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Date:17/07/2016 G.S. TEST BATCH - 1 (Sunday Batch) TEST – 28 KEY AND EXPLANATION

1. (c)

Explanation: The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementaryagreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It entered into force on11 September 2003. The Protocol is a multilateral environmental agreement that is intendedto contribute to the safe transfer, handling, and use of living modified organisms that mayhave adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health,and with specific focus on transboundary movements. The issue of elaborating rules on liability and redress for damage resulting fromliving modified organisms was under consideration internationally both before and afterthe adoption of the Protocol on Biosafety. After several years of negotiations, an international agreement, known as the Nagoya– Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the CartagenaProtocol on Biosafety, was finalized and adopted in Nagoya, Japan, on 15 October 2010 atthe fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties tothe Protocol. The Supplementary Protocol adopts an administrative approach to addressing responsemeasures in the event of damage or sufficient likelihood of damage to the conservation andsustainable use of biological diversity resulting from living modified organisms that findtheir origin in transboundary movements.

2. (c)

Exp: 1902: Foundation of Anushilan

Samiti by Pulin Das at Dacca. 1904: Mitra mela 1904: Foundation of Indian Home

Rule Society or India House in London by Shri Krishnavarma.

1913: hardayal and Sohan Singh Bhakna founded ghadar in san Francisco

3. (d)

Exp: The essential conditions are:

a. annual temperature – 20 to 230 C b. sediment free water c. shallow depth(200 to 250 feet) –

requires sunlight and oxygen for their growth

d. Moderate salinity (27% to 30%) e. open ocean f. extensive submarine platform Andaman and Nicobar Islands Exclusively fringing reefs of about 500 islands, most of these islands have a healthy biodiversity. Gulf of Kutch Exclusively consists of fringing reefs. The reefs are relatively less developed due to large range of temperature and high salinity. The harbours have less biodiversity. The entire Gulf of Kutch is also known as a marine national park. Gulf of Mannar Fringing reefs with a chain of 21 islands from Rameswaram in the north to Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) in the south. This part of the gulf forms part of the Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve. Lakshadweep Exclusively coral atolls with 36 islands, of which 10 are inhabited. Others Tarkarli in Malwan, Maharashtra is a smaller reef. Angria Bank is a coral reef off Vijaydurg in Maharashtra. There is a coral reef in Netrani Island in Karnataka.

4. (a)

Exp: There is need to reduce production of certain commodities as too much of production will lead to fall in the price of the product. To limit the production of those commodities subsidies are given. The subsidies given for this purpose is called as Blue Box subsidies

5. (a)

Exp: Forest Cover refers to all lands more

than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent

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irrespective of ownership and legal status. It is compiled and released by the Forest Survey of India

6. (d)

Explanation: The wetlands shall be conserved and managed in accordancewith principle of 'wise use' for maintaining their ecological integrity. Note 1: 'Wise use of wetlands' is the

maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development.

Note 2: 'Ecological character' is the combination of ecosystem components, processes and services that characterize a wetland, and provide the necessary conditions for delivering ecosystem services and maintenance of biodiversity.

Note 3: 'Ecosystem approach' is the strategy for integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way.

The following activities shall be prohibited in wetlands notified under these rules, namely: -

i. reclamation of wetlands, and conversion for non-wetland uses;

ii. any diversion or impediment to natural water inflows and outflows of the wetland;

iii. any activity having or likely to have an adverse impact on ecological character of the wetland:

Provided that exceptional cases, any change to the above may be taken up with prior approval of theCentral Government. All State Governments shall set up a State Level Wetland Authority entrusted with affairs related towetland conservation, regulation and management

7. (c)

Explanation: When the government does not have enough time to vote for a full budget before the commencement of the new

financial year (like the present government), a special provision is made to make sure that there is enough money at the disposal of the government to allow it to run the administration of the country. This special provision known as the 'vote-on-account', by which the government obtains the vote of the Parliament for an amount sufficient to incur expenditure on various items for a part of the year. This sanction by the Parliament to obtain money from the Consolidated Fund of India to meet the expenditure of the government is known as Vote on Account.

8. (c)

Explanation: High court has no advisory jurisdiction. High court’s judicial review applies not only to state related acts but also to the centre related acts.

9. (c) 10. (b)

Explanation: Swami Vivekananda:

He preached Vedantic Philosophy. He condemned the caste system and

the current Hindu emphasis on rituals and ceremonies.

Swami Vivekananda participated at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago (USA) in September 1893 and raised the prestige of India and Hinduism very high.

In 1897, Swami Vivekananda founded Ramakrishna mission to carry on humanitarian relief and social work.

Vivekananda preached the message of strength and self-reliance.

