Skripta_Engleski

8/10/2019 Skripta_Engleski

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Terzi Milica

Engleski jezik 1

Skripta

Beograd

Semptembar, 20111


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Sadraj:

The Simple Present Tense ..................................................................................... 4

The Present Continuous Tense ............................................................................... 6

Verbs not Used with Continuous Tenses .......................................................... 8

The Simple Past Tense ........................................................................................... 8

The Past Continuous Tense ................................................................................... 10

Adjectives ending in -ED and -ING ........................................................................ 12

Comparison of Adjectives ...................................................................................... 13

The Future Simple Tense ....................................................................................... 14

Be+Going to+Infinitive .................................................................................. 15

Prepositions of Place .............................................................................................. 16

Prepositions of Time ............................................................................................... 17

Reflexive Pronouns ................................................................................................. 18

The Present Perfect Simple Tense ......................................................................... 18

Past Simple and Present Pefrect ...................................................................... 21

Modal Verbs ............................................................................................................ 21

The Past Perfect Simple Tense .............................................................................. 23

Countable and Uncountabnle Nouns ..................................................................... 25

Quantifiers.................................................................................................... 25

Articles ................................................................................................................... 26

The Indefinite Article ..................................................................................... 26

The Definite Article ........................................................................................ 26

No Article ..................................................................................................... 27

Verb Patterns .......................................................................................................... 28

Defining Relative Clauses ...................................................................................... 28

Reported Speech .................................................................................................. 29Statements ................................................................................................. 29

Questions .................................................................................................... 30

Orders ........................................................................................................ 31

Conditional Sentences ........................................................................................... 31

The First Conditional ..................................................................................... 31

The Second Conditional ................................................................................. 32

The Third Conditional .................................................................................... 32

The Passive Voice .................................................................................................. 33

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Literatura ...............................................................................................................35

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Do you work? Yes, you do / No, you dont .Does he work? Yes, he does / No, he doesntDoes she work? Yes, she does / No, she doesntDoes it work? Yes, it does / No, it doesnt

Do we work? - Yes, we do / No, we dontDo you work? Yes, we do / No, we dontDo they work? Yes, they do /No, they dontUpitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Where do I work? Gde ja radim? Where do we work? Gde mi radimo?Where do you work? Gde ti radi? Where do you work? Gde vi radite?Where does he work? Gde on radi?Where does she work? Gde ona radi?Where does it work? Gde ono radi?

Where do they work? Gde oni rade?

Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagola do (odnosno does za tree lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

Odrini oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I do not (don't) work Ja ne radim We do not (don't) work Mi ne radimoYou do not (don't) work Ti ne radi You do not (don't) work Vi ne raditeHe does not (doesn't) work On neradiShe does not (doesn't) work Ona neradi

It does not (doesn't) work Ono neradi

They do not (don't) work Oni ne rade

Upotreba:

Prosto sadanje vreme se koristi za:

Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, obiaji, rutine)

I get up at 6 o'clock. (Ja ustajem u 6 sati.)She wears a uniform at work. (Ona nosi uniformu na poslu.)

The English drink tea at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. (Englezi piju aj u 5 sati popodne.)U ovom smislu se mogu koristiti i prilozi i fraze za uestalost (rei koje oznaavaju koliko estose deava radnja). To su:Always (uvek), usually (obino), often (esto), sometimes (ponekad), never (nikad),every day (svakog dana), every month (svakog meseca), every year (svake godine) i sl.Zatim, once a year (jedanput godinje), twice a day (dvaput dnevno), three times a week(triput nedeljno) i sl.Prilozialways , usually , often , sometimes , never dolaze pre glavnog glagola u potvrdnomobliku. Fraze every day , every month , twice a year , itd. najee dolaze na kraju reenice.

I always go to school at 8 o'clock in the morning. (Ja uvek idem u kolu u 8 sati ujutru.)She usually drinks tea in the evening. (Ona obino pije aj uvee.)We never eat in the living room. (Mi nikad ne jedemo u dnevnoj sobi.)

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Opte istine (neto to je uvek tano):

People change money in banks. (Ljudi menjaju novac u bankama.)A day has 24 hours. (Dan ima 24 asa.)The Earth goes around the Sun. (Zemlja se okree oko Sunca.)The Sava flows into the Danube. (Sava se uliva u Dunav.)

Karakteristike subjekta:

He speaks English very well. (On dobro govori engleski.)My sister plays the piano . (Moja sestra svira klavir.)

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (SADANJE TRAJNO VREME)

Sadanje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostomsadanjem vremenu (Present Simple Tense), tj. is/am /are + sadanji particip (presentparticiple) glavnog glagola.Sadanji particip se gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak ing :

go go ing sleep sleep ingwork working

Ako se glagol zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak, naglaen samoglasnik,krajnji se suglasnik ispred ing udvostruava. Na primer:

hit udariti particip: hi tt ingstop prestati particip: sto pp ingpermit dopustiti particip: perm itt ingbegin poeti particip: begi nn ingKrajnje l se uvek uvostruava.Npr.:

trave l putovati particip: trave lling

Potvrdni oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I am working Ja radim We are working Mi radimoYou sre working Ti radi You are working Vi raditeHe is working On radiShe is working Ona radiIt is working Ono radi

They are working Oni rade

Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Am I working? Da li ja radim? Are we working? Da li mi radimo?Are you working? Da li ti radi? Are you working? Da li vi radite?Is he working? Da li on radi?Is she working? Da li ona radi?Is it working? Da li ono radi?

Are they working? Da li oni rade?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

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Am I working? Yes, I am / No, I'm notAre you working? Yes, you are / No, you arent .Is he working? Yes, he is / No, he isntIs she working? Yes, she is / No, she isntIs it working? Yes, it is / No, it isnt Are we working? - Yes, we are / No, we arentAre you working? Yes you are / No, you arent Are they working? Yes, they are / No, they arent

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Where am I working? Gde ja radim? Where are we working? Gde mi

radimo?Where are you working? Gde ti radi? Where are you working? Gde vi

radite?Where is he working? Gde on radi?

Where is she working? Gde ona radi?Where is it working? Gde ono radi?

Where are they working? Gde oni

rade?

Odrini oblik sadanjeg trajnog vremena se gradi od odrinog oblika pomonog glagolaTO BE u sadanjem vremenu i sadanjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola.

Odrini oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I am not (I'm not) working Ja neradim

We are not (aren't) working Mi neradimo

You are not (aren't) working Ti ne

radi

You are not (aren't) working Vi ne

raditeHe is not (isn't) working On ne radiShe is not (isn't) working Ona neradiIt is not (isn't) working Ono ne radi

They are not (aren't) working Onine rade

Upotreba:

Sadanje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se koristi za:

Radnju koja se deava u trenutku govora, te se stoga uz njega esto nalaze vremenskeodrednice now (sada) i at the moment (u ovom trenutku).

