Slide 1 Figure 6-1 Page 101. Slide 2 Figure 6-2 Page 102 Cool air mass Warm air mass Cool air mass Anvil top Warm air mass

Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1

Figure 6-1Page 101


Figure 6-2Page 102

Coolair mass

Warm air mass

Cool air mass

Anvil top

Warm air mass


Figure 6-3Page 103

Descendingcool air

Severethunderstorm

Tornado forms whencool downdraft andwarm updraft of airmeet and interact

Risingwarm air

Severe thunderstormscan trigger a numberof smaller tornadoes

Risingupdraftof airWarm, moist air drawn in


Figure 6-4Page 104

Rising winds exitfrom the storm athigh altitudes.

The calm centraleye usually is about

24 kilometers(15 miles) wide.

Moist surface windsspiral in towards thecenter of the storm

Gales circle the eye at speedsof up to 320 kilometers

(200 miles) per hour.


Climate

the average weather patterns for an area overa long period of time (30 - 1,000,000 years).

is

It is determined by

Average Precipitation Average Temperatureand

which are influenced by

latitude altitude ocean currents

and affects

where people live how people livewhat they

grow and eat

Figure 6-6Page 105

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning


Polar (ice)

Subarctic (snow)

Cool temperate

Warm temperate

Dry

Tropical

Highland

Major upwelling zones

Warm ocean current

Cold ocean current

River

Figure 6-6Page 106


Animation

Click to view animation.

Ocean currents and climate animation.

Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Fall

(sun aims directly at equator)

Summer(northern hemisphere

tilts toward sun)

Spring(sun aims directly

at equator)

23.5º Winter(northern hemispheretilts away from sun)

Solarradiation

Figure 6-7Page 106



Animation

Air circulation and climate animation.


Figure 6-8Page 107

60ºN

30ºN

0º

30ºs

60ºS

Cold deserts

Westerlies Forests

Hot desertsNortheast trades

Forests

Equator

Hot deserts

Forests

Southeast trades

Westerlies

Cold deserts


Moist surface warmed by sun

Flows toward low pressure,picks up moisture and heat

Warm,dry air

Hot, wetair

Falls, is compressed, warms Rises, expands, cools

Heat releasedradiates to space

LOWPRESSURE

HIGHPRESSURE

Cool, dryair

Condensationand

precipitation

HIGHPRESSURE

HIGHPRESSURE

LOWPRESSURE

LOWPRESSURE

Figure 6-9Page 107

Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Cell 3 South

Cold,dry air falls

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 2 South

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 1 South

Moistair rises,cools, andreleasesmoistureas rain

Cell 1 North

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 2 North

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 3 NorthCold,dry airfalls

Polar cap

Arctic tundra

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

Polar cap

Evergreenconiferous forest

Temperate deciduousforest and grassland

Desert

Tropical deciduous forest

EquatorTropical rain forest


DesertTemperate deciduousforest and grassland

Figure 6-10Page 107



Animation

Air circulation interaction.


Wind

Movement ofsurface water

Diving birds

Nutrients

Upwelling

Fish

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Figure 6-11Page 108



Animation

Upwelling along western coasts animation.


Normal Conditions

Cold water

Warm water

Thermocline

SOUTHAMERICA

Warm waterspushed westward

AUSTRALIA

EQUATOR

Surface windsblow westward

Figure 6-12aPage 108


El Niño Conditions

Cold water

Thermocline

Warm waterWarm water deepens offSouth America

SOUTHAMERICA

Warm waterflow stoppedor reversed

AUSTRALIA

EQUATOR

Drought inAustralia andSoutheast Asia

Winds weaken,causing updraftsand storms

Figure 6-12bPage 108


El Niño

Unusually warm periods

Unusually high rainfall

Drought

Figure 6-13Page 109


Figure 6-14Page 110

(a) Rays of sunlight penetratethe lower atmosphere andwarm the earth's surface.

(b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incomingsolar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelengthinfrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the loweratmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into spaceas heat and some is absorbed by molecules ofgreenhouse gases and emitted as even longerwavelength IR radiation, which warms thelower atmosphere.

(c) As concentrations of greenhousegases rise, their molecules absorb andemit more infrared radiation, which addsmore heat to the lower atmosphere.



Greenhouse effect interaction.

Animation


Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean.

On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture.

On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture.

