Social Geography of Buea

7/29/2019 Social Geography of Buea

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OFFICE DE LA RECHERCHEET TECHNIQUE

OUTRE-MER

RliPUBLIQUE UNIE DU CAMEROUN

UNITED REPUBLIC OF CAMEROUN

CENTRE ORSTOMDE

YAOUNDE

THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF BUEAAN ESSAY IN SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY

G. COURADE


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OFF I CE DE L A RECHERCHES CI E NT I F I QUE ET TE CHNI QUEOUT R E - ME RREPUBLI QUE UNI E DU CAMEROUNUNI TED REPUBLI C OF CAMEROON

THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF BUEAAN ESSAY IN SOCI AL GEOGRAPHY

G COURADEGeogr apher ORSTOM

Paper pr esent ed to t he I nternat i onal Col l oqui um of t he Cent r e Nati onalde l a Recher che Sci ent i f i que - Soci al Sci ence - on " Ur ban gr owt h i n Bl ackAf r i ca and Madagascar " , Sept ember 29t h to Oct ober 2nd 1970, at t heCent r e d' Et udes de Geogr aphi e Tr opi cal e, Bor deaux.Tr ansl at or J . P. MAGOUET


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L imts of t he st udyThe ai mof thi s geogr aphi cal st udy is essent i al l y a r api d descri pt i on of t he ar eas of

BUEA. One wll f i nd nei ther a detai l ed anal ysi s of the pr obl ems of devel opi ng t he soci al andeconom c i nf rast ructure, nor of t he i nf l uence whi ch the t own has over t he peopl e of t he area,nor of t he pr ospected zoni ng, nor of i ts acti vi ti es. It ser ves mer el y as an i nt roduct i on to amor e t hor ough st udy of the t owns i n Fako di vi si on and thei r envi r onment al m l i eu. The i nf or-mat i on has been gi ven mai nl y by . t he Di vi si onal Of f i ce i n Vi ctori a, t he BAKWERI AREACOUNCI L, the LANDS AND SURVEY DE P A RT ME NT and by fi el d wor k i nqui ri es made w t hthe col l aborati on of J . L. DI BOND0. Our grateful t hanks go to al l t hose who have hel ped in thi swor k,

Prel mna y def i ni t onsBy " BUEA" , we mean the admni st rati ve areas of BbEA or BUEA STATI ON, BUEA

TOWN nat i ve quart ers and BUEA TOWN st ranger s' quar t er .- Wt hi n the BUEA aggl omerat i on, we compr i se BUEA, GREAT SOPPO, S M A L L SOPPO andBOKWANGQ (*) n thei r ent i rety.- The meani ng of t he wor ds "nat i ves" and "st ranger s" i s af ter the l ocal usage. The "nat i ve"ar e the i ndi genous popul ati on of the regi on of BUEA - the BAKWERI - al l other ethni c groupsconst i tue the "st rangers" i r respect i ve of t hei r date of arr i val .

The name of thi s vi l l age is al so wri tt en BOKWAONGO

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I. NATURE, HI STORY AND PEOPLE IN THE FORMATI ON OF THE TOWNBUEA is a smal l t own of 11, 000 i nhabi tants si tuated at 55 k ms ( 35ms) f r omDOUALA,2Okms ( 12m s) f r omVI CTORI A as the cr ow f l i es, spreadi ng at an al ti tude of between 800ms(2, 600 t) and 1, 100ms (3,600t) on the sl opes of the Camer oon Mountai n. At present the capi talof the Federat ed State of WE S T CAMEROON, t attracted the Eur opeans very ear l y ow ng toits t emper at e cl i mate and the absence of mal ari a, thi s t own bei ng at a l ati tude of 409 North.I t was chosen for a shor t peri od between the year s 1901 and 1909 as the capi tal of the Ger mancol ony of CAMEROON. The vol cani c acti vi ty of the mount ai n l ed t hemto transf er the capi talf r o mBUEA to DOUALA i n 1909. Ar ound 1900, the BAKWL' RI vi l l age of BUEA compr i sedappr oxi matel y 1, 500 i nhs, 3, 200 i n 1953, and between 11, 000 and 12, 000 t oday.The natural condi t i ons whi ch have favoured the devel opment of the t own are f rankl yf ew Fi rst of a l the cl i mate : he temperature rarel y exceeds a monthl y average of 25QC (??OF),wher eas TI K0ZOkms (12ms) f romBUEA, on sea- l evel , r eaches a t emperature of 33 C (91F);however , the hum di t y i s ver y hi gh, the rai ny season i s l ong and heavy and the sky rarel ycl ears up- except t owards the end and- t hebegi nni ng of the rai ny- season,Secondl y, he al most totalabsence of mal ari a. Fur t hermor e, i t is there that t he fewspr i ngs to be f ound at such an al ti tudeare si tuated on the sl opes of the mount ai n in spi te of the al ti tude. Actual l y, the t okn is bui l ton mud f l ows separat ed by numer ous ravi nes and the sl opes are somet i mes r el at i vel y steep.The t own di d not devel op ar ound the smal l BAJ SWERI vi l l age of BUEA but i n opposi t i on to i t.The vi l l agers fought the arri val of the Ger mans who onl y succeeded in subdui ng BUEA i n 1894.The vi l l age was dest royed by r epr i sal s and was rebui l t on the present si te of BUEA TOWNnat i ve quart ers. The Ger mans t ook the l and between BUEATOWN, SMALL SOPPO, GREATSOPPOand BOKWANGO for the const ruct i on of the STATI ON and the creat i on of pl antati ons.

At the begi nni ng of the XXt h century, BUEAwas on the Ger man penet rati on r oad whi ch wentf r o mVI CTORI A to BUEA across the WA. P. V. pl antat i ons. I t was mor e than a vi l l age :i ts central posi ti on and i ts chi efs assured i t of its l eadi ng posi ti on in the whol e of the BAKWERIzone.BUEA began to emer ge f r omt he l ethargy i nto whi ch i t had fal l en af ter t he Ger mandepart ure when the f i rsts seeds of l ocal government wer e created i n 1958, and real l y to growsi nce i ndependance. The choi ce of BUEA as a pol i ti cal capi tal made i t an urban centre. Wt houtthat the town woul d probabl y have been no mor e i mpor t ant t han MUEA. For nei ther the pl an-tati ons nor the port or t radi ng acti vi ti es wer e there to gi ve the town the deci si ve spark.The aggl omerat i on of BUEA shows wel l di f f erenti ated aspects despi te its smal l si ze ;f i rst l y by i ts scattered habi tat whi ch cor r esponds to the nature of the l and and to the taste ofthe Engl i sh col oni ser ; by its bui l di ngs of var i ous peri ods whi ch gi ve the STATI ON its par t i -cul ar character ; by the no man' s l and areas i sol ati ng the di f f erent quar t ers of t he t own ;

by the ravi nes di vi di ng the t own al ong i ts l onger di mensi on ; by the fences encl osi ng the nati vequarters and those of the st rangers.The w sh of the i nhabi tants to del i mt the soci ol ogi cal l y di f f erent zones i s rel l ectedin i ts devel opment . The Government ' s ef fort to cont rol the devel opment of t he t own by t hecreat i on of camps and l ay- outs restri cted to one type of constructi on contri butes to rei nforci ngthe i mpressi on of urban di vi si on mor e or l ess det erm ned by the natural condi t i ons but al sosought af ter by the peopl e.