He asked the people to improve the lives of the poor and depressed classes. He believed that service to mankind is service to God.

Vivekananda published two papers, Prabuddha Bharat and Udbodhan.

11. (b) Explanation: The provisions of the new Rules are in line with this Government’s priority for Ease of Doing Business and Make in India, but with responsible concerns for sustainable development”, Minister of

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State (Independent Charge) of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Hazardous waste means any waste, which by reason of characteristics, such as physical, chemical, biological, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive, causes danger to health, or environment. It comprises the waste generated during the manufacturing processes of the commercial products such as industries involved in petroleum refining, production of pharmaceuticals, petroleum, paint, aluminium, electronic products etc. As per the information furnished by CPCB in the year 2015, the total hazardous waste generation in the country is 7.46 million metric tonnes per annum from about 44,000 industries. For the first time, Rules have been made to distinguish between Hazardous Waste and other wastes. Other wastes include:Waste tyre, paper waste, metal scrap, used electronic items, etc. and are recognized as a resource for recycling and reuse. These resources supplement the industrial processes and reduce the load on the virgin resource of the country. The salient features - The ambit of the Rules has been

expanded by including ‘Other Waste’. Waste Management hierarchy in the

sequence of priority of prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery, co-processing; and safe disposal has been incorporated.

All the forms under the rules for permission, import/export, filing of annual returns, transportation, etc. have been revised significantly, indicating the stringent approach for management of such hazardous and other wastes with simultaneous simplification of procedure.

The basic necessity of infrastructure to safeguard the health and environment from waste processing industry has been prescribed as Standard Operating Procedure (SOPs), specific to waste type, which has to be complied by the stakeholders and ensured by SPCB/PCC while granting such authorisation.

Procedure has been simplified to merge all the approvals as a single window clearance for setting up of hazardous

waste disposal facility and import of other wastes.

Co-processing as preferential mechanism over disposal for use of waste as supplementary resource, or for recovery of energy has been provided.

The approval process for co-processing of hazardous waste to recover energy has been streamlined and put on emission norms basis rather than on trial basis.

The process of import/export of waste under the Rules has been streamlined by simplifying the document-based procedure and by revising the list of waste regulated for import/export.

The import of metal scrap, paper waste and various categories of electrical and electronic equipments for re-use purpose has been exempted from the need of obtaining Ministry’s permission.

The basic necessity of infrastructure to safeguard the health and environment from waste processing industry has been prescribed as Standard Operating Procedure (SOPs) specific to waste type.

The following items have been prohibited for import: Waste edible fats and oil of animals, or

vegetable origin; Household waste; Critical Care Medical equipment; Tyres for direct re-use purpose; Solid Plastic wastes including Pet bottles; Waste electrical and electronic

assemblies scrap; Other chemical wastes especially in

solvent form. 12. (c)

Exp: When minimum export price is fixed, below this limit nobody can export. But as the minimum export price is high the demand from the importing countries will fall. So, the export will fall. It will increase the supply of commodities in domestic countries so the price can be controlled.

13. (b)

Exp: Denwa River is a lifeline river of Satpura

National Park. This river originates from south-eastern part of the Dhupgarh in

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Madhya Pradesh State and flows from east to west direction before joining the Tawa river at south of Rainpur. At the confluence of Tawa & Denwa River, Tawa dam has been constructed. All these rivers are tributaries of holy Narmada river known as lifeline of Central India.

14. (b)

Exp: • The National river interlinking project envisages linking 26 major rivers of India by constructing 30 different link canals. It has two components: (a) Himalayan Rivers Development Component and (b) Peninsular Rivers Development Component. The two can be linked on the Mahanadi. • Interlinking of rivers shall provide additional irrigation and generation of hydropower, besides providing substantial flood control in various river basins such as the Ganga and Brahmaputra basins enhance the inland navigation facilities across the country. • It has been pointed out that surplus water should not be diverted from a river on such a large scale as excess water is necessary to keep river basins healthy-it percolates down the soil and recharges groundwater. Some have also raised the issue that interlinking a toxic river with a non-toxic one will have a devastating impact on rivers, humans and wildlife.

15. (b)

Exp: Madam cama founded Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha (1929) it didn’t give a warm welcome to Gandhi.

16. (b)

The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) recently notified the new Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM), 2016. These will replace the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, which have been in place for the past 16 years.

