Sistemet e Shfrytezimit 2009

8/16/2019 Sistemet e Shfrytezimit 2009

1/199


2/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e 2

HYRJE


3/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e &

Problemi i Perpunimit te Informaionit

' A()$ritmi *

+ Sh,i#et -

+ Merret %)a (irat -

' /e,rimet aritmeti#e *

+ Nmrat$r1a -

' K$ha *

+ ***' Si)ria *

+ ***


4/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e

Z!"i#$"a e Ker%uar &

' At$mati!imi i 3e,rime3e

+ Sh,e1tesi

+ Si)ri

' Shem1 + A%ti#thera

+ Ktia m!i#$re

+ Aritm$metri + Ma#i%a e Baa)e

+ -


5/199


& Komp"uteri

' Ar#ite#tra

+ K1tesa

' Pr$)rami 5he te 5he%at

+ Pr$6es$ri

' F%#si$%et

+ /e,rime i%are e(eme%tare

+ Pr$)ramim se#e%6ia(' G1ha

+ Bi%are


6/199


Komple%'iteti

' Ma#i%a

+ Kre% %mer te 3$)e( 3e,rimesh e(eme%tare

' Pr$(emi

+ Th1eshtesia e 3e,rime3e te ma#i%es 8

+ K$m,(e#siteti i 3ar)t te #$ma%5a3e e(eme%tare

' /eshtiresite

+ Pr$)ramimi + G1ha i%are

+ N5erfaesit


7/199 N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e :

S$embull ( Altair)**++

'


8/199 N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ;

S$embull ( a,b

' "DA 00


9/199 N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e 9

S$embull ( n#erfa-imi

' reset


10/199 N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e


16/199 N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e re!(tatet?



Hi'toria e Si'teme2e te S$fr3te.imit

4GENESIS 5


21/199 N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e 2<

1ene'i'

' Epoka e llampave elektronike pa sisteme shfrytezimi

' D ,r$(eme + ma%H 3eshtiresia e ,er5$rimit

+ E#$%$mi#H #$ha efe#ti3e e ,%es te ,r$6es$rit te,er e

sh#rter #rahasar me #$he% e ,er)atit1es

' Z)1i5h1a + N5ar1a e ,er,%imit %)a ,er)atit1a

KOA

PROESOR

PERGATIT@E



4Treni i pune2e5 6batch7

' Epoka e tranzistoreve dhe “treni i puneve”

' Per5$rimi i ,ais1e3e ma)%eti#e si %5erm1etese

+ Per5$resit #a($1%e ,%et ,r$)ramet J te 5he%atL 5hemari% re!(tatet %e ,erf$#arta $se shirit ma)%eti#

+ O,erat$ri sh#eme% 3etem ,erf$#artat shiritat

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHH

PRO8ESORI

9E/UES SHKRUES

HHHHHHHHHHHH


23/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e 2&

8lirimi i proe'orit

' Per)atit1a ehet me 5isa ,ais1e me #$st$ te (et' Per,%imi ehet %e %1e ,r$6es$r me #$st$ te (arte

KOA

PROESOR

PERGATIT@E


24/199


:re"t 'i'teme2e te '$fr3te.imit

' Shma%)ia e $,erat$rit

+ P%et %e shirit ma)%eti#

+ K$ma%5at e fi((imit ehe%

' Lexo paisjen e hyrjes

' Regjistro leximin ne kujtese,adresa AAAA

' G! AAAA

+ Pr$)rami ,er5$resit mar$%

me' G! """"

SISTEMI PROGRAMI

)$t$ aaaa

)$t$ 0000


25/199


Hi'toria e Si'teme2e te S$fr3te.imit

4EVOLUCION”


26/199


E2oluioni

' Epoka e #ar#eve te integruar, multiprogramimi

+ U(et #$st$ e #$m,1tera3e

' Rritet ,er5$rimi %e sh#e%6e 5he e#$%$mi

+ Rritet sh,e1tesia e ,r$6es$rit %5a1 ,eriferi#e3e

+ Rishfaet ,r$(emi i #$hes te ,r$6es$rit

' Keshfrte!im %e ,r$(emet e#$%$mi#e


27/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e 2:

A%oma per lirimin e proe'orit

• Problemet shkencore – pune intensive meprocesorin

• Problemet ekonomike – pune intensive meperiferiket– Kujtesa ndihmese ka shpejtesi te ulet (bartes magnetik)

KOA

PROESORI

PERIFERIKE

KOA

PROESORI

PERIFERIKE


28/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e 2;

Multipro!ramimi

' M(ti,r$)ramimi

+ SPOO" >Sim(ta%e$s Peri,hera( O,erati$% O% "i%e?

' (ir$het ,r$6es$ri %)a #$m%i#imi me ,eriferi#et

' K$m%i#im 5ire#t ,eriferi# + #1tese + Mahe% 5isa ,r$)rame %e #1tese

+ K$ha e ,r$6es$rit 6$,t$het mi5is ,r$)rame3e

+ Shfrte!$het #$ha e hr1e5a(1e3e me ,eriferi#et


29/199


Multipro!ramimi 0

' Detra shtese

+ A5mi%istrimi i #1teses

+ A5mi%istrimi i ,eriferi#e3e

' Sistemet e s#e5are3e + Mr$1t1a %)a %5erhr1et e %1eri t1etrit

+ U%ifi#imi i %5ar1es te #$hes %e %1esi te araarta

' K$%6e,ti i #$hes se %5are

+ Per5$rimi i termi%a(e3e 5he m(ti,er5$rimi + Sistemet e shfrte!imit m(ti,er5$res

