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THE LEARNING PROCESS

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The Nature of Learning

“Learning is the acquisition, through maturation and experience, of new and more knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will enable the learner to make better and more adequate reactions, responses, and adjustments to new situations and conditions.”

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Types of Learning

Cognitive Learning Attitudinal or affective learning Psychomotor learning

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Types of Learning Cognitive Learning - The acquisition of

knowledge, facts, information, principles, ideas, concepts, understanding, reasoning, etc.

Associate learning - Establishing the relationship between words or ideas and their meanings, between words or ideas and the things that they refer to, between principles and the situations and conditions they are applied to, etc.

Problem-solving learning – Overcoming difficulties that hamper the achievement of a goal by using knowledge and skills acquired from other types of learning.

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Types of Learning Attitudinal or affective learning – The

formation of good and acceptable attitudes, judgments, appreciations and values.

Aesthetic learning Intellectual learning

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Types of Learning Psychomotor learning - This involves the use

of the muscles in bodily movement.

Bodily movement coordination - The harmonious functioning of the different parts of the body in order to achieve the preferred performance.

Manipulative dexterity - The adept use of hands and feet.

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The Tests of Learning Greater speed Greater precision and accuracy Reduced effort Less expense, hence more savings Greater knowledge, information, and ideas Greater understanding Greater facility of communication More logical reasoning Greater innovativeness and creativity Greater chance of employment

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Other Kinds of Learning

Direct Learning Indirect Learning

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Other Kinds of Learning

According to Burnham

Congenital Temporary Permanent

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Other Kinds of Learning

Others

Sensory learning Motor learning Verbal learning Ideational learning Attitudinal learning

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Theories of Learning

Trial and Error Association or Stimulus-Response Theories Cognitive Field Theories of Learning

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Theories of Learning Trial and Error - A series of responses are

conducted until the correct response is achieved

Association or Stimulus-Response Theories

1. Thorndike’s Connectionism Theory – based on the association between stimuli and responses.

Thorndike’s laws of learning: Law of readiness - When an organism is ready

to act, action is satisfying, inaction is annoying.

Law of exercise - Means that exercise or practice reinforces learning.

Law of effect - Learning is strengthened if it gives satisfaction to the learner. It is weakened if it gives annoyance to the learner.

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Theories of Learning 2. Conditioning Theories

Classical conditioning theory - This is demonstrated by the theory of Pavlov.

Operant conditioning theory - This theory was developed by Skinner. Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Negative factors

Social learning theory – This is the theory of Bandura and Wallace. Attention Retention Motoric reproduction Reinforcement

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Theories of Learning Cognitive Field Theories of Learning - Insight

and understanding are used in discovering the logical relationships of things and situations which are organized into a meaningful whole to solve a problem.

Kohler’s Theory Lewin’s Theory Bruner’s Theory of Learning

Acquisition Transformation Evaluation4 basic concerns to any learning situation Understanding Readiness Independence Motivation

Kohler’s Insight Theory

Gaining insight is a gradual process of exploring, analyzing, and restructuring perceptions until a solution is arrived at.

Gestalt Law Law of Continuity Law of Closure Law of Proximity Law of Similarity Law of Pragnanz

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Lewin’s Topological and Vector Theory (Field Theory) Every object exists in a field

of forces that move to change it, define it, or give it a degree of stability and substance. Ex. Motivation

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Jerome Bruner’s Theory of Learning Acquisition Transformation Evaluation “instrumental conceptualism” Mental process such as

perception, concept attainment, and reasoning depends on imaginative process of construction

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4 significant concern to learning situation Understanding Basic

Relationships in the structure of a subject matter

Readiness Development of the Independent

learner Motivation

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Theories of the Transfer of Learning

Mental discipline - It asserts that the skill or training gained in the study of one subject will improve the performance of the same skill in the study of another subject.

The theory of identical elements - It states that the amount of transfer depends upon the presence of identical elements in both learning situations.

The theory of generalization – It asserts that experiences in one learning situation can be applied in another learning situation.

The theory of configuration – It asserts that the learner sees the learning situation as a whole, not the parts.

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Factors Affecting the Transfer of Learning

Mental ability Similarities between subject matter Motivation and effort-making capacity Method of teaching Facilities Background

Points to Ponder

What are the conditions in which learning takes placeWhat is the significance of learning theories to teachingWhat is the role of the transfer of learning in the earning process?