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Graduation Project Presentation01EED2016 -Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt
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1
Home Automation
It is the automatic and electronic control of household
features, activity and appliances.
Domestic activities can then be regulated
with the touch of a button from any remote location.
HA software is often connected through computer networks;
so that users can adjust settings on their personal devices.
2
Home Automation
A good HA system is the one:
Easy to use.
Promote energy efficiency.
Improves Safety of your home.
3
Modern Access through
hand-held devices as
Mobiles and Tablets
With trigger events and
Alerts
Devices
Home AutomationGeneral Components
Control unit that send the
signals through to the
peripherals such as lights,
AC, home entertainment,
etc.
Through Wi-Fi or TCP/IP
Control
Smart control system
accepts different types of
peripherals: door locks,
dimmers, thermostat, etc.
Peripherals
4
Home AutomationPeripherals
Door Locks
Virtual keys to your home.
Different keys with different permissions
Connected with the Alarm & Security systems.
5
Home AutomationPeripherals
Light Control
Motion sensors detect a presence in a room
and (switch/control) the light accordingly.
Dimmers automatically adjust LED brightness
depending on the light level
Promotes energy efficiency.
6
Home AutomationPeripherals
Security & Alarm
Motion sensors & cameras.
Activate alarms, call of law enforcement if needed
and send alert messages through service controller
to the home owner.
Improves safety of your home.
7
Home AutomationPeripherals
Temperature/Climate Control
Programmable thermostat ensures climate control
in the house by controlling AC/Heater temperature.
Promotes energy efficiency
8
Home AutomationPeripherals
Automatic Shading
9
Home AutomationPeripherals
Automatic Shading
Control over blinds and curtains through the day.
Keep rooms from getting hotter during the day;
thus decreasing the use of the AC or fans.
It can be integrated with temperature control for AC
and security system to expose intruders.
Morning wake ups integration with clock and alarm.
10
Home AutomationModel
We can design smart house system on
small scale using :
Microcontroller: Arduino – raspberry pi .
Sensors : ultrasonic – infra red - LDR .
LEDs – lamps .
Motors .
LCDs
Wireless modules .
11
Home Automation
12
Home AutomationModel
Door Lock
We can use:
- keypad
-MCU with predefined password
-LCD
-Buzzer
Designed system to accept the right password or activate the alert system.
Using the keypad or input from a mobile or tablet connected over Wi-Fi.
13
Home AutomationModel
Light Control
We can use:
-Ultrasonic sensors for motion detection.
-LDR sensor for light level in a room.
-LEDs or Lamps to be controlled by MCU.
14
Home AutomationModel
Automatic Shading
We can use:
-LDR sensor for light level outside.
-Stepper Motor to control motion of the curtain.
-MCU to control the logic of the circuit plus to allow manual over-ride.
15
Home AutomationModel
We can add different peripherals circuit to the system such as:
-Temperature control to send signal to AC or Heaters and display it on
a screen.
-We can track power consumption in the house.
-Smoke detection for fire-fighting system.
We can design a mobile application to control the system over WiFi.
We can try to make a real life model over a limited location like a room;
to control 220V appliances using the same MCU any system logic with relays
and protection circuit.
16
Solar EnergyWhy do we use semiconductors?
17
Solar EnergyWhy do we use semiconductors?
18
Solar EnergyWhy do we use semiconductors?
Different Efficiency.
Different Material.
Bandgap.
Quantum Efficiency.
Multi junction
19
Solar Energy
20
Solar Energy
21
Solar Energy
Organizing the atoms in Single-Crystal VS. Thin-Film Solar Cells
crystals is like removing the trees to make a road through a forest. Atoms out of
place or atomic impurities are obstacles for the electron just like trees are obstacles
for a car.
Collisions with these obstacles force the electron (or the car) to lose energy.
If you were a car driving through the national forest, or an electron passing through
a solar cell, which path would you rather take ?
In any case, after 25 years of effort on thin - film solar cells, their module efficiencies
are still low
22
Solar EnergyConcentration PV
23
Solar EnergyEfficiency of Semi-Conductors
Single-crystal materials up to 40 % and low efficiency in Silicon.