' MU"TIQ 5he UNIQ


30/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e &0

Kon%urimi i pro!rame2e

K$ha

Pr$)ramet

Pr$)rami <

Pr$)rami 2

Pr$)rami &

r1eDa(1e

K$he ,rit1e ,er ,r$6es$ri%Ka 3e%5 ,er ,r$)rami%

P<

P2

P&


31/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e &<

Roli i 'i'temit te '$fr3te.imit

' Sistemi i shfrte!imit eshte,r$)rami #res$r %e #1tese

' ar#((imi i ,r$)rame3e 5#e%5are #$he% e ,r$6es$rit

+ R$%5 R$i%

+ K(asat e ,er,aresi3e

' Mr$1t1a e #1teses %)a #a,1et e

%5ers1e((ta te ,aat$ri!ara' Si%#r$%i!imi mi5is ,r$)rame3e

5he shfrte!imi i rime3e

SISTEMI PROG2

=rite

PROG<

rea5

=rite


32/199


;#ar"a e %o$e'

' $,timi i #$hes mi5is ,r$)rame3e

+ Kr #a #$m%i#im me ,eriferi#et

+ Kr te1#a($het %1e i%ter3a( #$he i 6a#tar

' /e,r$% sistemi i %5er,rer1e3e

K$ha

Pr$)ramet

OS

%5er,rer1e e re%5shme

hr1e5a(1e

Sesi$% #riti# N5er,rer1e%)a 1ashte


33/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e &&

:re"t MS):OS)it


34/199


shiriti

Ri%t$im te% treni i pune2e

' S P2HDATA KODI S P


35/199


Hapi pare #re"t MS):OS)it

' I%ter,retesit 5he sistemet e ,ara te shfrte!imit

L1: read keyboard

store buffer

display

if buffer=“enter” goto L2

goto L1

L2: case buffer

begin

“dir”: xxxxxxx

xxxxxxx

...

“copy”: yyyyyyy

yyyyyyy ...

...

else : display “error”

end

goto L1

,r$6e5ra e#$ma%5es 5ir

,r$6e5ra e#$ma%5es 6$,

5ir

,er5$resi ,er5$r 3etem tastiere%


36/199


MS):OS #$e Per#orue'i

' L1: read keyboard store buffer display

if “enter” goto L2

goto L1

L2: case buffer

begin

“dir”: ...

“copy”: ...

...

else : search file(buffer)

if fail display “error”

copy file to !!!!

"all !!!!

end

goto L1

,er5$resi ,er5$r si tastiere% e5he

5is#% me s#e5arete ,r$)rame3e

a(fa

a(fa

MSDOS ,er5$resi

a(fa

sistemi #a($%%e ,rit1e

e#!e#t$het,r$)ramia(fa i,er5$resit

retr%


37/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e &:

Kompletimi i MS):OS)it

' L1: read keyboard ...L2: case buffer

...

"all AAAA

end

goto L1

,er5$resi ,er5$r si tastiere% e5he

5is#% me s#e5arete ,r$)rame3e

,er5$r thirr1et esistemit ,er

rea(i!imi% e hr1e5a(1e3e

a(fa

a(fa

MSDOS ,er5$resi

a(fa

I%ter3a( $sh,er sistemi%,r$)rami% 5he,r$6es$ri%

retr%

rea5

,ri%t

procedure #$!%

begin

...

end

procedure PRINT

...

DD rea5 reest

Reest 6$m,(ete5

reest 6$m,(ete5

fi(e rea5 reest


38/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e &;

;!ar%imi i 'i'temit te '$fr3te.imit

' BIOS + i%i6ia(i!imi fi(($% te# BIOS

+ #rhe% testet e har5erit

+ %)ar#$% BOOT %)a ,istae ,are e 5is#t

' BOOT + #ri1$het %e ,iste% e ,are

te 5is#t )1ate i%sta(imitte sistemit

+ (e$% s#e5aret e sistemit%)a 5is#

+ %)ar#$% sistemi% %e#1tese

ROM

RAM

BIOS

DOS

#1tesa

BOOT

DOS

DOS


39/199


S$%urt mbi 'i'temet e '$fr3te'imit


40/199


Ko$e #$e probleme

' Ne fi((imet e sisteme3e te shfrte!imit + har5eri #ishte #$st$ te,er te (arte

+ s%a %e $,timi!imi% e ,%es te ,r$6es$rit

+ s#e5aret m(ti,r$)ramimi %5ar1a e #$hes

' Me shfa1e% e )1e%erates se #atert te #$m,1tera3e + har5eri #a #$st$ te (et #a,a6itete te (arta 5he

+ #a,a6itetet te1#a($1%e #er#esat e shme ,er5$res3e

+ s%$het $,timi!imi i ,%es te ,er5$resit' sistemet i%tera#ti3e

' rr1etat 5he I%ter%eti

' I%te)rimi i te#%$($)1i3e te i%f$rma6i$%it 5he #$m%i#imit


41/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e <

:et3rat e 'i'teme2e te '$fr3te.imit

' A5mi%istrimi i #1teses e%5r$re' A5mi%istrimi i #1tesa3e ,eriferi#e

+ Sistemet e s#e5are3e

' K$m%i#imi me ,ais1et e 1ashtme

+ sistemet )rafi#e + ,eriferi#et 5he rr1etat

' M(ti,r$)ramimi + ,ara(e(i!mi 5he #$%#re%6a

'Mr$1t1a + at$ri!imi i ,er5$res3e + mr$1t1a %)a %5erhr1et e ,aat$ri!ara

+ e3i5e%timi i %)1ar1e3e 5he i #$st$s


42/199


M"etet e 'i'teme2e te '$fr3te.imit

' Sistemi i a5mi%istrimit te #1teses' Sistemi i a5mi%istrimit te s#e5are3e' Sistemi i hr1e5a(1e3e

+ )a6#a she((L e 5#shme e sistemit

+ ,r$t$#$((et e #$m%i#imit + 5ri3er at e ,eriferi#e3e

' Me#a%i!mat e si%#r$%i!imit 5he #$%#re%6es' Sistemi i mr$1t1es

+ (istat e ,er5$res3e 5he te 5re1tat e hr1es

+ #$%tr$((i i #a,1es te te 5he%a3e 5he #1teses + re)1istri ($)L i %)1ar1e3e 5he fatrimi

' Pr$)rame %5ihmese + e5it$ret #$m,i(at$ret (i5hesit >(i%#er? (irarite et1.