These rules are the sixth category of waste management rules brought out by the ministry, as it has earlier notified plastic, e-waste, biomedical, hazardous and construction and demolition waste management rules. The new rules are now applicable beyond municipal areas and have included urban agglomerations, census towns, notified industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, special economic zones, places of pilgrimage, religious and historical importance, and State and Central Government organisations in their ambit. The new rules have mandated the source segregation of waste in order to channelise the waste to wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle. Waste generators would now have to now segregate waste into three streams- Biodegradables, Dry (Plastic, Paper, metal, Wood, etc.) and Domestic Hazardous waste (diapers, napkins, mosquito repellants, cleaning agents etc.) before handing it over to the collector. Institutional generators, market associations, event organisers and hotels and restaurants have been directly made responsible for segregation and sorting the waste and manage in partnership with local bodies.All hotels and restaurants will also be required to segregate biodegradable waste and set up a system of collection to ensure that such food waste is utilised for composting / biomethanation. The new rules have given power to the local bodies across India to decide the user fees. Municipal authorities will levy user fees for collection, disposal and processing from bulk generators. As per the rules, the generator will have to pay “User Fee” to the waste collector and a “Spot Fine” for littering and non-segregation, the quantum of which will be decided by the local bodies. Also, the new rules have mentioned about the integration of rag pickers, waste pickers and kabadiwalas from the informal sector to the formal sector by the state government. The rules also stipulate zero tolerance for throwing; burning, or burying the solid waste generated on streets, open public spaces outside the generator’s premises, or in the drain, or water bodies.

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17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (c)

20. (b) 21. (a)

22. (d)

Explanation: Ajivikas was a system of ancient

Indian philosophy and an ascetic movement of the Mahajanapada period in the Indian subcontinent.

Ajivika was primarily a heterodox Indian (Nastika) system.

The Ajivikas may simply have been a more loosely-organized group of wandering ascetics (shramanas or sannyasins)

23. (d)

24. (d) Explanation In the case of Indra Sawhney the right to equality is also recognized as one of basic features of Indian constitution. Article 14

applies to all person and is not limited to citizens. A corporation, which is a juristic person, is also entailed to the benefit of this article. This concept implied equality for equals and aims at striking down hostile discrimination or oppression of inequality. In the case of Ramesh Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1978 SC 327 It is to be noted that aim of both the concept, ‘ Equality before law’ and ‘ Equal protection of the law’ is the equal Justice.

25. (c) Explanation: Primary Succession begins from scratch and it forms from desolate land. PrimarySuccession needs time to pass starting from rocks to lichens and mosses tograsses, etc. Secondary Succession, on the other hand, is formed from a disasteror human interaction on an ecosystem that was most likely in bad shape.Secondary Succession will definitely help an ecosystem because it adds morenutrients to the soil afterwards.

26. (a)

EXP: STATEMENT 4:Foundation of Gujarat, Kasi and Bihar Vidyapeeths: NCM Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1932):

On 12th march 1930- started Dandi march from sabarmati ashram, on 6th april 1930- reached Dandi.

Khudai Khidmatgars active in NWFP. Textile workers active in Sholapur Salt Satyagraha in Dharsana. No-chowkidara tax campaign in Bihar Anti-Chowkidara and anti-union-

board tax in Bengal. No-tax movement in Gujarat. Civil disobedience of forest laws in

Maharashtra, Karnataka and Central Provinces.

Agitation against “Cunningham Circular” in Assam.

No rent campaign in UP. 27. (a) 28. (a)

Exp: List of Specialized Agencies

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Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

International Labour Organization (ILO)

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Telecommunication

Union (ITU) United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Industrial

Development Organization (UNIDO) Universal Postal Union (UPU) World Bank Group (WBG) World Health Organization (WHO) World Intellectual Property

Organization (WIPO) World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) World Tourism Organization

(UNWTO)

29. (d)

30. (a) Exp ; Secretariat staff of the parliament does not come under the Jurisdiction of the Central Administrative Tribunal

31. (d) Exp: 1) Non-scheduled banks can get loans from

RBI in emergency condition. 2) Non-scheduled banks have the obligation

like CRR maintainance but with themselves. Not with RBI. They do not have SLR requirement

32. (d)

EXP: IRWIN - Deepavali Declaration READING - Lee Committee on Public

Services in 1924. IRWIN - 1st Round Table Conference

August Offer (1940)

By Linlithgow. Dominion status in future. Post war body to write a constitution

(Mainly in Indian hands). Immediate expansion of Viceroy’s

executive council (Majority Indians). War Advisory council – National

Defense council (Only Advisory).

33. (b) Explanation: If you can spend money very easily without any cost to spend, it is more liquid. Money at hand can be spent without any cost but money deposited in bank involves some cost if you want to spend. Either you have to go to bank or ATM. It involves some effort on our part: we have to go to bank or ATM and we have to stand in queue some times. The time and energy we spend is called real cost. So the money at bank is less liquid than money at hand.