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The soci ol ogi cal prof i l e of the t own ref l ects i ts functi ons : over a t housand ci vi lservant s s ome 2, 500 sal ar i ed empl oyees of ei ther the Feder al or Federated Gover nment s orpubl i c or quasi - publ i c est abl i shment s.Such a l arge number of sal ar i ed empl oyees in a t own comparat i vel y smal l byCamer ooni an st andards has creat ed a speci al sor t of soci ety as r egards its w shes, i ts wayof l i vi ng, and i ts sys t emof hi erarchy whi ch mani f est s i tsel f i n the way the l and i s occupi ed.Thi s popul at i on w th hi gher i ncomes than the regi onal aver age poses numer ousprobl ems ow ng to i ts r ecent arri val . The demand f or housi ng has been i mport ant and has !edto the di sorder l y const ructi on on the outski rt s of pl ank-bui l taccomodat i on w thout the basi ccol l ecti ve equi pment bei ng provi ded ; i t has al so l ed to a f ervour of resi dent i al const ruct i onparti al l y control l ed by t heCover nment in the Stati on, and f i nal l y to an accumul ati on of peopl ei n the di l api dated houses of Buea Town st rangers' quart er . Thi s has r esul ted i n an i ncreaseof the cost of l i vi ng accel erat ed by the absence of moder n shops, and t he weakness of thetradi ti onal smal l t rade.Theref ore Buea in 1970 is f ast becom ng an urban cent re whose character has qui ckl ychanged- nd of whi ch we are goi ng to anal yse the spati al and soci al components by the geogr a-phi cal st udy of i ts urban area.

I I . THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN AREAThe ar ea oyer whi ch the aggl omerat i on of Buea i s devel opi ng is rel at i vel y extended(10sqkms - 4sqm s) and the urban texture i s spasmodi c. Areas w th a nucl eus of popul at i onhave unpopul ated or sparsel y popul ated areas such as the Pr i son Far ms, the f ormer gol f course,s ome l and at present uncul ti vatedor produci ng subsi stance crops.

1 - The l egacy of hi story : he hi stri ca/ cent r e, he pr esent / and enureF r om the Ger man era, are the houses bu l t on pi l l ars, the Pr i me Mni ster' s Lodge(the Schl oss), the Bi smar ck f ountai n, t he Presbyteri an M ssi on church and br i dge, these

l egaci es gi ve a good i dea of the boundari es of the ori gi nal Stati on i f one excl udes the f our i so-l ated houses : he t wo f ar mhouses, the house of the Chi ef Conser vat or of f orest s, and theSi ck bay house.An esti mate of the ar ea covered by Buea Stat i on duri ng the Ger man er a gi ves anapproxi mat i on of 85 hecs. (210 acres), of whi ch 15 hecs (37 acres) bel ong to the Presbyteri anM ssi on. A good part of thi s area was not bu l t up. Fur t hermor e the Cathol i c M ssi on at Smal lSoppo and the Bapt i st M ssi on at Gr eat Soppo possessed respect i vel y 19, 5 hecs. (59 acres)and 14, 4hecs. ( 38 acres) .As soon as they settl ed, the Ger mans appropri ated the greater part of the l and l eavingto the Bakwer i onl y nar r ow and mountai nous zones. Thi s ori gi nated the conf l i cts whi ch causedfri cti on bet ween the Bakwer i and the admni st rati on (cf. map 2 f or t he l and request ed f r omtheGover nment by the Bakweri ) .I n 1896, after t he Von Pr euss report ci ted by E. ARDENER ( 1) the terr i tory has beenspl i t i n the f ol l ow ng way :- 50hecs. , (125 acres) to the Ger man Gover nment for the constructi on of the STATI ON ;--- 6 hecs. , (15 acres) to the Basel Presbyt eri an M ssi on ;1, 154 hecs. , (2, 885 acres) to Gover nor Von Soden as personal property.

( 1) Study on the hi story of Buea at the arri val of the Europeans ( 1844- 1898) n due course of pri nti ng atthe Government Pri nti ngPress, Buea.

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The l and bel ongi ng to Von Soden f or med the zone at present occupi ed by the Pr i sonsFar ms , LOWER FARM and WEST FARM, enci rcl i ng the STATI ON on al l si des and sepa-rati ng i t f r omthe BAKWERI vi l l ages. These l ands wer e ceded to the WE S T AFRI KANI SCHEPFLANZUNGSGESELLSCHAFT VI CTORI A (W . P. V. n 1897 ; the latter gave a port i on oft hemfor the extensi on of the STATI ON and gave back anot her port i on to the nati ves. I n 1946,theC. D, . CAMEROONS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATI ON) ook t hese l ands over wher e i tcreated cat t l e- rear i ng f ar ms and cul t i vated Eur opean vegetabl es. I t gave these f ar ms to theGover nment in 1957 who handed t hemover to the Pr i sons Depar t ment. One of t hemwas usedpart l y for t he const ructi on of the Mni steri al Bl ock and for the creat i on of l ay-out s ( LOWERThe f i rst shari ng out of t heses l ands between the Gover nment , the M ssi ons and a pr i -vate l and owner is sti l l t he basi s of t he present di vi si on of t he l and despi te l ater re-al l otment .Fr omthe Engl i sh era, t here remai n the off i ci al bui l di ngs and a new styl e of bui l di ng.However , they fol l owed t he Ger man tradi ti on f or the const ruct i on of the wor ker s' camps .The si tuati on t owards 1960 i s s ummar i sed in the map that we dr ew based on t hosedr awn for t he C. D. C. and the L ANDS AND SURVEY DEPARTMENT i n 1956 and 1960.I n the STATI ON, the l arge l ay- out s for the Seni or Servi ce, G. R. A. ( Gover nmentResi dent i al Area) , and LOWER FARM, he ci vi l servant s and boys quart ers of the Mount ai n

Hotel , a port i on of the Cl erks quart ers, the of f i ces of the var i ous depar t ment s in the ar ea ofthe Bouse of Assembl y, of the Agri cul tural Depar t ment and of the Publ i c Servi ce Comm ssi on,the Mountai n Hotel wer e created.

FARMLAY- OUT, LOWER FARMHOUSE) .