43/199


:i'a #re"time te .$2illimit a%tual

' N5erfaesit m(time5ia(e

+ sistemet )rafi#e

' Sistemet e i%te)rar eme5e5L

'Rr1etat i%f$rmati#e 5he I%ter%eti' Sistemet ,ara(e(e

+ ,r$)ramimi ,ara(e(

' Sistemet e sh,er%5are

+ sistemet #(ie%t ser3er + #(ster me P 5he GRID


44/199


Kla'ifi%ime &


45/199


Kla'ifi%imi 4m$%$8m(ti i 'i'teme2e

U%i J "i%

MSVi%5$=s 2KMSVi%5$=s &m(ti,r$)ramim

MSDOSm$%$,r$)ramim

m(ti,er5$resm$%$,er5$res


46/199


Si'temet te%'t #$e !rafi%e

MSVi%5$=s)rafi#e

U%i J Q=i%5$=s

"i% J QFree;7

te#st m$5e memishtrese )rafi#e

MSDOS

U%i J "i%te#st m$5e

aaaaaaaaa

matri6eKara#teresh

24 ;0

matri6eme ,ie(s

;0 70700 ;00

:7;


47/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e :

;#erfa-imi me per#orue'it

U%i J "i%

MSVi%5$=s

#$%tr$(( %e5ista%6e

U%i J "i%

Q=i%5$=stermi%a(e 3irta(eL

U%i J "i%#$%s$(a 3irta(e

MSDOS

MSVi%5$=s#$%s$(e


48/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ;

>UFFER

' 3$i5


49/199


Ar%ite%tura e 'i'teme2e te '$fr3te.imit


50/199


Pro!rame #$e proe'e

' Pr$)rami

+ eshte ash#esi ,r$6e5rash

+ !)1i5h 5etra te ,er5$resit

' Pr$6e5ra

+ eshte ash#esi i%str#si$%esh + !)1i5h 5etra (($)aritese %e #a5er te ,r$)ramit

' Pr$6esi

+ eshte 6$,eL e ,r$)ramit %e e#!e#tim

+ rea(i!$het %e me%re at$%$me + ,er5$r ha,esire% 3etia#e %e #1tese


51/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e 4<

Pro!rame #$e 'i'teme '$fr3te.imi

' Pr$)rami eshte ash#esi,r$6e5rash

' Sistemi i shfrte!imit eshte%1e (($1 i 3e6a%te ,r$)rami 8

ash#esi ,r$6e5rash' Pr$6e5rat therrasi% %1era

t1etre% si,as %1e )rafi

' Pr$)ramet Sistemet

#(asifi#$he% si,as str#treshierar#i#e te )rafit te,r$6e5ra3e


52/199


Si'temi

S$fr3te.imit

VM

Stru%tura e 'i'temit te '$fr3te.imit

' Shtrese!imi i hierar#ise se ,r$6e5ra3e te sistemit

' Shtresa makine virtuale ,%$% mi har5eri%

A,(i#imi

Pr$6e5re Pr$6e5re

Pr$6. a!e Pr$6. a!ePr$6. a!e

ar5eri

t$irr"e te 'i'temit


53/199


Thirr1et e sistemit

AP9IKIMI

,ri%t >f$rmat A B ?

9ibrari :inami%e

,ri%t>f$rmatQ-? W

f$r Q- ,ri%t>Q$r)DestSi!e?X

Ma%ina Virtuale

,ri%t>ORGDESTSIZE? W"DA -

STA -X

Har#ueri

Thirr1e f%s#i$%i %)a (irari 5i%ami#e>CC *?

Thirr1e f%#si$%i sistemi>Asam(er*?

Rea(i!im i f%#si$%it tesistemit %e har5er


54/199


T$irr"et e 'i'temit ? '$embu"

' A5mi%istrimi i ,r$6ese3e + ,i5f$r#>-?

' Si%1a(i!imi mi5is ,r$6ese3e

+ S#i((>,i5si)?

' A5mi%istrimi i s#e5are3e

+ f5$,e%>fi(eh$=?

+ %rea5>f5ffer%tes?

+ %=rite>f5ffer%tes?

+ s6($se>f5?

' A5mi%istrimi i 5ire#t$ri3e

+ sm#5ir>%amem$5e?

Kri1$het %1e ,r$6es i ri

Si%1a(i!$het ,r$6esi te %5a($1e ristart$1e et1.


55/199


Stru%turimi i 'i'teme2e te '$fr3te.imit

' Sistemet m$%$(ite

+ PU %e 5 m$5aH ,er5$res 5he erthame >#er%e(?' Sisteme me shtresa >%a!at %e M(ti?

+ A,(i#ime te ,er5$res3e

+ A5mi%istrimi hr1e5a(1e3e

+ A5mi%istrimi #1teses + M(ti,r$)ramimi

' Ma#i%a 3irta(e + Berthama e sistemit #ri1$% #$,1e 3irta(e te har5erit

+ Pertim em($% i;0;7 -

' K(ie%tSer3er + Berthame mi%ima(e ,er 3ete sistemi%

+ Pr$6ese te sistemit rea(i!$he% si ,r$6ese ,er5$resi


56/199


57/199


Si'temet me '$tre'a @ una.a

' K$%6e,ti i shtresa3e

A,(i#ime

"irarite 5i%ami#e te IO

A5mi%istrimi #1teses

M(tiPr$)ramimi

ar5eri

a,,(i>ERTHAMA

Q

' 5$ shtresa #$m%i#$%3etem me shtresat fi%1esi,as rre)((a3e te 6a#tara

thirr1esistemi

thirr1e e,a(e1ar sistemi

,$rte e thirr1este sistemit

AP9IKIME

A5mi%istrimi i IO me =


58/199


User >#(ie%t?OS >ser3er?

