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Slide 1
Leveraging ExamplesIn e-Learning
Chapter 11
Chapter 11 objectives
www.Clarktraining.com
Identify types of worked examples Design a faded worked example Add self-explanation questions Apply multimedia principles to design of worked
examples Design worked examples for far transfer learning
Agenda:
Introduction
What Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
What is a worked example?
A step-by-step demonstration of how to perform a task or
solve a problem.
Problem: From a ballot box containing 3 red balls and 2 white balls, two balls are randomly drawn. The chosen balls are not put back into the ballot box. What is the probability that the red ball is drawn first and a white ball is second?
Total number of balls: 5Number of red balls: 3Probability of red ball first 3/5 = .6
Total number of ballsafter first draw: 4(2 red and 2 white balls)
Probability of a white ball second: 2/4 = .5
Probability that a red ball is drawnfirst and a white ball is second: 3/5 x ½ = 3/10 = .3Answer:The probability that a red ball is drawn first and white ball is second is 3/10 or .3.
FirstSolutionStep
SecondSolutionStep
ThirdSolutionStep
Next
Dr. Chi: I have a lot of overweight patients in my practice, can you just highlight the contra-indications?Alicia: The key ones are pregnant or nursing mothers, any liver disease, and patients with a history of depression although your Lestratin drug sheet lists others. Are many of your overweight and obese patients already taking weight-reducing drugs?
Audio
A modeling worked example: Interpersonal
To estimate a solution, I work from the inside of the equation out. First I estimate the square root of 423 which will be a bit over 20. Then I multiply 20 by 2 to equal 40. Third I divide by …….
A modeling worked example: Cognitive
Slide 8
Borrowing knowledge
WORKEDEXAMPLES
Evidence for worked examples
Outcomes WE/Practice Pairs
All Practice
Training Time (sec)
32.0 185.5
Training Errors 0 2.73Test Time 43.6 78.1Test Errors .18 .36
- Sweller & Cooper, 1985
Agenda:
Introduction
What Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
Worked examples & expertise reversalLe
arni
ng O
utco
me
EXPERT
NOVICE
WORKED EXAMPLES NO WORKED EXAMPLES
WorkedExample
CompletionExample 1
CompletionExample 2
Assigned Problem
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Step 1Step 2Step 3
= Worked in Lesson
= Worked by the Learner
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Fading of worked examples
Problem: The bulb of Mrs. Dark’s dining room table is defective. Mrs. Darkhad 6 spare bulbs on hand. However, 3 of them are also defective. What is the probability that Mrs. Dark first replaces the original defective bulb with another defective bulb before then replacing it with a functioning one?
Total number of spare bulbs: 6Number of defective spare bulbs: 3Probability of a defective bulb first 3/6=1/2 = .5
Total number of spare bulbsAfter a first replacement trial: 5(2 defective and 3 functioning spares)
Probability of a functioning bulb second: 3/5 = .6
Probability of first replacing the original Please enterdefective dining room bulb with a defective ? The numericalbulb first and then replacing it with a answer below:functioning one:
FirstSolutionStep
SecondSolutionStep
ThirdSolutionStep
Next
Agenda:
Introduction
What Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
Problem: From a ballot box containing 3 red balls and 2 white balls, two balls are randomly drawn. The chosen balls are not put back into the ballot box. What is the probability that a red ball is drawn first and a white ball is second?
Total number of balls: 5Number of red balls: 3Probability of a defective bulb first 3/5= .6
FirstSolutionStep
Next
Please enter the letter of the rule/principleused in this step:
Probability Rules/Principles:
a) Probability of an eventb) Principle of complementarityc) Multiplication Principled) Addition Principle
Self-explanation question
Self-explanation question: modeled example
20
40
60
80
100
SD
From Experiment 2, Near Transfer learning, Atkinson et al (2003)
No QuestionsPro
port
ion
Cor
rect
With Questions
Better learning with SE questions addedWorked examples with self-explanation questions result in better learning than worked examples without questions
Active observation
Observation learning refers to watching a human tutor explain problems to a student.
Agenda:
Introduction
What Are Worked Examples?
Fading Principle
Self-Explanations Principle
Multimedia Principle
Transfer Principle
Topic: How to make information meaningful to students
Learners: Student teachers average age 27 years
Time: 50 minutes
- Moreno, Ortegano-Layne, 2008
Examples in text, video and animation
Which led to better learning?
Example in Video
Example in animation
Example in Text
2
4
5
6
Test
Sco
re0-
10
3
1
7
SDS
D
SD = significantdifference
No Example Text Video Animation EXAMPLE FORMAT
Based on data from Moreno & Ortegano-Layne, 2008
8
Interpret the results
1. Select a time of day
1. Select a timeof day
2. Locate the two dots directly above the time
3. Subtract the lowertemperature from the higher temperature
To Find Temperature Differences On Different Days
Adapted from Leahy, Chandler, and Sweller, 2003
Modality-contiguity in worked examples
Be sure to use content familiar to your learners in worked examples.
Use a familiar context or pretraining
If your goal is to teach a skill such as how to write a learningobjective, use content that is generally familiar as context foryour example.
Given bathroom tools, the learner will brush theirteeth to result in fewer than 3 spots with the reddye test.
Slide 25
Perform goals: Near Vs Far transfer
Near Far
To build procedural skillsRoutine tasks
To build strategic skillsProblem-solving tasks
Slide 26
The fortress and tumor problems
Slide 27
SolutionsFortress story Hint % who
solved tumor prob.
Not Given None 10%
Given None 30%
Given Given 75%
Varied context worked examples
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
SD
From Experiment 3, Quilici and Mayer (1996)
SD = significantdifference
Test
Sco
res
Different Context
Same Context
Varied context worked examples
Gentner, Lowewenstein and Thompson, 2003
Comparison Examples Lesson
Separate Examples Lesson
ShippingExample Travel
Example
Shipping Example
+Travel
Example
Active Comparison of Examples Lesson
ShippingExample
Shipping Example
+Travel
Examplewith questions
Display of worked example
20
40
60
80
100
SD
Active Comparison
Comparison
Adapted from Gentner, Loewenstein, and Thompson (2003)
Pro
port
ions
of P
airs
For
min
g S
afeG
uard
Con
trac
ts
Separate Cases
No Training
SD = significantdifference
Interpret results
Slide 32
Team Project 1. Develop a faded worked example with variedcontext examples that applies the multimediaprinciples. Add a self explanation question tothe first or second step. Assume audio is available.
2. Potential topics:a. Find the volume of a cylinder given thediameter and height. (V= ∏ r2 H)b. Dominant and recessive genesc. Excel formula for basic operations
RecapWorked examples that fade from a full
worked example into a full problem assignment
Worked examples accompanied by self-explanation questions
Work examples in which learners collaborate on solving a problem while viewing a tutor-tutee dialog about that problem (i.e., active observation)
Multiple varied-context worked examples for far transfer learning