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C. Visvanathan

S. Kumar

Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC)

Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Small and Medium Scale Industries (SMIs) in Asia :

A Study of Selected Technologies and Policy Options

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Small and Medium Scale Industries

(SMIs) in Asia: Energy, Environment and Climate Interrelations

Coordination

• AIT – Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.

National Research Institutes

• China : CESTT (Center for Environ. Sound Technology Transfer).

• India : PSG (PSG College of Technology).

• Philippines : ITDI (Industrial Technology Development Institute).

• Sri Lanka : ISB (Industrial Services Bureau).

• Vietnam : NEDCEN (Non-state Economic Development Centre).

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Presentation Overview

1. Project Objective.

2. Selected industrial sub-sectors.

3. Major research findings.

4. Achievements/impacts of the

project.

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Research Themes

1. Analysis of production processes, energy use and pollution in

selected industrial sectors.

2. Identify energy efficient and environmentally sound technologies

and processes (E3ST).

3. Review existing policies and develop scenarios for sustainable

promotion of E3ST.

4. Capacity mobilization and enhancement to introduce E3ST in

selected industrial sectors.

1. Project Objective

Promotion of activities to mitigate GHG emission and other pollution by SMIs

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2. Selected Industrial Sub-sectors

Countries Industrial Sub-Sectors

China Textile, Foundry, Tea

India Textile, Foundry, Tea, Brick

PhilippinesDesiccated Coconut, Foundry,

Brick, Ceramic

Sri LankaTea, Ceramic, Desiccated

Coconut, Brick and Tile

Vietnam Tea, Textile, Brick, Ceramic

• Five industrial sub-sectors were selected across five participating countries.

Rationale for selection:

• Energy intensive and/or highly polluting.

• Commonality across the countries.

• Economic importance in the countries.

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3. Major Research Findings

Theme 1: Analysis of Energy use and Pollution Load

• Impacts are individually small, but collectively high

• Low energy efficiency

• Policies are not specific to SMI

• Lack of information on technologies.

Theme 2: Identification of E3ST

• Lack of awareness and information on E3ST

• Lack of technical know-how/capacity to implement E3ST

• Access to loan is not easy

• Lack of links between E3ST developer and SMI

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3. Major Research Findings (..cont)

Theme 3: Review, Analysis & Recommendation of Energy and

Environmental Policies

• No specific energy and environmental policies for SMIs.

• Most of the environmental policies (regulations) are based on end of pipe

treatment.

• There is no market based strategy.

• Role of financial institutions in promoting E3ST

- Financial intermediations.

- Financial packages.

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3. Project Outputs

• Five Sector Reports (Tea, DC, Brick, Foundry, and Textile) illustrating

production processes, energy use, pollution and E3ST options :

Benchmarking/References to be published: Peer Review by Sector Experts.

• One cross country Policy Report on SMI with policy options to promote E3STs.

• Various Capacity Mobilization and Strengthening programs.

• Identification of E3STs: Technology Fact Sheets (39 nos.) prepared for

dissemination.

• Regular Newsletter (hardcopy & Website).

• Publications (Journal, Conference, and other articles).

• Road Map CD.

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3. Sector Report : Tea Sector

���� Highlights of the Report

• Basic production processes are same across the countries, but the degree of

modernization vary.

• Energy and environmental audits conducted show low energy efficiency

and use of outdated technologies (Vietnam has the lowest energy

efficiency).

• GHG emission results in two ways: combustion of fossil fuels, and

electricity use.

���� Impacts

• Serves as a reference giving detailed information on tea sector.

• Participating countries learned from each other, realized their key

differences (in energy use and pollution) to address them.

• E3ST suitable for tea sector were identified.

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Tea Sector

Automated material handling

systemsDirect Oil-fired

Heater for Withering

and Drying of Tea

Energy Efficient Motors

Withering

Green Leaf

Roll Breaking

Screening

Fermenting

Drying

Grading/

Packaging

Rolling Shredding

CTC Cuts

(Orthodox)Rolling

(CTC)

Made Tea

Tea manufacturing

process

Sector Report on Tea

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3. Sector Report : Desiccated Coconut Sector

���� Highlights of the Report

• Focuses on two countries : Philippines and Sri Lanka.

• Production process varies a great deal between the two countries:

- Philippines use continuous mechanized mills.

- Sri Lanka use mechanized, semi-mechanized and traditional.

• Audits show drying process consumes about 66% of the total energy used.

• CO2 is emitted mainly from combustion of fuels (fossil and biomass) to produce heat.

• Mills using biomass have lower efficiency.

• Another major source of pollution is the discharge of highly organic (BOD)

wastewater.

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Desiccated Coconut Sector

Dome Type Kiln for Coconut

Shell Carbonizing

DC production process

Gas tube

Burner

De-husking

Paring and Splitting

De-shelling / hatcheting

Washing and Inspection

stabilizing

SIZEREDUCTION

PASTEURIZING

BLANCHING

Drying

Screening and grading

Packaging

Desiccated Coconut

Fresh coconut

(Sri Lanka)(Philippines)

SIZEREDUCTION

Screening, Grading and

Packaging

Sector Report on Desiccated

Coconut

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Report on Policy

���� Highlights

•A cross country comparison of national policies

on economy, energy and environment: SMI-

Energy and Environment.

•Most policies across the countries are focused

on high energy consuming industries, and little

or no consideration is given in the SMI sectors.