MonoCrystalline Si solar cell Record efficiency : 24.7 %
24
Solar EnergyEfficiency of Semi-Conductors
Multicrystal Si solar cell Record efficiency : 19.5 %
Amorphousl Si solar cell Record efficiency : >10 %
25
Solar EnergyEfficiency of Semi-Conductors
HIT (Hetero-junction with Intrinsic Thin layer) solar cell Record efficiency : 23%
CdTe solar cell Record efficiency : 17.3 %
26
Solar EnergyEfficiency of Semi-Conductors
DSSC solar cell Record efficiency : 24.2 %
Organic solar cell Record efficiency : 9.1 %
27
Solar EnergySolar Thermal Energy
28
Solar Energy
Two Main Categories
Solar Thermal Energy
Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
Water heating and
cooking
Electricity
production
29
Solar EnergySolar Thermal Energy
Solar thermal energy (STE) is a form of energy and a technology for harnessing
solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in industry,
and in the residential and commercial sectors
Cooking Water Heating
30
Solar Energy
31
Solar EnergySolar Energy Applications
32
Solar EnergySolar Water Heat
Solar water heating is the most efficient
and economical use of solar energy.
Residential systems start at $2500 and
typically cost $3500-$4500 installed.
Savings of $30-$75 per month, lasting
20 years.
Tax credits and state rebates available.
33
Solar EnergySpace Heating
A solar space heater collects the sun’s energy by a solar collector and directs
the energy into a “thermal mass” for storage later when the space is the
coldest
34
Solar EnergyAdvantages of Solar Thermal Energy
No Fuel Cost
Predictable, 24/7 Power
No Pollution and Global Warming Effects
Using Existing Industrial Base
35
Solar EnergyDisadvantages of Solar Thermal Energy
High Costs
Water Issue
limited Locations and Size Limitations
Long Gestation Time Leading to Cost Overruns
Financing
36
Solar EnergySolar Electric - Photovoltaic
Types of PV systems
Stand-alone systems
Grid-connected systems
Hybrid systems
37
Solar EnergySolar Electric - Photovoltaic
Components of a PV systems
Solar panels
Energy storage
DC-DC converters
InvertersCharge
controllers
38
Solar EnergyEnergy Storage
nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)
Lead-acid
Lithium ion batteries (LIB)
39
Solar EnergyDC-DC Converter
DC-DC converters in order to convert the module output, which will have a variable voltage
depending on the time of the day and weather conditions, to a compatible output voltage that
can be used as input for an inverter in a grid-connected system.
40
Solar EnergyInverters
Micro Inverters:
These inverters operate directly at one or several PV modules and have power ratings of
severalhundreds of watts
Central Inverters:
offer high efficiency, reliability and easy-to-maintain industrial design in compact package
String Inverters:
combine the advantages of central and module integrated inverter concepts with little
tradeoffs.
41
Solar EnergyCharge Controllers
Charge controllers that are used in stand-alone systems to control charging and often also
discharging of the battery. They prevent the batteries from being overcharged and also from
being discharged via the PV array during night
42
Wind energy is one of the most important and promising sources of renewable energy all
over the world, mainly because it is considered to be non polluting and economically viable.
At the same time, there has been a rapid development of related wind turbine technology.
Wind energy is basically changing kinetic energy of the wind into rotational energy. The
electrical generator then converts this rotational energy into electrical energy
Wind EnergyIntroduction
43
Wind EnergyFundamental Equation of Wind Power
Wind Power depends on
Amount of air (volume)
Speed of air (velocity)
Mass of air (density)
Power Curve of Wind Turbine
44
Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment.
Wind turbines take up less space than the average power station.
Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more efficient.
Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in remote locations.
When combined with solar electricity, this energy source is great for developed and
developing countries to provide a steady, reliable supply of electricity.
Wind EnergyThe Advantages of Using Wind Energy
45
The strength of the wind is unreliable.
Wind turbines generally produce less electricity than the average fossil fuelled power
station.
High noise pollution.
Protests and/or petitions usually confront any proposed wind farm development.
Limitations due to price and storage issues it is not a viable option as a constant source of
power.
