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7/29/2019 SKEE2133 05 Chapter 1 Metrology
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Dr.Leow PeiLing
FacultyofElectricalEngineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310UTMSkudai,Johor
Malaysia
Email:[email protected]
Mobile:0167617853
Office:P19a,Level5,Room050211
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IntroductionIntroduction
Metrology definition:Metrology definition:
1. International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)
the science of measurement, embracing both experiment
and theoretical determinations at an level of uncertaint in
any field of Science and Technology.
2. International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML)
Science of Measurement that concerns units, instruments &
method performed by competent bodies.
3. Generally defined as Science of Measurement.
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IntroductionIntroduction
Metrology may be divided into 3 subfields:
Scientif ic or fundamental metrologyconcerns the establishment of measurement units, new measurement
me o s, measuremen s an ar s an e rans er o racea yidentification from these standards to users in society.
Applied or industrial metrologyconcerns the a lication of measurement science to manufacturin
suitability of measurement instruments, calibration and quality control of
measurements.
Legal metrology
of health, public safety, the environment, enabling taxation & consumers
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*Traceability-the ability to verify the history, location, or application of an item by means of recorded
TerminologyTerminology
agreement between a test result
& acce ted reference value
Precision the closeness with arepeated set of measurements of
the same variable a rees with the
average of the set of
measurements
Bias the difference between the
expectation of the test result & an
accepted reference value
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Fill u theFill u the
targettarget
thelabelsthelabels
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Calibration the process of
indication on a measurement
value of the applied
,
accuracy
Measurement set of operations having the object of
determining a value of a quantity
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product, process or service to the standard (i.e ISO, HALAL etc.)
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Metrolo ical confirmation a set of o erations re uired to
ensure that measuring equip. complied the requirement.
Correction - is an action to rectify, compensates for
uncorrected result of measurement.
Drift a slow change of a metrological characteristic of instr.
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TerminologyTerminology(thestudyoftermsandtheiruse)(thestudyoftermsandtheiruse)
Reproducibility The closeness of agreement between
measurement of the same quantity carried out with a stated
change in conditions. The ability of a test or experiment to beaccurately reproduced, orreplicated, by someone else
working independently.
Result by Alice Result by Abu
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variable to which and instrument will respond
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ncer a n y ac o cer a n y, range o va ues w n w c
the true value of a measurand lies.
Certaint vs uncertaint
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nspec on nvo ves measuremen , nves ga on, es ng n
order to fulfilled requirement
Quality relates to all characteristic that meet
reference
Verification investigation that specified requirements
fulfilled
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DerivedUnitsDerivedUnits
Derivedquantity SIderived unit
name
Symbol InSI
units
InSIbaseunits
Frequency Hertz Hz s1
Force Newton N mkgs2
Pressure,stress Pascal Pa Nm2 m1kg s2
Energy,work,quantityof Joule J Nm m2kg s2
heat
Power,radiantflux Watt W J/s m2kg s3
Electriccharge,quantity
ofelectricity
Coulomb C s A
ec r cpo en a
difference,emf
o m g s
Electricca acitance farad F C V m2k 1s4 A2
Electricresistance ohm V/A m2kg s3 A2
Electric conductance Siemens S A V m2k 1 s3 A2
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DerivedUnitsDerivedUnits
Derivedquantity SIderived unit
name
Symbol InSI
units
InSIbaseunits
Magnetic ux We er W VS m g s A
Magneticinduction, tesla T Wb/m2 kg s2 A1
Inductance Henry H Wb/A m2kg s2 A2
Luminous flux Lumen lm Cd sr m2m2 cd=cd
illuminance Lux lx Lm/m2 m2m4 cd=m2 cd
Radioactivit ofa bec uerel B s1
radionuclide)
Absorbed dose,kerma, gray Gy J/kg m2s2
specificenergy
Doseequivalent Sievert Sv J/kg m2s2
aneang e a an ra m m =
Solidangle Steradian sr m2m2 =1
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SupplementaryUnitsSupplementaryUnits
Unit that is outside of SI but accepted
Quantity Unit Symbol ValueinSIunits
,
,
day ,
,
1h=60min=3600s
1day=24h=1440min=
86400s
Planeangle Degree,minute, gon 1 =(/180)rad
= =,
1 =(1/60)(/648000)rad
1gon =(/200)rad ;
Volume litre l,L 1l=1dm3 =103 m3
Pressureinair,fluid bar bar 1bar=105Pa
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PrefixPrefixSI Prefix (for decimal multiple or submultiple - exponent
10n Prefix S m Shortscale Lon scale Decimale uivalent
1024 yotta Y septillion Quadrillion 1000000 000 000 000
000 000 000
1021 zetta Z sextillion Trilliard (thousand
trillion)
1000000 000 000 000
000 000exa u n on r on
000
1015 eta P uadrillion Billiard thousand 1000000 000 000 000
billion)
1012 tera T Trillion Billion 1000000 000 000
109 giga G Billion Milliard(thousand
million)
1000000 000
mega on
103 kilo k Thousand 1000
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ec o un re
101 deca da Ten 10
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DimensionDimension
Dimension of Physical Quantities
Uses symbol M (mass), L (length), T (time) known as mech.