The constructi on of the Mni steri al Bl ock was al so practi cal l y f i ni shed.The BUEA TOWNst rangers quart ers al ready had 300 bui l di ngs i n the s ame di l api datedstate as they ar e t oday. I n BOKWANGO, GREAT S OPP O and S MAL L SOPP O, the st rangersquart ers had li ttle i mpor t ance.Dur i ng the per i od of 60year s whi ch saw the creat i on of BUEA, t seems qui te cl earthat the 15 years of Ger man col oni sati on st rongl y i nf l uenced i ts devel opment in i ts in ti al or ga-ni sati on and that the 45years of Bri t i sh Mandate managed in a f l exi bl e way t he l and patr i monyreserved by the Ger mans , constructi ng s ome of the offi ci al bui l di ngs necessar y to the i nstal mentof t he admni st rat i on, and to accomodat e s ome of the ci vi l servants . As f or t he soci al and

econom c i nf rast ructure, i t was sti l l mor e or l ess i nexi stant out si de the STATI ON.2 The r ecent devel opment and t he pr esent physi ognomy of t he aggl omerat i on of BUEA

a. Th e rati onal ur ban devel opment : he l ay-out sThe l ay- out s have been a means f or the admni st rati on to cont rol the devel opmentof the t own, But thi s i ntervent i on of the LANDSAND SURVEY DEPARTMENT has onl y beenexerci sed on the l ands bel ongi ng to the Gover nment . Af ter bei ng surveyed the pl ots ar e di stri -buted amongst the appl i cants accordi ng to certai n set - rul es f or an annual rent (2). The L ANDSAND S URVE Y DE P ART MENT del i ver s a cert i f i cate of occupancy of the l and but does notsel l i t.For the whol e of the exi sti ng or pl anned l ay- out s the LANDS AND SURVEY DEPART -

MENT has 703 pl ots to di str i bute f or housi ng const ruct i on. Out of t hese 703pl ots, 247 ar er eserved for the const ruct i on of Seni or Servi ce type houses.

( 2) The annual rent is 25, 000Fcf a per acre ( 1 acre = 40, 46ares) f or the Camer ooni ans, 50, 000 for personsof other nati onal i ti es and f r om50 to 90, 000 for servi ce- stati ons.

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Tabl e I : The l ay-outs of the aggl omerati onof BUEAType of housi ng Name of the l ay-out Number of pl ots .:Eed pl ots

Senior Ser vi ce59236021

G R. A.Federal quart ersLower Far ml ay-outLower Far m house L.

53840 ( 7)5

60236022

J uni or Servi ce(stone bu lt andpl ank -bui l t)J uni or Servi ce(proj ect)

Great Soppo newL. 345 264 127Li koko Si gnal hll 88 82 2Si ck Bay house L. 23 23 -

Seni or Servi ce(proj ect) Escar pment L. 20 8 -Buea Town road L. 16 1G R. A. extensi on 46 - --

Total ............................. 703 540 236Source : ay-outs regi ster f r o mLANDS AND SURVEY DEPARTMENT

Th e si tuat i on of t he l ay-out s s hows t he di rect i ons i n whi ch t he t own i s devel opi ng :- BOKWANGO road ( G. R. . , G. R. A. extensi on, LI KOKO) ,- on both si des of the ol d STAT I ON (Federal quar t er s, Escar pment l ay- out , BUE A Town r oad- on bot h si des of t he VI CTORI A r oad ( Lower F a r m l ay- out, Si ck Bay house l ay- out , Lowerl ay-out),F a r m house l ay- out , GREAT S OP P O new l ay- out) .A r ough study of the di str i but i on of the pl ots amongst t he l ease- hol der s shows a f actwel l - known i n man y Af r i can t owns : hose who acqui r e the pl ots are most l y ci vi l ser vants andsal ar i ed wor ker s f r omthe Publ i c sector . Amongst t hose, t he Federal and Feder ated Gover n-ment s c ome fi rst i n t he G. R. A. ( 25pl ots) and the Federal quar t ers ( 15 pl ots). One al so f i ndsstate soci et i es such as the Wes t Camer oon El ectr i ci ty Corporati on, the West Camer oon Deve-l opment Agency.Fi nal l y s ome l ocal busi ness men have acqui r ed sever al pl ots. One of t hemhas evencr eat ed a l ay- out i n the BAKWERI l and and has const r uct ed t here te n houses of di f f erent t ypesthat he l ets. These are the Monangai quart ers.As f or t he faci l i ti es provi ded, except ed the G. R. A. whi ch i s t he ol dest l ay- out , mostof the l ay-out s have no pr oper r oads even in the Seni or Ser vi ce quart ers. I n the l ay- out s of theout ski rt s, at GREAT SOPPO or at BOK WAN GO, t he water i s di str i but ed at t he moment by

f ew t aps and t he r oads ar e i n a depl orabl e state even dur i ng the dr y season.b. T h e haphazar d devel opment : he str anger s' quart er

I n BUEA TOWN, S MAL L SOPPO, GREAT SOPPOand to a l esser extent in BOKWANGO,s ome quar t ers have devel oped very rapi dl y and at r andomw th the l east comort abl e and sal u-br i ous condi t i ons,The most sti ki ng exampl e f r omany aspect is BUEA TOWN st rangers' quar t er . A hi ghdensi t y of housi ng ( mor e t han 450 pl ank-bui l di ngs i n about 17 hecs- 42 acres), nar r ow anevenst reet s st r ewn wth l ava-bl ocks l ai d bar e by t he rai n, a f ew wat er- f ountai ns ar ound whi ch mud-

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puddl es have f or med, no open spaces except f or the ravi nes and the car - park, no vegetati on :al ong the mai n road, orange neon- st reet - l i ght i ng cont rasti ng w th the rest of the town : badl yput together pl ank- houses rott i ng w th the rai n and the humdi ty, roof s of corr ugated i ron whi chis rarel y changed, one ki tchen for 3 to 10househol ds (the same thi ng for the toi l et) ; at one end,the mar ket bui l t in pl anks on the sl opes com ng down f r omthe Cust omar y Cour t t owar ds theravi ne separat i ng Bonaberi f r omBUEA TOWNstrangers' quarter ; at the other end, uncul ti vatedbush i nvaded by el ephant- grass w th on one si de the rubbi sh dump of the area, and on the othersi de the cemet er y. The whol e bei ng bui l t on an average one i n ten sl ope.The other st rangers' quart er has not got thi s s l umappearance. Ther e is l ess concen-trati on of peopl e, they are mor e comortabl e and mor e sal ubri ous. The contact w th the bush- l i f ei s not l ost, the women cul ti vate the cocoyamand mai ze f i el ds not f ar f r omthei r homes. I ngeneral t hese ar eas are st ret ched al ong the mai n st reets and smal l t r aders and art i sans havesettl ed there.

The exi stence of these sel f - generat ed areas poses seri ous probl ems concerni ng thei rrenovati on and thei r sani tat i on. At first, i t seems that w th both the BAKWERI and the adm -ni str at i on ( n the case of Bonaber i ) , the st r anger s have been gi ven a part of the t er r i t ory tosett l e as they thought best. I n f act a smal l number amongst t hemhave bui l t houses that t heylet to new ar r i val s. Theref ore in t hese areas, the l andl ord i s an i mport ant per son.