She is reading a book at the moment. (Ona trenutno ita knjigu.)

Privremenu radnju

We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to buy. (ivimo u kui mojesestre dok ne naemo novu kuu da kupimo.)

Planove vezane za budunost.

I am visiting my sister next weekend. (Sledeeg vikenda u posetiti svoju sestru.)

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GLAGOLI KOJI SE NE UPOTREBLJAVAJU U PRESENT CONTINUOUS-u

Jedan broj glagola najee ne moe da bude upotrebljen u trajnim vremenima. Najvaniji odnjih su:

hear uti, see videti , taste okusiti , smell mirisati, remember setiti se ,understand razumeti , wish eleti , want hteti, know znati itd. Npr.:

Oni su, umesto u present continuous tense-u koriste u present simple tense-u.

I hear a noise in the next room. (ujem nekakvu buku u susednoj sobi.)Stop! Don't you see the red light? (Stani! Zar ne vidi crveno svetlo?)This cake tastes good. (Ovaj kola ima dobar ukus.)Do you remember our first dance? ( Sea li se naeg prvog plesa?)I wish you a lot of happiness. (elim vam mnogo sree.)I know that you don't understand me. (Znam da me ne razumete).

Neki od datih glagola menjaju znaenje u present continuous tense-u:

I see a boy in the garden. (Vidim deaka u dvoritu.)She is seeing Milan. (Ona se via sa Milanom.)

I dont hear you. Could you repeat it, please. (Ne ujem te. Moe li da ponovi, molim te.)I am hearing from him twice a month. (ujem se s njim dva puta meseno.)

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (PROSTO PROLO VREME)

Prosto prolo vreme (Simple Past Tense) pravilnih glagola se gradi od osnovnog oblikaglagola (infinitiv bez to ) i nastavka ed.

Potvrdni oblikJednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I worked Ja sam radio We worked Mi smo radiliYou worked Ti si radio You worked Vi ste radiliHe worked On je radioShe worked Ona je radilaIt worked Ono je radilo

They worked Oni su radili

Ako se infinitiv glagola zavrava na e , nastavak glasi d Primer:He closed (close zatvoriti)

Ako se glagol zavrava na y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, y prelazi u i. Primer:He cried (cry -plakati)

Ako je ispred y samoglasnik, nema promene.She played (play igrati)He stayed (stay ostati)

Ukoliko se infinitiv zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred koga je kratak, naglaen samoglasnik,taj krajnji suglasnik se udvostruava pred nastavkom za prosto prolo vreme.plan pla nn ed (planirati)stop sto pp ed (zaustaviti)

Nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike za prolo vreme i oni se ue napamet.

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osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

Odrini oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I did not (didn't) work Ja nisam radio We did not (didn't) work Mi nismo

radiliYou did not (didn't) work Ti nisi radio You did not (didn't) work Vi nisteradiliHe did not (didn't) work On nije radioShe did not (didn't) work Ona nijeradilaIt did not (didn't) work Ono nije radilo

They did not (didn't) work Oni nisuradili

Nepravilni glagoli grade odrini oblik na isti nain.

Upotreba:

Prosto prolo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je zavrena u prolosti. Karakteristine vremenske odrednice uz koje se upotrebljava su:

Yesterday jue, the day before yesterday prekjue, two years ago pre dve godine,three hours ago pre tri sata, last Monday prolog ponedeljka, last year prolegodine, in 1977 1977.-e i sl.

I worked in a shop last year. (Radio sam u prodavnici prole godine.)My brother finished his homework an hour ago. (Moj brat je zavrio domai pre satvremena.)Last week we decided to buy a new house. (Prole nedelje smo odluili da kupimo novukuu.)

Sandra closed the window a few minutwes ago. (Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre nekolikominuta.)My father built this house in 1997. (Moj otac je sagradio ovu kuu 1997.-e)The day before yesterday Marko bought a nice hat. (Prekjue je Marko kupio lep eir.)

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROLO TRAJNO VREME)

Prolo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostomprolom vremenu, tj. was/were i sadanjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola.

Potvrdni oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I was working Ja sam radio We were working Mi smo radiliYou were working Ti si radio You were working Vi ste radiliHe was working On je radioShe was working Ona je radilaIt was working Ono je radilo

They were working Oni su radili

Upitni oblik glagola u prolom trajnom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdnioblik) pomonog glagola TO BE (u prolom vremenu) i line zamenice.

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Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Was I working? Da li sam ja radio? Were we working? Da li smo mi

radili?Were you working? Da li si ti radio? Were you working? Da l i ste viradili?Was he working? Da li je on radio?Was she working? Da li je ona radila?Was it working? Da li je ono radilo?

Were they working ? Da li su oniradili?


Was I working? Yes, I was / No, I wasntWere you working? Yes, you were / No, you werent .Was he working? Yes, he was / No, he wasntWas she working? Yes, she was / No, she wasntWas it working? Yes, it was / No, it wasnt Were we working? - Yes, we were / No, we werentWere y ou working? Yes, you were /No, you werentWere they working? Yes, they were / No, they werent


Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Where was I working? Gde sam jaradio?

Where were we working? Gde smomi radili?

Where were you working? Gde si ti

radio?

Where were you working? Gde ste

vi radili?Where was he working? Gde je onradio?Where was she working? Gde je onaradila?Where was it working? Gde je onoradilo?

Where were they working? Gde suoni radili?

Odrini oblik prolog trajnog vremena se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagola TO BE uprolom vremenu i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola.

Odrini oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I was not (I wasn't) working Janisam radio

We were not (weren't) working Minismo radili

You were not (weren't) working Tinisi radio

You were not (weren't) working Viniste radili

He was not (wasn't) working On nijeradioShe was not (wasn't) working Onanije radilaIt was not (wasn't) working Ono nijeradilo

They were not (weren't) working Oni nisu radili

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Upotreba:

Prolo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se koristi za:

Radnju koja je u prolosti due vreme trajala:

She was reading a book all day yesterday. (Ona je ceo dan jue itala knjigu.)

Dve radnje koje su se u prolom vremenu paralelno deavale:

While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework. (Dok sam ja gledao TV,moja sestra je radila svoj domai.)

Prolu radnju koja je due trajala a prekinuta je nekom drugom prolom radnjom. Tadruga radnja se obino izraava prostim prolim vremenom (past simple tense):

I was watching TV when the telephone rang. (Ja sam gledao TV kada je telefon

zazvonio.)When we arrived they were playing cards. (Kada smo stigli oni su igrali karte.)

Napomena : Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u PastContinuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obino koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u.