Si'temet %lient ? 'er2er

' Pr$6eset e sistemit rea(i!$he%%e ,$ ate %i3e( si 5he,r$6eset e ,er5$resit + Pr$6eset e sistemit 8 ser3er

+ Pr$6eset e ,er5$resit 8 #(ie%t' Mi#r$erthame ,er + M(ti,r$)ramimi%

+ r1e 5a(1et me har5eri%

+ Tra%sferimi% e thirr1e3e te

sistemit %)a ,r$6eset #(ie%t %eat$ ser3er

8PU

mi#r$erthama

,r $6e

s

,r $6e

s

,r $6e

s

,r $6e

s

,r $6e

s

,r $6e

s

,r $6e

s

,r $6e

s

thirr1esistemi


59/199


Si'temet me ma%ina 2irtuale

' S,er mi#r$erthame ,er

+ m(ti,r$)ramimi%

+ Pr$6eset ,er PU 3irta(e

' N1e PU 3irta(e ma% %1e

sistem shfrte!imi + Para(e(i!em 3irta( i 5isa

sisteme3e shfrte!imi

' S,ererthame ,ersistemet me ,r$6es$r I%te( 8

,ara(e(i!em 3irta( mi5isH + MSVi%5$=s

+ "i%

ar5eri >PU?s,er erthame

PU PU PU PU

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

OS& OS

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

,r $

6es

OS< OS2


60/199


Proe'et


61/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e 7<

' Pr$6esi 8 ,r$)ram %e e#!e#tim + Gr, i%str#si$%esh >,r$)ram? %e e#!e#tim

+ At$%$m %e ra,$rt me ,r$6eset e t1era

' Brimet e ,r$6esit

+ a,esira e #1teses' K$5i 5he te 5he%at

' Sti3a ,er thirr1e% e ,r$6e5ra3e

+ PB >Pr$6ess $%tr$( B($6#?' Atritet e ,r$6esit

' Tre)esit ,er ha,esire% e #1teses

' Tre)esit ,er FB >Fi(e $%tr$( B($6#?

' Ima!hi ,r$6esit #r %5er,ritet + K$,1a e re)1istra3e te ,r$6es$rit

Konepti i Proe'it


62/199


Kri"imi #$e 42ra'"a5 e proe'e2e

' Thirr1a e ,r$6e5ra3e ' Kri1imi i ,r$6ese3e

6a((

6a((

retr%

retr%

Pr$6esi A>,r$6e5rat ,er5$ri% te

%1e1te% ha,esire #1tese?

f$r#

6a((

retr%

#i((

Pr$6esi A

Pr$6esi B

P<

P2 P; P5

P9 Pe

Pa

P P6

$rte# i ,r$6ese3ee #ri1$1%e %1eri t1etri%me #$ma%5e% f$r#

P4

P7 Pf

P)P:

>,r$6eset A 5he B ,er5$ri%ha,esira #1tese te %5rshme?


63/199


Proe' #$e thread

' “!hread” 8 ,r$6es i (ehte %e%,r$6es + Disa threads %5a1%e ha,esire% e ,erash#et te #1teses

+ PB e !)1erar >re)1istrat e PU et1.?

+ Ritet #$m,(e#siteti i ash#e3e,rimit 5he si%#r$%i!imit

,r$6es

threa5

< ,r$6es < threa5 < ,r$6es % threa5


64/199


A#mini'trimi i proe'e2e

' Tae(a e Pr$6ese3e

+ Pr$6ess $%tr$( B($6# >PB?

' Re)1istrat e PU

' Tre)es >,$i%ter? ,er se)me%tet e #1teses

' Persh#resit e s#e5are3e >Fi(e $%tr$( B($6#?

' Pri$riteti i e#!e#timit

' Te 5he%a te t1era >,er5$resi 5ire#t$ria et1.?

str6t ,r$6 W str6t sta6#frames ,re) Y ,r$6ess re)isters sa3e5 i% sta6# frame Y ,r$6%rt ,%r Y %mer $f this ,r$6ess >f$r fast a66ess? Y str6t ,ri3 Y,,ri3 Y sstem ,ri3i(e)es str6tre Y 6har ,rtsf(a)s Y SENDING REEI/ING et6. Y 6har ,mis6f(a)s Y F(a)s that 5$ ss,e%5 the ,r$6ess Y 6har ,,ri$rit Y 6rre%t s6he5(i%) ,ri$rit Y 6har ,ma,ri$rit Y maimm s6he5(i%) ,ri$rit Y


65/199


Ku"te'a

a,esira e K1tesese Pr$6esit

Proe'i #$e P8>

'

K$5i Pr$6esit

Te Dhe%at

Sti3a

Sistemi i Shfrte!imit

PB PROESORI

re)1ister

re)1ister

re)1ister

Atritet e Pr$6esit


66/199


Proe'et #$e %u"te'a

' Tae(a e PB 5he RoundRo$in

>Berthama?

K$5i i OS

e PB

KUJTESA

Pr$6ess %

K$5i J teDhe%a

...Pr$6ess <

K$5i J teDhe%a

Tae(a

OS #er%e( PB

Pr$6ess % PB

Pr$6ess %< PB-

Pr$6ess & PB

Pr$6ess 2 PB

Pr$6ess < PBI % t er r 0 , t J R $ 0%

5 R $ . i %

s,er 3i

!$r i


67/199


Reali.imi i proe'e2e


68/199


69/199


;#r3'$imi i !"en#"e2e

' N5rshimi i )1e%51e3e ehet + Ka(imi < ehet #r ,r$6esi i (eshar %)a ,er5$resi ftet %e

rra5he% e ,rit1es ,er e#!e#tim

+ Ka(imi 2 5he & ehe% %)a s,er3$!$ri i sistemit' Ka(imi 2 #r ,r$6esi #a ,($tesar #$te% e #$hes te PU

