SNIS Conference 2018 - Swiss TPH

SNIS Conference 201823 November 2018, Parterre Rialto Basel, Switzerland

The PESTROP Project in the Context of the SDGs

Mirko Winkler, Philipp Staudacher, Samuel Fuhrimann,

Frederik Weiss, Jonathan Lilje, Ruth Wiedemann,

Damien Marti & Bernhard Fuhrer

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018

PESTROPPesticide use in tropical

settings

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What are the interrelations between institutional

determinants of pesticide use and associated human and

environmental health effects?

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Research approach and project consortium

Legend:

Swiss institutions

Swiss Tropical and

Public Health Institute

Swiss Federal Institute

of Aquatic Science and

Technology

University of Bern

International project partners

Universidad Nacional,

Costa Rica

Makerere University,

Uganda

WP2 – Clinical assessment

WP5 –Integrated

assessments

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018WP1 – Environmental monitoring

Water Monitoring in two tropical horticultural areas

River

2mhoseair

water

Precessionvalve SDB disks

PDMS-sheetsWaterLevelproportionalSampler (WLP)

Sampling devices

Catchments

Fetch pond

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018WP2&3 – Cross-sectional epidemiological survey

Sample size: 150 agricultural workers from conventional farms and 150 agricultural workers from organic farms

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Behavioural assessment (Psychology)

- 46 qualitative, ethnographic interviews

- 309 structured, quantitative interviews

Understanding PPE use & safe

container disposal using the

- Risk

- Attitudes

- Norms

- Abilities

- Self-regulation

Model for systematic behavior

change in developing contexts

(Mosler, 2012)

Multiple regression models reveal relevant psycho-social factors

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018WP4 – Institutional and policy analysis

Ins

titu

tio

na

l re

gim

e

of

na

tura

l re

so

urc

es

Ac

tors

Ec

os

ys

tem

go

od

s

an

d s

erv

ice

s(

reso

urc

es)

Property rights

system:

private law

Property rights

system:

private law

Public policies:

public law

Public policies:

public law

UsersUsers OwnersOwners

Good AGood A

Good BGood BGood CGood C

Service CService C

Service AService A

Service BService B

Good A

Good BGood C

Service C

Service A

Service B

Insti

tuti

on

al

reso

urc

e r

eg

ime

(Gerb

er

et

al., 2009)

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018WP5 – Integrated assessment

Policy design

Environmental

pesticide burden

Pesticide-related

health effects

Pesticide use practice

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018International project team

Core project team

CoordinatorDr. Mirko Winkler

Co-coordinatorDr. Christian Stamm

Co-coordinatorProf. Karin Ingold

Local projectcoordinator Uganda

Prof. Charles Niwagaba

Local projectcoordinator Costa Rica

Prof. Ana María Mora

Institutionalassessment

Ruth WiedemannField work managerDr. Samuel Fuhrimann

Integrated assessmentsand much more

Philipp Staudacher

Environmental monitoring UgandaChristelle Oltramare

Environmental monitoring Costa Rica

Frederik Weiss

Senior project advisor and much moreProf. Rik Eggen

Behavioural assessment Uganda

Dr. Jonathan Lilje

Project leader behariouralassessment

Prof. Jennifer Inauen

BiostatisticianDr. Andrea Farnhma

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Local project teams and study settings

Core project team

Catchment of the TapezcoRiver drains

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Core project team

KAMPALA

Wakiso district

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Core project team

KAMPALA

Wakiso district

SNIS 2018 documentary

Pesticides and health – a story from Uganda

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What are general characteristics of the small-scale farmers in

Wakiso District?

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302 structured questionnaires

• Demographics

• Pesticide use

• Knowledge, Attitude and Practices

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Socio-demographic characterisation

Farmer Classification and Sociodemographics

2.3 (…) double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food

producers, in particular women (…).

2.4 (…) ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient

agricultural practices (…).

Non-Applicator Organic Mixed Conventional

Synthetic NO NO YES YES

Organic NO YES YES NO

Pesticides used (n=302):

10%13%

28%

49%

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Farmer Classification and Sociodemographics

2.3 (…) double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food

producers, in particular women (…).