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ING OR ED (PRIDEVI KOJI SE ZAVRAJU NAING ILI -ED)

-ing pridevi (adjectives) opisuju situaciju, osobu ili stvar:an interesting life interesantan ivota boring teacher dosadan profesoran exciting film uzbudljiv film

-ed pridevi (adjectives) opisuju kako se neko osea:Im very interested in modern art. (Ja sam veoma zainteresovan za modernu umetnost.)We were bored at the end of the lesson. (Bilo nam je dosadno na kraju lekcije.)Shes excited about going on holiday tomorrow. (Ona je uzbuena zbog sutranjeg odlaska naodmor.)

Evo jo nekoliko primera:

Im confused by this confusing letter. (Ja sam zbunjen ovim zbunjujuim pismom.)I am boring. (Ja sam dosadan.)I am bored. (Meni je dosadno.)She was very surprised when he came. (On je bila veoma iznenaena kada je on doao.)It was very surprising that he came. (Bilo je veoma iznenaujue to je on doao.)

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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (POREENJE PRIDEVA)

Kod jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih prideva komparativ se gradi dodavanjem sufiksa er, asuperlativ dodatkom sufiksa est. Ispred superlativa se koristi odreeni lan the .old older the oldest (star, stariji, najstariji)smart smarter the smartest (pametan, pametniji, najpametniji)

Pridevi koji se zavravaju na y ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, menjaju y u i.friendly friendlier the friendliest (ljubazan, ljubazniji, najljubazniji)

Jednosloni pridevi sa kratkim samoglasnikom udvajaju poslednji suglasnik u poreenju.big bigger the biggest (velik, vei, najvei)thin thinner the thinnest (mrav, mraviji, najmraviji)

Viesloni pridevi se porede na sledei nain: komparativ se gradi dodatkom priloga more asuperlativ dodatkom priloga most.beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful (lep, lepi, najlepi)popular more popular the most popular (popularan, popularniji,najpopularniji)

Ovakvo poreenje se jo naziva i sloeno poreenje. U okviru sloenog poreenja moemorazlikovati pozitivno i negativno poreenje. Pozitivno poreenje govori o tome da jedansubjekat u veoj meri sadri navedenu osobinu.She is more intelligent than her sister. (Ona je inteligentnija od njene sestre.)

Negativno poreenje govori o tome da jedan subjekat u manjoj meri sadri navedenu osobinu.Belgrade is a less dangerous place than New York. (Beograd je manje opasno mesto odNjujorka.)

Neki pridevi mogu da se porede i uz pomo sufiksa i uz pomo prilogacommon commoner the commonest (obian, obiniji, najobiniji)

more common the most commonRazliku izmeu dva subjekta moemo iskazati i sa different from .Belgrade is different from New York. (Beograd je drugaiji od Njujorka.)

Poreenje po jednakosti znai da dva subjekta u istoj meri poseduju neku osobinu. U tu svrhukoristimo as pridev... as.Mary is as beautiful as her sister. (Meri je lepa kao njena sestra.)He is as smart as I am. (On je pametan kao ja.)

Neki pridevi se porede nepravilnogood, better, the best (dobar, bolji, najbolji)bad, worse, the worst (lo, gori, najgori)little, less, the least (malo, manje, najmanje)much, more, the most (mnogo, vie, najvie)many, more, the most (mnogo, vie, najvie)

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THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (PROSTO BUDUE VREME)

Future Simple Tense (Prosto budue vreme) se gradi od modalnog glagola will iosnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez to ).

Potvrdni oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I will (Ill) work Ja u raditi We will (Well) work Mi emo raditiYou will (Youll) work Ti e raditi You will (Youll) work Vi ete raditiHe will (Hell) work On e raditiShe will (Shell) work Ona e raditiIt will (Itll) work Ono e raditi

They will (Theyll) work Oni eraditi

Upitni oblik glagola u Future Simple Tense -u se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdnioblik) modalnog glagola will i line zamenice


Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Will I work? Da li u ja raditi? Will we work? Da li emo mi raditi?Will you work? Da li e ti raditi? Will you work? Da li ete vi raditi?Will he work? Da li e on raditi?Will she work? Da li e ona raditi?Will it work? Da li e ono raditi?

Will they work? Da li e oni raditi?


Will I work? Yes, I will / No, I wontWill you work? Yes, you will / No, you wont .Will he work? Yes, he will / No, he wontWill she work? Yes, she will / No, she wontWill it work? Yes, it will / No, it wont

Will we work? - Yes, we will / No, we wontWill you work? Yes we will / No, we wontWill they work? Yes, they will/ No, they wont


Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Where will I work? Gde u ja raditi? Where will we work? Gde emo miraditi?Where will you work? Gde e tiraditi?

Where will you work? Gde ete viraditi?

Where will he work? Gde e onraditi?Where will she work? Gde e onaraditi?Where will it work? Gde e onoraditi?

Where will they work? Gde e oniraditi?

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Odrini oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I will not (wont) work Ja neuraditi

We will not (wont) work Mi neemoraditi

You will not (wont) work Ti neeraditi

You will not (wont) work Vi neeteraditi

He will not (wont) work On neeraditiShe will not (wont) work Onanee raditiIt will not (wont) work Ono neeraditi

They will not (wont) work Oni neeraditi

Upotreba:

Prosto budue vreme (future simple tense) koristimo:

da bismo govorili o radnjama koje predviamo da e se desiti u budunosti (futurepredictions).

She will travel to Jamaica next year. (Ona e putovati na Jamajku sledee godine.)Will it rain tomorrow? (Hoe li padati kia sutra?)

za odluke donete u trenutku govora.

A: We ran out of sugar. B: I will go and buy some. (Nestalo nam je eera.) (Otii u i kupiu ga.)

Za razliku od prostog budueg vremena o ijoj je upotrebi bilo rei, kada govorimo o svojim

planovima i odlukama donetim ranije , koristimo konstrukcijuBE+GOING TO+INFINITIVE

A: Ive got a headache. B: I will get you an aspirin. (Boli me glava.) (Doneu ti aspirin.)(Odluka koja nije mogla biti doneta ranije jer B nije znao da A boli glava.)

I bought the tickets for the cinema. Im going to see a film . (Kupio sam karte zabioskop. Ii u da gledam film.)(im je kupio karte znai da je odluku doneo pre trenutka govora, odnosno da je planirao.)

Ponekad je razlika izmeu upotrebe ova dva naina izraavanja budunosti veoma mala.Kada koristimo going to konstrukciju, mi znamo da e se neto desiti na osnovuneega to sada moemo jasno videti, dakle iznosimo predvianje zasnovano na nekomdokazu .

Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. (Pogledaj te sive oblake. Pae kia.)I feel terrible. I think I`m going to be sick. (Oseam se grozno. Mislim da e mi pozliti.)

