed to thefoundations ofanalysis of variance, data analysis, experimental design, and

statistical methodology. Snedecor's F distribution and the George W.

Snedecor Award of the American Statistical Association are named after him.

Snedecor founded the first academic department of statistics in the UnitedStates, at Iowa State University. He also created the first statistics laboratory

in the U.S. at Iowa State, and was a pioneer of modern applied statistics in

the U.S. His 1938 textbookStatistical Methods became an essential resource:"In the 1970s, a review of citations in published scientific articles from all

areas of science showed that Snedecor's Statistical Methods was the mostfrequently cited book."

[1]

Snedecor was awarded honorary doctorates in science byNorth CarolinaState University in 1956 and by Iowa State University in 1958.

Snedecor Hall, at Iowa State University, is the home of the Statistics

Department. It was constructed in 1939.

Born in Memphis, Tennessee, into a socially prominent and politically

powerful, southern Democratic, Presbyterian family line, Snedecor grows upin Florida and Alabama where his lawyer father moved wife and children in

order to a fulfill a personal and radical religious calling to minister to,evangelize and educate to the poor.

[2]George is the grandson of Memphis

lawyer Bedford Mitchell Estes, he is the son of Emily Alston Estes and James

G. Snedecor, and nephew of Ione Estes Dodd and William J. Dodd, the great

midwest architect.


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Herbert Ellis Robbins(January 12, 1915 inNew Castle,Pennsylvania February 12, 2001 in Princeton,New Jersey) was a

mathematician and statistician who did research in topology, measure

theory, statistics, and a variety of other fields. He was the co-author,

with Richard Courant, ofWhat is Mathematics?, a popularization that is

still (as of 2007) in print. The Robbins lemma, used in empirical Bayesmethods, is named after him. Robbins algebras are named after him

because of a conjecture (since proved) that he posed concerning Boolean

algebras. The Robbins theorem, in graph theory, is also named after him.The well-known unsolved problem of minimizing in sequential selection

the expected rank of the selected item under full information, sometimesreferred to as the fourth secretary problem, also bears his name: Robbins'

problem (of optimal stopping).

As an undergraduate, Robbins attended Harvard University, where

Marston Morse influenced him to become interested in mathematics.

Robbins received a doctorate from Harvard in 1938 and was an

instructor atNew York University from 1939 to 1941. AfterWorld War

II, Robbins taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

from 1946 to 1952, then spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study.In 1953, he became a professor of mathematical statistics at Columbia

University. He retired from full-time activity at Columbia in 1985 and

was then a professor at Rutgers University until his retirement in 1997.

In 1955, Robbins introduced empirical Bayes methods at the Third

Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability.

Robbins was also one of the inventors of the first stochastic

approximation algorithm, the Robbins-Monro method, and worked onthe theory ofpower-one tests and optimal stopping.


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Gene V Glass (born June 19, 1940) is an Americanstatistician

and researcher working in educational psychology and the social

sciences. He coined the term "meta-analysis" and illustrated its

use in 1976 while a faculty member atthe University of Colorado at Boulder.

The most extensive illustration of the

technique was to the literature on

psychotherapy outcome studies,

published in 1980 by Johns Hopkins

University Press under the title Benefits

of Psychotherapy by Mary Lee Smith,

Gene V Glass, and Thomas I. Miller. In1986, Glass joined the faculty of the Arizona State University in

Tempe, Arizona. In 1993, he created one of the first online,

peer-reviewed scholarly journals in education, the Education

Policy Analysis Archives. Gene V Glass is a Regents' Professor

at Arizona State University in both the educational leadership

and policy studies and psychology in education divisions. He is

an elected member of theNational Academy of Education. In2006, he was honored with the Distinguished Contributions to

Educational Research Award of the American Educational

Research Association. In 2008, he publishedFertilizers, Pills &

Magnetic Strips: The Fate of Public Education in America in

which contemporary education debates are seen as the result of

demographic and economic trends throughout the 20th Century.

