SEMINAR REPORT ON SMART POWER GRID

SUBMITTED BY – Manisha B.Tech.(3rd yr-EE) 0905220016

INDEXINDEX INTRODUCATION INTRODUCATION WHAT IS SMART GRID WHAT IS SMART GRID NEED OF SMART GRIDNEED OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY FEATUREFEATURE SMART METERSMART METER ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES &

FUTUREFUTURE REFERENCESREFERENCES

IIntroductionntroduction

Smart grid refers to the next generation electric power network that makes use of Smart grid refers to the next generation electric power network that makes use of IT and high technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the IT and high technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the electric power network have not developed remarkably in terms of creating electric power network have not developed remarkably in terms of creating innovative technologies. However, smart grid by revolutionizing the electric powerinnovative technologies. However, smart grid by revolutionizing the electric power network and being almost as powerful as the internet, is attracting many attentions network and being almost as powerful as the internet, is attracting many attentions among various industries.among various industries.

Smart grid is a system that enables two-many communications in Smart grid is a system that enables two-many communications in between consumers and electric power companies. In a smart grid system between consumers and electric power companies. In a smart grid system consumer’s information is received by the electric power companies in order to consumer’s information is received by the electric power companies in order to provide the most efficient electric network operations. In addition to the efficient provide the most efficient electric network operations. In addition to the efficient operations of a power plant ,smart grid also make it possible to control power operations of a power plant ,smart grid also make it possible to control power demand and distributed energy, including renewable energies. By installing an demand and distributed energy, including renewable energies. By installing an intelligent meter (smart meter) on the consumer side, especially households, intelligent meter (smart meter) on the consumer side, especially households, monitoring the use of energy becomes much easier and even helps to reduce monitoring the use of energy becomes much easier and even helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. carbon dioxide emissions.

SMART GRIDSMART GRID

AA SMART GRID deliversSMART GRID delivers electricity from supplier to consumers electricity from supplier to consumers using two- way digital technology to control appliances at consumers’ homes to save using two- way digital technology to control appliances at consumers’ homes to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electricity energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electricity distribution grid with an information and net metering system. Power travels from the distribution grid with an information and net metering system. Power travels from the power plant to your house through an amazing system called the power distribution power plant to your house through an amazing system called the power distribution grid.grid. Such a modernized electricity networks is being promoted by many governments Such a modernized electricity networks is being promoted by many governments as a way of addressing energy independences, global warming and emergency resilienceas a way of addressing energy independences, global warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters may be part of smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart issues. Smart meters may be part of smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid.grid.

Generating plant

Transmission Line

Substation

Distribution System End User

A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the capability of the integrating transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the capability of the integrating renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive the user renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing machinescan allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand. selected appliances to reduce demand.

Smart Grid And it’s NeedSmart Grid And it’s Need

Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a complexour infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a complex society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer fossil fuels, society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer fossil fuels, increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution with less increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution with less maintenance, effective new construction and efficient disaster reconstruction. But whilemaintenance, effective new construction and efficient disaster reconstruction. But while demand for electricity has risen drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed. demand for electricity has risen drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed. The bottom line is that we are exacting more from a grid that is simply not up to the The bottom line is that we are exacting more from a grid that is simply not up to the task.task.

POWER SYSTEM

How “smart” should a smart power grid The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user hardware,

from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use that to better

balance supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak usage hours.

Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the

grid, the delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a smart

move. Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables both electrical

utilities and consumer to be much more efficient.

A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms, it

also enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of peak

demand to those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working with

consumers who have “smart meters” to see exactly how much electricity is being used at

any particular time. This facilitates two-way communication between utility and

consumer. So they can cooperate in reducing peak demand in a way that it’s

advantageous to both. And it allow to the use of two way metering so that customer who

have a rooftop solar electric panel or their own windmill can sell surplus electricity back

to the utility.

1. Intelligent –

Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent or minimize a

potential outage; of working autonomously when conditions required resolution faster

than humans can respond and co-operatively in aligning the goals of utilities, consumers

and regulators.

2. Efficient –

Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without adding

infrastructure.