\

c. Th e pr esent str ucture of t he aggl omer at i onA certai n number of pecul i ar trai ts character i ses the present st ructure of BUEAFi rst of al l , the absence of a r eal centre. Her e one fi nds i n the aggl omerat i on of BUEAonl y smal l Af r i can shops and nati ve i ndustry. One fi nds nei ther a moder n busi ness quart er nora commer ci al quar ter .Out of the 520 enterpri ses of thi s t ype, whi ch mak e up the aggl omerat i on of BUEA,380are l ocated al ong the mai n road of BUEA TOWNstrangers' quar ter , 50 in Soppo Long Street,50 in GREATSOPPO, 20 in Soppo Wovi l l a st rangers' quart er and 20 scattered i n di f ferent partsof t he STATI ON.Then the scat tered nature of the admni st rati ve cent re al ong the t wo mai n roads goi ngto GREATSOPPOand S MAL L SOPPOw th three focal poi nts around the Treasury, the Houseof Assembl y, and the Mni steri al Bl ock.

TOWN.

Last l y, the resi denti al areas.I n the STATI ON, we have t wo mai n types of areas l ayered and separated by theM ni ster i al Bl ock. Ther e are the l ower quart ers si tuated at an al ti tude l ess than 900ms(3,000t), wher e a l the const ruct i ons are i denti cal ; the Cl erks quart er s, the Pol i ce barr acksand those of the War der s. Then, t here ar e the upper ones wher e t here is a sel ecti on of bui l -di ngs of al l ages, wher e the houses are bui l t i n thei r own gr ounds, whi ch are rem ni scent ofthe Bri t i sh at mospher e i n thei r general sett i ng. Ther e is onl y the Lower Far ml ay-out to l i nkthese t wo areas.The st rangers' quart ers present t wo di f f erent aspects. We have descr i bed BUEATOWN str angers' quar t er , I nSMALL SOPPO, the habi tat, to a certai n extent r emni scent of

BUEA TOWN, s mor e spaced out , smal l areas of bush i nterrupti ng the regul ar l i nes of housesal ong the Tol e Tea Estate road. Last l y, i n GREAT SOPP O, the st rangers' quart er have a muchmor e spaci ous physi ognomy ; the houses ar e l arger and pl aced al ong rel at i vel y strai ght roads.90% of the l and has been recent l y l ai d- out and the area has devel oped mor e s moot hl y t hanel sewher e.The hi bi scus hedges and the woods separate the nat i ves f r omthe st rangers and keepin the catt l e. The st r anger s have a mor e scatt ered habi tat cont rasti ng w th the encl osur es.The houses ar e bu l t in t wo r ows f aci ng each other, perpendi cul arl y to the mountai n at Vasi ngi ,Soppo Mokongo, Soppo Wonganga and Li koko- Membea. The tr adi ti onal t ype of mat - house is

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now rare. Pl anks, corr ugated i ron and pai nti ng are f ound everywhere. Near l y al the compoundsare encl osed, w th a l arge area used as the vi l l age square ; i n BOKWANGOand Wondongo,the stone-church occupi es a central posi t i on and serves as a pol l i ng stati on. Al thi s is r em -ni scent of Eur opean vi l l ages.So, i n spi te of i ts smal l si ze, the aggl omerat i on of BUEA appear s to be var i ed andcont rasted as i s conf i r med by the tabl e of densi t i es.

garageboysquarters

Tabl e I I ; s ome densi t i es i n the sect ors of BUEA

50/25C

Bonaber i 300 i nhabi tants/ hecsBuea Town St 200Cl erks &Pol i ceQ 62 "Gr eat Soppo St 55 "G R. A. 23 "

l,

11

I t

l,

n l

3 - Housi ng in t he aggl omerat i onof BUEA and cost of constr ucti on

20/ 120

Amongs t the pr obl ems of the aggl omerati on, i t seemed to us that that of accomodati onwas one of the most i mpor tant . I n BUEA, at l east 2/3 of s ome 2, 250houses are rented, andi n the rest of the aggl omerat i on, 1/3 of the 900houses wer e l i ved in by peopl e payi ng a rent .Tabl e 1 1 1 : he rent i ng of houses in BUEA

a. Descri pt i on

t i mes. fWal l s Roomsstonebu l t 4/ 6+P&bu l t 1/4

I

Wat erEl ect.wat erel ect.

I t

el ect.onl y

n l

el ect.some-t i mes

n l

Ki t cheni ndoorst onebu l t

11

outdoorplankbultcommunalDutdoorpl ank-bui l t

1 1

)utdoornatri tchen

I Sani tati ontoiletswash-basi nsbathshowertoi l etwash- basi ncommunaltoi l ets andwash-basi ns

11

I I

n l

Extras Surf aceI m2

Dten

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b. Mont hl y rent (Fcfa)~ ~Sector 1 - GR.A. , Stati on, Lower Far mLayout 25 t o ' 70, 000

2 - Cl erksQ , Pol i ce barracks, Pri sons barr acks ( warders B) 6% of the monthl y wage3 - Great Soppo new l ay-out, Li koko l ayout 1,500 to 2, 500 one room4 - Buea Town st rangers, Bonaberi 1,000to 2,000one r oom5 - Smal l Soppo Long Street, Great Soppo St 800 to 2, 000 one r oom6 - S.S. Wovi l a St, Wonyal i onga, Mokunda, 300 to 1,500 one r oomS, Mokongo, Bokwango

after an inqui ry done in 50housesMuc h i nf or mat i on can be t aken f r omt abl e I I I : he ver y great di f f erence between thecost of r ent i ng Seni or Ser vi ce t ype houses and t he other s, t he absence of r ent ed houses i ns ome quart ers ( Wonganga, Wot eke, Wovi l a nat i ves, Vasi ngi and Sappo Li koko) t oo f ar f r omthe t own ; the rather mar ked di f f erences in the l evel of com or t and hygi ene bet ween the housesi n the STATI ON ar ea and the others.A l thi s is f r ankl y not part i cul ar to BUE A, but i s f ound in bi gger t owns wher e peopl e

w th var i ed l evel s of i ncome are f ound together .The cost of the const ruct i on of a house i n BUEA i s al so very var i abl e and t he scal eHer e are s ome exampl es :

of pr i ces i s compl etel y open.1 - BOKWANGO - 3 r oo mhouse w thout a cement f l oor - wood- pl ank wal l s - t hat ched mat -roof - out si de ki t chen.appr oxi mat e cost : 16, 000 Fcf a ( l abour char ge 25%w th cor r ugated i r on roof : 30, 000Fcfa2 - GREAT SOPPO- 7 r oomhouse i ntended for l ett i ng- cement f l oor - corr ugated i ron roof -electricity - f our ki t chens - t wo W C. - t wo out si de wash- basi ns.appr oxi mat e cost : 500, 000Fcf a ( l abour charge 15%3 - GREAT SOPPO - 7 r oomhouse (to house t wo faml i es) cement f l oor - st one wal l s - wat er -electricity - corr ugated i ron roof - outsi de ki tchen, W C, and wash- basi n.4 - Federal quart ers - 4 r oomSeni or Servi ce t ype house - boys quarters - garageappr oxi mat e cost : 750, 000 Fcf a ( l abour charge 50%approxi mat e cost : 6, 000, 000 Fcfa.