♦Especially considering the fact that practical wind machines only extract 5% to 45%
of available power depending on the efficiency of the turbine design.
Wind EnergyThe Disadvantages of Using Wind Energy
46
Wind EnergyWind Turbine
Wind turbines can be divided into two main types
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT)
Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT)
based on which direction they spin either horizontally or vertically.
47
Wind EnergyComparison between VAWTs and HAWTs
Points HAWTs VAWTs
Source of producing
electricityLarge Large
Use of electrical generator Yes Yes
Fanatical feasibility High Low
Operating speed From 3mph to 50mph From 1mph to 20mph
Range of power production From 1kw to 6 Megawatts Less than 50 kw
Maintenance Relatively hard Easy
Size Commercial Non-commercial (small applications)
Positioning Must face the wind don't need to face wind
48
Blades: Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin.
Gear box: Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the
rotational speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm;
this is the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity.
Generator: Produces 60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction
generator.
Wind EnergyWind Turbine Subsystems
49
Wind EnergyEconomics of Wind Energy
The key elements that determine the basic costs of
wind energy are shown in detail below:
Upfront investment costs, mainly the turbines
The costs of wind turbine installation
The cost of capital, i.e. the discount rate
Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs
Other project development and planning costs
Turbine lifetime
Electricity production, the resource base and
Energy losses.
50
The levelized cost of some wind technologies has plummeted in recent years. The graphic
below shows that the average cost of onshore wind has fallen from $135 per megawatt-
hour in 2009 to $59 in 2014. That’s a 56 % drop in five years. Lazard attributes these falling
costs to “material declines in the pricing of system components (e.g., panels, inverters,
racking, turbines, etc.), and dramatic improvements in efficiency, among other factors.”
Wind EnergyWind Costs Falling
51
Onshore wind has the lowest average levelized cost in this analysis at $59 per megawatt-
hour. By comparison, the lowest cost conventional technologies were gas combined cycle
technologies, averaging $74 per megawatt-hour, and coal plants, averaging $109.
Wind EnergyComparing the Costs of Renewable &
Conventional Energy Sources
52
Wind EnergyTypes of Motors
Synchronous generator Asynchronous (induction) generator
1- Wound rotor generator (WRSG) 1-Squirrel cage induction generator
(SCIG)
2- Permanent magnet generator
(PMSG)
2- Wound rotor induction generator
(WRIG)
A-Opti-Slip induction generator (OSIG)
B- Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)
53
Wind EnergyWind Turbines
Currently, three wind turbine concepts dominate the market
Fixed-speed wind turbines with an induction generator directly connected to the grid.
Gearless wind turbines with a power electronic converter connected between the stator and the grid.
DFIG, i.e., a slip-ringed wound-rotor induction generator, where a power electronic converter is
connected between the rotor circuit and the grid.
54
Wind EnergyWind Turbines
55
Wind EnergyWind Turbines
The latter is currently the most popular one, due to its high energy efficiency and due to the
fact that a power electronic converter with a rating of only 20%–30% of the rated wind
turbine power is needed. However, it is the most difficult one to control and also to model.
56
Wind Energy
57
Wind power refers to the extraction of kinetic energy from the wind and conversion of it into
a useful type of energy: thermal, mechanical, or electrical. This can be achieved through
the use of wind turbines to generate electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps
for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
Wind EnergyOnshore and Offshore Wind Energy
Generation Technologies
58
Wind EnergyOnshore and Offshore Wind Energy
Generation Technologies
Onshore Disadvantages:
Wind turbines are noisy.
Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car travelling 70 mph.
Some people think that the large towers of wind turbines destroy the view of the landscape.
Onshore Advantages:
A regular onshore turbine last for around 20 years.
Normally it takes about 2-3 months before the wind turbine has paid itself back.
This also includes the energy, which were used to produce, install, maintain and
remove the wind turbine.
Cheaper foundation.
Cheaper integration with electrical-grid network.
59
Wind EnergyOnshore and Offshore Wind Energy
Generation Technologies
Offshore Disadvantages:
More expensive to build.
More difficult to maintain and access..