U situacijama kada je verovatnoa da e se radnja desiti manja, bolje je koristitiwill+inifinitiv.

Marko will probably arrive at about 6 o`clock. (Marko e verovatno stii oko 6 sati.)

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PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (PREDLOZI ZA MESTO)

Kao predlog za mesto at slui da odredi mesto gde se neto deava.at the football match (na fudbalskoj utakmici)at school (u koli)at the party (na zabavi)at work (na poslu)at university (na univerzitetu)at the concert (na koncertu)at Jane's (house) (kod Dejn)at the doctor's (kod doktora)at the door (na vratima)Zapamtite:at the traffic lights (na semaforu)at the desk (za stolom)at the top (na vrhu)at the bottom (na dnu)

Kao predlog za mesto in se koristi za gradove i drave.in London (u Londonu)in France (u Francuskoj)Zapamtite da se kae in the world (na svetu), in a picture (na slici), in a street (na ulici),in the mirror (u ogledalu)

Razlika u upotrebi at i in za mesto je u tome to in insistira na unutranjosti zgrade, a at moeznaiti unutra, neposredno ispred, neposredno izaI'll meet you at the theatre. (Nai emo se u pozoritu / kod pozorita)I'll meet you in the theatre. (Nai emo se u pozoritu u unutranjosti zgrade)

Kada se koristi za mesto on znai na on the roof (na krovu)on the floor (na podu)on the wall (na zidu)

Predlog to se koristi da oznai pravac kretanja. Koristi se uz glagole kretanja.go to work (ii na posao)run to the office (trati do kancelarije)swim to the boat (plivati do amca)

Ako imenicihome prethodi glagol kretanja, ispred nje se ne koristi predlogI'm tired. I'm going home. (Umoran sam, idem kui.)Did you walk home? (Da li si hodao do kue?)

Ako imenici home prethode be, stay, do something , ispred nje dolazi at I'm staying at home this evening. (Ostajem kod kue ove veeri.)When I am at home, I usually watch TV. (Kada sam kod kue, obino gledam TV.)I like working at home. (Volim da radim kod kue.)

Kada idemo od jednog do drugog mesta koristimo from...toWe travel from Novi Sad to Budapest. (Mi putujemo od Novog Sada do Budimpete.)

Kada se govori o prevoznom sredstvu koristi se predlog by by bus (autobusom)by car (autom)

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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (POVRATNE ZAMENICE)

Povratna zamenica u srpskom jeziku se izraava pomou: SEBE ili SE i koristi se da seizrazi neto to je neko sam uinio, bez iije pomoi, uticaja ili krivice. Na primer: Ja sam SEposekao (Ja sam SEBE posekao). U engleskom jeziku, one po licima glase:

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)myself ourselvesyourself yourselveshimself themselvesherself itself

Primeri:Do it yourself . (Uradite to sami.)He's looking at himself in the mirror. (On se gleda u ogledalu.)He cut himself with a knife. (Posekao se noem.)Please, help yourselves . (Posluite se, molim vas.)Leyla had a nice time in London. She enjoyed herself . (Leyla se lepo provela u Londonu.Uivala je.)

Povratnu zamenicu koristimo i uz predlog by u znaenju alone (sam). She went on holiday by herself . (Ona je sama ila na odmor.)I made it by myself . ( Ja sam to sama napravila.)

Povratne zamenice mogu da budu uz sam subjekat ili na kraju reenice kada se koriste uznaenju lino.She herself wrote the story . ili She wrote the story herself . (Ona lino je napisala priu.)

Izraz each other znai jedno drugome, meusobno.They will help each other with the cleaning. (Pomoi e jedan drugome sa ienjem.)

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (SADANJE SVRENO PROSTOVREME)

Sadanje svreno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se gradi od glagola TOHAVE u sadanjem prostom vremenu, tj. have/has i prolog participa (past participle)glavnog glagola.Proli particip se kod pravilnih glagola gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak ed . Kodnepravilnih glagola proli particip ima drugaiji oblik (tzv. trea kolona):

play playedwork worked sleep slept

Potvrdni oblikJednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I have (I've)worked Ja sam radio We have (We've) worked Mi smo

radiliYou have (You've)worked Ti si radio You have (You've) worked Vi ste

radiliHe has (He's)worked On je radioShe has (She's) worked Ona je radilaIt has (It's) worked Ono je radilo

They have (They've) worked Oni suradili

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Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I have (I've) slept Ja sam spavao We have slept (We've) Mi smo

spavaliYou have (You've) slept Ti si spavao You have slept (You've) Vi ste

spavaliHe has slept (He's) On je spavaoShe has slept (She's) Ona je spavalaIt has slept (It's) Ono je spavalo

They have slept (They've) Oni suspavali

Upitni oblik glagola sadanjeg svrenog vremena se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdnioblik) pomonog glagola TO HAVE (u sadanjem vremenu) i line zamenice.


Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Have I worked? Da li sam ja radio? Have we worked? Da li smo mi

radili?Have you worked? Da li si ti radio? Have you worked? Da li ste vi radili?Has he worked? Da li je on radio?Has she worked? Da li je ona radila?Has it worked? Da li je ono radilo?

Have they worked? Da li su oniradili?


Have I worked?Yes, I have / No, I haven'tHave you worked? Yes, you have / No, you haven'tHas he worked? Yes, he has / No, he hasn't.Has she worked? Yes, she has / No, she hasn't .Has it worked? Yes, it has / No, it hasn't .

Have we worked? - Yes, we have / No, we haven't.Have you worked? Yes, you have / No, we haven'tHave they worked? Yes, they have / No, they haven't.


Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Where have I worked? Gde sam jaradio?

Where have we worked? Gde smomi radili?

Where have you worked? Gde si tiradio?

Where have you worked? Gde ste viradili?

Where has he worked? Gde je onradio?Where has she worked? Gde je onaradila?Where has it worked? Gde je onoradilo?

Where have they worked? Gde suoni radili?

Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika glagola have (odnosno has za tree lice jednine) iprolog participa glavnog glagola.

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Odrini oblikJednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I have not (haven't) worked Janisam radio

We have not (haven't) worked Minismo radili

You have not (haven't) worked Tine radi

You have not (haven't) worked Viniste radili

He has not (hasn't) worked On nijeradioShe has not (hasn't) worked Onanije radilaIt has not (hasn't) worked Ononije radilo

They have not (haven't) worked Oninisu radili

Upotreba:

Sadanje svreno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se koristi za:

Radnju koja je upravo zavrena, te se stoga uz njega esto nalazi vremenska odrednica just (upravo)

She has just gone out. (Ona je upravo izala.)

Radnju koja se desila u prolosti u neko neodreeno vreme:

I have travelled to America. (Putovao sam u Ameriku.)

Prolu radnju koja ima vidljive rezultate (posledice) u sadanjosti.

