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Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 1
Social Security covers:– most private sector employees– most self-employed– members of the US Armed Forces
Social Security excludes:– Federal employees hired before 1984– certain state and local employees– railroad employees covered under the Railroad Retirement
System
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 2
Social Security Benefits
create a vital social “safety net” by providing at least aminimal income flow to disabled or retired workers or tosurvivors of deceased worker
Benefits – retirement– disability– spouse’s benefit– survivor’s benefit
• mother’s or father’s benefit• child’s benefit• widow or widower’s benefits
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 3
Social Security Facts
96% of all workers are covered under Social Security
- 53% of workforce has no private pension coverage- 32% of workforce has no savings set aside
specifically for retirement
More than 9 in 10 of those aged 65 and older receive Social Security benefits
- for 2/3 it is more than 50% of retirement income- for 22% it is ONLY source of income
Source: Social Security Administration; http://www.ssa.gov
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 4
Social Security Beneficiary Data – Dec. 2006
Who Receives
Number Total AmountAvg. Monthly
Benefit
Retired workers
31 million $31 billion
$1,044 Dependents
of retired3 million $1.5 billion
Disabled workers
6.8 million $6.1 billion$833
Dependents
of disabled1.8 million $0.5 billion
Survivors 6.5 million $5.7 billion $895
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 5
Eligibility
Most Social Security benefits require a person to be
fully insured
or
currently insured
A person becomes insured by acquiring a certain number of quarters of coverage
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 6
Eligibility
A quarter is a calendar quarter; a 3 month period ending:
Mar 31Jun 30Sept 30Dec 31
In 2009 – workers received one quarter of coverage for each $1,090 in earnings, up to maximum of 4 quarters
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 7
Eligibility
Can acquire quarters before age 21 or after retirement age A calendar quarter cannot be a quarter of coverage if
– it begins after the calendar quarter in which a person died– it has not yet started – it is with a period of disability excluded from figuring benefit
rights
quarters determine insured status, not size of Social Security benefit
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 8
You must be insured under Social Security before you or your family can receive:
– Survivors income– Disability income– Retirement income
Number of quarters of coverage determinesif you have:
– fully insured status– currently insured status– insured status for establishing disability
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 9
Those fully insured can receive
– retirement benefits
– disability benefits
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 10
Fully Insured
• have 40 quarters of coverage
OR
• have at least 6 quarters of coverage
and
• acquired at least as many quarters of coverage as years elapsing after reach age 21 and before year die, become disabled, or reach age 62, whichever is first
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 11
Family of those currently insured at death of insured can receive:
– child’s benefits
– mother’s or father’s benefits
– lump sum death payment
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 12
Currently Insured
has acquired at least 6 quarters of coverage during the
full 13-quarter period ending with the calendar quarter
in which person – died– most recently became entitled to disability benefits– become entitled to retirement benefits
The 6 quarters need not be consecutive, but must
be during a 13 quarter period
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 13
Benefits: Retirement
Must
• be fully insured
• be at least age 62 throughout the first month of entitlement
• have filed application for retirement benefits
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 14
Normal Retirement Age Is gradually increasing
Birth Year NRA Birth Year NRA
< 1937 65 1955 66 & 2 mo.
1938 65 & 2 mo. 1956 66 & 4 mo.
1939 65 & 4 mo. 1957 66 & 6 mo.
1940 65 & 6 mo. 1958 66 & 8 mo.
1941 65 & 8 mo. 1959 66 & 10 mo.
