Slr Assignment 2

8/13/2019 Slr Assignment 2

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What is CR?

How has it been used in LR

How it links or can link to slr

Evaluate hw it can benefit and extend slre.g. by looking deeper into the citation count and

establishing author works over time, authors progression, etc

What cited in and out means and there implication

You can state which authors are most cited in your work

What it means for your own research

Summarize your conclusions

Bibliography

The hegemony of information technology that has contributed to the increase in articles at the

researcher or reviewers disposal has created a need for an efficient and effective method to

navigate through the stream of available publications. For a quick, relatively encapsulating overview

of the relevant developments in a given field, within the confines stipulated by time, cognitive and

other resource constraints, it is arguably vital that a tool such as the citation analysis (CA) therefore

be employed.

The use of a CA is a form of evaluative bibliometric application to the domain of research. The

bibliometric aspect involves the use of quantitative methods to analyze literature regarding a givenresearch domain while the evaluative aspect goes further utilising the output from the bibliometric

aspect, to give insight into the who, what and how the given domain has evolved over time thus

creating an overview of the path of scholarly activity in relation to the given field (Narin, 1976).

Citation analysis is predicated on the assumption that the citation counts objectively reflects the

quality, significance and impact of a given work, article, author(s), journal or research group within a

given field (Baumgartner, 2010; Meho, 2006). The extant literature thus reveals various uses that CA

has been put to.

CA has been applied in various domains with different aims. It has been applied to identify leading

scholars, in consumer research to identify leading scholars, most influential articles and the impact

of the field within the marketing domain (Baumgartner, 2010). It has been applied in international

relations to identify what publication format is mostly used by scholars in that field (Zhang, 2007).

Mingers and Xu (2010) also used it to identify within the management science domain the most

influential journals, the proportion of theoretical to empirical studies, and the methodology

preference variations among nations. Incidences of its use as a guide by panel members in making a

more objective decision in regards to judging the quality of various research groups (Butler, 2008) to

making decisions in terms of how to apportion funds between different academic disciplines within a

university community (Moed et al., 1985), to its adoption in mapping out future citation path of

existing work has been cited (Mingers and Burrell, 2006).


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The advantage of a CA can be better realised when a systematic literature review (SLR) precedes it.

Considering the wide pool of publications to draw from, a SLR can initially be utilized to evaluate,

aggregate and synthesize them (Armitage and Keeble-Allen, 2008; Brereton et al., 2007; Petticrew

and Roberts, 2006) in a systematic, transparent and replicable manner (Denyer and Tranfield, 2006;

Smith et al., 2008), thus excluding irrelevant ones and helping to reduce information overload

(Booth et al., 2012). Subsequently, mathematical and statistical tools can be applied to the extracts

from the SLR to perform a CA on them and to unravel the citation behaviour in the resident domain

in focus.

Progressing from merely identifying articles that are relevant to a given discipline domain, the result

of a SLR, performing a CA on the output of the SLR produces citation counts that can be further

grouped according to authors, journal, discipline, nation, time frame or any other attribute of

relevance. This further grouping(s) hence can be combined in a myriad of ways or used in isolation

to exemplify patterns, path, progress, contribution, influence or even gaps within the given field or

by the given field on a larger field within which it is subsumed or another field to which it is related

to.

A practical example using my own research on intra-firm knowledge transfer showed the reduction

of articles from 1010 citations to a manageable 71 citations through the initial application of a SLR

method. The output of applying CA to the 71 citations revealed that the construct was developed

mostly between the year 2006 to 2010 (Figure 1). However, the period of year from 2001-2005

produced the author with the greatest influence in the domain, having a citation value of 25.53%.

This year category also harboured the bulk of authors and publications that had the greatest

influence in the development of the construct with all of them resident in the Management field.

Throughout the time span examined, out of a total of 12 influential papers only two (Marketing,

International Business and Area Studies and Organization Studies) were not from the Management

discipline as classified by the Association of Business Schools. The two exceptions were also the only

articles published in 3 star journals where all others were in 4 star journals. As regards the pattern of

development of the construct, the majority of articles focused on the human element of KT with

special emphasis on relationships and networking.


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Figure 1: Citation count of published articles in intra-firm knowledge transfer

In conclusion, having shown that SLR can be combined with CA to first, reduce the extant literature

in an objective, unbiased manner and secondly, to aggregate and ensure inclusiveness of relevantarticles, the significance of CA to the researcher, particularly in help him/her avoid re-inventing the

wheel cannot be disregarded. It thus helps guide in decision making by using statistics to provide an

overview of the who, what, how and where influential contributions and developments as regards

any chosen construct stands in present time.

, and they were the only articles published in 3 star journals. . Only

the bulk of the earliest article in the intra-firm knowledge transfer domain was in 1989 (see figure

1) with a Norwegian author in the management discipline. Subsequently, no articles resulted

afterwards till the late nineties (1997) with just one more article published. The bulk of the

development in the area began to surface from early 2001 with 2010 recording the highest citations.