34. (d) 35. (a)

Excessive use of chemical fertilisersmakes the soil acidic. Plants do not growwell when the soil is either too acidic ortoo basic. When the soil is too acidic, itis treated with bases like quick lime(calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calciumhydroxide). If the soil is basic, organicmatter is added to it. Organic matterreleases acids which neutralises thebasic nature of the soil.

36. (a)

Exp: Zardozi or Zar-douzi work is a type of embroidery in Iran, Azerbaijan, Ira, Kuwait, Turkey, Central Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Zardozi embroidery is beautiful metal embroidery, which once used to embellish the attire of the Kings and the royals in India. UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List of India

Koodiyattam, Sanskrit Theatre, Kerala

Mudiyettu: a ritual theatre of Kerala The Tradition of Vedic Chanting Ramlila – the Traditional

Performance of the Ramayana

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Ramman: religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas

Kalbelia: folk songs and dances of Rajasthan

Chhau dance: a tradition from eastern India

Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in the trans- Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur

Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab

Navroz - Parsi New Year Celebration

37. (d) Explanation: Unconventional natural gas includes shale gas, tight gas, coal bed methane, and methane hydrates.

38. (d) 39. (b)

40. (b)

Exp: clean energy less is an example of specific duty i.e flat rate per unit of goods (Rs.400/tonne of coal) tax amount increases if the number of units increases. On other hand, advalorem is a tax levied as % of the value of the goods irrespective number of units.

41. (b) Explanation:

Sher Khan ascended the throne of Delhi in the year of 1540 after the Battle of Chausa in 1539 and Battle of Kannouj in 1540 where he defeated Humayun.

He Ruled during the period of 1540-45

He was succedded by his son Islam-Shah

42. (d) Explanation: The snow leopard population in India is estimated to be 400-700, while their worldwide number is around 7,000. In India they are in Jammu and Kashmir,

Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. WWF India in partnership with Tata Housing Development Company today announced the launch of a project for conservation of endangered ‘snow leopards' species in the country.As a part of the project 'Save Our Snow Leopards' (SOS), the two organisations unveiled an online crowd funding campaign for species conservation in India, aiming to raise at least Rs 15 lakh.The funds raised will be utilised to scale up WWF’s snow leopard conservation projects such as setting upcamera traps to study the exact status and distribution of snow leopards in range states and support the construction of predator-proof livestock pens for local communities in snow leopard habitats that will help in managing snow leopard-human conflict.

43. (c) 44. (c)

Explanation:The discovery of shale gas in year 2000 and steep rise in its production in later years, in UnitedStates has changed the energy economics of the whole world. Shale gas is trapped in less poroussedimentary rocks, which makes it difficult to be extracted. At present, shale gas extraction islimited almost exclusively to Canada and United States. But these are not the only ones to haveshale gas deposits. Many other countries, including India, have significant amounts of shale gas.But the major hindrance in extraction of shale gas lies in lack of software and modern technologyfor extraction of shale gas in India. Also, Indian sedimentary rocks are mainlyCarboniferous limestone, which is a hard resistant rock. Furthermore, the technology developed inthe United States is proprietary and is not shared with anyone.

45. (d)

Explanation: Laffer Curve: a supposed relationship between economic activity and the rate of taxation which suggests that there is an optimum tax rate which maximizes tax revenue.

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Phillips Curve: Shows the relationship between rate of inflation and rate of unemployment. It shows that the relationship is negative. That is at high rate of inflation the unemployment rate is low.

46. (b)

Explanation: Alexander did not face defeat from porous. But the soldiers experienced war-weary and diseased after the victory over porous.

47. (c) Explanation: Amensalism: This is a negative association between two species in which one species harms orrestricts the other species without itself being adversely affected or harmed by the presence of the otherspecies. Predation: In this type of interaction predator captures, kills and eats an animal of another speciescalled the prey. The predator naturally benefits from this relationship; while the prey is harmed. Commensalism: In this relationship one of the species benefits while the other is neither harmed norbenefited Mutualism: This is a close association between two species in which both the species benefit

48. (c)