•Policy options are presented for promotion of

E3STs in the five countries.

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3. Capacity Mobilization and Strengthening

• In total, 13 nos. of trainings were conducted, in which 276 participants took part

• The trainings covered the areas such as energy and environmental audits,

environmental management, boiler operation, effluent treatments etc.

���� Impacts • Personal are trained in energy and environmental auditing (all NRIs).

• Awareness on environmental management is developed at managerial level

(India, Sri Lanka).

• Operational level people were trained on energy efficiency and environmental

protection (Sri Lanka).

• Awareness developed for political leaders (Sri Lanka).

����ActivitiesA number of capacity strengthening programs were conducted; key actors

involved in SMIs took part. The activities include:

• Trainings by AIT and NRIs.

• Seminars in participating countries.

• Workshops at AIT and NRIs.

• Fellowships at AIT.

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Capacity Mobilization

SMI Review Workshop at

Coimbatore, India

Training course on

Effective Energy

Management,

Philippines.

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3. Capacity Mobilization and Strengthening (..contd)���� Fellowships

• 17 fellowships were provided (total of 26 man months) , and each fellow

studied different industrial sub-sectors and policy.

���� Impacts

• Developed common audit methodology and reporting mechanism of

technical data.

• Researchers enhanced their technical and analytical competence, and

reporting.

• Fellows from India were able to continue their work to initiate new projects.

Country No. of Fellows Man month

China 2 3

India 3 5

Philippines 4 6

Sri Lanka 6 9

Vietnam 2 3

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3. Capacity Mobilization and Strengthening (..cont)���� NetworkingA SMI network established links the research institutes, industrial

associations, government and NGOs across the five participating countries.

AIT(Overall projectcoordination andmanagement)

Sri Lanka(ISB)

India(PSG)

China(CESTT)

Viet Nam(NEDCEN)

Philippines(ITDI)

EMB / DENR

BSMB / DTI

DAP

EMB, DOE

Govt.

NGO

IE R

CPC

SMEC

Reg io nal

CESST

PCC

IA

TU-ERI

ITA,

UPASI

C II

CODISSIA

SI TRA,

SIMA

CPB/SPB

IATC

CEA

UOM

ECF

���� Impacts• Exchange of information on technology made possible.

• Facilitated Sri Lankan participants visit to Indian industries.

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3. SMI Newsletter

���� Objective: To disseminate information about the SMI project and other

relevant information on E3ST from other sources

���� Target groups : industrial associations, policy makers, financial

institutions, government departments, NGOs, academic institutions, R &

D organizations.

���� Total No of Issues: 13 (so far) plus a

���� Special Issue : Desiccated coconut

���� Website : http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/smi2/smi2.html

Exit Strategy: PSG (India) has now taken over the publishing task of SMI

Newsletter.

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SMI Newsletters

http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/smi2/smi2.html

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3. Road Map CD

���� Objective :

To provide a comprehensive information about outputs of the SMI project

(Reports, Publications, TFSs, Success Stories, Web sites, etc.) in a most

convenient format for wider dissemination.

���� The CD contains:

• Information about the SMI project.

• Sector reports (Tea, DC, Brick, Foundry and Textile).

• Policy report.

• Technology Fact Sheets (E3ST).

• All publications (journal papers, articles).

• SMI Newsletters.

• Success Stories.

• Web links.

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Road Map CD

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4. Achievements/Impacts of the SMI Project

���� Establishment of specific energy consumption and pollution loads of selected

industrial sub sectors.

���� Data/Information on energy-environmental issues related to SMIs of the studied

sectors.

���� Options for improvement of SMIs’ energy-environmental status: E3STs, policy

options.

���� Increased awareness of related actors/beneficiaries about energy-environmental

issues in SMIs.

���� Capacity of NRIs and national partners strengthened : research and technical

capacity.

���� Capacity of SMIs strengthened : energy-environmental Audit / management skills.

���� Networking established: cooperation and information exchange among partners in

each country and among participating countries.

���� Developing a technology for environmentally friendly coconut shell carbonization

(Sri Lanka).

���� Developing a low cost treatment technique for coconut waste water (Sri Lanka).

����Acquisition of measuring and monitoring equipment (for emission and ambient air

quality).

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4. Achievements/Impacts of the SMI Project���� Improved recognition by State, Private sector and international development

agencies (ADB funded Cleaner Production and USAID funded ESCO

development projects) as a major player in energy and environmental matters.

���� Creation of wider business interests focused on the field on energy and

environment.

���� SL:Participating in national steering committees on CP and CDM.

���� SL: Entrusting the task of writing the chapter on “Environmentally Sound

Technology Transfer for Sustainable Development” for the national report for

Rio+10 world summit.

���� NRI (Sri Lanka) is selected as a partner organization under State of Arizona

(USA) Environmental Partnership Programme under USAEP.

���� Off-shoot project in Vietnam: improvement of withering trough in tea

processing.

���� Offshoot of this project in India: PSG (Indian NRIs) has started a masters and

PhD programme in energy engineering and its energy audit team has got

Government approval to carry out energy audit and certify the SMIs.

���� PSG (Indian NRI) has established contacts with Centre for Environmental

Education, which is collaborating with UNIDO in Tirupur and USAID project

on “Reduction of GHG Potential of Knitwear Industry at Tirupur” coordinated

by Ecosmart India.

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Thank You.

Any Questions and

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