' Ka(imi & #r ,r$6esit te %5er,rere i ri31e% rra5ha e PU + Ka(imi ehet #r ,r$6esi %# m%5 te 3a!h5$1e

' Ker#ese ,er hr1e5a(1e

' N5er,rer1e %)a 1ashte

' Ki1im sitate (($#imi

+ Ka(imi 4 ehet #r ,($tes$he% #shtet' Perf%5$% hr1e5a(1a' Perf%5$% tra1timi i %5er,rer1es

' Perf%5$% sitata (($#ese


70/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e :0

1"en#"et #$e rra#$et

' Rea(i!imi i rra5he3e te )1e%51e3e Rea5 5he Vaiti%)

K1tesa

OS

r%

rea5

=ait

ready

=aiti%)

PID

PID

PID

PID

PCB

PID

PID

PID

PID

6$5e

5ata

6$5e

5ata

6$5e

5ata

6$5e

5atas6he5


71/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e :<

Politi%at e rra#$e2e

' Pr$6eset %e rra5he% GATI m%5 te #a,e% %1eri ,ast1etrit si,as s#emes FIFO ,er te marre #$%tr$((i% e PU

' Disa ,r$6ese m%5 te #e#$1%e ,er,aresi

+ E#!e#timi ,a ,ritr rra5he%

' Kate)$ri!imi i ,r$6ese3e

' S#ema FIFO re%5a %1e #ate)$rie

' P$(iti#at e ,er,aresise mi5is #ate)$ri3e

+ Ma%ahimi i ,r$6ese3e


72/199


ManaB$imi i proe'e2e

' Pr$(emi 6faet #r mi %1e ,r$6es eshte GATI + Me#a%i!mat e !)1e5h1e3e 1a%e #$%ta5i#t$re

+ Disa #ritereH

' Dre1tesia + 65$ ,r$6es te mare ,1ese% e 3et te PU

' Efi6e%sa + PU te shfrte!$het


73/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e :&

Me%ani.mat e manaB$imit


74/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e :

4Roun# Robin5

' Pr$6eset 3e%5$se% %e (iste FIFO

' Per ,r$6eset 6a#t$het i%ter3a(i a%tm PU

+ Pr$6esi rra5hes ,($tes$% a%tmi% 5he (($#$het

+ Pr$6esi ,asar5hes %e (iste merr #$%tr$((i% e PU

' N5ar1a e #$hes a%tm >efe#ti3itet 8 ,rit1e?

+ K$m,r$mis


75/199


ManaB$imi me perpare'i

' Kate)$ri!imi i ,er5$rimit si,as re%5esise' Per,aresite

+ Stati#e >te ,ara6a#tara?

+ Di%ami#e >%5rsh$1%e %e #$he?

' K$ma%5a U%i %i6e

' Kate)$ri!imi i ,er,aresi3e J rra5het e ,er,aresi3e

Per,aresia 0

Per,aresia <

Per,aresia 2

Per,aresia

P0< P02

P


76/199


Perpare'ite #inami%e

' Z3$)e(imi )ra5a( i ,er,aresise + Pr$(emi i rrit1es te ,er,aresise ,er ,r$6eset i%tera#ti3e

' Per,aresi ,%es me te sh#rter

+ Ns. e m%5eshme ,arashi#imi i #$hes

' K$ma%5at i%era#ti3e si ,%e te 3e6a%ta

+ Parashi#imi i #$hes si,as s1e((1es

' Ma%ahimi me (($tari

+ "($tari shtese ,er ,r$6eset ,er,ares$re

+ ar#((imi (($tari3e mi5is ,r$6ese3e


77/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ::

ManaB$imi ne #3 ni2ele

' /e%5$set %1e ,1ese te ,r$6ese3e me ,er,ari te (etL %e5is# ,er (irimi% e #1teses

' S,er3i!$ri %5a% #$he% e PU ,er ,r$6eset %e #1tese.Peri$5i#isht

+ Pr$6eset ,er shme #$he %e #1tese #a($1%e %e 5is#

+ Pr$6eset ,er shme #$he %e 5is# #a($1%e %e #1tese

' D %i3e(e te s,er3i!$rit

+ Ni3e(i (et tra1t$% ,r$6eset %e #1tese + Ni3e(i (arte tra1t$% sh#emimi% e ,r$6ese3e 5is# #1tese


78/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e :;

Politi%at #$e me%ani.mat

' S,er3i!$ri %# #$%si5er$% s,e6ifi#at e ,er5$res3e %etra1timi% e ,er,aresi3e

' N5ahe% me#a%i!mat e s,er3i!$rit %)a ,$(iti#at e

5he%ies ,er,aresi ,r$6ese3e %)a ,er5$resi' Pr$6esi #res$r m%5 te ,er5$re thirr1e te sistemit ,er te

%5rshar ,er,aresite e %e%,r$6ese3e


79/199


Kon%urena e proe'e2e


80/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ;0

Ve%toret e n#erprer"e2e

' N5er,rer1a sh$er$het me %1e %mer i5e%tifi#es >INT %?' /e#t$ri i %5er,rer1e3e ma% tre)esit ,er ,r$6e5rat e

sherimit te %5er,rer1e3e si,as %mrit i5e%tif#es

' Tra1timi i %5er,rer1es ,erfshi%

+ K$,1$het %mrat$ri i ,r$)ramit te PU %e sti3e

+ Ka($het %e,erm1et 3e#t$rit te %5er,rer1e3e si,asi5e%tifi#esit te %5er,rer1es %e ,r$6e5re% e sherimit

+ K$,1$het )1e%51a e PU %e PB e ,r$6esit te %5er,rere

+ Rea(i!$het ,r$6esi i sherimit te %5er,rer1es' Ri#thehet #$%tr$((i %e ,r$6esi% e %5er,rere $se