Explanation The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was conceived by renowned scientist DR.A P J Abdul Kalam to enable Indian Attain self-sufficiency in the filed of Missile Technology. .The IGMDP finally got approval from the Government of India on july 26,1983. 1)Short-Range Surface-to-surface ballistic Missile –Prithvi The Prithvi missile is a family of tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles(SRBM) and is India’s first indigenously developed ballistic missile. Development of the Prithvi began in 1983, and it was first test-fired on 25 February 1988 from Sriharikota, SHAR Centre, Pottisreeramulu Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. It has a range of up to 150 to 300 km. The land variant is called Prithvi while

the naval operational variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi II class missiles are code named Dhanush(meaning Bow). Prithvi II missiles were inducted in 1996. Prithvi IIIclass has a longer-range of 350 km, and was successfully test fired in 2004. 2)Intermediate-Range Surface-to-Surface Ballistic missile-Agni The Agni missile is a family of Medium to Intercontinental range ballistic missiles developed by DRDO of India. The initial Technology demonstrator version had a range of 1500 km but were based on a solid and a liquid stage making for long preparation before firing. Learning from this the production variants of Agni are solid fuel based to allow for swift retaliation against adversaries. Missiles of Agni series are developed by DRDO and manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited. 3)Short-Range Low-Level Surface-to-Air Missile-Trishul Trishul is the name of a short range surface-to-air missile developed by India as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It has a range of 9 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg warhead. Designed to be used against low-level (sea skimming) targets at short range, the system has been developed to defend naval vessels against missiles and also as a short-range surface-to-air missile on land. Guidance consists of three different guiding beams, with the guidance handed over progressively to a narrower beam as the missile approaches the target. 4)Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile-Akash Akash is a medium range surface-to-air missile developed as part of India’s Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme to achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-air missiles. It is the most expensive missile project ever undertaken by the Union government in the 20th century. Development costs skyrocketed to almost US$120 million which is far more than other similar systems.Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 30 km. It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.8 metres. Akash flies at supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 18 km.

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5)Third Generation Anti-Tank Missile-NAG Nag is India’s third generation “Fire-and-forget” anti-tank missile. It is an all weather, top attack missile with a range of 3 to 7 km. The missile uses an 8 kg tandem HEAT warhead capable of defeating modern armour including ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) and composite armour. Nag uses Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) guidance with day and night capability. Mode of launch for the IIR seeker is LOBL (Lock on Before Launch)

49. (d)

Explanation: Protectionism is a strategy adopted by nations which means saving domestic industries from the tough competition posed by the large MNCs. It helps to generate local employment as imports are also discouraged. This pushes the opening of domestic industries. Import substitution supplements Protectionism. It means meeting the demand of the same goods which were earlier imported, from the domestic industries.

50. (a)

Explanation: Solar plants:

Charanka solar park- Gujarat – asia’s biggest solar park.

Sai baba sansthan trust- shiradi- world’s largest solar steam system

Welspun solar project (MP) – largest solar power plant in India.

Geothermal: Tattapani (Chattisgarh) – geothermal

power plant – going to be implemented.

Wind energy plants: Muppandal windfarm: Kanyakumari Jaisalmer Wind Park: Rajasthan Brahmanvel windfarm: Maharashtra Dhalgaon windfarm: Maharashtra Vankusawade Wind Park: Maharastra

Thermal power stations: Neyveli thermal power station Mettur thermal power station Ennore thermal power station North Chennai thermal power

station Tuticorin thermal power

station

Barsingsar Lignit Power Plant (RAJ)

Suratgarh State Thermal Power Station (RAJ)

Kota State Thermal Power Station (RAJ)

Giral Lignite Thermal Power Station (RAJ)

Chhabra State Thermal Power Plant (RAJ)

Barsingsar Lignite Power Plant (RAJ)

51. (c)

52. (d)

Explanation: Some rules: Only SEBI-registered entities are allowed to provide Crowdfunding platforms. SEBI has also proposed that only ‘accredited investors’ be allowed to participate in crowdfunding activities. Entities with an established business, already listed on an exchange or being in existence for four years or more and those engaged in real estate and financial sector businesses are barred from tapping this route.

53. (d) 54. (a)

EXP: A Saranjam is a non-hereditary grant

of land for maintenance of troops or for military service found among the Maratha community in Maharashtra,

Saranjamdar was the title given to the landlord or holder of a Saranjam. Usually it was bestowed on that person for heroic deeds in the military field, thus most Saranjamdars were former military officers.

55. (c) Explanation:Cryopreservation or cryoconservation is a process where organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular matrix, organs or any other biological constructs susceptible to damage caused by unregulated chemical kinetics are preserved

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by cooling to very low temperatures (typically -80 °C using solid carbon dioxide or -196 °C using liquid nitrogen). At low enough temperatures, any enzymatic or chemical activity which might cause damage to the biological material in question is effectively stopped.

56. (c)

57. (c) Explanation: Tree Growth has no relation to gravity. For the growth of a tree, temperature, rainfall and sunlight required.

58. (c)

Explanation: Disguised unemployment exists where part of the labor force is either left without work or is working in a redundant manner where worker productivity is essentially zero. It is unemployment that does not affect aggregate output.

59. (d) Explanation:

Neolithic Age – Agriculture, Use of Wheel and Pottery

Mehrgarh- 1st Neolithic site and cotton produced

60. (a) Exp ; The council of ministers has to resign after the passage of No confidence motion.