-, ,
Exam le 1
- Dimension of physical quantity SPEED is L/T (or in
units m/s km/h m h
QUANTITY UNIT DIMENSION
SPEED m/s L/T
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DimensionDimension Dimensionofaphysicalquantityisthetotalof
.
Forexample,speedisgivenasdistancextime;metres/second(m/s)MKSand
centimetres/second(cm/s)inCGSsystem.
Dimensionofmeasurementofspeed,
v =
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DimensionDimension
Dimension of Ph sical Quantities
Example 2;
Velocity = length/time
[v] = [L]/[T] = [LT-1]
Acceleration = velocity/time
[a] = [v]/[T] = [LT-1]/[T1] = [LT-2]
Force = mass acceleration
= - = -
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DimensionDimensionDimensional Consistency
Dimensions and units must be handled consistently in any
al ebraic calculation. Two uantities must have the same
dimensions and units.
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DimensionEqua.DimensionEqua. E.S.UDim.E.S.UDim.
. .
b Current
[I] = [Q]/[T] = [1/2M1/2L3/2T-1]/[T]
I = 1/2M1/2L3/2T-2
c) e.m.f. (electromotive force) or potential difference
[E] = [W]/[Q]
[E] = [ML2T-2]/[1/2M1/2L3/2T-1]
[E] = [-1/2
M1/2
L1/2
T-1
]
W = work (Joule)
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DimensionEqua.
Dimension
Equa.
E.S.U
Dim.E.S.UDim.
. .
d Ca acitance C
C = Q / E
C = Q / E = 1/2M1/2L3/2T-1 / -1/2M1/2L1/2T-1
[C] = [L]
e) Resistance, R
[R] = [E]/ [ I ]
[R] = [-1/2M1/2L1/2T-1] / [1/2M1/2L3/2T-2]
[R] = [-1L-1T]
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DimensionEqua.DimensionEqua. E.M.UDim.E.M.UDim.
b) Magnetic force, H
][][][
][ 12/12/12/112/32/12/1
2
=== TLM
TLM
MLT
m
FH
c) Current d) Charge
2=
IH
timecurrentCharge =
][][ 12/12/12/1 =
ITLM
r
]][[][
12/12/12/1TIQ
=
][][ 12/12/12/1 = TLMI ][][2/12/12/1
LMQ=
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DimensionEqua.
Dimension
Equa.
E.M.U
Dim.E.M.UDim.
. .
e Potential volta e / Potential difference
Potential voltage = work/charge
][][
][
][
][][ 22/32/12/1
2/12/12/1
=== TLMLM
TML
Q
WE
f) Capacitance, C
][][
QC =
][][
][ 2112/12/12/1
TLLM
C
==
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MKSUnitSystemMKSUnitSystem urren
[I] = [-1/2M1/2L1/2T-1]
MKS unit for current/ C.G.S. unit for current
1
12/12/12/17
1011100100010
=
MKS current unit = 10-1 C.G.S. current unit = 1 A
c) Emf
= 1/2 1/2 3/2 -2
MKS unit for emf / C.G.S. unit got e.m.f =
8
12/32/12/17
1011
1
1
100
1
1000
1
10=
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MKSUnit
SystemMKS
Unit
System
d) Resistance, R-
. . .
9
17
101110010 =
MKS resistance unit= 109 C.G.S. resistance unit = 10 G
e) Inductance, L
MKS unit for inductance / C.G.S. unit for inductance9
7
1011
100
1
10=
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MKS inductance unit = 109 C.G.S. inductance unit = 10 GH
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MKSUnitSystemMKSUnitSystem
f) Capacitance, C
= -1 -1 2
MKS unit for capacitance / C.G.S. unit for capacitance =
9
2117
1011
1
1
100
1
10
=
MKS capacitance unit = 10-9 C.G.S. capacitance unit = 10 nF
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PracticalUnitPracticalUnit
No Quantity Practical Symbol Noofe.m.C.G.S. unitin Definition
Unit onepracticalunit
1 Charge Coulumb Q 101
Q =It
urrent mpere
3 Voltage Volt E 108 E =IRes s ance m
5 Inductance Henry L 109 E=Ldl/dt =
7 Power Watt P 1 Watt=107 energy/sec
7
1kWh=3.6 103 erg
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MKSUnitSystemMKSUnitSystem
Example
While solving for Hay Bridge
22CRRR
2
2
2
1
21 RCx
+=
In E.M.U dimension,
R, R1, R2, R3 = [LT-1]
C = [-1L-1T2] =[T-1]
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MKSUnit
SystemMKS
Unit
System
Example (cont.)