The lift has broken down. We have to use the stairs. (Lift se pokvario. Moramo da idemostepenicama.)I have washed the car. It looks lovely. (Oprao sam kola. Izgledaju odlino.)

Radnju koja se desila u prolosti ali je mogue da se ponovi u sadanjosti.

I have seen wolves in that forest. You can still see them sometimes. (Video samvukove u toj umi. Jo uvek ih ponekad moe videti.)

Radnju koja se deava u nezavrenom vremenskom periodu.Vremenski period koji traje esto je oznaen sa today, this morning / afternoon / evening / week / month / year / century, recently, lately...

I haven't seen him today. (Nisam ga danas video.)He has had a lot of bad luck recently. (U poslednje vreme nije imao mnogo sree.)

U ovom znaenju esto se javljaju i prilozi ever i never da oznae ivotna iskustvasubjekta.

He has never eaten Chinese food. (On nikada nije jeo kinesku hranu.)

Radnju koja je poela u prolosti i jo uvek traje. U tom smislu se koriste for i since .

For se koristi da oznai vremenski period u kojem radnja traje.We have lived here for 10 years. (ivimo ovde ve 10 godina.)

Since oznaava trenutak kada je radnja poela.They have been friends since their schooldays. (Oni su prijatelji jo od kolskih dana.)

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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE and PAST SIMPLE TENSE

Present Perfect Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile uneodreenom trenutku u prolosti.

Mary has travelled to America . (Meri je putovala u Ameriku.)I have broken my leg. (Slomila sam nogu.)

Past Simple e se upotrebiti kada imamo vremensku frazu koja nam jasno ukazuje nato kada se neto odigralo u prolosti.

Mary travelled to America last year . (Meri je putovala u Ameriku prole godine.)I broke my leg when I was ten . (Slomila sam nogu kad mi je bilo deset godina.)

Kada opisujemo odreeni dogaaj esto emo praviti kombinacije ova dva vremena.Kada navodimo injenicu do koje je dolo moemo upotrebiti Present Perfect. Ali vesvaka druga detaljnija informacija vezana za tu situaciju e biti izraena Past SimpleTense-om.

I have lost my wallet. (Izgubila sam novanik.)It happened in a supermarket . (To se desilo u supermarketu.)I came to the cashier but there wasn't a wallet in my bag. (Dola sam na kasu alinovanik nije bio u torbi.)I was desperate . (Bila sam oajna.)

Uz re when ide Past Simple Tense, jer se trai tano vreme u prolosti.

Have you ever been to England? (Da li si ikada bio u Engleskoj?)Yes, I have. (Da, jesam.)When did you go there? (Kada si iao tamo?)I went there three years ago. (Iao sam pre tri godine.)

MODAL VERBS (MODALNI GLAGOLI)

Modalni glagoli su glagoli nepotpunog znaenja, koji odgovaraju naim: moi, hteti, umeti,smetiU engleskom jeziku oni imaju tri vane karakteristike.1. trae dopunu u vidu infinitiva bez to2. imaju isti oblik za sva lica3. u odrinom i upitnom obliku ne koriste glagol to do, upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom

Must je jedan od modalnih glagola koji oznaava postojanje obaveze (obligation). To jenajee obaveza koja dolazi od prvog lica, tzv. unutranja obaveza.I must call my sister tonight. (Moram da pozovem sestru veeras.)She must win the competition. (Ona mora da pobedi na takmienju.)

Glagolska konstrukcija have to ima slino znaenje kao i must . Razlika je u tome to have tooznaava obavezu koja dolazi od drugog lica, tzv. spoljanja obaveza. To se uglavnom odnosina pravila i zakone koji su nam propisani.Children have to go to school. (Deca moraju da idu u kolu.)You have to fill in this form to get a visa. (Morate da ispunite ovaj formular da biste dobilivizu.)Glagol Have to se takoe koristi umesto glagola modalnog glagola must u prolom i buduemvremenu, jer must nema oblike za njih.You didn't have to come if you didn't want to. (Nisi morao da done ako nisi eleo.)

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Treba voditi rauna o tome da Have to nije modalni glagol.

Mustn't je odrian oblik glagola must i oznaava zabranu (prohibition).You mustn't smoke in the classroom. (Ne smete puiti u uionici.)We mustn't play with matches. (Ne smemo se igrati sa ibicama.)

Davanje ili oduzimanje dozvole se izraava i konstrukcijom be allowed to .We are allowed to enter the temple. (Dozvoljeno nam je da uemo u hram.)Ovom konstrukciojm moemo i zabranjivati.You are not allowed to smoke in the classroom. (Ne dozvoljava se da puenje u uionici.)

Neednt oznaava nepostojanje obaveze (lack of obligation). Umesto njega se moe koristitinot need to koji se moe menjati kroz vremena i nije modalni glagol.You neednt clean the floor. (Ne mora da oisti pod.)He doesnt need to play. (On ne mora da igra.)They didnt need to fix the car, yesterday. (Nisu morali da poprave kola jue.)

Can oznaava postojanje sposobnosti (ability) u sadanjosti dok can't oznaava nepostojanje

sposobnosti (lack of ability).I can play the guitar. (Umem da sviram gitaru.)She can't drive a car. (Ona ne ume da vozi auto.)

Could govori o sposobnosti koja je postojala nekada u prolosti. Couldn't oznaavanepostojanje sposobnosti u prolosti.Michael could climb trees as a child. (Majkl je mogao da se penje na drvee kao dete.)I couldn't read when I was 4. (Nisam umela da itam kada mi je bilo 4 godine.)

Za sposobnost ili mogunost u prolosti, koristi se jo i glagol be able toI wasn't able to come yesterday. (Nisam mogao jue da doem)

Razlika u upotrebi could i was/were able to se ogleda u tome to se could koristi zageneralnu sposobnost (general ability) u prolosti, dok was/were able to za sposobnost u nekojspecifinoj situaciji (ability on a specific occasion). (Kada ima znaenje uspeti neto uraditi =manage)I could climb a tree when I was younger. (Umeo sam da se popnem na drvo kada sam biomlai.)The prisoner was able to escape by climbing over the wall. (Zatvorenik je uspeo da pobegnetako to se popeo na zid.)Be able to se takoe koristi za budunost.I'll be able to come tomorrow. (Moi u sutra da doem.)

Can / can't moe znaiti i imati / nemati dozvolu (permission) da neto uradite.You can leave the room. (Moete da napustite prostoriju.)We can't vote when we are 16. (Ne moemo da glasamo ako imamo 16 godina.)

May / might se koriste da oznae verovatnou (probability) da e se neto desiti. Might nosineto manju mogunost da se radnja ostvari.It may rain. It is cloudy. (Moda e padati kia. Oblano je.)It might rain. It is still sunny.(Moda e padati kia. Jo uvek je sunano.)