The compar i son bet ween the cost of t he const ruct i on and the rent i ng is i nterest i ng :i t shows that a house of t he second category can be pai d off i n f our years, a house of t he f our thcategory i n ei ght years,As we can see the accomodat i on of peopl e i n BUEA poses the s ame materi al and soci alprobl ems as i n many other t owns of both l arge and average si ze in CAMEROON.The st udy of the appear ance and the ur ban devel opment of t he aggl omerat i on enabl es us

at thi s poi nt to draf t a tabl e of t he BUEA aggl omerat i on in t er ms of thei r i ntegrat i on in the t own.They are ar r anged in i nter rupted ci rcul ar zones around the STATI ON w th the bi ggestconcent rati on of peopl e al ong the f our mai n r oads l eadi ng f r omt he BUEA round- about . Fi rst ofall , t he ST ATI ON whose f uncti on i s an adm ni st r at i ve one. Secondl y, , i n a r adi us of 4 kms .@sm l es) measur ed f r omthe M ni steri al Bl ock (see ma p 2) t her e ar e sem - ur ban quar t er sand quar t ers barel y t ouched by urbani sati on. Beyond, t he r ur al zones ar e al r eady r eached,as f or i nst ance i n BOKWANGO or Soppo- Li koko.

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111. THE DI FFERENT AREAS IN BUEA (Seemap 3)Up to now, we have refered to the di f f erent ar eas by the names gi ven by the i nhabi tants.The st udy of the urban devel opment has s hown us that a ' komparat i ve" geography coul d be madetaki ng i nto consi derat i on onl y the appearance, t he posi t i on and the envi r onment of the di f f erentpar t s of t he aggl omerat i on. I t r emai ns to be seen whet her t he not i on of sector used i n l arge

t owns is appl i cabl e t o BUEA.1 - The not i on of sector

An ur ban sector i s a por t i on of an aggl omerat i on di f f erent i ated by its par t i cul archaracter i st i cs ( aspect of the habi tat and of the housi ng, densi ty of popul at i on, f uncti ons, soci aland ethni c st ructure, etc. ) ; by i ts posi t i on and its envi r onment , i ts rel at i ons w t h t he whol eof the ur ban or ext r a- urban area- f or exampl e, t he pl antat i ons f or wor k or l ei sure, t he i nt er-woven r el at i onshi p exi sti ng w thi n the conf i nes of t he ar ea whi ch i t occupi es ( use of educat i onal ,commer ci al , rel i gi ous, pol i ti cal servi ces, etc. 1Th e rel at i ve age of t he sect or cont r i but es t owar ds a mor e i ntensi ve col l ecti ve li fe

t han i n mor e r ecent sect ors wher e t he soci al net wor k bet ween nei ghbour s i s j ust begi nni ngand wher e t he meet i ng pl aces ar e f ew. So, the rhyt hmof t he l i fe in a sector depends on i ts age,on i ts mor e or l ess functi onal or resi dent i al char acter and al so on the homogenei t y of the groupwhi ch l i ves there as regards its econom c and soci al l evel . Mor eover , i t s eems that the mxi ngof ethni c groups generat es li fe as i n the case of BUEA TOWN st r angers . So me ethni c gr oupsspeci al i se i n a cer t ai n pr of essi on and thi s creates rel at i ons, at fi rst econom c, amon g t hedi f f erent gr oups, I n BUEA, t he t r aders and shop- keeper s ar e I BO, IBIBIO and BAMI L EKE ,t he tai l ors HAUSA, t he but cher s c ome f r omt he Gr assl ands, t he women who sel l pal m wi ne( "whi te m mbo" ) or corn- beer ( "quacher" ) are BA K WE RI or come f r omBAMENDA.Ar e t her e sectors i n BUEA ? Ther e exi sts a di f f erenti ati on i n t he var i ous par t s oft he urban whol e, very devel oped worki ng connecti ons f or a smal l cent re bet ween t he quar t ersof the STATI ONwher e the adm ni st rati ve of f i ces are found and the per i pheral sect ors, BUEAT OWN, GREAT SOPPO, SMALL SOPPOand BOKWANGO. At t he of f i ce openi ng and cl osi ng

t i mes, i t i s surpr i si ng to see the l arge number s of peopl e maki ng f or t he resi dent i al areas,ei ther wal ki ng or i n the Land- Rover s of t he var i ous depar t ment s. Mor eover , the f ootbal l fi el dand the ci nema are meet i ng- pl aces f or the whol e of t he popul at i on.The l i fe of each par t of the aggl omerat i on is mor e di ff i cul t t o gr asp. Th e chi l drengo to the var i ous school s of the urban zone or outsi de of i t w thout consi deri ng di stance. Thi s isowi ng to the smal l number of pr i mar y school s, to thei r posi t i ons on the edge of t he i nhabi tedzones, to thei r di f f erent rel i gi ous denomnat i ons (6out of 8 school s are pri vate). The churchesar e mor e coherent l y pl aced accordi ng to the l i fe of the sectors, the except i on bei ng the STATI ONwher e is onl y the chur ch of t he Presbyter i an M ssi on. However , a di sti ncti on shoul d be madebetween the i mpor t ant stone- bui l t chur ches bui l t i n t he m ss i on compounds and the pl ank-bui l tchurches w thi n the var i ous quar t er s. Mor eover , the peopl e i n BUEA TOWN and the peri pheralquar t ers pat r oni se the shops and bars , t hose of t he STATI ON, t he cl ubs and l ei sur e cent res.The cont rast s bet ween the vari ous sectors can be easi l y seen, i f , oneexam nes the mapof t he aggl omer at i on of BUEA as r egar ds the habi tat and t he ot her ma p f or t he pr oport i on ofst r angers and t he soci o-pr of essi onal nat ur e.I n a wor d, i t can be sai d that t here ar e sectors i n BUEA whi ch range f r omthe pri -mari l y f uncti onal cent ral sect ors to t he rural sect ors s endi ng a f ew peopl e to wor k i n BUEA.And thi s i n spi te of t he smal l si ze of mos t of t hem However , onl y one of t hem BUEA TOWNst r angers ' quart er i s ani mat ed by a real t own at mospher e. The "town" w th i ts mar ket , its

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shops, i ts bars, i ts f i ve chur ches of a l fai ths, i ts di spensary, i ts t wo school s, the cust omar ycoui t, i ts per manent ani mati on.2 - The var i ous sectors of BUEA

I n vi ew of a l the i nf ormati on gathered for each. sector, t is possi bl e to cl assi fy t hemi nto four mai n groups : BUEA STATI ON, BUEA TOWN, GREATSOPPOand BOKWANGO.a. BUEA STATI ON : al ti tude and soci al strati f i cati on