One type ofeffect size estimator is named after Glass.


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Gustav Theodor Fechner (April 19, 1801 November 28, 1887), was aGerman experimentalpsychologist. An early pioneer in experimental psychology and founder ofpsychophysics, he inspired many 20th century scientists and philosophers. He is also credited

with demonstrating the non-linear relationship between psychological sensation and the physicalintensity of a stimulus via the formula: "S=KLogI".

[1][2]

He was born at Gro Srchen, nearMuskau, in Lower Lusatia, where his father waspastor. He

was educated at Sorau and Dresden and at the University of Leipzig, the city in which he spentthe rest of his life. In 1834 he was appointed professor ofphysics, but in 1839 contracted an eye

disorder while studying the phenomena ofcolorand vision, and, after much suffering, resigned.Subsequently recovering, he turned to the study of the mind and its relations with the body,

giving public lectures on the subjects dealt with in his books.

Gustav Fechner published chemical and physical papers, and translated chemical works by J. B.

Biot and Louis Jacques Thnard from the French language. A different but essential side of hischaracter is seen in hispoems and humorous pieces, such as the Vergleichende Anatomie der

Engel(1825), written under the pseudonym of "Dr. Mises."

Fechner's epoch-making work was hisElemente der Psychophysik(1860). He starts from themonistic thought that bodily facts and conscious facts, though not reducible one to the other, are

different sides of one reality. His originality lies in trying to discover an exact mathematicalrelation between them. The most famous outcome of his inquiries is the law known as the

WeberFechner law which may be expressed as follows:

"In order that the intensity of a sensation may increase in arithmetical progression, the stimulus

must increase in geometrical progression."

Though holding good within certain limits only, the law has been found to be immensely useful.Fechner's law implies that sensation is a logarithmic function of physical intensity, which is

impossible due to the logarithm's singularity at zero; therefore, S. S. Stevens proposed the moremathematically plausible power-law relation of sensation to intensity in his famous paper entitled

"To Honor Fechner and Repeal His Law."

Fechner's general formula for getting at the number of units in any sensation is S= c logR,

where Sstands for the sensation,R for the stimulus numerically estimated, and c for a constantthat must be separately determined by experiment in each particular order of sensibility.

Fechner's reasoning has been criticized on the grounds that although stimuli are composite,sensations are not. "Every sensation," says William James, "presents itself as an indivisible unit;

and it is quite impossible to read any clear meaning into the notion that they are masses of unitscombined."

In 1838, he also studied the still-mysterious perceptual illusion ofFechner color, whereby colors

are seen in a moving pattern of black and white.

Fechner introduced the median into the formal analysis of data.


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Gauss Moutinho Cordeiro(born April 17, 1952) is aBrazilianengineer, mathematician and statistician who has made

significant contributions to the theory ofstatistical inference,

mainly through applications ofasymptotic theory. Currently, he

is Adjoint Professor at Federal Rural University of Pernambucoin Brazil and Member of the Pos-Graduate Program in

Mathematics at Federal University of Pernambuco. He has

published more than 125 research articles in scientific

international periodics (2007). He has supervised more than 35

MSc and DSc theses. He was president ofAssociao Brasileira

de Estatstica, 2000-2002. He was one of the founder editors of

the Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics and the Editor

in Chief of this journal between 1995-2000. He created,developed and organized several statistical meetings in Brazil.

He has acted as referee for several important statistical journals.