Would se koristi za zamiljene situacije. esto se skrauje i glasi 'dWhere would you go? (Gde biste ili?)I'd stay at some hotel. (Odsela bih u nekom hotelu.)

Should / shouldn't (trebalo bi / ne bi trebalo) se koriste za davanje saveta, predloga,sugestija (advice, suggestions).

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Mary should go home. She has high temperature. (Meri bi trebalo da ode kui. Ima visokutemperaturu.)You shouldn't walk alone by night. It is dangerous. (Ne bi trebalo da eta sam nou. Opasno

je.)

Shall / shant se koristi za obeanja, sugestije, naredbe i pretnje (promises, suggestions,commands, threats)I shant forget where I came from. (Neu zaboraviti odakle sam doao.)Shall I help you? (Da li da ti pomognem?)He shall not have dinner. (On nee dobiti veeru.)

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (DAVNO PROLO PROSTO VREME)

Davno prolo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se gradi od pomonog glagolaTO HAVE prolom prostom vremenu (past simple tense-u), tj . had i prolog participa glavnogglagola.

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I had (Id) worked Ja sam bio radio We had (Wed) worked Mi smo biliradiliYou had (Youd) worked Ti si bioradio

You had (Youd) worked Vi ste biliradili

He had worked (Hed) On je bio radioShe had worked (Shed) Ona je bilaradilaIt had worked (Itd) Ono bilo je radilo

They had (Theyd) worked Oni subili radili

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I had (Id) slept Ja sam bio spavao We had (Wed) slept Mi smo bili

spavaliYou had (Youd) slept Ti si bio spavao You had (Youd)slept Vi ste bilispavali

He had (Hed) slept On je bio spavaoShe had (Shed) slept Ona je bilaspavalaIt had (Itd) slept Ono je bilo spavalo

They had (Theyd) slept Oni su bilispavali

Upitni oblik glagola u davnom prolom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdnioblik) pomonog glagola TO HAVE (u prolom vremenu) i line zamenice.

Upitni oblikJednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Had I worked? Da li sam ja bio radio? Had we worked? Da li smo mi bili

radili?Had you worked? Da li si ti bio radio? Had you worked? Da li vi ste bili

radili?Had he worked? Da li je on bio radio?Had she worked? Da li je ona bilaradila?Had it worked? Da li je ono biloradilo?

Had they worked? Da li su oni biliradili?

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Had I worked? Yes, I had / No, I hadn'tHad you worked? Yes, you had / No, you hadn'tHad he worked? Yes, he had / No, he hadn'tHad she worked? Yes, she had / No, she hadn'tHad it worked? Yes, it had / No, it hadn't

Had we worked? - Yes, we had / No, we hadn'tHad you worked? Yes, you had / No, we hadn'tHad they worked? Yes, they had / No, they hadn't


Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)Where had I worked? Gde sam ja bioradio?

Where had we worked? -Gde smo mibili radili?

Where had you worked? Gde si ti bioradio?

Where had you worked? Gde ste vibili radili?

Where had he worked? Gde je on bioradio?Where had she worked? Gde je onabila radila?Where had it worked? Gde je ono biloradilo?

Where had they worked? Gde su onibili radili?

Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika prolog vremena glagola have i prolog participaglavnog glagola.

Odrini oblik

Jednina (singular) Mnoina (plural)I had not (hadn't ) worked Ja nisambio radio

We had not (hadn't) worked Mi nismobili radili

You had not (hadn't) worked Ti nisi bioradio

You had not (hadn't) worked Vi nistebili radili

He had not (hadn't) worked On nijebio radioShe had not (hadn't) worked Onanije bila radilaIt had not (hadn't) worked Ono nijebilo radilo

They had not (hadn't) worked Oninisu bili radili

Upotreba:

Davno prolo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se upotrebljava za:

Radnju koja se zavrila pre neke druge prole radnje.

She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. (Odjednom je shvatila da je izgubilafoto aparat.)

The Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava u zavisnim reenicama uz after . Takoe se mogupojaviti i prilozi when i because .

After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. (Poto smo se popeli na vrh poelismo da oseamo umor.)

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His friend tried to help him after he had lost all his money. (Prijatelji su pokuali da mupomognu nakon to je izgubio sav svoj novac.)When he had finished his homework, he went to play. (Kada je zavrio domai, izaao jeda se igra.)Because he'd spent so much, he had very little money. (Poto je bio potroio toliko, imao

je vrlo malo novca.)

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (BROJIVE I NEBROJIVEIMENICE)

Brojive imenice (countable nouns) su imenice koje imaju mnoinu mogu se brojati.book knjiga books knjigechild dete children deca

Nebrojive imenice (uncountable nouns) nemaju mnoinu ne mogu se brojati.sugarmilklovemoney

QUANTIFIERS (IZRAZI ZA KOLIINU)SOME AND ANY

Koliina se moe iskazati neodreenim prilozima some i any .Some (nekoliko) se koristi u potvrdnim reenicama. Moe stajati isred brojivih imenica umnoini i ispred nebrojivih imenica.

She left some oranges on the table. (Ona je ostavila nekoliko narandi na stolu.)We need to buy some butter for the cake. (Treba da kupimo malo putera za tortu.)

Jedini sluaj kada se some upotrebljava u pitanjima jeste kada nekoga nudimo neim.

Would you like some coffee? (Da li bi htela kafu?)How about some oranges? (Hoe li narande?)

Any (ijedan, nijedan) se koristi u upitnim i odrinim reenicama ispred brojivih imenica umnoini i ispred nebrojivih imenica.

Are there any eggs in the fridge? (Ima li jaja u friideru?)There isn't any coffee left in the coffee box . (Nema nimalo kafe u kutiji za kafu.)

U potvrdnim reenicama any znai ma koji, bilo koji, svaki.

Any day suits me. (Odgovara mi bilo koji dan.)Give me any book you want. (Daj mi ma koju knjigu hoe.)Any man can understand that. (Svaki ovek moe to da razume.)

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ARTICLES (LANOVI)

NEODREENI LAN (INDEFINITE ARTICLE)

Neodreeni lan (indefinite article) a/an se ispred imenica koje poinju suglasnikom ita / / dok se ispred imenica koje poinju samoglasnikom ita kao / n /.a boy / boi /an egg / n eg /

Neodreeni lan se koristi da oznai lice ili stvar koje ne poznajemo ili koje po prvi putpominjemo. neodreeni lan se upotrebljava iskljuivo sa imenicama u jednini .

There is a boy in the street. (Neki deak se nalazi na ulici.)She put an apple on the table. (Stavila je jabuku na sto.)

Neodreeni lan se koristi ispred imenskog dela predikata i profesija.I am a student . (Ja sam student.)The ugly duckling became a beautiful swan. (Runo pae je postalo prelepi labud.)