Figure 1: Citation count of published articles in intra-firm knowledge transfer

, a journal of xxx publication and it focused only on the xxx aspects of knowledge transfer. The

author with the most influential work was xxx with a CV of xxxx. Most publications in the area were

found in the xxx subject group/category. The general progression in the field developed from xxx to

xxx to xxxx to xxxx.

development in the area


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combining the CA with SLR helps to interrogate the publications resulting from the SLR

sifts through the plethora of available articles in a given domain to exclude the irrelevant ones. This

process thus ensures focus on necessary articles and reduces selection bias in order to arrive atarticles for a CA that would help create a relatively objective view of the intellectual growth within

the discipline or area in consideration.

The adoption of a systematic literature review method helps management researchers and

practitioners to objectively evaluate, aggregate and synthesize the large body of research work on a

certain phenomenon of interest to provide new insights (Brereton et al., 2007), give update on

present state of literature on the issue or identify a potential gap (Greenhalgh et al., 2009; Leibovici

and Reeves, 2005; Macpherson and Holt, 2007; Mulrow, 1994).

that would help in relation to articles that are eventually appropriated for use in a CA.

articles from the plethora of available ones in a given domain. It helps remove and reduce inherent

selection bias in the method.

a very useful tool, which if used in conjunction with a SLR can provide great insight to the

Schoonbaert, D., & Roelants, G. (1996). Citation analysis for measuring the value of scientificpublications: quality assessment tool or comedy of errors?. Tropical Medicine & International Health,1(6), 739-752.

739 - The major reasonfor the success of these bibliometric techniques is thebelief that they can somehow measure the otherwiseelusive concepts of quality and influence.............................. The underlying principle of citation analysis, thatthe significance of a scientific paper can be measured

by counting the citations it receives

740 - Therefore, listing an

exhaustive inventory of all publications by a specificscientist or research group ispossible only when onehas access topersonal or institutional publication

lists. But no matter how exhaustive these may be,

counting and comparing the number ofpublicationsdoes not say a great deal about their intrinsic qualityand external impact. The basic assumption of citation analysis is that a

publication is valuable in as far as it is explicitly

used, i.e. cited in later papers. When such citationsare counted, the impact of a great many publicationson the scientific community can be measured and

compared. In the absence of other reliable methodsbased on purely quantitative criteria, this bibliometric

approach is arguably the next best thing to

the direct assessment of the intrinsic quality of thepublication......................... Yet citation indexes are increasinglybeing used to support all kinds of rankings and


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comparisons of individual articles, journals,

authors, institutions and even countries. By adding,subtracting, multiplying or dividing the basic

values, all kinds of derivative values or rankingscan be constructed. Adding the values for each yearsince its original publication gives a total citationcount of a specific paper. Adding the values of all

papers by a scientist gives him or her a lifetimecitation count, and combining all publications from

their scientists (not double-counting cooperativeefforts) gives a total value for university departments,institutions or corporations (Moed & Van Raan

1988; Nederhof 1988; Nederhof et al. 1993). Dividing

these totals by parameters such as the numberof years covered gives averages or impact ratios.

Comparing year-specific values shows evolutions,etc., etc......................................... These toolshave been warmly welcomed by science policy

makers and university administrators (Wade i975),

while they have been abhorred by many individual

scientists, either on moral grounds, because of bad

personal experiences, or by finding faults on severallevels (Dumont 1989; Tainer ~991)Some reject the

general assumptions of citation analysis, others criticizespecific factors or resent the way in which

results were interpreted in specific cases..................................

742...........The citation indexes gather bibliographiccitations only from journal articles, not from books,

book chapters, conference proceedings, grey literature,

etc. In fact, these non-article publications areduly included as cited references, but not as citingsource items. Within the journals category, only alimited number are scanned for citations............................ Although

IS1 currently use some 4500 source journals for their

SCI, this may be less than 10% of all availablescientific serials (Hamilton 1990). This of course

does not imply that 90% of all important scienceis plainly discarded. Bibliometric rules such as

Bradfords law of scattering (Bradford 1950) andGarfields law of concentration (Garfield 1971) illustrate

that in science a relatively small core accounts

for most of the quality and impact................................

743 - Aprinciplesometimes referred to as the Matthew effect (Merton

1968) explains that in scientific literature also successbreeds success. Both authors and journals get

cited more easily once they have a substantial basis [744] to start from. This may be true for various reasons,

including the citers being lured by author celebrityand journal status, or simply because these authors

write quality papers and tend to present their bestwork to top journals. These have a relatively widedistribution and are indexed by the major abstracting

services, so these scientists works become more

visible, and hence more citable.

Bornmann, L., Mutz, R., Neuhaus, C., & Daniel, H. D. (2008). Citation counts for research evaluation:standards of good practice for analyzing bibliometric data and presenting and interpreting results.Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics, 8(1), 93-102.