Moist habitats

Dry habitats

Figure 6-15Page 110

Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Slide 22Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)

Temperate grassland

Temperate deciduous forest

Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)

Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)

Tropical savanna,thorn forest

Tropical scrub forest


Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest

Desert

Ice

Mountains(complex zonation)

Semidesert,arid grassland

Tropic ofCapricorn

Equator

Tropic ofCancer

Figure 6-16Page 111


Figure 6-18Page 112

MountainIce and snow

Altitude

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

ConiferousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

ConiferousForest

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

Polar iceand snow

Latitude

Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Tropical desert(Saudi Arabia)

Figure 6-19a Page 113

Slide 25Slide 25Slide 25Slide 25Slide 25Temperate desert(Reno, Nevada)

Figure 6-19bPage 113

Slide 26Slide 26Slide 26Slide 26Slide 26Polar desert

(northwest China)

Figure 6-19cPage 113


Producer to primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondaryconsumer

Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer

All producers andconsumers todecomposers

Fungi

Gambel'squail

Red-tailed hawk

Collaredlizard

Jackrabbit

Yucca

Kangaroo ratKangaroo rat

AgaveAgave

RoadrunnerRoadrunner

Diamondback rattlesnakeDiamondback rattlesnakeDarklingbeetleDarklingbeetle

BacteriaBacteria

Pricklypearcactus

Pricklypearcactus

Figure 6-20Page 114


Figure 6-21Page 115

Natural Capital Degradation

Deserts

Large desert cities

Soil destruction by off-road vehicles and urban development

Soil sanitization from irrigation

Depletion of underground water supplies

Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction

Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes

Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity

Slide 29Slide 29Slide 29Slide 29Slide 29Tropical grassland (savanna)

(Harare, Zimbabwe)


Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Temperate grassland(Lawrence, Kansas)

Figure 6-22b Page 115

Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Polar grassland (arctic tundra)

(Fort Yukon, Alaska)



Dry Grassland Moist Grassland

Warthog Thompson'sgazelle

Waterbuck Grant's zebra

Beisa oryx

Topi

Cape buffalo Wildebeest



Dry Thorn Scrub Riverine Forest

Dik-dik East Africaneland

Blue duiker Greater kudu

Bushbuck

Black rhino

Giraffe

African elephant

Gerenuk







Fungi

Bacteria

Golden eagle

Prairiedog

Blue stemgrassBlue stemgrass

CoyoteCoyote

GrasshopperGrasshopper

GrasshoppersparrowGrasshoppersparrow

Pronghorn antelopePronghorn antelope

PrairieconeflowerPrairieconeflower

Figure 6-24Page 117


Figure 6-25Page 118

DO NOT POST TO INTERNET


Producer toprimaryconsumer

Primary to secondaryconsumer


All consumersand producers to decomposers

Lemming

Arcticfox

Horned lark

Mosquito

Grizzly bear

Long-tailed jaeger

Caribou

Willow ptarmiganWillow ptarmigan

Snowy owlSnowy owl

Dwarf willowDwarf willow

Mountain cranberryMountain cranberry

Moss campionMoss campion

Figure 6-26Page 119


Figure 6-27Page 120


Grasslands

Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland

Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland

Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock

Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles

Slide 38Slide 38Slide 38Slide 38Slide 38Tropical rain forest

(Manaus, Brazil)

Figure 6-28a Page 136

Slide 39Slide 39Slide 39Slide 39Slide 39Temperate deciduous forest

(Nashville, Tennessee)



Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga)(Moscow, Russia)







Fungi

Bacteria

Bromeliad

Ants

Tree frog

Green tree snake

Katydid

Climbingmonstera palm

Squirrelmonkeys

Blue andgold macaw

Harpyeagle

Ocelot

Slaty-tailedtrogon

Slaty-tailedtrogon

Figure 6-29Page 121



Animation

Interaction in a rainforest interaction.


Harpyeagle

Tocotoucan

Woolyopossum

Braziliantapir

Black-crownedantpitta

Shrublayer

Canopy

Emergentlayer

UnderstoryUnderstory

GroundlayerGroundlayer

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45H

eigh

t (m

eter

s)

Figure 6-30Page 122






Bacteria

Fungi

Wood frog

Racer

Shagbark hickory

White-taileddeer

White-footedmouse

White oak

Graysquirrel

Hairywoodpecker

Broad-wingedhawk

Long-tailedweaselLong-tailedweasel

May beetleMay beetle

MountainwinterberryMountainwinterberry

Metallic wood-boringbeetle and

Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae

Figure 6-31Page 123






Bacteria Bunchberry

Starflower

Fungi

Snowshoehare

Bebbwillow

Moose

Wolf

Balsam fir

Blue jay Greathornedowl

Greathornedowl

WhitespruceWhitespruce

Pine sawyer beetle and larvae

Pine sawyer beetle and larvae

MartenMarten

Figure 6-32Page 124


Figure 6-33Page 125


Forests

Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting

Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development

Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia

Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations

Damage to soils from off-road vehicles


Figure 6-34Page 126


Mountains

Landless poor migrating uphill to survive

Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs

Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing)

Air pollution from industrial and urban centers

Increased ultraviolet radi-ation from ozone depletion

Timber extraction

Mineral resource extraction

Soil damage from off-road vehicles



Animation

Coastal breezes interaction.



Animation

El Nino Southern Oscillation interaction.


Animation


Greenhouse effect interaction.



Animation

Biomes map interaction.



Animation

Prairie food web interaction.

Documents

Slide 1 Figure 6-1 Page 101. Slide 2 Figure 6-2 Page 102 Cool air mass Warm air mass Cool air mass Anvil top Warm air mass