Offshore Advantages:
An offshore wind turbine is stronger than an onshore turbine. It lasts around 25-30 years,
and produces about 50 % more energy than an onshore turbine.
When a strong wind blows, it produces around 3-5 MW per hour.
Higher and more constant wind speed.
60
Wind Energy
61
Wind EnergyLondon Array
The London Array is a 175 turbine 630MW offshore wind farm located 20 km off the Kent
coast in the outer Thames Estuary in the United Kingdom. It is the largest offshore wind
farm in the world, and the largest wind farm in Europe by megawatt capacity.
62
Wireless Power TransferNear-Field WPT
The first visions of wireless power transmission came from Nikola Tesla in the
early 20th century. Wireless power could have been developed a lot earlier,
there was never strong demand for it because of the lack of mobile electronic
devices then. Commonplace mobile electronics today such as laptops and
cellphones have caused a renewed interest in wireless power.
In 2007, a group of researchers at MIT achieved wireless power transfer,
powering a light bulb of 60W over distances exceeding 2 meters with
efficiency of around 40%. In their wireless power system, they use a pair of
strongly magnetically coupled resonators, with a transmitter and a receiver
forming a resonant pair.
63
Wireless Power TransferWhy Near-Field WPT ?
Reduce the hazard of electric shock for appliances used in wet
environments.
Wireless power is the ultimate solution to cut the last cable.
Used to charge electric vehicles such as cars.
Recharging of biomedical prosthetic devices implanted in the
human body, such as cardiac pacemakers and insulin pumps,
to avoid having wires passing through the skin.
It could drastically reduce the 6 billion batteries disposed of
each year, a large source of toxic waste and groundwater
contamination
64
Wireless Power TransferWhat is Near-Field WPT ?
Near-field or nonradiative region – This means the area within about 1 wavelength (λ)
of the antenna. In this region the oscillating electric and magnetic fields are separate
and power can be transferred via electric fields by capacitive coupling (electrostatic
induction) between metal electrodes, or via magnetic fields by inductive coupling
(electromagnetic induction) between coils of wire.
These fields are not radiative, meaning the energy stays within a short distance of
the transmitter. If there is no receiving device or absorbing material within their limited
range to "couple" to, no power leaves the transmitter.
The range of these fields is short, and depends on the size and shape of the
"antenna" devices, which are usually coils of wire. The fields, and thus the power
transmitted, decrease exponentially with distance, so if the distance between the two
"antennas" Drange is much larger than the diameter of the "antennas" Dant very little
power will be received. Therefore, these techniques cannot be used for long distance
power transmission.
65
Wireless Power TransferResonance
In physics, resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when a given system is driven by
another vibrating system or external force to oscillate with greater amplitude at a
specific preferential frequency.
Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonance frequency
when the imaginary parts of impedances or admittances of circuit elements cancel
each other. In some circuits this happens when the impedance between the input and
output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function is close to one.
Resonance of a circuit involving capacitors and inductors occurs because the
collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings
that charges the capacitor, and then the discharging capacitor provides an electric
current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor. This process is repeated
continually. An analogy is a mechanical pendulum.
Resonance, such as resonant inductive coupling, can increase the coupling between
the antennas greatly, allowing efficient transmission at somewhat greater distances,
although the fields still decrease exponentially.
66
Wireless Power TransferResonance
Therefore the range of near-field devices is conventionally divided into
two categories:
Short range – up to about one antenna diameter: Drange ≤ Dant.
This is the range over which ordinary nonresonant capacitive or inductive
coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
Mid-range – up to 10 times the antenna diameter: Drange ≤ 10 Dant.
This is the range over which resonant capacitive or inductive coupling
can transfer practical amounts of power
67
Wireless Power TransferTypes of Near-Field Wireless Power
Inductive Coupling
Inductive coupling is the oldest and most widely used wireless power technology,
and virtually the only one so far which is used in commercial products.In inductive
coupling (electromagnetic induction or inductive power transfer, IPT), power is
transferred between coils of wire by a magnetic field. The transmitter and receiver
coils together form a transformer.