93 - The impact of a pieceof research is the degree to which it has been usefulto other researchers (Shadboltet al. 2006, p. 202; seealso Bornmann & Daniel 2007a)................................... In research evaluation, citation counts are being

used for evaluation and comparison of the research


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performance of individual researchers, departments,

and research institutions (Garfield et al. 1978, Adam2002) as well as the scientific impact of nations (May

1997, King 2004).................................. Citation counts are attractive rawdata for the evaluation of research output. Becausethey are unobtrusive measures that do not require the

cooperation of a respondent and do not themselves

contaminate the response (i.e. they are non-reactive)(Smith 1981, p. 84), citation rates are seen as an objectivequantitative indicator for scientific success and areheld to be a valuable complement to qualitative methods

for research evaluation, such as peer review(Garfield & Welljamsdorof 1992, Daniel 2005).

94 - For many

years, the citation indexes had a unique positionamong bibliographic databases because of their multidisciplinarynature and indexing of cited references.................... However, their coverage is restricted....................... However, Thomson

Scientific is no longer the only

database offering citation indexing......................... The availabilityof citation data in additional bibliographic databases

opens up the possibility of extending the datasources for performing citation analysis, and particularly

for including other document types of writtenscholarly communication, such as books, chapters inedited books, and conference proceedings. The inclusionof other document types may contribute to the

validity of bibliometric analysis when evaluating fieldsin which the internationally oriented scientific journal

is not the main medium for communicating researchfindings (Moed 2005).

Kear, R., & Colbert-Lewis, D. (2011 see below for complete ref.

Pg 470 - Bibliometrics,the application of mathematical and statistical

analysis to books, journals, and other publications,1 allows us to choose journal collections,

assist with applications for research funding,evaluate journal status, and find significant

contributors in a subject area............................Citation Map. Web of Knowledge createdthis tool that depicts backwards andforwards citation of an article using a mapformat. The backwards feature represents the

citations in the current selected document, and

the forward feature represents the documentsthat have cited the current selected document.This tool gives dynamic representation of the

impact that a document has on a field, a topicarea, or trend

The generally good pattern of correspondence

between quantitative indicators and peer judgementshas often led to them being characterised as objective

measures in contrast to the subjective character of thepeer review. However, it should be remembered thatthe indicators themselves are based in part on peerdecisionsjournal articles embody the peer evaluations

that have led to acceptance for publication, and

grant success embodies the peer assessment of applications(Weingart 2003).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Bibliometric indicators can make peerreview more transparent and counterbalance itsshortcomings (van Raan & van Leeuwen 2002, Tijssen


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2003, Aksnes & Taxt 2004). They are seen as a useful

resource in cases of doubt within panel discussions ofpeers (Moed & van Raan 1988).

In addition, bibliometric indicators can be used tohighlight gaps in the knowledge of peersas triggersto the recognition of anomalies (Bourke et al. 1999,

p. 1). Where the indicators do not align with peer evaluation,

then the reasons must be sought. It may be dueto problems with the indicators, or it may be that theexperts have an incomplete knowledge of the researchthey are assessing. Inconsistencies between quantitative

data and peer review are likely to trigger additional,deeper analyses of the performance of units

being evaluated by those conducting the assessment.

Citation counts used to show performance of individual researchers, depts., research institutions, nations (Bornmann et al.,

2008; Schoonbaert & Roelants (1996); Moed and Luwel, 1999

Noyons, E. C., Moed, H. F., & Luwel, M. (1999). Combining mapping and citation analysis forevaluative bibliometric purposes: A bibliometric study. Journal of the American Society for InformationScience, 50(2), 115-131.Schoonbaert, D., & Roelants, G. (1996). Citation analysis for measuring the value of scientificpublications: quality assessment tool or comedy of errors?. Tropical Medicine & International Health,1(6), 739-752.Kear, R., & Colbert-Lewis, D. (2011). Citation searching and bibliometric measures Resources forranking and tracking. College & Research Libraries News, 72(8), 470-474.Mingers, J., & Xu, F. (2010). The drivers of citations in management science journals. European

Journal of Operational Research, 205(2), 422-430.Booth, A., Papaioannou, D., & Sutton, A. (2012) "Systematic approaches to a successful literature

review", London, Sage Publications Ltd.


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Other examples can be seen in its use in apportioning funds in university (Moed, 1985)

It has been used to help reIt has thus been used by many scholars in identifying contributions within

a given field by authors, journal, university, research groups (butler, 2008), government-led research

or a nation

Moed, H. F., Burger, W. J. M., Frankfort, J. G., & Van Raan, A. F. (1985). The use of bibliometric datafor the measurement of university research performance. Research Policy, 14(3), 131-149.

Narin, F. (1976). Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publication and citation analysis in theevaluation of scientific activity(pp. 206-219). Washington, D. C: Computer Horizons.

Meho, L. I. (2006). The rise and rise of citation analysis. arXiv preprint physics/0701012.

Butler, L. (2008). Using a balanced approach to bibliometrics: quantitative performance measures inthe Australian Research Quality Framework. Ethics in Science and Environmental politics, 8(1), 83-

92.Baumgartner, H. (2010). Bibliometric reflections on the history of consumer research. Journal ofConsumer Psychology, 20(3), 233-238.

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Slr Assignment 2