The STATI ON l i ves to the r hythm of i ts ci vi l servant s i nstal l ed accordi ng to thei rhi erarchi cal posi t i on i n the ol d ST ATI ON for the most i mport ant ones, i n the l ay-out s or thechal ets of the Mount ai n Hotel f or the Af r i can or expatri ate Seni or staf f , in the J uni or Servi cequarters' f or the off i ce cl erks wth some seni ori ty, in the camps f or the pol i cemen, the warder sand the gendar mes.The whol e of t hese sectors st retches between the al ti tude of 1, 020ms (3,400t ) and830ms (2, 770 t) and the di str i buti on of the ci vi l s servant s accordi ng to thi s al ti tude is roughl y

si ml ar to the pyr am d of the admni st rat i ve functi ons. Thi s soci al strati f i cati on is symbol i sedby the exi stence of t hree cl ubs, one for the Seni or Servi ce, the second f or the J uni or Servi ceand the l ast f or the pol i cemen.Fi nal l y, i t is in these sect ors that t he hi ghest popul ati on of st rangers especi al l y peopl ef r omthe Gr assl ands, i s to be f ound. Thi s i l l ustrates the prepocderant i nf l uence of the Nort hernpart of WE S T CAMEROON in the central depart ments of the Federated State.Thi s gr oup of sect ors f i nal l y appears as an encl ave havi ng its o wn soci al l aws andway of l i fe but gi vi ng to the whol e of the ur ban zone the j obs whi ch gi ve i t its life.

b. BUEA TOWN : nat i ves and st r anger sI n BUEA TOWN mor e t han el sewhere, nat i ves and st r anger s' quart ers di f fer i nal l ways. The f i rst dom nate the ar eas i nhabi ted by the second and l imt t he sett l i ngof non- BAKWERI on thei r l ands. I n thei r ar eas nei ther shops nor bar s exi st, a l i fe whi chthey want to preserve in the vi l l age way by its styl e and the structure of its society. I n contrast,BUEA TOWNst rangers' quart er l eads a noi sy and ani mated l i fe, The i mm grant s sett l ed therepel l - mel l al though they tr i ed to gr oup t hemsel ves ac$ordi ng to ethni c af f i ni ti es. But thi s wasrarel y achi eved. Ther e are onl y t hree sub- sectors that ar e rel at i vel y homogenous f r omthi spoi nt of vi ew : Bi kom Babute and Hausa, cal l ed af ter the predom nat i ng ethni c group. I nBonaberi , the most recent quart er, al l ethni c groups are m xed. A l the prof essi ons are r epre-sented there, but the di f f erence bet ween nati ves and st rangers shows in the number of f ar mers.Neverl ess, the whol e of thi s area, even i f i t assumes a rural character in the BAKWERI popu-l ated zones, part i ci pates whol l y i n the t own l i fe.

c. GREAT SOPPO : he vi l l age, t he ol d st r angers' quart ers, tiie l ay- outTher e al so, zones of nat i ves and strangers can be del i mt ed as wel l as zones off ar mer s and t hose w th t own. type occupat i ons. But t he nat i ves ar e onl y a thi rt i eth of t hest rangers and they keep t hemsel ves to themsel ves at some di stance f r omthe VI CTORI A road.I n the ol d st rangers' quart er, shop-keepers and art i sans have regrouped on both si desof the r oad ; i n the l ay-out that st ret ches beyond, t here are ci vi l servant s and bui l di ng andPubl i c Wor ks workers. I t i s a pl anned resi dent i al zone for wor ker s and cl erks whi ch is dueto devel op i f part of the i nf rastructure of the Counci l , as pl anned, sett l es there.

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d. SMALL SOPPO, BOKWANGO : he roads, t he i nter i or*Al ong the roads ur ban li fe pushes i ts ant ennae. Ni geri an shop- keepers , BAMI L E KEor GRASSL ANDERS , art i sans and BAKWERI busi ness men l i ve t here si de by si de. I n thei nteri or, and l i vi ng a secl uded agri cul tural li fe w th subsi stance crops, smal l BALWERI c ommu-ni ti es are f ound,The soci al geogr aphy of t he ur ban zone of BUEA does not l ack var i ety : opposi t i onbet ween i ndi genous peopl e and the i mm grant s, l and di sput es bet ween the nat i ves and theGover nment and usage of t he al ti tude as a f actor i n t he soci al strati f i cati on. Thi s var i et yref l ects t he pr obl ems and the si tuat i ons of t he wor l d of t he coastal pl antat i ons, Wes t of t heYour i del ta, ver y ear l y t ouched by col oni sat i on and l i teral l y overt hr own by t he Ger mancol oni ser s and pl ant er s.

BUEA, apr i l 1970

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1 - STATI ON : General vi ew - Mount Camer oon - Upper ph. 2 - OLDGOVERNMENT STATI ON : m xture of adm ni s-tr ati ve styles : Ger man, Engl i sh and moder n.ar m- O d Gover nment Stati on - Lower Far m Warders Barr acks.

Ph. 3 - STATI ON : central area - three ki nds of quart ers : Ph. 4 - BUEA TOWN : t rangers and nat i ves, concent rati onand di spersi onof l i vi ng quart ers. Behi nd what wasOnce the gol f cour se, the Stati on can be seen.mni steri al bl ocks ; War ders Barr acks ; Lower Far mseni or servi ce l ayout.

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Ph. 5 - Vi ew of BUEA TOWNSTRANGERS' quar t er .

Ph. 6 - GREAT S O P P O : a j uni or servi ce staff l ayout - spa-ci ous, wel l spr ead out houses - r easonabl y st rai ghttrack - A begi nni ng i n ur ban pl anni ng.

Ph. 7 - BUEA TOWN NATI VES' quar t er : vi ew of a Bakwer iquarter - wooden houses w t h cor r ugated i r on r ooves,16


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APPENDI X I .

Met hodol ogi cal not e : met hod of usi ng adm ni st r at i ve census

The onl y document enabl i ng us t o mak e a preci se anal ysi s of BUEA happened to bethe adm ni st r at i ve census of 1968. I n fact, the census of 1964 exhaust i ve f or the t own of BUEAand of f er i ng al l t he guar ant ees of val i d i nf ormat i on coul d not be consul t ed. A l t he or i gi nalcar ds had been burnt. Havi ng nothi ng better, we took as the basi s of our st udy the admni st rat i vecensus whi ch has many gaps and must be used w th precaut i ons.1 How t he census was conduct ed :

I t has been made by 7 census agents and t he census operat i ons t ook pl ace overa peri od of 6 mont hs, f r omMar ch to August 1968. That i s to say on t he one hand, we do nothave an i nst ant aneous pi cture of the demographi c si tuat i on of the t own, and on t he other hand,t he r esul t s ar e f ar f r ombei ng homogenous. It shoul d al so be noted that t hi s was t he f i rstcensus mad e by t he adm ni st r ati on si nce that of 1953.2 l he i nf ormat i on asked for :

F r o m each i ndi vi dual i n each house :, seri al order of member s of t he f am l y. ur name and fi rst n ames. i l iation : na me of f at her and of mot her, year of bi rt h. pr oduct i on of bi rt h or marr i age cert i f i cate. subdi vi si on wher e t he per son was bor n. occupat i on.. ax cat egory. egi st er ed or non- r egi st er ed vot er. demogr aphi c detai l s. econom c detai l s gi vi ng an i dea of t he per son' s s t mdar d of l i vi ng.3 l he i nf ormat i on gi ven :

None of the 7 census agent s compl etel y fi l l ed i n hi s cards. The pri nci pl e of one ormor e car ds per f am l y was not r espect ed. The demogr aphi c and econom c detai l s wer e r ar el ymade, The onl y i nf ormati on wr i t ten on the cards concer ned the tr aders ( type of c ommer c e andcapi tal ), pr egnant women, the exi stence of t w ns, nati onal i ty, date of bi rth, parental rel at i ons,and thi s f or onl y s ome of the car ds.