61. (b)

Explanation:Pharynx, cone-shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx chamber serves both respiratory and digestive functions. Thick fibres of muscle and connective tissue attach the pharynx to the base of the skull and surrounding structures. Both circular and longitudinal muscles occur in the walls of the pharynx; the circular muscles form constrictions that help push food to the esophagus and prevent air from being

swallowed, while the longitudinal fibres lift the walls of the pharynx during swallowing.

62. (d) 63. (d)

EXP: C.R. Das as the President of the Congress and Motilal as its Secretary put forward this programme of ‘either mending or ending’ the councils at the Gaya session of the Congress in December 1922.

64. (c) Exp: Launched five years ago from Cape Canaveral, it has travelled 2.7 billion kilometres so far. NASA celebrated a key triumph in july 2016 as its $1.1 billion Juno spacecraft successfully slipped into orbit around Jupiter on a mission to probe the origin of the solar system. Scientists hope to find out more about how much water Jupiter holds and the makeup of its core in order to figure out how the planet -- and others in the neighborhood, including Earth -- formed billions of years ago. The solar system's most massive planet is fifth from the sun. With an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium, it is known for its Great Red Spot, a storm bigger than Earth that has been raging for hundreds of years. The first mission designed to see beneath Jupiter's clouds, Juno is named after the Roman goddess who was the wife of Jupiter, the god of the sky in ancient mythology. The NASA mission aims to orbit Jupiter from pole to pole, sampling its charged particles and magnetic fields for the first time and revealing more about the auroras in ultraviolet light that can be seen around the planet's polar regions. Juno should circle the planet 37 times before finally making a death plunge in 2018, to prevent the spacecraft from causing damage to any of Jupiter's icy moons, which NASA hopes to explore one day for signs of life. Although Juno will not be the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, NASA says its path will bring it closer than its predecessor, Galileo, which launched in 1989.

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That spacecraft found evidence of subsurface saltwater on Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto before making a final plunge into Jupiter in 2003. NASA says Juno should be able to get closer than Galileo -- this time within 3,100 miles (5,000 kilometers) above the cloud tops. JUNO spacecraft is a mission by NASA.

65. (c)

Explanation: SO2 is added in sugar manufacturing process because at initial stage it converts the basic characterof treated sugar cane juice to neutral in character. During second time treatment of juice with SO2,it is used as a bleaching agent and leads to purification and responsible for white colour of sugar.The added sulphur leads to formation of hydrogen sulphides (H2S) which is a poisonous gas and isresponsible for producing foul smell in industry.

66. (c)

Explanation : FR available only to citizen not to foreigners are Article 15, 16, 19, 29, 30

67. (d)

68. (d) Exp: Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP), in Rourkela, Odisha is the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India. It was set up with West German collaboration with an installed capacity of 1 million tonnes in the 1960s.

69. (b) Exp ; From the first sitting of the house after the election results the term of the Loksabha member is started.

70. (a) 71. (b)

Explanation: A hydrogen bomb, or a thermonuclear bomb, uses fusion in a chain reaction when compared tonuclear bomb which uses fission. A hydrogen bomb can be 100 times more dangerous than nuclearbomb (North Korea recently claimed

to have tested an H Bomb on 6 January- 2016).

72. (a)

EXP: Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque (Mosque of the

Old Fort) is a mosque located inside the premises of Purana Qila (Old Fort) in Delhi, the capital of India.

After Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun, he occupied Purana Qila. There, he built the mosque for his private use, which became a "symbol of his royal aspiration".

The mosque is believed to have been constructed c. 1541

73. (b)

Explanation:The Van Alien radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles (plasma) around Earth, whichis held in place by Earth’s magnetic field. It is believed that most of the particles that form the beltscome from solar wind, and other particles by cosmic rays. Its discoverer, James Van Alien, and islocated in the inner region of the Earth’s Magnetosphere. It is split into two distinct belts, withenergetic electrons forming the outer belt and a combination of protons and electrons forming theinner belts. In addition, the radiation belts contain lesser amounts of other nuclei, such as alphaparticles. The belts pose a hazard to satellites, which must protect their sensitive components with adequate shielding if their orbit spends significant time in the radiation belts. As far as protective effects of Van Allen Belts are concerned, they have not much to credit for. Van Allen belts protect against charged particle radiation but at the same time don’t not protect againstelectromagnetic radiation. This protection is done by the atmosphere (Ionosphere). Thus, the statement that these belts protect earth is true in terms of particle radiation, false in terms of EM radiation. Van Allen Belts are regions of high concentrations of particle radiation. It is the Earth’s magnetic field that does the protecting, forming the belts in the process.