He received his PhD in Statistics in 1982 at Imperial College

London under Sir David Cox


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Charles Sanders Peirce(pronounced /prs/purse[1])(September 10, 1839 April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher,

logician, mathematician, and scientist, born in Cambridge,Massachusetts. Peirce was educated as a chemist and employed as a

scientist for 30 years. It is largely his contributions to logic,

mathematics, philosophy, and semiotics (and his founding ofpragmatism) that are appreciated today. In

1934, the philosopherPaul Weiss called Peirce

"the most original and versatile of American

philosophers and America's greatest

logician".[2]

An innovator in many fields includingphilosophy of science, epistemology,

metaphysics, mathematics, statistics, research

methodology, and the design of experiments in

astronomy, geophysics, and psychology Peirce considered himself a logician first and

foremost. He made major contributions to

logic, but logic for him encompassed much of that which is now called

epistemology and philosophy of science. He saw logic as the formal

branch ofsemiotics, of which he is a founder. As early as 1886 he saw

that logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching

circuits, an idea used decades later to produce digital computers.


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Edith Abbott(September 26, 1876 July 28, 1957) was an Americaneconomist, socialworker, educator, and author. Abbott was born in Grand Island, Nebraska. Her younger sister

was Grace Abbott.

In 1893, Abbott graduated from Brownell Hall, a girls' boarding school in Omaha. However, her

family could not afford to send her to college, so she began teaching high school in Grand Island.She took correspondence courses and attended summer sessions until she earned a degree fromthe University of Nebraska in 1901. After two more years as a teacher, Abbott attended the

University of Chicago and received a Ph.D. in economics in 1905. This is where Abbott acquiredher childhood nickname "wut?" for her frequent and passionate questioning of society.

In 1906, Abbott received a Carnegie Fellowship and continued her studies at University CollegeLondon, and the London School of Economics. She learned from social reformers Sidney Webb

and Beatrice Webb, who championed new approaches to dealing with poverty. The next year,Abbott returned to the United States and taught economics for a year at Wellesley College.

However, Abbott wanted to work more directly on the issue of poverty, so she soon moved toChicago to join her sister at Jane Addams' Hull House. At Hull House, the sisters promotedwomen's suffrage, the improvement of housing for the poor, and legislation to protect

immigrants, working women, and children.

Abbott also worked as an assistant to Sophonisba Breckinridge, then director of social research

at the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. In that position, Abbott contributed to studiesof juvenile delinquents and truants. She also created studies on women in industry and problems

in the penal system.

In 1920, Abbott and Breckinridge helped arrange the transfer of the School of Civics and

Philanthropy to the University of Chicago, where it was renamed to the School of Social ServiceAdministration. The school was the first university-based graduate school of social work. In1924, Abbott became the school's dean, the first US woman to become the dean of an American

graduate school. She served in that position until 1942, and she emphasized the importance offormal education in social work and the need to include field experience as part of that training.

In 1926, Abbott helped establish the Cook County Bureau of Public Welfare, and in 1935, shehelped draft the Social Security Act.

From 1942 to 1953, Abbott taught and edited the Social Service Review, which she had co-

founded with Breckinridge in 1927.

Abbott was known to be a confidant and special consultant to Harry Hopkins, adviser toPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Abbott spent her last years with her brother Arthur in the family home in Grand Island, whereshe died ofpneumonia in 1957. She left the bulk of her estate to the Grand Island Public Library.

She also left a trust for a collection of non-fiction books in memory of her mother, ElizabethAbbott


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Bernard Benjamin(8 March 1910 15 May 2002) was anoted British health statistician, actuary and demographer. He wasauthor or co-author of at least six books and over 100 papers in learned

journals.

He was born in London and studiedphysics part-time at Sir John Cass

College while working as an actuary for the London County Council

pension fund, later moving to thepublic health section. Followingwartime service as a statistician in the RAF he returned to the same

civilian job and studied part-time for a PhD on the analysis of

tuberculosismortality. He was appointed Chief Statistician at the

General Register Office in 1952, Director of Statistics at the Ministry of

Health in 1963, then the first Director of the Intelligence Unit of the

Greater London Council in 1966. In 1973 he became professor of

actuarial science at City University, the first chair in actuarial science at

an English university, where he designed the first undergraduate degree

program in the subject in the country.