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The year of bi rth, the subdi vi si on wher e the person was born and the occupati on wer erecorded for al most everybody. However , a stati sti cal study cannot be made w th these f i guresw thout precaut i ons.The date of bi rt h gi ven is ei ther the decl arati on of the person censused or the censusagent ' s guess. One can i magi ne what t he resul ts ar e when one knows that t he regi strat i on di dnot become obl i gatory f or t heLocal Authori t i es unti l J anuar y 1970 in Fako di vi si on.As f or the subdi vi si on wher e a person was bor n, onl y the subdi vi si ons of Wes tCamer oon have been r ecorded. And mor eover , i t seems that the conf i nes of the subdi vi si onswer e not perfectl y known by the census agent s because of the numer ous recent changes. Fort hose ori gi nati ng f r omEast Camer oon and Ni ger i a, the ori gi nal t own or regi on i s somet i mesi ndi cated.The prof essi on of the censused i ndi vi dual s poses di ff i cul t probl ems of cl assi f i cat i on.The car ds of t en show the j ob, somet i mes the ar ea of acti vi ty and the empl oyer , r arel y theempl oyment condi t i ons (f or apprent i ces and domest i c hel ps). So, f or t he bodi es of wor ker ssuch as wood- wor ker s and pai nters and s ome others, one cannot know whet her they ar e sal a-r i ed or whet her they are sel f - empl oyed. As r egards thi s, one f requent l y sees many sal ari edcarpenters worki ng for t hemsel ves outsi de thei r worki ng- t i me for a pri vate person. The censusi ndi cat i ons ar e of ten too vague. For the admni st rat i ve j obs, the of f i ce empl oyee i s cal l ed a"cl erk", the hi gher ci vi l servant s "ci vi l servant s" w thout any other detai l . Fi nal l y, mostof the worki ng women ar e of ten cl assed under t he rubr i c "house- w f e" somet i mes w th ani ndi cati on of the j ob they do. Those gett i ng thei r i ncome enti rel y f r omthe l ett i ng of houses,the unempl oyed ("appl i cant, j obl ess, out of school ") are categori es whi ch are d ffi cu t to def i ne.Al so, concerni ng the number of i nhabi tants for each quart er, we are far f r ombei ngexact. I t i s general l y as sumed that t here is an under - est i mati on of 10 to 15% f or the uncen-susabl es and those escapi ng the census for f i scal r easons.For the aggl omerat i on about 3, 500 woul d not have been censused. Thi s i s expl ai nedby the fact that t hree sect ors have not been censused ( Mokunda, the Gendar mes Camp, theBi shop' s quart ers) together w th the secondary school s where there are onl y boarders. For theheavi l y popul ated ar eas of BUEA, the under- est i mat i on i s at l east 25% For BUEA TOWNst rangers' quar t er , the admni st rat i ve census gave 250 per sons f ewer than the wor k of theS. E. D. E. S. made f our years ear l i er ,On the whol e, af ter cqmpari son w th other nom nat i ve l i sts tabl ed at the same t i me(f or exampl e, f or the el ecti ons) we have consi dered that the resul t s wer e fai rl y f ai thful f orthe nati ve quart ers, under - est i mated for the st rangers quart ers except f or GREATSOPPO.The retai ned cor rect i ve f i gure was 25% mor e for the st rangers quart er s of BUEA TOWN andSMALL SOPPO, 15% mor e f or the ar eas of BUEA STATI ON. For the uncensused quar t ers,the secondary school s, we have used di f ferent sources to have an i dea of the resi dent popul ati on(vot i ng f i sts, i nqui ri es at the secondar y school s, data gi ven in 1964 and cor r ected i n 1968) .I n a wor d, the document that we had coul d not be used to gi ve accurat e f i r st - handi nf ormati on, ei ther f or the number of i nhabi tants, or f or the ethno- geogr aphi cal ori gi n, orfor the anal ysi s of the worki ng popul at i on, We had to restr i ct our sel ves to usi ng i t onl y forthe pur poses of a map as i ndi cat i ons of t endenci es.At thi s l evel onl y, i t al l owed us to conf i r mwhat the qual i tat i ve anal ysi s of the t own

suggest ed.4 Use made of t he census :

The concr ete wor k on the date had to be thorougl y prepared so as to re-di scover theor der i n whi ch the census had been made : l assi f i cati on of car ds by census agent s, by thedate of the agent' s vi si t, f i nal l y by sector. Thi s to hel p the fact that a l the i ndi cati ons enabl i ngthe l i nking of a car d to a sector had not been gi ven.

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Once havi ng obtai ned the geogr aphi cal order , we l i mt ed oursel ves to a r ough anal ysi sof the dat a concer ni ng the et hno- geogr aphi cal or i gi n by r e- groupi ng t he subdi vi si ons in l argegeogr aphi cal uni ts, t he pr of essi ons i n 6 soci o- pr of essi onal gr oups. Th e l ack of mechani calmet hods di d not per m t us to cross- check al l t he datacol l ect ed.Al so, to amel i orat e t he shor t - com ngs of t he stati sti cal data, the met hod of t hegeogr apher had to be very si m l ar to that of t he hi stori an st udyi ng t he f i rst soci o- stati sti cal

wor ks done in Europe.

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APPENDI X 2

KEY TO MAPSI. SI TUATI ON OF BUEA

I I . AGGLOMERATI ON OF BUEARESI DENTI AL ZONES WORKI NGZONESa. moder n :

1. of t he Ger man er a2. pri or to 1960 - Seni or Servi ce3. pri or to 1960 - J uni or Ser vi ce4. after 19605. camps ( ar my, pol i ce, Mountai nHotel staff , staf f of t he Wes tCamer oon Dmel op ment Agency) .

b. tradi t i onal6. zones of nat i ve r esi dence7. zones of st r angers r esi dence8. zones of r ecent sett l ement

9/ 10 zones occupi ed by t he adm ni st rati on :9. before 196010. after 1960w th moder n faci l i ti esnat i ve i ndust ryand chur ch acti vi ti es

I l . commer ci al and i ndustr i al zones and12. zones of tr adi ti onal c ommer c e and13. zones occupi ed by school s, cul tural14. mar ket s

111. SECTORS OF BUEA : i st of sect ors and est i mated popul at i on(admni str at i ve census- vot i ng l i ste 1968- 69)A, BUEASTATI ON ( 3, 620) B. BUEA TOWN( 6, 020)

1 O d Gover nment Stat i on 180 12. Mokunda 3702. Pr esbyt er i an M ssi on 100 13, Wondongo 4903. Stat i on 530 14. Vasi ngi 4404. Gover nment Resi dent i al 15, Wonyal i onga 470