74. (d)

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Exp ; The Constitution visualises panchayats as institutions of self-governance. However, giving due consideration to the federal structure of our polity, most of the financial powers and authorities to be endowed on panchayats have been left at the discretion of concerned state legislatures .The state legislature may authorize a panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate taxes ,duties , tolls and fees.

75. (c) Explanation:

Upper-course river features include steep-sided V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls and gorges.

Middle-course river features include wider, shallower valleys, meanders, and oxbow lakes.

Lower-course river features include wide flat-bottomed valleys, floodplains and deltas.

76. (d) Exp ; The selection of CAG and the chairman of the UPSC comes under the sole discretion powers of the Union Government.

77. (d)

78. (d)

79. (c)

80. (b) Explanation The Ministry of Environment and Forest on 9 September 2013 declared India's first marine eco-sensitive zone around Marine National Park in Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat. This decision prohibits any industrial activity in the area. It will apply stringent environmental regulations in the region for developmental works in 36 villages and 31 rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea. The ministry declared 313 sq km around the park as an eco-sensitive zone through a notification. Of this, 208 sq km is land while the remaining is on the seaside. The notification says that land use for recreational, commercial or industrial development will not be permitted in the area except for residential purpose. Mining, including fresh water mining, and release of

polluted water and waste will also be prohibited. The ministry even disallowed fishing by trawlers.

81. (c)

Explanation: A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) is a vehicle with an internal combustion engine capable of operating on a mixture of fuels, typically gasoline and ethanol. First statement is incorrect because bio-diesel is prepared from renewable resources such asanimal fats or vegetable oils. But only diesel engines can run on biodiesel and not all engines cancope with it. Flex fuel involves bio-ethanol and petrol, or a blend of both. Ethanol is largely seen asa environmentally friendly alternative to petrol. It is made from the fermentation of crops such assugarcane in Brazil and soybean in the US. Second statement is correct because flex fuels reduceemission of sulphur dioxide, lead and zinc depending upon blending. Third statement isincorrect because flex fuels are less volatile, but have higher octane ratings than petroleum. Also, notethat E-85 is a flex fuel, which has 85 percent ethanol with 15 percent petrol blending. Ethanol isproduced from cane molasses, a by-product of the sugar production process. So, at present, themost obvious and reliable source of bio-ethanol in India is sugarcane. With India being the world’ssecond largest sugar market, government wishes to shift to flex fuels, with minimum 10 per centblending. Furthermore, flex-fuel and biofuels in general, are promoted because they are cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.

82. (a)

EXP: STATEMENT 2: Russia Didn’t Extend Support. STATEMENT 1:Since 1952, India has always regarded Tibet as an integral part of China and does not encourage overt criticism of China by Tibetans in exile.

83. (c) EXP: Border states with china-Jammu & Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Bihar

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84. (a) Exp: The exercise aimed at four aspects – to asses the problems at the risky areas of the Sunderbans, increasing patrolling in the area by both parties, raiding suspicious cargo and trawlers on the Bangladesh-India sea transportation route jointly and be aware of the forest camps of the partner country. Not Strategic alone.

85. (d)

Explanation: The species that invade a bare area are called pioneer species. In primary succession on rocks these are usually lichens which are able to secrete acids to dissolve rock, helping in weathering and soil formation. These later paves way to some very small plants like bryophytes, which are able to take hold in the small amount of soil. They are, with time, succeeded by bigger plants, and after several more stages, ultimately a stable climax forest community is formed. The climax community remains stable as long as the environment remains unchanged.

86. (b) Exp: This takes place due to the fact that the winning bidder places a higher value on the asset than all other bidders-ultimately paying too much for the asset (thus, the curse of winner is that it wins but after paying very high a cost).

87. (c) Explanation : According to this concept the cycles of ‘Utsarpini” and ‘Avasarpini’ continue one after another in the Universe.

88. (d) Exp; Emerging Industries which are knowledge based industries are known as Sunrise Industries. Tourism , Service sector, BPO etc.

89. (c) 90. (d) 91. (c)

Explanation: Germs are not transmitted readily in desert regions due to low humidity. It is high in equatorial regions so death rates are high in that regions.

