Social History of Social History of European IntegrationEuropean Integration

The Meaning of “Social Europe”The Meaning of “Social Europe”

Employment and Workers’ RightsEmployment and Workers’ Rights Health and Safety (Job-Related Health and Safety (Job-Related

especially)especially) Free movement of personsFree movement of persons

Related to ImmigrationRelated to Immigration Women’s IssuesWomen’s Issues

Equality in the WorkplaceEquality in the Workplace EnvironmentEnvironment

Landmarks of EC/EU Social PolicyLandmarks of EC/EU Social Policy

Social Fund (Treaty of Rome 1958)Social Fund (Treaty of Rome 1958) Assimilated to Structural Fund 1989-93Assimilated to Structural Fund 1989-93

Women’s Equal Pay/ Equal Treatment/ Women’s Equal Pay/ Equal Treatment/ Social Security Directives (1975-78)Social Security Directives (1975-78)

Schengen Agreement (1985)Schengen Agreement (1985) The Social Charter (1992)The Social Charter (1992) Employment Policy (Amsterdam 1997)Employment Policy (Amsterdam 1997)

Hot TopicsHot Topics

Immigration and SchengenImmigration and Schengen Worker IssuesWorker Issues

Wages and BenefitsWages and Benefits Trade Unions and Workers’ ParticipationTrade Unions and Workers’ Participation

EnvironmentEnvironment

The Story of ImmigrationThe Story of Immigration

First Phase: 1960-1973First Phase: 1960-1973 Migration for temporary employmentMigration for temporary employment Active recruitment (peak 1968-73)Active recruitment (peak 1968-73) Source of migrant labor: MediterraneanSource of migrant labor: Mediterranean

European Mediterranean (southern Europe): European Mediterranean (southern Europe): Italy, Spain, Greece, Yugoslavia, PortugalItaly, Spain, Greece, Yugoslavia, Portugal

North Africa and TurkeyNorth Africa and Turkey

The Story of Immigration (cont’d-1)The Story of Immigration (cont’d-1)

Second Phase: 1974 – early 1980sSecond Phase: 1974 – early 1980s From temporary to permanent immigrationFrom temporary to permanent immigration Restrictive measures by European governmentsRestrictive measures by European governments Temporary migrants from southern Europe Temporary migrants from southern Europe

returnreturn Temporary migrants from North Africa and Temporary migrants from North Africa and

Turkey settle and become permanentTurkey settle and become permanent Family reunion (eg, wives join husbands)Family reunion (eg, wives join husbands) Feminization of immigrant populationFeminization of immigrant population Immigrant communities emerge within Europe around Immigrant communities emerge within Europe around

mosques, schools, leisure and sports clubs, and mosques, schools, leisure and sports clubs, and political associationspolitical associations

The Story of Immigration (cont’d-2)The Story of Immigration (cont’d-2)

Third Phase: mid-1980s – 1990sThird Phase: mid-1980s – 1990s Refugees and asylum-seekersRefugees and asylum-seekers ““Illegals”Illegals” Criminals of all kinds: drug-traffic, Criminals of all kinds: drug-traffic,

terrorists, common criminalsterrorists, common criminals

SchengenSchengen

Agreements of 1985 and 1990Agreements of 1985 and 1990 Originally Luxembourg, Belgium, Originally Luxembourg, Belgium,

Netherlands, France, GerrmanyNetherlands, France, Gerrmany Currently all EU except Britain and Currently all EU except Britain and

IrelandIreland ““Schengenland”Schengenland”

Freedom of movement within bordersFreedom of movement within borders Common border policy for externalsCommon border policy for externals Cooperate in fight against crimeCooperate in fight against crime

Worker Issues in the EC/EUWorker Issues in the EC/EU

Unemployment dilemma since 1973Unemployment dilemma since 1973 Underlying challenge of structural change: Underlying challenge of structural change:

movement away from manufacturing economy and movement away from manufacturing economy and labor forcelabor force

Immigrants become a threatImmigrants become a threat Differing National PoliciesDiffering National Policies

Working conditions, especially security of Working conditions, especially security of employmentemployment

Industrial relations (worker-employer)Industrial relations (worker-employer) BenefitsBenefits Worker participation in decision-making (core of Worker participation in decision-making (core of

“industrial democracy”)“industrial democracy”)

Worker Issues (Cont’d-1)Worker Issues (Cont’d-1)

Britain, Germany, and France comparedBritain, Germany, and France compared BritainBritain

Wages set by collective bargaining (decentralized unions)Wages set by collective bargaining (decentralized unions) More employer freedom to hire and fireMore employer freedom to hire and fire Minimal (no) worker participationMinimal (no) worker participation Strong health and safety protection for workersStrong health and safety protection for workers

GermanyGermany Social partnership preferred over adversarial relations Social partnership preferred over adversarial relations

between labor and managementbetween labor and management Thick layer of government-imposed protections for Thick layer of government-imposed protections for

workers (especially job security) and worker benefits workers (especially job security) and worker benefits (“coddled”)(“coddled”)

Strong participation of workers in decisions: Strong participation of workers in decisions: codeterminationcodetermination

Worker Issues (Cont’d-2)Worker Issues (Cont’d-2) FranceFrance

Tradition of ideological division among unions and ideological Tradition of ideological division among unions and ideological conflict with employers and governmentconflict with employers and government

Weak unions, low membership ratesWeak unions, low membership rates Weak worker participation in decisionsWeak worker participation in decisions Strong protections, especially for families and womenStrong protections, especially for families and women

Differing “common policy” approachDiffering “common policy” approach Britain: minimal common standardsBritain: minimal common standards France and Germany: raise all to their costly levelsFrance and Germany: raise all to their costly levels

Some broader trendsSome broader trends Challenge to welfare state and benefits from 1980s on, as too Challenge to welfare state and benefits from 1980s on, as too

expensive and hindering competitivenessexpensive and hindering competitiveness Decline of union power, either by design (Margaret Thatcher) Decline of union power, either by design (Margaret Thatcher)

or by declining membership and political appealor by declining membership and political appeal Europe (EC/EU) regarded as a new opportunity for workers: Europe (EC/EU) regarded as a new opportunity for workers:

shift from anti-Europe to pro-Europe by many unionsshift from anti-Europe to pro-Europe by many unions

Social Dimension/ Social CharterSocial Dimension/ Social Charter

Follow-up to SEAFollow-up to SEA Social aspects or social implications of Social aspects or social implications of

completing the Internal Marketcompleting the Internal Market A level playing field for Internal Market A level playing field for Internal Market

competition, thus part of its competition, thus part of its implementation?implementation?

A protection against the “social costs” of A protection against the “social costs” of market freedom?market freedom?

Inconsistent with the Internal Market?Inconsistent with the Internal Market?

Social Dimension/Charter (cont’d)Social Dimension/Charter (cont’d)

Resistance led by BritainResistance led by Britain Social Charter of the 11 Social Charter of the 11

Protocol to (rather than in body of) Protocol to (rather than in body of) Maastricht Treaty on European Union Maastricht Treaty on European Union (signed 1992)(signed 1992)

Enables British “opt-out”Enables British “opt-out” Britain joins Social Charter in 1997 as Britain joins Social Charter in 1997 as

part of body of Amsterdam Treatypart of body of Amsterdam Treaty

WebsitesWebsites

http://img.uoregon.edu/euro410/http://img.uoregon.edu/euro410/

EuropaEuropa

Commission Commission DGsDGs

CuriaCuria