He was secretary-general of the International Union for the Scientific

Study of Population from 1962 to 1963. He was president of the Institute

of Actuaries from 1966 to 1968 and of the Royal Statistical Society from

1970 to 1972[1]

, and was awarded the highest honours of both bodies

the Gold Medal (1975) and the Guy Medal in Gold (1986), respectively.


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Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov (or Tschuprov)(Russian: ) (Mosal'sk, February 18, 1874 -

Geneva, April 19, 1926) Russianstatistician who worked onmathematical statistics, sample survey theory and demography.

Chuprov was born in Mosal'sk but grew up and was educated in

Moscow where his father, Alexander Ivanovich (1842-1908), adistinguished economist and statistician, was a professor. Alexander

Alexandrovich graduated from the physico-mathematical faculty of

Moscow University in 1896 with a dissertation on "The theory of

probability as the foundation of theoretical statistics." He spent the years1897-1901 studyingpolitical economy in Germany, in Berlin and

Strasbourg. His doctoral dissertation, supervised by Georg FriedrichKnapp (1842-1926) Die Feldgemeinschaft, eine morphologische

Untersuchungwas published in 1902. The most important result of his

stay in Germany was his friendship with the statistician Ladislaus

Bortkiewicz. On his return to Russia and, in order to get a teaching

position, Chuprov completed master's examinations at the University of

Moscow, concentrating on theoretical economics and the application of

mathematical methods. He started teaching at the St. PetersburgPolytechnical Institute and was in charge of the teaching ofstatistics

until 1917.

Chuprov used to go abroad regularly to work in foreign libraries. In June1917 he went to Stockholm to the Statistical Bureau. He was away from

Russia when the Bolshevik Revolution occurred. He intended to return

but first illness and then money problems prevented him. In January

1919 he became director of the statistical bureau of the Central Union inStockholm and in charge of its publication Bulletin ofWorld Economy.

In the middle of 1920 he moved to Dresden where in complete seclusion

he wrote furiously. In 1925 he took up an appointment with the Russian

College in Prague. The following year he died.


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Submitted by:

Eric Jay Pablayan


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1.) Why money is not consider a factor of production?Money originated from the need to exchange goods. Before money came into use, people

exchanged goods in a process called barter, which still exist today among many developmentcountries. As development proceeds, the need for more convenient means of payment arises.

Early money was composed of commodities but was superseded by paper and bank money.

Money is fundamental in the functioning of the economy. It facilitates the exchange of goods

and services and lessens the amount of time and effort to carry out trade . Money does this

through the major functions that it serves, which are as follows.

a. As a unit of value, money provides a unit of account that serves as a standard to measure thevalue of goods and services.

b. As a medium of exchange, money is a generally accepted means of payment for goods andservices.

c. As a standard of deferred payment, money becomes a standard of payments of debts orcontracts in which the payments are deferred.

d. As a store of value, money can serve as an asset that can hold wealth from one period toanother and can be quickly converted to goods and services.

2.) What economic system does the Philippines belong and why?Philippines has no pure Economic system . Societies here are made up of a combination of theelements of customs, command and market, we relies primarily in the price system but uses a

variety of government inventions to cope with macroeconomics instability and market failure

3.) Give 10 economist have contributed to economy.

1.) Walt Whitman Rostow (also known as Walt Rostow orW.W. Rostow) (October 7, 1916

February 13, 2003) was an American economist and political theorist who served as

SpecialAssistant for National Security Affairs to U.S. PresidentLyndon B. Johnson.

Prominent for his role in the shaping of American policy in Southeast Asia during the 1960s, he

was a staunch anti-communist, and was noted for a belief in the efficacy of capitalism and freeenterprise. Rostow served as a major adviser on national security affairs under the Kennedy and

Johnson administrations. He strongly supported US involvement in the Vietnam War. In his later

years he taught at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas atAustin with his wife, Elspeth Rostow, who would later become dean of the school. He wroteextensively in defense of free enterprise economics, particularly in developing nations. Rostow

was famous especially for writing the bookThe Stages of Economic Growth: A non-communist

manifesto (1960) which became a classic text in several fields of social sciences [citation needed].