' Ne m(ti,r$)ramim a#ti3i!$het ,r$6esi i rra5hes


81/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ;<

Kon%urena mi#i' proe'e2e

' Tre ,r$(eme + Sh#emimi i i%f$rma6i$%it mi5is ,r$6ese3e

+ K$%#re%6a %e rimet e ,erash#eta

+ /ar)e!imi i 3aresise %)a %1eri t1etri

' K$%#re%6a

+ Sitata e )ares ,er #a,1e% e rime3e te %5ara

' Disa ,r$6ese #er#$1%e %1e#$hesisht #a,1e% e te %1e1tit rim

' Pet1eH (e1$het %5er,rer1a e %1e ,r$6esi e #a #a,r rimi%*

+ P1esa e ,r$)ramit # #a,et %1e rim i ,erash#et' Ker#$% e#s#(!i3itet mi ,r$6esi% e #a,1es te rimit

' Per6a#t$het si Se#si$% Kriti# e %# 5het %5er,rere


82/199


Situata e !are'

' Shem((H S,$$(er i sht,it

Pri%t S,$$(er Pri%ter

Rra5ha e S,$$(er

Pr$6esi A

Pr$6esi B

N5er,rer1e e m(ti,r$)ramimit

, e r )

a t i t

s h # r 0 a %

,er)atit s

h # r

0 a

%

\

Pr$6esi A ,rish te 5he%at e B


83/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ;&

Se%'ioni %riti%

' Se#si$% #riti# het ,1esa e ,r$)ramit e #a, rime te,erash#eta

+ N# ehe% s,$!ime ,er sh,e1tesi%e e PU

+ N# (e1$he% 5 ,r$6ese %1e#$hesisht %e se#si$% #riti#

+ Pr$6eset 1ashte se#si$%e3e #riti#e %# 5het te (($#$1%e,r$6eset %e se#si$%e #riti#e

+ As%1e ,r$6es %# 5het te ,rese ,amarim ,er te hre %ese#si$% #riti#


84/199


85/199


Kon%urena ? 2ariablat ele'


86/199

V i bl t l @ fl


87/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ;:

Variablat ele' @ flamur

' /aria(i 6e(es >f(amr? mer 3(erat + 0 #r %# #a ,r$6ese %e se#si$% #riti#

+ < #r %1e ,r$6es h% %e se#si$% #riti#

' Pr$6esi e h% %e se#si$% #riti#

+ Test$% 3aria(i% 6e(es 5he ,ret 5erisa te ehet 0 + Nrsh$% 3aria(i% %e < 5he h% %e se#si$% #riti#

+ Rie% 3aria(i% 0 #r 5e( %)a se#si$%i #riti#

' Pr$(emH %5er,rer1et )1ate testim%5rshimit

+ M%5 te ,er5$ret 6]a#ti3i!imi i %5er,rer1e3e + Ma%i,(imi i 3ar1a(it 6e(es ehet me thirr1e sistemi.

+ /etem #$5i i ,r$6e5ra3e te erthames te sistemit #aatriti% e (e1$% 6]a#ti3i!imi% e %5er,rer1e3e.

P # i i i i bl l


88/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ;;

Per#orimi i 2ariabla2e ele'

' /aria(at 6e(es %e#a,1e% e#s#(!i3ete rime3e

' Se#si$%i #riti#re5#t$het %e

tra1timi% e 3aria(it6e(es

' "i%H ,er5$re%s#e5are 6e(es,er shma%)ie% e

#a,1es #$%#re%tete s#e5are3e

' Pr$(emH ,rit1a

%setf(a) >F?W I%t $ff FH0 I%t $%X

setf(a) >F?W

I%t $

f f

=h

a(( setf(a)>F?

a(( %setf(a)>F?

e %

' % l u

. i 2

i t e t

F

se#si$%#riti#

se#si$%#riti#

S$ b lli i l it


89/199


Per)atitHVAIT

B(($#imH6e(esiH<

S$embulli i 'poolerit

' Shem((H S,$$(er i sht,it

Rra5ha e S,$$(er

Pr$6esi A

Pr$6esi B

sh#ra%

\

Pr$6esi A #a

e#s#(!i3itetmi s,$$(er

Se#si$% #riti#

"irimH6e(e siH0

Pr$6esi B #aa#ses mis,$$(er

I%t I%t

;# " #$ l


90/199


' Per5$rimi i 3aria(a3e 6e(es

;#erprer"e #$e ele'

' ]a#ti3i!imi i %5er,rer1e3e

D

I

S

K

INT OFF

INT ON

%5ar1e #$he

se#si$% #riti#J e#s#(!i3itet

P< P2 OS

D

I

S

K

i(ire*

i(ire^

%5ar1e #$he

P< P2 OS6e(esi

#$ha #$ha

i(ire*

i!e%e^

______

se#si$% #riti#

e#s#(!i3itet

se#si$% #riti#


91/199

F" t" #$ "i i


92/199


F"et"a #$e .!"imi

' Pr$6esi e %5er,ritet 5het te #a($1e %e )1e%51e ,rit1e

+ Pr$(emH si 5$ te ehet #a(imi %e )1e%51e% )ati

' Thirr1et e sistemit s(ee, 5he =a#e, + D ,r$6ese -

+ Pr$6esi e #er#$% rimi% e% sleep mi 3aria(i% 6e(es

' Ns. rimi i (ire 6e(esi


93/199


Stru%tura e slee D !akeu

' e(esi eshte str#tre F Wi%t i%t PIDX' 8 6e(esi

' PID 8 ma1tesi i i5e%tifi#at$rit te ,r$6esit

' s(ee, #a($% ,r$6esi% thirres %e )1e%51e% ,rit1e

s(ee, >?W

I%t $ffif >F.0?W F.PIDH>PI:?

6a((sstemstate=ait>PI:?X F.H0I%t $%

X

' =a#e, !)1$% ,r$6esi% e re%e %e )1e%51e ,rit1e

=a#e, >?