92. (c)

Explanation: The Ganga Action Plan was launched on 14th January 1986 with the main objective of pollution abatement, to improve water quality by interception, diversion and treatment of domestic sewage and toxic and industrial chemical wastes present, from identified grossly polluting units entering in to the river. After reviewing the effectiveness of the "Ganga Action Plan", the Government announced the "Mission Clean Ganga" project on 31st December, 2009 with the objective that by 2020, no municipal sewage and industrial waste would be released in the river without treatment, with the total budget of around Rs.15,000 crore. The Government also established the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), chaired by the Prime Minister, with the objective to ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga, by adopting a river basin approach for comprehensive planning and management. The proposal to set up CGF is to attract private contributions globally for increasing people's participation in this massive task. Considering that the measures taken till now are not adequate and a national effort is required to mobilize resources for improving the condition of the river Ganga, the Government has announced the setting up of an Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission called "NamamiGange". The main features of CGF are:

i. CGF will have the objective of contributing to the national effort of improving the cleanliness of the river Ganga with the contributions received from the residents of the country, NRIs/ PIO and others.

ii. CGF will be operated through a bank account by a Trust.

iii. Domestic donors to the fund shall be eligible for tax benefits as in the case of "Swachch Bharat Kosh". Foreign donors could get suitable tax exemptions in domestic law, wherever permissible. iv. CGF will

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explore the possibility of setting up daughter funds in other jurisdictions/countries of high donor interest such as USA, UK, Singapore, UAE, etc. to enable tax benefits to donors in their respective jurisdictions.

iv. CGF will be catalytic in nature and will identify and fund specific projects which could be pilot projects, R&D projects, innovative projects or other focused projects. The Fund will define specific and measurable objectives to form the basis for planning, funding, and evaluation.

v. Broad activities proposed to be financed from CGF include, inter alia, Activities outlined under the 'NamamiGange' programme for cleaning of river Ganga; control of non-point pollution from agricultural runoff, human defecation, cattle wallowing etc.; setting up of waste treatment and disposal plants along the river around the cities; conservation of the biotic diversity of the river; community based activities to reduce polluting human interface with the river; Development of public amenities including activities such as Ghat redevelopment; R&D and innovative projects; Research and Development projects and innovative projects for new technology and processes for cleaning Ganga; independent oversight through intensive monitoring and real time reporting; any other activity as approved by Governing Council. This is an indicative list and can be expanded within the overall objective by the Governing Council. The Fund shall not be utilised for activities such as dredging.

93. (d)

Explanation: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a legally binding multilateral environmental agreement that has 194 contracting Parties (Countries) as its members with three objectives –

conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of the diversity and ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits of such use. It has entered into force on 29th December 1993. There is no requirement under the legislation for seeking permission for carrying out research, if it is carried out in India by Indians, as well as under collaborative research projects that have been drawn within the overall policy guidelines formulated by the Central Government vide notification S.O.1911(E) of Government of India. The only situations that would require permission of the National Biodiversity Authority( NBA) are: (i) when the results of any research which has made use of the country's biodiversity is sought to be commercialized, (ii) when the results of research are shared with a foreigner or foreign institution, and (iii) when a foreign institution/individual wants access to the country's biodiversity for undertaking research and (iv) when any intellectual property protection is sought on Indian biological resources.

94. (c)

EXP: TIRUPPUR KUMARAN: He founded Desa Bandhu Youth Association and led protests against the British.

95. (d)

Exp:

Examples of sedimentary rocks: Dolomite, limestone, sandstone, gysum.

Examples of metamorphic rocks: Anthracite, gnesis, marble, quartzite.

Examples of igneous rocks: Basalt granite, monazite.

96. (d)

Explanation: Megadiversity Countries is a term used

to refer to the world’s top biodiversity-rich countries in the world. This country-based method raises national awareness for biodiversity conservation in nations

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with high biological diversity, with many species unique to a specific country. This concept complements that of biodiversity hotspots and high-biodiversity wilderness areas to achieve significant coverage of the world’s biological resources and was first proposed in 1988.

Global in extent covering 17 countries. The identified Mega diverse countries are: United States of America, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Madagascar, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, China, and Australia.

The principle criterion is endemism, first at the species level and then at higher taxonomic levels such as genus and family. To qualify as a Megadiverse country, a country must have at least 5000 of the world’s plants as endemics.

In February 2002, the Ministers in charge of the Environment and the Delegates of Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Venezuela, assembled in the Mexican City of Cancún. These countries declared to set up a Group of Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries as a mechanism for consultation and cooperation so that their interests and priorities related to the preservation and sustainable use of biological diversity could be promoted. They also declared that they would call on those countries that had not become Parties to the CBD, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the Kyoto Protocol on climate change to become parties to these agreements.

97. (d)

Explanation: Sequence of Pottery :

Black and Red Ware-Indus Valley Civilization

Painted Grey Ware-Vedic period Northern Black Polished Ware-

Mauryan period A red-glazed terracotta pottery

produced in Tuscany from 100 B.C. to

A.D. 100 and widely traded-also called Samian ware, terra sigillata.

98. (b) 99. (a)

100. (a)