68
Wireless Power TransferTypes of Near-Field Wireless Power
Resonant Inductive Coupling
A form of inductive coupling in which power is transferred by magnetic fields
between two resonant circuits (tuned circuits), one in the transmitter and one in the
receiver. Each resonant circuit consists of a coil of wire connected to a capacitor,
or a self-resonant coil or other resonator with internal capacitance. The two are
tuned to resonate at the same resonant frequency. The resonance between the
coils can greatly increase coupling and power transfer, similar to the way a vibrating
tuning fork can induce sympathetic vibration in a distant fork tuned to the same pitch
(In 2007 a team led by Marin Soljačić at MIT used two coupled tuned circuits each
made of a 25 cm self-resonant coil of wire at 10 MHz to achieve the transmission
of 60 W of power over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (8 times the coil diameter) at
around 40% efficiency).
69
Wireless Power TransferResonant Inductive Coupling
70
Wireless Power TransferTypes of Near-Field Wireless Power
Capacitive Coupling
In capacitive coupling (electrostatic induction), the dual of inductive coupling, power is
transmitted by electric fields between electrodes such as metal plates. The transmitter
and receiver electrodes form a capacitor, with the intervening space as the dielectric.
An alternating voltage generated by the transmitter is applied to the transmitting plate,
and the oscillating electric field induces an alternating potential on the receiver plate by
electrostatic induction, which causes an alternating current to flow in the load circuit.
The amount of power transferred increases with the frequency and the capacitance
between the plates, which is proportional to the area of the smaller plate and
(for short distances) inversely proportional to the separation.
Capacitive coupling has only been used practically in a few low power applications,
because the very high voltages on the electrodes required to transmit significant power
can be hazardous, and can cause unpleasant side effects such as noxious ozone production.
71
Wireless Power TransferCapacitive Coupling
72
Wireless Power TransferNear-Field WPT as a Project Possibility
The most ambitious project in this field is to add to the smart home system
such that a coil in the wall or ceiling of a room might be able to wirelessly
power lights and mobile devices anywhere in the room, with reasonable
efficiency; powering small devices such as clocks, radios, music players and
remote controls. (it can be made with a retrofit design so it can work with any
device that uses batteries)
Another possibility is a charge station similar to the power mat that charges a
single device as a laptop or a mobile or it can be developed to power multiple
devices with improved efficiency and range
73
Wireless Power TransferChallenges
Safety Check for maximum permissible exposure for magnetic field The techniques
of strongly coupled magnetic resonances allow efficient power transfer between a pair
of transmitter and receiver coils, efficiency greatly deteriorates upon adding more
receivers to the strongly coupled system due to the interaction between multiple
coupled resonators.
EMI/EMC : Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the branch of electrical sciences
which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of
electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic
interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce. The goal of EMC is the correct
operation, in the same electromagnetic environment, of different equipment which use
electromagnetic phenomena, and the avoidance of any interference effects.
Time if this is to be considered a part of the smart home project it should be governed
by set time or it can be considered a full project
74
Wireless Power TransferChallenges – Safety Check
75
Wireless Power TransferFar-Field WPT
Far field methods achieve longer ranges, often multiple kilometer ranges,
where the distance is much greater than the diameter of the device(s).
Aims at high power transfer.
In general, visible light (from lasers) and microwaves (from purpose-designed
antennas) are the forms of electromagnetic radiation best suited to energy
transfer.
Radiative.
Needs line-of-sight.
LASER or Microwave.
76
Wireless Power TransferTypes of Far-Field Wireless Power
Microwave
Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer
distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically
in the microwave range.
A rectenna (Stands for Rectifying Antenna) may be used to convert the microwave energy
back into electricity.
Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized.
77
Wireless Power TransferMicrowave Power Transfer
Electrical energy to microwave energy.
AC can not be directly converted to microwave energy.
AC is converted to DC first.
DC is converted to microwaves using magnetron.
Capturing microwaves using rectenna.
Transmitted waves are received at rectenna which rectifies, gives DC as the output
DC is converted back to AC
78
Wireless Power TransferMicrowave Power Transfer
79
Wireless Power TransferTypes of Far-Field Wireless Power
LASER
In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to the visible region of the spectrum
(tens of micrometers to tens of nanometers), power can be transmitted by converting
electricity into a laser beam that is then pointed at a photovoltaic cell.