W I%t $ffF.HF.PID^NU""? 6a((sstemstaterea5>F.PID?I%t $%

X

' &all'system'state'%ait ne dalje $en “(nt on” per m$ylljen e seksionitkritik

a(( s(ee,>F?

a(( =a#e,>F?

Fa(( s(ee,>F?

E a

i t

r e a

# 3

S f t


94/199


Semaforet

' Semaf$ri + 3ariae( e ma% %mri% e thirr1e3e =a#e,te ,a rea(i!ara %e rasti% e shme ,r$6ese3e >Di1#stra?

+ Per)1ithesim i met$5es s(ee, J =a#e,

+ D thirr1e sistemi' 5$=% >8s(ee,? test$% semaf$ri%

+ Ns. !er$ ,r$6esi #a($% %e )1e%51e s(ee, ,a ,($tesar5$=%

+ Ns. ,$!iti3e !3$)e($% me < semaf$ri% 5he 3a!h5$% ,%e%

' , >8=a#e,? rrit me < 3(ere% e semaf$rit

+ Ns. #a ,r$6ese %e s(ee, s,er3i!$ri i sistemit !)1$% %1eri%,re1 tre 5he e (e1$% te ,erf%5$1e 5$=%


95/199

>llo%imi reipro%


96/199


>llo%imi reipro%

' Semaf$ret 5he (($#imi re6i,r$# >5ea5($6#?

/$i5 ser3er>3$i5?W =hi(e >TRUE? W

5$=%>JBOS?5$=%>JMEQ?fi((ffer>-?

,>JMEQ?,>JP"OT?

XX

/$i5 6(ie%t>3$i5?W =hi(e >TRUE? W

5$=%>JP"OT?5$=%>JMEQ?em,tffer>-?

,>JMEQ?,>JBOS?

XX

+ Gaimet %e ,er5$rimi% e semaf$re3e

' N5rimi i 3e%5e3e te thirr1es 5$=% sh#a#t$% (($#im + Ns. feri eshte ,($t ser3er e% 5$=%>JMEQ? 5#e ere

MEQ0 5he me ,as (($#$het te# 5$=%>JBOS?

+ K(ie%ti %5esh MEQ0 5he (($#$het -

Mbi 'tru%turen e te #$ena2e


97/199


Mbi 'tru%turen e te #$ena2e

' Me#a%i!mi i #$%#re%6es >semaf$r et1.? #a %e3$1e ,erstr#tre te 5he%ash sh$erese

+ Nmrat$ri i #er#esa3e

+ Te ,a#te% %1e rra5he ,rit1e1e

%mrat$r

PID < PID 2 PID & PID

SS

Kon%urena 'in"alet #$e bllo%imet


98/199


Kon%urena ) 'in"alet #$e bllo%imet

S$%embimi i 'in"ale2e


99/199


S$%embimi i 'in"ale2e

' Thirr1et e sistemit se%5 5he re6ei3e + Ar#ite#tra #(ie%tser3er ' Ser3eri ,ret %e re6ei3e ,er si%a(

' K(ie%ti 5er)$% se%5 #r #a %e3$1e

+ Si%#r$%i!imi i ,r$6ese3e %e sisteme te sh,er%5ara

+ Sh#emimi i i%f$rma6i$%e3e mi5is ,r$6ese3e

+ Re!i# i hm1es te mesa!he3e

' Marr1a 5het te si%1a(i!$het >AK 8 a6#%$=(e5)eme%t?

' Ns hmet AK ri5er)$het mesa!hi

' Mesa!het sh$er$he% me %mri% re%5$r

' Pr$6eset i5e%tifi#$he% >athe%ti6ati$%?

' Pr$(emH ,erf$rma%6a

Monitoret


100/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e llo%imet #ea#lo%'G


101/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e llo%imet #ea#lo%'G

/ Y

>0

>=

=ait =ait

Kla'ifi%imi i bllo%ime2e


102/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ,reem,ta(e?

+ M%5 ti hie% ,r$6esit e e #a #a,r

+ Shem((H #1tesaH 5 ,r$6ese (($#$1%e %1eri t1etri% %e #1tese5he ,ri%ter #1tesa i hiet %1erit 5he i 1e,et t1etrit >s=a,,i%)?

' Te ,a,arashi#eshem >%$%,reem,ta(e? + N# m%5 ti hie% ,r$6esit e e #a #a,r

+ @a%e sh#a# #res$r i (($#ime3e

+ Shem((H ,ri%teri + sht,i i fi((ar %# m%5 te %5er,ritet

Tra"timi i blo%ime2e


103/199



104/199



105/199



106/199



107/199



108/199



109/199



110/199



111/199



112/199



113/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e %)a ,er5$res te ,aat$ri!ar?

' Si)rimi ma5hesise te ,a3arr te (($e3e' Tra1timi i fera3e >5iffere%6at %e sh,e1tesi%e e tra1timit?

' Tra1timi i ha,esires ,er ,ais1et (($# >!)1erimi i s#e5arit?

' Ze%ia 5he (eshimi i ,ais1e3e >#a,1a e#s#(!i3e?

' Ra,$rtimi i )aime3e >,as tra1timit %)a 5ri3er?

;i2eli i per#orue'it


114/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e f5 ffer %tes?

+ Pr$6e5ra =rite' Be% ,1ese %e %1e (irari ,r$6e5rash 5he (i5het me ,r$)rami%

' Pershtat ,arametrat e ,er5$resit ,er thirr1et e sistemit

' Rea(i!$% f$rmatimi% e hr1es 5he 5a(1es

' Pr$6e5rat s,e6ia(e + Pri%ti%) S,$$(er Daem$%

' Pr$6eset e ,er5$resit e1%e ,ri%timi% %e s#e5ar

' Pr$6esi s,$$(er (e$% s#e5aret 5he i 5er)$% %e ,ri%ter ' S,$$(er eshte i 3etmi ,r$6es e #$m%i#$% me ,ri%teri%

>a.at e %ompilimit


115/199



116/199

>a.at e Kompilimit 0


117/199



118/199



119/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ($a5er? e rea(i!$%(i5h1e%H

' G1ate ,r$6esit te %)ar#imit' G1ate e#!e#timit >#r 5het te ,er5$ret sim$(i?