3. Accommodating –

Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as easily

and transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any and all better

ideas and technologies – energy storage technologies. For e.g.- as they are market

proven and ready to come online.

4. Motivating –

Enable real-time communication between the consumer and utility, so consumer

can tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price and

or environmental concerns.

5. Resilient –

Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes more

decentralization and reinforced with smart grid security protocol.

6. Green –

Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path

towards significant environmental improvement.

TechnologyTechnologyThe bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areasoperations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas

I.I. Integrated communicationsIntegrated communicationsSome communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they

have been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most have been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection. cases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA), energydistribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power- management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power- line carrier communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication will line carrier communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication will allow for real time control, information and data exchange to optimize system allow for real time control, information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.reliability, asset utilization, and security.

II.II. Sensing and measurementSensing and measurement core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring

equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meterTechnologies include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically reading equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically based on online reading by distributed temperature sensing combined with based on online reading by distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature

measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.

III.III. Smart metersA smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that

record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times of peak demand.

IV. Advanced components

Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage devices, composite conductors, and “intelligent” appliances.

REDUCTION OF LOSSES IN GRIDREDUCTION OF LOSSES IN GRID

TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEMTECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM Transmission system comprises of transmission towers, conductors, insulators Transmission system comprises of transmission towers, conductors, insulators

and switchgear protection system transmits power from generating station to and switchgear protection system transmits power from generating station to any particular distribution substation.any particular distribution substation.

Distribution system comprises of feeder towers, poles and insulators etc. whichDistribution system comprises of feeder towers, poles and insulators etc. which distribute power from distribution substation to any particular area.distribute power from distribution substation to any particular area.

Parameters influencing T&D system:Parameters influencing T&D system:1)1) TransformerTransformer

2)2) Transmission lineTransmission line3)3) Distribution lineDistribution line

TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-

a)a) IRON LOSSESIRON LOSSES The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in transformer The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in transformer steel core. It is also known as iron losses.steel core. It is also known as iron losses.

Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current lossMagnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current lossb)b) COPPER LOSSESCOPPER LOSSES

The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is called as The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is called as

copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses.copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses. Cu losses = I Cu losses = I11

22RR11+ I+ I2222RR22

Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets have a Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets have a view to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses occurring in T&D view to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses occurring in T&D sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of losses in T&D system. So, it sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of losses in T&D system. So, it is sole responsibility to reduce them.is sole responsibility to reduce them.

ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIOUES -ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIOUES -

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:

Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving parts. So, a Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving parts. So, a transformer is free from mechanical and frictional losses. Thus, it faces only electrical transformer is free from mechanical and frictional losses. Thus, it faces only electrical losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional transformer is high losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional transformer is high around 95-98%.around 95-98%.

Thus, energy conservation opportunities for trans former are available only in design and Thus, energy conservation opportunities for trans former are available only in design and material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase efficiency of system. material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase efficiency of system.

Transformer losses

Iron losses (constant losses)

Copper losses (variable losses)

ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFORMERTRANSFORMER

OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMEROPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER

The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61 The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61 billion K WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of billion K WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of typical grid system showed that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of typical grid system showed that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of total transmission and distribution losses.total transmission and distribution losses.

Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as recommended by Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as recommended by REC), the overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its losses can be REC), the overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its losses can be reduced. The load loss may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.reduced. The load loss may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.

Transformer ratingsTransformer ratings Reduction in losses at 38% loadingReduction in losses at 38% loading

25 KVA25 KVA 685-466W685-466W

63KVA63KVA 1235-844W1235-844W

100KVA100KVA 1760-1196W1760-1196W

IMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF TRANSFORMERIMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF TRANSFORMER

This is nothing but the reducing No-Load losses or Core Losses. They can be This is nothing but the reducing No-Load losses or Core Losses. They can be reduced by following methods:-reduced by following methods:-

1)1) BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMER-BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMER-

By using superior quality or improved grades of CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain By using superior quality or improved grades of CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented) laminations, the no-load losses can be reduced to 32%.Oriented) laminations, the no-load losses can be reduced to 32%.

