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The University of Sydney Page 1
Smallholder Farmer
Biosecurity in Cambodia
FMD Control ImplicationsPresented by
Dr. Jim Young BVSC MVPHMgt MANZCVS
Veterinary Epidemiologist, Honorary Associate
Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science
The University of Sydney Page 2
The challenge of FMD in Cambodia
– Livestock production dominated by smallholder farmers…traditional methods… with some shift to improved technology incl. forage feeding.
– Well reported that biosecurity is poor or even non-existent, yet data on exact issues has been absent.
– FMD outbreaks occurring all the time - estimated 5-10% outbreaks officially reported.
– Needed to clarify baseline biosecurity to support community knowledge needs.
– Vaccination programs need to be supported by public awareness campaigns to be effective and sustainable.
The University of Sydney Page 3
Hypothesis and Aim
Aim:
– To understand current biosecurity threats to smallholder cattle farming livelihoods.
Hypothesis:
– That smallholder farmers practising FMD risk management will be associated with higher incomes from cattle.
– Study a part of the University of Sydney (USYD), Australia and General Directorate of Animal Health and Production (GDAHP), Cambodia
– Funded by the Australian Centre of International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) – AH/2011/014
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Materials and Method
– As FMD causes deleterious impacts on rural livelihoods, known FMD risk factors and biosecurity were reviewed and investigated, using knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) surveys of smallholders (n = 240) from four regions.
– Risk factor review in context
– 15 q’s general
– 11 q’s knowledge
– 11 q’s attitudes
– 13 q’s practices
– Multivariable
regression with income
as outcome
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The University of Sydney Page 6
Results – Review of risk factors in Cambodian context
The University of Sydney Page 7
Farmer knowledge
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Biosecuritydefinition
Vaccination canprevent disease
FMD canspread via
direct contact
Antibiotics areused to treat
FMD
Antibiotics areused to treat
HS
Separate sickcattle to
prevent spread
Shared watersource is risky
Purchasingunvaccinatedcattle is risky
Selling sickcattle is risky
Perc
enta
ge (
%)
farm
ers
Knowledge question on biosecurity
Farmers (%) who correctly answered knowledge questions in each region
Central
North
Northwest
South
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FMD?
Yes, 23.3 Yes, 23.3Yes, 28.3
Yes, 23.3
No, 65.0
No, 51.7
No, 63.3
No, 45.0
Don't know, 11.7
Don't know, 25.0
Don't know, 8.3
Don't know, 31.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Central Northern Northwest Southern
Perc
enta
ge (
%)
farm
ers
Region
Farmers (%) with cattle affected by FMD in last 12 months in each region
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Farmer attitudes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Would payVAHW tovaccinate
FMD next year(IDK)
FMD next year(yes)
Vaccine canharm cattle
Vaccine cancause cattle
abortion
Vaccination canincrease cattle
value
Prefer VAHWmore training
Prefer VAHWbetter
equipment
Prefer VAHWmore products
Perc
enta
ge (
%)
farm
ers
Farmer attitudes
Farmers (%) attitudes towards cattle biosecurity in each region
Central
North
Northwest
South
The University of Sydney Page 10
Farmer practices
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
FMDvaccination
HS vaccination Seprates newcattle
sometimes
Separates sickand healthy
always
Separates sickand healthysometimes
Direct contactwith other
farmers cattle
Cattle fenced insometimes
Communalgrazing wet
season
Communalgrazing dry
season
Perc
enta
ge (
%)
farm
ers
Preventive or risk practice
Farmers (%) undertaking preventive or risk practice in each region
Central
North
Northwest
South
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Results and Conclusions
– Baseline mean knowledge scores were low at 28.4%
– Basic biosecurity practices, including quarantine of new cattle, isolation of sick cattle and FMD vaccination, were lacking.
– Farmers purchase and sell cattle at various administration levels (including export) = high risk
– Significant explanatory parameters for annual cattle income: region, number of calves born, forage plot size (ha), vaccination of cattle and the number of cattle purchased (F pr. < 0.001, R2 = 29.9).
– Individual biosecurity practices including FMD vaccination were not significant predictors of income.
– WHY? Levels probably too low to have impact, will retest at end of project
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Recommendations
– Focus of farmers on treatment of FMD with antibiotics
– AMR part of FMD conversation?
– Need for a coordinated national biosecurity and FMD management public awareness campaign.
– Livestock development programs should implement a systems approach to enhance farmer KAP in biosecurity, nutrition, reproduction and marketing of cattle = improving livelihood outcomes.
The University of Sydney Page 13
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