This mechanism is generally known as "power beaming" because the power is beamed
at a receiver that can convert it to electrical energy.
80
Wireless Power TransferLASER Power Transfer
LASER is highly directional, coherent
Not dispersed for very long.
But, gets attenuated when it propagates through atmosphere.
Simple receiver - Photovoltaic cell.
Cost-efficient
81
Wireless Power TransferLASER Power Transfer
82
Wireless Power TransferLASER Power Transfer
83
Wireless Power TransferLASER VS. Microwaves
When LASER is used, the antenna sizes can be much smaller.
Microwaves can face interference (two frequencies can be used for WPT are
2.45GHz and 5.4GHz).
LASER has high attenuation loss and also it gets diffracted by atmospheric
particles easily
84
Wireless Power TransferSolar Power Satellites - SPS
To provide energy to earth’s increasing energy need.
To efficiently make use of renewable energy i.e., solar energy.
SPS are placed in geostationary orbits.
Solar energy is captured using photocells.
Each SPS may have 400 million photocells.
Transmitted to earth in the form of microwaves/LASER.
Using rectenna/photovoltaic cell, the energy is converted to electrical energy.
Efficiency exceeds 95% if microwave is used.
85
Wireless Power TransferRectenna
Stands for rectifying antenna.
Consists of mesh of dipoles and diodes.
Converts microwave to its DC equivalent.
Usually multi-element phased array.
Rectenna in US receives 5000MW of power from SPS.
It is about one and a half mile long.
86
Wireless Power TransferAdvantages of Far-Field Energy Transfer
Efficient.
Easy.
Need for grids, substations etc. are eliminated.
Low maintenance cost.
More effective when the transmitting and receiving points are along a line-of-
sight.
Can reach the places which are remote.
87
Wireless Power TransferDisadvantages of Far-Field Energy Transfer
Radiative.
Needs line-of-sight.
Initial cost is high.
When LASERs are used, conversion is inefficient, Absorption loss is high.
When microwaves are used, interference may arise, FRIED BIRD effect.
88
Designing your home for energy efficiency will help you live
more comfortably and save money, and help you save the
environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
An energy smart home takes advantage of the sun’s free
warmth and light, with simple design features to keep it
warm and comfortable in winter, and cool in summer.
Up to 25% of the heat in your home is lost through the roof
and up to 35% through the walls so insulating them gives
you the biggest savings on your energy bills.
Smart House Materials
89
Houses may be solid walls or cavity walls:
A cavity wall is made up of two walls with a gap in between, known as the cavity; the
outer leaf is usually made of brick, and the inner layer of brick or concrete block.
A solid wall has no cavity; each wall is a single solid wall, usually made of brick or
stone.
Smart House MaterialsCavity and Solid Walls
Cavity Wall Solid Wall
We will focus on solid wall than the cavity wall as it is less expensive and efficient also.
90
Internal or external insulation?
Smart House MaterialsSolid Wall Insulation
Internal Insulation External Insulation
91
Internal Wall Insulation advantages and disadvantages
Generally cheaper to install than external wall insulation
Slightly reduce the floor area of any rooms in which it is applied (the thickness of the
insulation is around 100mm)
Disruptive, but can be done room by room.
Hard to fix heavy items inside walls – although special fixings are available.
External Wall Insulation advantages and disadvantages
Can be applied without disruption to the household.
Does not reduce the floor area of your home.
Renews the appearance of outer walls.
Improves weatherproofing and sound resistance.
Fills cracks and gaps in the brickwork, which will reduce draughts.
Increases the life of your walls by protecting the brickwork.
Smart House MaterialsSolid Wall Insulation
92
Smart House Materials
93
Smart House Materials
94
Roof should preferably be insulated from above. A
layer of rigid insulation board can be added either
on top of the roof's weatherproof layer or directly on
top of the timber roof surface with a new
weatherproof layer on top of the insulation.