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His older brother, Eugene Rostow, also held a number of high government foreign policy posts

2.) Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 died 17 July 1790 [OS: 5 June 1723 17 July 1790])

was a Scottishmoral philosopherand a pioneer ofpolitical economics. One of the key figures ofthe Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author ofThe Theory of Moral Sentiments andAn

Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as

The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work ofeconomics.Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.

Smith studied moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford. Aftergraduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him tocollaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship

at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published The Theoryof Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel

throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith returned home and

spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations, publishing it in 1776. He died in 1790.

3.) David Ricardo (19 April 1772 11 September 1823) was an Englishpolitical economist,

often credited with systematising economics, and was one of the most influential of the classicaleconomists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill.

[2]He was also a

member ofParliament, businessman, financierand speculator, who amassed a considerable

personal fortune. Perhaps his most important contribution was the law ofcomparative advantage,a fundamental argument in favour offree trade among countries and of specialisation among

individuals. Ricardo argued that there is mutual benefit from trade (or exchange) even if one party(e.g. resource-rich country, highly-skilled artisan) is more productive in every possible area thanits trading counterpart (e.g. resource-poor country, unskilled laborer), as long as each

concentrates on the activities where it has a relative productivity advantage

4.) Thomas Robert MalthusFRS (13 February 1766 23 December 1834),[2] was a British

scholar, influential inpolitical economy and demography.[3][4] Malthus popularised the economic

theory ofrent.[5]

Malthus has become widely known for his theories concerning population and its increase ordecrease in response to various factors. The six editions of hisAn Essay on the Principle of

Population, published from 1798 to 1826, observed that sooner or later population gets checked

by famine, disease, and widespread mortality. He wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving, and in principle as perfectible.

[6]William Godwin

and the Marquis de Condorcet, for example, believed in the possibility of almost limitless

improvement of society. So, in a more complex way, did Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose notions

centered on the goodness of man and the liberty of citizens bound only by the social contract, a

form ofpopular sovereignty.

5.) John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (pronounced /kenz/; 5 June 1883 21

April 1946) was a Britisheconomist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and

practice ofmodern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments. Heidentified the causes ofbusiness cycles, and advocated the use offiscal and monetary measures tomitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. His ideas are the basis for

the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots.


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6.) John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 8 May 1873) was a Britishphilosopherand civil servant.

An influential contributor to social theory,political theory, andpolitical economy, his conceptionofliberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.[2] He was

a proponent ofutilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although hisconception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an

inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of

falsification as the key component in the scientific method.[3] Mill was also a Member ofParliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.

7.) Nicholas Kaldor, Baron Kaldor (12 May 1908 - 30 September 1986) was one of the

foremost Cambridge economists in the post-war period. He developed the famous"compensation" criteria called Kaldor-Hicks efficiency forwelfare comparisons (1939), derivedthe famous cobweb model and argued that there were certain regularities that are observable as

far as economic growth is concerned (Kaldor's growth laws)

8.) Joseph Alois Schumpeter (8 February 1883 8 January 1950)[1]

was an Austrian economist

andpolitical scientist. He popularized the term "creative destruction" in economics.[2]

9.) Mr. R. F. Harrod, the well-known Oxford economist, has sent the following appeal for aLiberal-Labour agreement in the Oxford City by-election to the prospective candidates

representing the two parties:--

10.)E. D. Domar: theory of economic growth

4.) Site an example and explain how can you use economics in a real life.A better understanding of economics will help us manage our own finances , come up with sound

a better decision on how to spend our money. For example we know that nursing student needs to have amedical and non medical books because its a part of their requirements. In this situation economics is agreat help. How? Will by simply rationalizing or shall I say weighing what is the most important . What

are being demanded among this requirements or it is available in the library. We can make sound decision

that will benefit not only us but of course our parents.

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Sir Roy George Douglas Allen