2.4 (…) ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient

agricultural practices (…).

Pesticides used (n=302):

Age (mean) 57.1 49.6 49.7 44.7

Women 76.7% 77.5% 40.5% 25%

Education (years) 7.3 8.9 9.3 7.2


Synthetic NO NO YES YES

Organic NO YES YES NO

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Are Farmers Trained in Pesticide Use?

Training provided by: NGOs (64%)

Government (11%)

Friends and Family (7%)

Schools and University (6%)

Other (Agrobusiness, Media, etc.) (14%)

4.7 (…) all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development (…)

13% 40% 33% 14%

87% 60% 67% 86%

23%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Yes No Mean

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Personal Protective Equipment Access and Use

3.9 (…) reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and

air, water and soil pollution and contamination

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Gumboots

Gaiters

Waterproof Pants

Long Pants

Gloves

Rubber Apron

Overall or Kimono

Poncho

Long sleeved shirt

Mask without carbon filter

Mask with carbon filter

Glasses

Cap

Always Often Sometimes Rarely No Use No Access

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How does the observed practice

impact on the health of farmers?

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Clinical assessment Acetylcholine esterase level

Blood pressure

Neurobehavioral assessments

Exposure assessment Urine samples

Hair and toenail sample

Exposure scores

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Exposure assessment

Pesticide biomarkers in farmer’s urine

Pyrethroid Chlorpyriphos (Organophosphate)

Glyphosate100 urine samples

02

04

06

08

01

00

3PBA TCP Glyphosate

Pre

va

len

ce

%

-2-1

01

2

NO YES NO NO YESYES

Lo

g1

0 c

on

c. n

g/m

L

ad

juste

d fo

r c

rea

tin

ine



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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Clinical assessment

Neurobehavioural tests



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Neurobehavioral test scores of the Ugandan farmers are consistently lower compared to farmers in Costa Rica or other studies



<<<

<<

Wh

y!?

Clinical assessment


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Neurobehavioral test scores of the Ugandan farmers are consistently lower compared to farmers in Costa Rica or other studies



<<<

<<

Wh

y!?

Clinical assessment


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How is environmental health affected by the observed practice?

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018The way how pesticides applied and empty containers arediscarded can lead to adverse effects on the environmental health

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Fate of empty pesticide containers

2%

8%

8%

11%

28%

43%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

burning

pit latrine

kept for reuse/unknown

left in environment

recycling

burrying

• Recommended

• Not recommended

12.2 (…) achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources.

12.4 (…) achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals (…)

12.5 (…) reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling (…)

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Environmental monitoring

Amount of detected pesticides detected

45 compounds were detected in total

Ponds: most of the compounds were detected here

Springs: Only 3 compounds were found

Pesticide concentrations:

Ponds

Rivers

Boreholes

Springs

n=33

n=3Springs

Ponds

Boreholes

Streams

Nu

mb

er

of

pe

sticid

es

n=17

n=22

Pre

serv

ative

ag

ents

Fung

icid

es

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

fungic

ides

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

herb

icid

es

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

insecticid

es

Insecticid

es

Herb

icid

es

Pre

serv

ative

ag

ents

Fung

icid

es

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

fungic

ides

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

herb

icid

es

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

insecticid

es

Insecticid

es

Herb

icid

es

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Pesticides in streams

n=17

Streams

Nu

mb

er

of

pe

sticid

es

Pre

serv

ative

ag

ents

Fung

icid

es

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

fungic

ides

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

herb

icid

es

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

insecticid

es

Insecticid

es

Herb

icid

es

15.1 (…) ensure the conservation (…) and sustainable use of terrestrial and

inland freshwater ecosystems (…)

15.5 (…) take action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity (…)

17 detected pesticides

Chronic Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) of 2,4-D exceeded

At river sampling site 4 –highest environmental concentrations and risksespecially for plants and algae

Obsolete pesticides could not

be analysed

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Pesticides in ponds

n=33

Ponds

Pre

serv

ative

ag

ents

Fung

icid

es

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

fungic

ides

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

herb

icid

es

Tra

nsfo

rmation p

roducts

insecticid

es

Insecticid

es

Herb

icid

es

Nu

mb

er

of

pe

sticid

es

6.1 (…) achieve access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.