>a.at e Kompilimit


120/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e a.at e Kompilimit

' Pr$)rami $1e#t 5he ai i e#!e#teshemH

A""


121/199



122/199

#et3rat e MMS


123/199



124/199



125/199



126/199



127/199



128/199



129/199



130/199



131/199



132/199



133/199



134/199

MMS me n#ar"e fi%'e te n#r3'$ue'$me


135/199



136/199



137/199



138/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e s,$!$het se #a ha,esire te (ire te m1afteshme?.N# #a fra)me%tim te re%shem te #1teses

' G1ate ma%,(imit te ,r$6ese3e m%5 te #ri1$he% 3rima %e #1tese>"ra#mentimi i $ashtem?

' Dhet ,er5$rr #$m,atesimi 5#e !3e%5$sr ,r$6eset ,er teash#ar 6$,at e (ira te #1teses

' Pr$6es$ri ,er5$ret ,a efi6ie%6e %)a #$m,a#tesimi ,er shma%)ie% efra)me%timit te 1ashtem

problemet e n#ar"e' #inami%e


139/199



140/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e est fit?

+ Pr$6esi 3e%5$set %e %5ar1e% me te 3$)e( te ,ershtatshme

' S#ema ,ershtat1a ,asar5hese >%et fit?

+ Pr$6esi 3e%5$set %e %5ar1et e ,are te ,ershtatshme 5#e fi((ar%)a 3e%5$5h1a e f%5it

' Pr$(emi fra)me%timit te 1ashtem metet

+ N5rsh$% 3etem t$,$($)1ia e fra)me%timit

+ Zh3e%5$s1a e ,r$6ese3e %e #1tese #er#$% #$he + Per5$rimi i #1teses 3irta(e eshte a#$ma me i %)a5a(te

' 5is# i %)rte eshte ,ais1e e %)a5a(te


141/199

'$embull i n#ar"e' 4binare5


142/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e llo% = Mb

A %er%on =++ Kb

> %er%on 0+ Kb

8 %er%on L Kb

: e%r%on 0+ Kb

> liron 0L Kb

A liron =0* Kb

E %er%on Kb

8 liron L Kb

E liron =0* Kb

: liron 0L Kb

< M

< M

4


143/199

P3et"e


144/199



145/199

N.Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e ,a)es?

' Sistemi ,er5$r tae(e% e fae3e e (i5h i%5e#si% efae3e te #1teses ($)1i#eL ,er ,r$6es me a5rese% fi!i#ete a!es te frames %e #1tese% fi!i#e

prinipi i fa-o'"e'


146/199



147/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e


148/199



149/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e Y?

' te 5he%at >Y?

' Sti3a >Y? # Y %1e $se 5isa se)me%teL

+ 5$ ,r$6es #a tae(e% e 3et te se)me%te3e%5ersa sistemi ma% tae(e% e (($e3e te (ira te#1teses

+ Tae(a e sim$(e3e ma% 1$ 3etem fi((imi% ,$re5he )1atesi%e e se)me%te3e

a#re'imi te% 'e!mentet


150/199



151/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e e%5r$re J %5ihmese? e #1teses #1tesa3irta(e

' Ne tae(at e fae3e + 5a((imi i fae3e e %5$5he% %e #1tese%e%5r$re %)a at$ e %5$5he% %e #1tese% %5ihmese >%e 5is#?

' Sh#emimi i fae3e mi5s #1teses e%5r$re 5he %5ihmese>s=a,,i%)?

+ I5e%tifi#imi i 31eterimit te fae3e 5he ,r$6ese3e %e #1tese%e%5r$re + ,er6a#timi se 6i(a fae 5het te 5er)$het %e #1tese%%5ihmese #r #er#$het te (ir$het ha,esire %e #1tese% e%5r$re

Konepti i Sti2e'


152/199



153/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e e te1#a($1%e ma5hesi%e e faes? + Grm((i i fae3e >hea,? 5he -

+ - m(e5hesi i therrime3e ,er rimar1e% e fae3e

Probleme te Mbro"t"e'


154/199



155/199


156/199

Konepti S%e#arit


157/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e U%i?

+ Pr$%ar Gr,Per5$resish 5he Per5$resteT1ere

+ K$5i 9 it r= r= r=

' M$%timi >U%i?

' S#e5aret s,e6ia(e >U%i?

+ 5e3-

+ ,i,e

mount @#e2@$#b= @mnt@#'%b


158/199



159/199



160/199

'tru%tura e '%e#are2e


161/199



162/199



163/199



164/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e U%i i hershem?

+ K$#a hea5erL

' Nmri ma)1i# )1atesia a5resa fi((imit et1. + K$5i ,r$)ramit

+ Te 5he%at

+ Bitet e 3e%5$s1es

+ Tae(a e sim$(e3e

%ap"a e '%e#are2e


165/199



166/199



167/199



168/199



169/199

'tru%tura e #ire%tori2e


170/199



171/199



172/199



173/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e FAT?


174/199


175/199

Or!ani.imi i :i'%ut


176/199



177/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e U%i?

P3et"e


178/199



179/199



180/199



181/199



182/199



183/199



184/199



185/199



186/199



187/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfrte!imit "e#si$%e r=? ,er $=%er)r$,$ther + K$ma%5at ch%!n ch#r chm%d

P3et"e


188/199



189/199



190/199



191/199



192/199



193/199



194/199

N Frasheri Sistemet e Shfr te imit "e#si$%e


195/199

1RI:

' mi55(e=are


196/199

N F h i Si t t Shf t i it " # i


197/199



198/199



199/199

Documents

Sistemet e Shfrytezimit 2009