analyse the equation using dimensional analysis
22212
1321
1 RC
CRRRR x
+=
][][][][[][ 2211111211
TLLTLTLTT
][][][1
422312
21221121+
LTTLT
]][][[1 2224222+=
TLTLT
11 +=
LT
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whichallhavestateduncertainties.Thisensuresthata
measurementresultorthevalueofastandardisrelatedto
referencesatthehigherlevels,endingattheprimary
standard.
Anendusermayobtaintraceabilitytothehighest
international level either directl from a National Metrolo
Instituteorfrom secondarycalibrationlaboratory.
,
traceabilitymaybebeobtainedfromlaboratoriesoutsidethe
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TheTraceability
ChainThe
Traceability
Chain
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TraceabilityTraceability CalibrationCalibration
Traceability is a characteristic of a calibration or ameasurement. A basic tool in ensuring the traceability of ameasurement is the calibration of a measuring instrument or
.characteristics of an instrument or reference material. It isachieved by means of a direct comparison againstmeasurement stan ar s or certi ie re erence materia s.Acalibration certificate is issued and in most cases, a sticker is
Threemainreasonsforhavinganinstrumentcalibrated:
. oensurerea ngs romt e nstrumentarecons stentw t ot er
measurements.2. Todeterminetheaccuracyoftheinstrumentreadings.
3. Toestablishthereliabilityoftheinstrumenti.e.thatitcanbetrusted.
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TraceabilityTraceability
a ona e ro ogy ns u e, san ns u e es gna e
bynational
decision
to
develop
and
maintain
national
.
Somecountriesoperateacentralisedmetrologyorganisation
w one . e may evo ve ema n enanceo
specificstandardstocertainlaboratorieswithoutthesehaving
.
organisationwithamultiplicityofinstitutes,allhavingthe
.
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TraceabilityTraceability
TheRoleofMetrologicalInstitutions
Theworldeconomyandthequalityofoureverydaylifedependon
reliable measurementsandtestswhicharetrusted andaccepted
internationallyandwhichdonotformabarriertotrade.
Inadditiontothoseregulationsrequiringlegallyverified
instruments,manyregulatedareasrequiremeasurementsand
testingtoassesscompliance,eitherwiththeregulationsor
. . , ,
environmentalandpollutioncontrolandthesafetyofchildrensto s.Data ualit measurementsandtestin areanim ortant art
ofmanyregulations.
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TraceabilityTraceability
NationalMetrologyInstitutesandotherorganisationsprovide
adviceandguidanceonmeasurementissuestotheusers.
Regulatoryguidetobestmeasurement,practiseMeasurementmay
berequiredatanystageduringtheregulatoryprocess. Goodregulationsrequireanappropriateapproachto
measurement/testingwhen
Establishingtherationaleforlegislation
Writingtheregulationandestablishingthetechnicallimits
undertakingmarketsurveillance
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TraceabilityTraceability
Accreditedlaboratories
Accreditationisathirdpartyrecognitionofalaboratorystechnicalcompetence,qualitysystemandimpartiality.Publicaswellasprivate
laboratoriescanbeaccredited.Accreditationisvoluntary,butanumberofinternational,Europeanandnationalauthoritiesassurethequalityoftestingandcalibrationlaboratorieswithintheirareaofcompetencebyrequiringaccreditationbyanaccreditationbody.
Insomecountries,forexample,accreditationisrequiredforlaboratories
stores.Accreditationisgrantedonthebasisoflaboratoryassessmentandregularsurveillance.
, . .
ISO/IEC17025Generalrequirementsforthecompetenceoftestingandcalibrationlaboratories,andtechnicalspecificationsandguidelinesrelevantor e n v ua a ora ory.
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TraceabilityTraceability
Designatednationallaboratories
DesignatedlaboratoriesinmostcountriesarenominatedbytheNMIin
fieldsandinaccordancewiththemetrologicalpolicyofthecountry
Therefore accreditation bodies have internationall and re ionall a reed
multilaterial agreementsofeachotherssystemsandofcertificatedand
testreportsissuedbytheorganisationsaccredited.