1942 65 & 10 mo. > 1960 67
1943-54 66
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 15
Benefits: Retirement
Reduced benefits available at age 62, but revised reduction factor will result in less available for future early retirees than for current retirees
Generally, those who take reduced retirement benefits before normal retirement age ( NRA) will continue to have reduced benefits after NRA
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 16
Benefits: Retirement
An on-line calculator for - NRA- percentage reduction for early retirement
for self and spouse - percentage increase for delayed retirement
for self and spouse is available at: http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/ProgData/nra.html
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 17
Disability Facts
• Disabled workers and their dependents account for 17% of total Social Security Benefits paid
• about 91% of workers age 21-64 in covered employment; giving families protection under Social Security in event of severe long term disability
• 30% of today’s 20-yr olds will be disabled before age 67• 72% of private sector workforce has no long term disability
coverageSource: Social Security Administration; www.ssa.gov
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 18
Benefits: Disability
Worker entitled if– insured for disability benefits
– under age 65
– has been or is expected to be disabled for 12 months or has terminal condition
– filed application for benefits
– has completed 5 month wait or is exempt from wait
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 19
Benefits: Disability
Disability payments use different formulas than those used for a retiring worker
Family benefit limits for disabled worker differ from family benefit limits for retiring worker
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 20
Benefits: Spouse’s Benefit
Spouse entitled if
– worker entitled to retirement or disability benefits
– spouse filed application for spouse benefits
– spouse not entitled to retirement or disability benefit based on PIA > 1/2 worker’s PIA
– spouse age 62; or caring for child < 16; or disabled
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 21
Benefits: Spouse’s Benefit
Spouse of worker must also meet ONE of these conditions:
– married worker > 1 year before applying for benefits– be natural mother or father of worker’s child– entitled or potentially entitled to spouse’s, surviving
spouse’s, parent’s, or childhood disability benefits OR annuity under Railroad Retirement Act in month before month of marriage to worker
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 22
Benefits: Spouse’s Benefit
Spouse entitled to divorced spouse benefit IF:– worker entitled to retirement or disability benefits– applied for divorced spouse’s benefits– would receive more under spousal retirement or disability
benefit than on own work record– > age 62– not married– married to worker > 10 years before divorce final
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 23
Benefits: Spouse’s Benefit
If caring for worker’s < age 16 or disabled child, monthly benefit = 50% worker primary insurance amount (PIA) regardless of age
If not caring for child
monthly benefit = 50% worker PIA at NRA
Early retirement means reduced benefit
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 24
Benefits: Survivor Benefits
Mother’s or Father’s Benefits – entitled IF– caring for child < 16 or disabled before age 22– child is survivor’s own or adopted child– surviving spouse unmarried– no widow’s or widower’s benefit is available– no retirement available on surviving spouse’s work record
> mother’s or father’s benefit– application filed for benefits
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 25
Benefits: Survivor Benefits
Mother’s or Father’s Benefits– benefit amount = 75% of deceased spouse’s PIA– family maximum may limit benefit– divorced spouse’s benefit is same as married, but not
subject to family maximum– benefits cease when youngest child > 16, “black out”
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 26
Benefits: Survivor Benefits
Child’s Benefits– must meet relationship requirements of fully or
currently insured deceased worker– be < 18 or > 18 and disabled before age 22 or <
19 and full-time elementary or secondary student– not married– dependent upon deceased parent– file application for benefits
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 27
Benefits: Survivor Benefits
Child’s Benefits– benefit amount = 75% of deceased worker’s PIA– family maximum may limit benefit– benefits end
• at death
• age 18
• disability ceases
• if marry (unless disabled)
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 28
Benefits: Survivor Benefits
Widow or Widower’s Benefits – entitled IF– surviving spouse is age 60 or over, or is at least age 50 but
not age 60 and is disabled– worker died fully insured– surviving spouse’s own retirement benefit not greater than
what would receive under worker’s benefit– application filed for benefits
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 29
Benefits: Survivor Benefits
Widow or Widower’s Benefits – entitled IF meet one of following conditions
– married 9 months to deceased (except in case of accidental death)
– biological or adoptive parent of deceased’s child < 18– entitled or potentially entitled to dependent benefits
under Railroad Retirement Act in month before month surviving spouse married deceased worker
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 30
Benefits: Survivor Benefits
Widow or Widower’s Benefits
– if surviving spouse is NRA or older when benefits begin benefit = 100% deceased worker’s PIA
– if worker received benefits before NRA, surviving spouse benefit = reduced benefit worker would have received if had lived (not less than 82.5% of PIA)
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 31
Computing Benefits
Primary Insurance Amount (PIA) is basis for determining amount of each monthly social security benefit.