2)2) BY USING AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMERBY USING AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER

Transformer with superior quality of core material i.e. amorphous Transformer with superior quality of core material i.e. amorphous alloy is called Amorphous Transformers. Amorphous alloy is made up of Iron-alloy is called Amorphous Transformers. Amorphous alloy is made up of Iron-boron-silicon alloy. boron-silicon alloy. The magnetic core of this transformer is made with amorphous metal, which is easily magnetized / demagnetized. Typically, core loss can be 70–80% less than its Molten metal mixture when cooled to solid state at a Molten metal mixture when cooled to solid state at a

very high speed rate, retain a random atomic structure that is not crystalline. This very high speed rate, retain a random atomic structure that is not crystalline. This is called Amorphous. is called Amorphous.

Amorphous transformerAmorphous transformer

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE:-ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE:-

Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:-Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:-

1)1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -

Losses are directly proportional to ILosses are directly proportional to I22r in conductor. So, if we reduce ‘R’ from this surely r in conductor. So, if we reduce ‘R’ from this surely the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.

ACC ACSR Conductor ACC ACSR Conductor

2)2) BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS - BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS -

This can be done by following methods- This can be done by following methods-

1. By using voltage controllers1. By using voltage controllers

2. By using voltage stabilizer2. By using voltage stabilizer

3. By using power factor controller3. By using power factor controller

AWRENESS IN CONSUMERS -AWRENESS IN CONSUMERS -

This is one of most important and useful/helpful for energy conservation. This can be This is one of most important and useful/helpful for energy conservation. This can be done by asking consumer to make use of energy efficient equipments, by giving seminar done by asking consumer to make use of energy efficient equipments, by giving seminar about energy conservation and make them aware and understand about the happening about energy conservation and make them aware and understand about the happening and there advantages and disadvantages etc.and there advantages and disadvantages etc.

Effective use of smart grid technologies by customer helps utilities –Effective use of smart grid technologies by customer helps utilities –

Optimizes grid use.Optimizes grid use. Improve grid efficiency and security.Improve grid efficiency and security. Better align demand with supply constraints & grid congestion.Better align demand with supply constraints & grid congestion. Enable distributed generation (especially fromEnable distributed generation (especially from renewablerenewable sources)sources)

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :-ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :-

This is done by considering following points:-This is done by considering following points:-

1)1) BALANCING OF PHASE LOAD-BALANCING OF PHASE LOAD-

As a result of unequal loads on individual phase sequence, components As a result of unequal loads on individual phase sequence, components causes over heating of transformers, cables, conductors motors. Thus, increasing causes over heating of transformers, cables, conductors motors. Thus, increasing losses and resulting in the motor malfunctioning under unbalanced voltage losses and resulting in the motor malfunctioning under unbalanced voltage conditions. Thus, keeping the system negative phase sequence voitage within conditions. Thus, keeping the system negative phase sequence voitage within limits, amount of savings in capital (saving the duration of equipment )as well as limits, amount of savings in capital (saving the duration of equipment )as well as energy losses. Thus, to avoid this losses, the loads are distributed evenly ‘as is energy losses. Thus, to avoid this losses, the loads are distributed evenly ‘as is practical’ between the phases.practical’ between the phases.

1)1) POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT-POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT-

Low power factor will lead to increased current and hence increase losses Low power factor will lead to increased current and hence increase losses and will affect the voltage. The power factor at peak is almost unity. However, and will affect the voltage. The power factor at peak is almost unity. However, during off peak hours, mainly (11 am to 3 pm ) the power factor decreases to during off peak hours, mainly (11 am to 3 pm ) the power factor decreases to around 0.8, this may be due to following reasons,around 0.8, this may be due to following reasons,

Wide use of fans.Wide use of fans. Wide industrial loads.Wide industrial loads. Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors. Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors. Less use of high power factor loads like lightubg etc.Less use of high power factor loads like lightubg etc.

Now, to improve power factor at off peak hours the consumers must Now, to improve power factor at off peak hours the consumers must be aware of the effects of low power factor and must connect compensation be aware of the effects of low power factor and must connect compensation equipments DSTACOM, capacitor bank. equipments DSTACOM, capacitor bank.