ODREENI LAN (DEFINITE ARTICLE)Odreeni lan (definite article) the se isped imenica koje poinju suglasnikom izgovara kao

/ / dok se ispred imenica koje poinju samoglasnikom odreeni lan ita kao / i: /.

the book / buk /the eyes / i: z /

Odreeni lan se koristi za opisivanje odreenih, poznatih lica i stvari.

The man you met is my friend. (ovek kog si upoznao je moj prijatelj.)The book on the table is mine. (Knjiga na stolu je moja.)

Odreeni lan se koristi ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva.

She is the prettiest girl in the class. (Ona je najlepa devojka u razredu.)The first act of the play was the best. (Prvi in drame je bio najbolji.)

Odreeni lan se koristi da oznai pojmove od kojih samo jedan postoji na svetu.

the Earththe pastthe Sunthe weather

Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena reka, mora, okeana, planinskih venaca

the Savathe Adriatic seathe Atlanticthe Alps

Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena pripadnika narodnosti da oznai celu naciju.

the Frenchthe Swiss

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Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena javnih zgrada i institucija u gradu.

the Odeon Cinemathe National Museumthe Modern Art Gallerythe Globe Theatre

Odreeni lan se koristi ispred naziva instrumenata.

She plays the guitar. (Ona svira gitaru)

IZOSTAVLJANE LANA

lan se ne koristi

Sa imenicama u mnoini i nebrojivim imenicama kada govorimo uopteno o neemu

Apples are very good for your health.We drink coffee and tea .

Ispred imena jezika i obroka

She speaks French . (Ona govori francuski.)We had lunch with John. (Ruali smo sa Donom.)

Ispred imena igara i sportova

Marko plays chess very well. (Marko igra ah vrlo dobro.)Many people like playing basketball . (Mnogi ljudi vole da igraju koarku.)

Ispred linih imena i imena gradova

I live in New York . (Ja ivim u Njujorku)

U mnogim uobiajenim izrazima, kao to su

By day danju, po danuAt night nouAt home kod kueAt work na posluIn bed u krevetuBy car kolima

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VERB PATTERNS (GLAGOLSKI OBRASCI)

Odreeni glagoli zahtevaju iza sebe gerund (glagolska osnova+nastavak -ing). Takvi glagolisu:

love, like, hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, dislike kao i izrazi don't mind i can't stand

I love walking. (Ja volim da etam.)My sister likes reading. (Moja sestra voli da ita.)Women hate ironing. (ene mrze da peglaju.)My brother enjoys eating. (Moj brat uiva da jede.)Alexdoesn't mind getting up early. (Aleksi ne smeta da ustaje rano.)I can't stand waiting for a bus. (Ne podnosim da ekam autobus.)

Posle odreenih glagola dolazi to + infinitive . Takvi glagoli su:

want, decide, learn, need, hope i izrazi would like, would love, would hateI want to leave now. (elim da odem odmah.)He decided to drive to work. (On je odluio da vozi do posla.)Shes learning to fly. (Ona ui da leti.)She needs to pass her exam. (Njoj je potrebno da poloi ispit.)We would like to come tomorrow. (eleli bismo da doemo sutra.)

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (ODREDBENE ODNOSNE REENICE)

Odredbena odnosna reenica (defining relative clause) blie odreuje imenicu ilizamenicu na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne moe izostaviti jer bez nje reenica ili nemasmisao ili ga menja.

The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. (Policija je uhvatila lopova koji je ukraodragulje) who stole the jewels je odredbena odnosna reenica (defining relative clause).

Ove reenice poinju odnosnim zamenicama who, whose, whom, which, where, that.

Kada govorimo o ljudima, koristimo who ili that.I talked to the man who won the race. IliI talked to the man that won the race. (Razgovarao sam sa ovekom koji je pobedio utrci.)

Kada govorimo o stvarima ili ivotinjama koristimo which ili that .I liked the car which my father bought. IliI liked the car that my father bought. (Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.)

Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his, her, their...) koristimo whose(iji, ija, ije)

Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbouhood. (Marko je deak iji roditeljiive u naem kraju.)

Kada govorimo gde se neto odralo ili deavalo onda koristimo zamenicu where (gde).I saw the building where you had your party. (Video sam zgradu gde ste priredili urku.)I know where he stayed. (Znam gde je odseo.)

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We have made a cake. (Napravili smo tortu)They said that they have made a cake . (Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.)

Mark: Paul will do it. (Mark: Pol e to uraditi.)Mark said that Paul would do it. (Mark je rekao da e to Pol uraditi.)

Evo do kojih promena u vremenima dolazi pri slaganju vremena.

Present Simple Tense prelazi u Past Simple TensePresent Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Continuous TensePresent Perfect Tense prelazi u Past Perfect TensePresent Perfect Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect ContinuousTensePast Simple Tense prelazi u Past Perfect TensePast Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous TenseWill prelazi u WouldShall najee prelazi u WouldCan prelazi u CouldMight se ne menjaShould i Ought to se ne menjaju

Takoe se deavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama:Today postaje t hat dayYesterday postaje the day beforeThe day before yesterday postaje two days beforeTomorrow postaje the next day ili the following dayThe day after tomorrow postaje In two days` timeNext week postaje the following weekA year ago postaje a year before ili the previous year

Mary:I met him the day before yesterday. (Meri: Srela sam ga prekjue.)Mary said she had met him two days before. (Meri je rekla da ga je srela prekjue.)John: I`ll come tomorrow. (Don: Doi u sutra. )John said he would come the next day . (Don je rekao da e doi sutra.)

QUESTIONS (UPITNE REENICE)

Pre prebacivanju direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se rauna o tome da li je pitanje tipaYes/No (bez upitne rei) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom rei).

Reenice se uglavnom uvode glagolima ask (pitati), inquire (pitati, raspitivati se), want toknow (eleti znati), wonder (pitati se)

Ako se radi o Yes/No pitanjima nakon uvodnog glagola dolazi if (ili whether ) a zatimprepriano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena vai i ovde.

Ann: Are you English? (An: Da li ste vi Englezi?)Ann asked if they were English (An je pitala da li su oni Englezi.)

Obratite panju da je red rei iza if kao u potvrdnoj reenici.

Evo jo nekoliko primera:Sandra: Can John play the piano? (Sandra: Da li Don zna da svira klavir?)Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. (Sandra je htela da zna da li Donzna da svira klavir?) 30


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Mark : Do you work i na bank? (Mark: Da li radi u banci?)Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. (Marko je pitao da li radim u banci)

Mario: Has anyone been to Madrid? (Mario: Da li je iko bio u Madridu?)Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. (Mario je hteo da zna da li je iko biou Madridu.)