Smart House MaterialsRoof Insulation
95
All properties lose heat through their windows. But energy-efficient glazing keeps your home
warmer and quieter as well as reducing your energy bills. That might mean double or triple-
glazing, secondary glazing, or just heavier curtains.
Smart House MaterialsEnergy Efficient Windows
How energy-efficient glazing works ?
Double-glazed windows have two sheets of glass with a gap in between, usually about 16mm,
to create an insulating barrier that keeps heat in. This is sometimes filled with gas. Triple-glazed
windows have three sheets of glass, but aren’t always better than double-glazed windows.
96
For all frame materials there are windows available in all energy ratings.
uPVC frames last a long time and may be recycled.
Wooden frames can have a lower environmental impact, but require maintenance. They
are often used in conservation areas where the original windows had timber frames.
Aluminum or steel frames are slim and long-lasting, and may be recycled.
Composite frames have an inner timber frame covered with aluminum or plastic. This
reduces the need for maintenance and keeps the frame weatherproof.
Smart House MaterialsWindows Frame materials
97
Windows that have an energy rating will have the u-value of the window displayed on the
energy label. A u-value is a measure of how easily heat can pass through a material.
Materials that let out more heat have higher u-values whereas materials that let less heat
pass through them have lower u-values.
Smart House MaterialsWindows U-Values
98
Smaller energy bills.
Smaller carbon footprint.
More comfortable home: energy-efficient glazing reduces heat loss through windows and
means fewer draughts and cold spots.
Peace and quiet: as well as keeping the heat in, energy efficient-windows insulate your
home against external noise.
Reduced condensation: energy-efficient glazing reduces condensation build-up on the
inside of windows.
Smart House MaterialsBenefits of Energy-Efficient Windows
The costs and savings for energy-efficient glazing will be different for each home and each
window, depending on its size, material and the installer you choose. Double glazing should
last for 20 years or more.
99
Like any other part of the home, doors can be insulated and draught-proofed to prevent heat
from escaping. New external doors now generally contain integrated insulation to reduce heat
loss.
Smart House MaterialsEnergy-Efficient Doors
100
Air conditioners efficiencies are greatly affected by the heating and cooling loads occur in the
building because of radiant energy from the sun that enters through windows, is absorbed by
furniture, walls, and equipment, within the building, and is later radiated as heat within the
building and also affected by the heat conducted through the building envelope ( walls, roofs,
floors and windows) to or from the environment around the building.
Smart House MaterialsEnergy Efficiency Rating of Air Conditioners:
101
The efficiencies of air conditioners are usually measured in terms of their Energy Efficiency
Ratios (EER); EER= Btu of cooling / (watt-hours of electric energy input)
The cooling load due to solar radiation through windows can be calculated by :
q =Ƹ(AxSCxMSHGxCLF)
Where q =cooling load (Btu/hr)
SC =shading coefficient
A =window area (ft2)
CLF =cooling load factor
MSHG =maximum solar heat gain (Btu/hr/ft2)
Smart House MaterialsEnergy Efficiency Rating of Air Conditioners:
102
So by installed building with insulated walls, insulated roof, and double-glazed windows will
decrease the heat conduction through walls and reduce the radiant energy from the sun so
cooling load decrease, efficiency of air conditioner increase and electric energy input
decrease ( Electricity bill will be reduced ).
Smart House MaterialsEnergy Efficiency Rating of Air Conditioners:
103
Lighting accounts for 18% of a typical household’s electricity bill. You can cut your lighting bill
and energy use by changing which bulbs you use and how you use them. Houses typically
use a mixture of standard light fittings and downlights or spotlight fittings. Energy efficient
bulbs are available for both types of fittings.
Smart House MaterialsEnergy Efficient Lighting
Which light bulbs are energy efficient?There are two main types of energy efficient light bulbs which are Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFLs)and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).
CFLs are a cost-effective option for most general lighting requirements.
Replacing a traditional light bulb with a CFL of the same brightness will save energy.
LEDs are available to fit both types of fittings and are particularly good for replacing spotlights
and dimmable lights.
Though more expensive to buy initially, they are more efficient than CFLs and will save you
more money in the long term. By replacing all halogen downlights in your home with
LED alternatives.