SMART METERSSMART METERS

A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that identifies A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that identifies consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicates thatconsumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicates that information back to the local utility for monitoring and billing, a process known asinformation back to the local utility for monitoring and billing, a process known as telemetering.telemetering.

These meters includes additional functions to power measurement such as These meters includes additional functions to power measurement such as communication, data storage, remote programming, and time-of-use rates , and are communication, data storage, remote programming, and time-of-use rates , and are intended to be deployed as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) solution. Smart intended to be deployed as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) solution. Smart meters are the next generation of electricity and gas meters. smart meter will empower meters are the next generation of electricity and gas meters. smart meter will empower customer to make choices on how much energy they use. Supplier will install two-way customer to make choices on how much energy they use. Supplier will install two-way communication system that display accurate real time information on energy use in the communication system that display accurate real time information on energy use in the home to the consumer and back to the energy supplier.home to the consumer and back to the energy supplier.

COMPARISION BETWEEN TODAY’S GRID AND SMART COMPARISION BETWEEN TODAY’S GRID AND SMART GRID (MODERN GRID)GRID (MODERN GRID)

Characteristics Characteristics Today’s gridToday’s grid Smart gridSmart grid (Modern grid)(Modern grid)

1)1) Self-healsSelf-heals Respond to prevent further Respond to prevent further damage. focus is on damage. focus is on protection of assets following protection of assets following system faults. system faults.

Automatically detects & Automatically detects & respond to actual & emerging respond to actual & emerging transmission &distribution transmission &distribution problems. Focus is on problems. Focus is on prevention. minimizes prevention. minimizes computer impacts.computer impacts.

2)2) Motivates & Motivates & includes the includes the consumersconsumers

Consumers are uniformed Consumers are uniformed &non-participative with the &non-participative with the power system.power system.

Informed involve &active Informed involve &active consumers. Broad penetration consumers. Broad penetration of demand response.of demand response.

3)3) Resist attackResist attack Vulnerable to malicious acts Vulnerable to malicious acts of terrors natural disasters.of terrors natural disasters.

Resilient to attach &natural Resilient to attach &natural disasters with rapid restorationdisasters with rapid restoration capabilities.capabilities.

4)4) Provided power Provided power quality for 21quality for 21stst century needscentury needs

Focused on outstage rather Focused on outstage rather than power quality problems. than power quality problems. Solve response in revolving Solve response in revolving PQ issues.PQ issues.

Quality of power meets Quality of power meets industry standards & industry standards & consumers need. PQ issues consumers need. PQ issues identified &revolved prior to identified &revolved prior to manifestation. Various levels manifestation. Various levels of PQ at various prices. of PQ at various prices.

5)5) Accommodates all Accommodates all generation and generation and storage option.storage option.

Relatively small no. of large Relatively small no. of large generating plants. numerous generating plants. numerous obstacles exist for obstacles exist for interconnecting DER.interconnecting DER.

Very large no. of diverse Very large no. of diverse distributed generation & distributed generation & storage devices deployed to storage devices deployed to complements the large complements the large generating plant. generating plant.

Advantages Of Smart Grid-

Reduces the cost of blackouts.

Helps measure and reduces energy conservation and costs.

Help businesses to reduce their carbon footprints.

Opens up new opportunities for tech companies meaning more jobs created.

Disadvantages Of Smart Grid

Biggest concern: it has security and privacy.

Two-way communication between power consumer and provider and sensors so it

is costly.

Some type of meter can hacked.

HACKER-

Gain control of thousand even millions, of meters.

Increases or decreases the demand of power.

Not simply a single component .various technology components are used are

software, system integrators, the power generators.

Future –

In the new future, will not be any vast development.

Risky because of financial developments and regulations.

In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid from

every business to every home just like the internet.

Resources of information

Articles –

Energy Conservation Through Energy Management

- by Prof. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)

WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power - by Syed Khadeerullah (Electrical India magazine, January 2008)

Magazine of “Electrical India 2010”

Websites:-www.nima.com

www.howstuffworks.comwww.wikipedia.comwww.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcitywww.schneider.comwww.powersmiths.comwww.renewableenrgyworld.com