16. Buea T own St r anger s 1. 550r ea (G. R. A. ) 5005. Federal Quart ers 90 17. Bonaber i 2, 7006. Mountai n Hot el 1207. Lower F ar m Layout 250 C. GREAT SOPPO ( 1, 860)8. Cl erks Quart ers 890 18. Gr eat Soppo Mokongo 509. Pol i ce Barr acks 470 19. Gr eat Soppo Mokongo Layout 190

10. Lower F ar m ( war der s) 340 20. Gr eat Soppo 28011. Upper F ar m ( warders ) 150 21. Gr eat Soppo new Layout 340

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D SMALL SOPPO( 1, 330)22. S. S. Long Street23. S. S. Wovi l a St rangers24. S. S. Wonganga25. S. S. Wot eke26. S. S. Wovi l a nati ve27. S.S. Li koko

E. BOKWANGO ( 1, 350)350 28. Monangai Quar t ers 80450 29. L koko- Membea 430150 30. Membea- Nanga 840150120110

I n thi s est i mat i on, t wo sectors whi ch wer e not censused are not i ncl uded : the Gen-dar mes Ca mp (700to 800peopl e ?), the Bi shop' s Quar t ers ( 100 i nhs ?), al so the popul at i ongeneral l y counted separat el y, the pr i soners (390), the secondar y school boar ders (380). Thepopul ati on of BUEA woul d then be about 10, 800 i nhs, that of the aggl omerat i on such as i t hasbeen descr i bed above about 15, 800 i nhs (1).

(1) In t he esti mati on that she has made f or t he pl an of ur ban equi pment of BUEA, A. Van H l st puts t hepopul ati on of BUEA i n 1970, bet ween 10, 640and 11, 230.

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Tr ans l at i on of t er ms us ed i n t he map s

Fi g. 1 - Si tuat i on de BueaAr r ondi ssement de nai ssanceVi l l e i mpor t ant eLi m t e des terr es du gouver nementTer r es du gouver nement demandeesAl t i tude en met r esFi g. 3 - Quar t i ers de BueaLi eu de nai ssanceRepart i t i on soci o- prof essi onnel l eLegende c ommun e aux 12 f i gures%popul ati on total e ou acti veAr r ondi ssement de Vi ctori aCent r e, sud etnord du Camer ounCamer oun Or i entalEur ope et di ver sMoyenne aggl omerat i onAgri cul t eursCo mme r antsMet i ers manuel sEmpl oi s admni strati f sPer sonnel de servi ceDi ver sFor ces de l ' ordreEnsei gnementCul t eSanteRecensement admni str at i f cor r i geNumer o du quart i er cor r espondantEt r anger s non- nat i f s de l ' arrondi s-Tendance soci o- pr of essi onnel l eCadr es admni str at i f s super eursEnsei gnant sLrel i gi euxCadres admni str at i f s moyensEmpl oi s de bureau met i ers manuel sFor ce de l ' ordreMet i ers manuel sMdt i ers manuel s agr i cul teurs

des habi tants de BueaFi g. 2 - Aggl omerat i on ur bai ne de Buea

par l es nati fs

pourcentage de la popul ati on acti ve

au no de l ' annexe 2sement de Vi ctori a

Si tuat i on of BueaSubdi vi si on of bi rt h of the i nhabi tantsof BueaMai n t ownBuea ur ban ar eaGover nment l ands boundaryGover nment l ands cl ai med by theAl t i tude i n met er sSect ors of BueaPl ace of bi rthOccupat i on st ructur e per sect or i nper centage of the wor ki ng popul at i onKey to s ymbol e c ommo n to the 12 maps%of the total or wor ki ng popul ati onVi ctor a subdi vi s onCent ral , Souther n andNor t her n part of Wes t Camer ounEast Camer oonEur ope and other sAverage f i gure f or t he urban ar eaFar mer sTradersManual occupati onsAdm ni st r at i ve occupat i onsDomest i c worker sOt her sAr my pol i ce and gendar mesEducat i onM ssi onsHeal t hAdm ni st r at i ve census recti f i edSame number in the ma p and in theappendi x 2 gi vi ng the sectors namesStr anger s peopl e not bor n in Vi ctor i asubdi vi si onMai n t r ends in the occupati on st r uctur eSeni or ser vi ce staffTeacher s - m ssi onar i esJ uni or servi ce staffOf f i ce cl erks and manual wor ker s( see above)Manual occupati onsManual wor kers and f ar mer s

nat i ves

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ni TUATi ON DE BUEA

ta 01. AKWAYA ARRoNDi SSEMENl

DE.BALI3.BAMENDP4. AMUSSO5. ANGEM NAkSANCEDES. EKUNDU T3.FONTEM

HASI TANTS. MBENGW -WoFON9. KUMBP.DE. W EI 1.MUYUKA?LNDOPxI ANGUT BUEA

f 8J OMBEL19. V CTORi A2O. WUMg.cour adc. orst om&ea 4/ 70Fi gure I

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Myemems4; : Tggomrati on%

I lLEGENDE conl mune aux t l f i g u ro POPULATI ONTOTA E OU ACTI VE, ~ 5 , 0 WILUS DE@7 DE 500 DE 33 DE 250 DE 2qO DE 1 , ?3r%- n--- -DE 75% A 747% A 696% A 499% A 33, 2% A 249% A 199% A 14sL A Y,S% DE 4

LIEU DE NAI SSANCEm m w m c l w ~ n n c

I

BUEA

TENDANCE saCOPRoFESSf3&U

! IREPARTI TI ON SOCI O- PROFESSI ONNELLE

POURCENTAGE DE LA WPULATI ONACTI VECourade - ors rom~Bwa. 4/70Fi g


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CONTENTS

Li m t s of t he st udy 3P r el i m nar y defi ni ti ons 3

I. NATURE, HI STORY AND PEOPLE I N THE FORMATI ONOF THE TOWN 5I I . THEDEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN AREA 6

6of BUEA 778910

1 - The l egacy of hi story : he hi stori cal cent r e, t he pr esent l and t enur e2 - The r ecent devel opment and t he pr esent physi ognomy of t he aggl omer at i ona - Rati onal ur ban devel opment : he l ay- out sc - The pr esent st r uct ur e of t he aggl omer at i onb - Haphazar d devel opment : t r anger s' quart er3 - Housi ng i n t he aggl omer at i on of BUEA and cost of const r uct i on

I I I . THE DI FFERENT AREAS INBUEA 121213131313141717171718

1 - The not i on of sect or2 - Th e var i ous sect or s of BUEAa - BUEA S T AT I ON : al ti tude and soci al strati f i cati onb - BUEA TOWN : nat i ve and st r angers' quar t erc - GREAT SOPPO: he vi l l age, t he ol d st r anger s' quart er , t he l ay-outd - SMALL SOPPO, BOKWANGO : he r oad, t he i nteri orAppendi x 1. Met hodol ogi cal not e : met hod of usi ng adm ni st r ati ve census1 - Ho w t he census was conduct ed2 - Th e i nf ormati on asked f or3 - The i nf or mat i on gi ven4 - Use made of t he censusAppendi x 2. Key to maps . ' 21

Cont ent s 27

Documents

Social Geography of Buea