Ako se radi o Wh-pitanjima if nije potrebno. Wh- pitanja poinju upitnim reima when ,which , who , why ...

Ivana: Where does Mary live? (Ivana: Gde ivi Meri?)Ivana asked where Mary lived. (Ivana je pitala gde Meri ivi.)

Tom: Why has Ann gone? (Tom: Zato je An otila? )Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. (Tom je eleo da zna zato je An otila.)

ORDERS (NAREDBE)

Naredbe se najee uvode glagolom tell (rei). Jo se javljaju order , command (oba uznaenju narediti) dok se molbe uvode glagolom ask (zamoliti)

Glagol tell zahteva iza sebe direktan objekat .

Imperativ iz direktnog govora postaje infinitiv u indirektnom, dok negativni imperativ(prohibitiv) postaje negativni infinitiv.

Ann: Open the window. (An: Otvori prozor.)Ann told me to open the window. (An mi je rekla da otvorim prozor.)

Ann: Dont open the window. (An: Nemoj da otvori prozor.)Ann told me not to open the window. (An mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor.)

Tom: Please, pass me the glass, John. (Tom: Molim te, Done, dodaj mi au.)Tom: John, will you pass me the glass, please. (Done, da li bi mi dodao au, molimte.)Tom: John, could you pass me the glass, please. (Done, da li bi mogao da mi dodaau.)su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti nain, glagolom ask.

Tom asked John to pass him a glass. (To je zamolio Dona da mu doda au.)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (USLOVNE/POGODBENE REENICE)

Kondicionali (uslovne reenice) su zavisne reenice koje se uvode veznikom if (ako) . Uzavisnosti od toga kolika je mogunost za ostvarenje radnje svi kondicionali se dele na prvi ,drugi i trei kondicional .

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (PRVI KONDICIONAL)

Prvi kondicional se jo naziva i realni. Sam naziv kae da postoji velika mogunost zaostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj sloenoj reenici, razlikujemokondicionalnu (uslovnu) reenicu i glavnu reenicu.

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Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izraava u Present Simple Tense -u, dok se u glavnoj reenici javlja Future Simple (will + infinitiv bez to ) .

If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good mark . (Ako zavri domaizadatak na vreme, dobie dobru ocenu.)If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping . (Ako potroi sav novac, ona neeii u kupovinu).

Kao varijacije prvog kondicionala javljaju se sledee izmene.

Umesto oblika will+infinitiv mogu se javiti ostali modalni glagoli sa infinitivom .

If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread . (Ako eli da oslabi,trebalo bi / mora da jede manje hleba.)If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once. (Ako je sve u redu, moe odmahotii.)

U glavnoj reenici se moe desiti da se takoe javi Present Simple Tense . To se deava kadagovorimo o naunim injenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama.

If you heat ice it turns to water. (Ako zagreva led pretvorie se u vodu.)If there is an economy crisis prices go up. (Ako nastane ekonomska kriza cene rastu.)

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (DRUGI KONDICIONAL)

Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnou da e se radnja ostvariti iako to nijepotpuno nemogue.Uslov se izraava Past Simple Tense -om, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni glagolwould + infinitiv bez to .

If I had a map, I would lend it to you. (Kad bih imala mapu, posudila bih ti je.)If someone stole my car, I would call the police. (Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto, pozvala bihpoliciju.)Proli oblik glagola TO BE se esto u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kao WERE za sva lica.

If I were you, I wouldn`t do that. (Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.)

Varijacije se takoe mogu javiti u obliku modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would+infinitivu glavnoj reenici.

If I knew his number, I could ring him up . (Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da gapozovem.)If you tried again, you might succeed. (Kad bi ponovo pokuao, moda bi uspeo.)

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TREI KONDICIONAL)

Trei kondicional oznaava zamiljenu ili potupo nerealnu situaciju. On nam daje do znanjada vie ne postoji mogunost za ostvarenje radnje.Uslov se izraava Past Perfect Tense -om, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni glagolwould + proli infinitiv bez to .Proli infinitiv (perfect infinitive) je oblik infinitiva koji se gradi od glagola HAVE + PASTPARTICIPLE glavnog glagola, npr. have been, have gone, have taken ...

If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. (Da sam ga videla, rekla bih muvesti.)

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If someone had stolen my car, I would have called the police. (Da mi je neko ukraoauto, pozvala bih policiju.)

Varijacije se takoe mogu javiti u obliku razliitih modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would uglavnoj reenici.

If he had invited me, I might have come to the party. (Da me je pozvao, moda bih idola na zabavu.)If the police had come on time, they could have caught the burglar. (Da je policijadola na vreme, moda bi uhvatili provalnika.)

U uslovnoj reenici se takoe mogu javiti neke varijacije. Umesto Past Perfect Tense-a moe se javiti Past Perfect Continuous Tense.If we had been travelling by car, the accident might not have happened at all. (Dasmo putovali autom, moda do nesree ne bi ni dolo.)

THE PASSIVE VOICE (PASIV)

Glagoli imaju dva stanja: AKTIV ili radno stanje i PASIV ili trpno stanje.

Ako subjekat reenice vri radnju, onda je glagol u AKTIVUSomebody cleans the office every day. (Neko isti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.)

Ako subjekat reenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol u PASIVU.The office is cleaned every day. (Ova kancelarija se isti svakog dana.)Objekat aktivne reenice (the office) postaje subjekat pasivne reenice i dolazi na poetakreenice, a glavni glagol (clean) se stavlja u pasiv (is cleaned).

Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajueg oblika glagola to be i prolog participa (past participle)

glavnog glagola.Tako e u sadanjem vremenu pasiv glagola clean glasitiam cleaned, are cleaned, is cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica) a u prolom vremenuwas cleaned, were cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica)

Reenica koju smo imali u sadanjem vremenu, ovako bi izgledala u prolom.Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. (Neko je jue oistio ovu kancelariju.) (AKTIV)The office was cleaned yesterday. (Ova kancelarija je oiena jue.) (PASIV)

Ostala vremena pasiva

Present ContinuousSomebody is cleaning the office. (AKTIV)The office is being cleaned . (PASIV)

Past ContinuousSomebody was cleaning the office. (AKTIV)The office was being cleaned . (PASIV)

Present PerfectSomebody has cleaned the office. (AKTIV)The office has been cleaned . (PASIV)

Past PerfectSomebody had cleaned the office. (AKTIV)The office had been cleaned . (PASIV)

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Literatura

New English File Intrermediate, Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Oxford UniversityPress, 2007

New Headway Intermediate, Liz Soars, J. Soars, Oxford University Press, 2007

M. Terzi, Materijal sa predavanja u word formi na predmetu Engleski jezik 1, Visoka kolastrukovnih studija za informacione tehnologije

Documents

Skripta_Engleski