Benefit = PIA for disabled worker worker who retires at normal retirement age
Benefit = % PIA for worker who retires before normal retirement age dependents survivors
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 32
Computing Benefits
Amount of each monthly benefit payable under Social Security is based on the worker’s Primary Insurance Amount (PIA)
Social Security Administration calculates a worker’s PIA using formulas based on a person’s Average Indexed Monthly Earnings (AIME), which is basically their (inflation adjusted) earnings history
Can only credit earnings below Social Security wage base - $106,800 in 2009
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 33
Maximum Family Benefits
Maximum family benefit for those who reach age 62 or die in 2009:
(1) 150% of the first $950 of PIA, plus(2) 272% of PIA over $950 through $1,372 plus(3) 134% of PIA over $1,372 through $1,789, plus(4) 175% over $1,789
Maximum is subject to increases based on wage levels
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 34
Cost-of-Living Increases
• automatic
• determined by increases in Consumer Price Index for All Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers prepared by U.S. Department of Labor
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 35
Delayed Retirement Credit
• Workers continuing on the job receive an in retire-ment benefits for each year worked age 65 to 70– NOT an increase in worker’s PIA– benefits based on PIA are NOT affected
• Amount of increase varies, depending on year reach 62
• For 2005 forward, delay in receipt of Social Security benefits past NRA increases benefits 2/3 of 1% each month until maximum reached at age 70
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 36
Working After Retirement
• Lose benefits if retire before NRA and exceed earning limits– if under NRA for all of 2009 and earn over $14,160 lose $1 for
every $2 in earnings over $14,160
– if reach NRA in 2009 and earn over $37,680 lose $1 for every $3 in earnings over $37,680
• If retire at NRA or older, NO benefits lost due to earnings
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 37
Working After Retirement
To determine amount of benefits lost, must consider
1. amount of excess earnings for year
2. months in the year that can be charged with all or part of excess earnings that are potentially chargeable against benefits
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 38
Income Taxation of Social Security Benefits
If total of person’s income plus 1/2 of his or her benefits is more than a base amount, some of the benefits are taxable
Total income includes– tax-exempt interest income– excludable interest from US savings bonds– excludable income earned in foreign country, US
possession, or Puerto Rico
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 39
Income Taxation of Social Security Benefits
Base amount depends on person’s filing status:
– $32,000 for married filing jointly
– 0 for married filing separately if lived together at any time during the year
– $25,000 for other taxpayers
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 40
Income Taxation of Social Security Benefits
50 percent taxable
If income plus 1/2 Social Security > base amount, up to 50% of benefits included in gross income
Base amount:– $32,000 for married filing jointly– $0 for married filing separately, lived together during year– $25,000 for all other taxpayers
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 41
Income Taxation of Social Security Benefits
85 percent taxable
If income plus 1/2 Social Security > base amount, up to 50% of benefits included in gross income
Base amount:– $44,000 for married filing jointly– $0 for married filing separately, lived together during year– $34,000 for all other taxpayers
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 42
True or False?
1. Social Security was designed to serve as an adequate retirement plan for those with no other retirement savings.
2. Persons who are fully insured status can receive disability benefits while those only currently insured cannot.
3. Jack, age 62, has a 40-year old wife who has never been employed. Jack’s wife can receive spouse’s benefits when Jack begins receiving Social Security later this year.
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 43
True or False?
4. A surviving spouse of a currently insured worker receives Social Security based on the deceased’s earnings record until they die or remarry.
5. The family maximum for Social Security benefits can, in some cases, be less than 100% of the benefit that would have been paid to the worker alone.
6. Those who work past age 65 receive an increase in retirement benefits for each year worked between age 65 and 70.
Social Security Chapter 3Employee Benefit & Retirement Planning
Copyright 2009, The National Underwriter Company 44
Discussion Question
As the Baby Boom generation reaches eligibility for Social Security, concern for the continued solvency of Social Security exists. Proposals to ensure continuance of Social Security include:
1. raise payroll tax a small amount (e.g. 1/2%)
2. include newly hired state and local workers in system
3. raise maximum wages subject to Social Security
4. gradually increase age for full benefits to 70
Discuss the pros and cons of each proposal