6.3 (…) improve water quality by reducing pollution (…)

6.6 (…) protect and restore water related ecosystems (…)

Pond water is used for domestic

purposes (drinking water, cleaning, preparing food)

Recommendation: pond water

should not be used for domestic

purposes

High concentrations of 2,4-D (3 µg/L) and Carbendazim (1.7 µg/L)

Swiss critical value of pesticides in

drinking water 0.1 µg/L

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Why are farmers behaving the way they

do and what can be done about it?

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46 in-depth, qualitative interviews309 structured, quantitative interviews

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Behavioural assessment

Qualitative findings

“Yes those pesticides are poisonous, they….because already by the time they can kill the pest then how about myself, they will also affect me. “

“No. Other than wearing gumboots, I do not have a mask….. I do not have anything else.”

“When I am spraying, I have to make sure I am all covered very well right from the head, the nose everywhere such that I cannot get any contact with the pesticide.”

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Quantitative findings

Factor

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t Sig.B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) -.215 .573 -.376 .708

Perceived vulnerability .211 .103 .115 2.044 .042

Pride using PPE -.003 .082 -.002 -.032 .974

Personal importance .367 .113 .205 3.245 .001

Exposure paths known .009 .029 .017 .317 .751

PPE knowledge .911 .325 .153 2.805 .005

Label knowledge .003 .022 .007 .123 .902

Self-efficacy .059 .115 .033 .515 .607

Gender .520 .136 .196 3.816 .000

Education .007 .004 .094 1.806 .072

Household wealth .046 .025 .096 1.821 .070

Training received .346 .141 .135 2.459 .015

Association member -.175 .127 -.076 -1.382 .168

5.a (…) give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property,(…)

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Creating interventions…

4.4 (…) substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills (…)

Targeting identified psycho-social factors using specific Behavior Change Techniques

i.e. Informing about personal risk using demonstration techniques

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What policy changes are needed to reduce human

and environmental exposure to pesticides?

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In-depth document analysis of official documents

Interviews with key stakeholders of public agencies, industry and

non-governmental organizations

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Policy analysis

Key findings in the context of the SDGs

Pesticide use as a challenge for drinking water protection

Most policies address quantity of drinking water rather than its quality

Mostly strict and mandatory requirements from the state towards polluters

Lack of drinking water standards

Farmers not directly addressed as target group

to be affecting drinking water quality through

pesticide use

6.1 (…) universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water6.b. (…) support and strengthen the participation of local communities (…)

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Policy analysis

Key findings in the context of the SDGs

No specific regulator present

Weak monitoring of drinking water quality

Decentralization of decision making (local

ordinances) is needed to directly address

pesticide contamination

Persuasive instruments to tapp into the

conscience of the consumers

16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions (…)

16.7 (…) ensure responsive, participatory and representative decision making

Page 41

Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Research approach and project consortium

Legend:

Swiss institutions

Swiss Tropical and

Public Health Institute

Swiss Federal Institute

of Aquatic Science and

Technology

University of Bern

International project partners

Universidad Nacional,

Costa Rica

Makerere University,

Uganda

WP2 – Clinical assessment

WP5 –Integrated

assessments

Page 42


Concluding remarks

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Concluding remarks – Findings

THETIP

OF THE

PESTROPProject

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Concluding remarks – SDGs

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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Which SDG target indicators (n=169) are affected by pesticide use? ( informed by our results)

Page 46

Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Concluding remarks – Integrated assessment

Policy design

Environmental

pesticide burden

Pesticide-related

health effects


Quite a

challenge

Good planning

needed

Adds a lot of

value

LOTS OF FUN

Page 47

Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Concluding remarks – Integrated assessment

Policy design

Environmental

pesticide burden

Pesticide-related

health effects


Quite a

challenge

Good planning

needed

Adds a lot of

value

LOTS OF FUNThank you!

Documents

SNIS Conference 2018 - Swiss TPH