Societies at Societies at CrossraodsCrossraods

Russian Revolution - RussiaRussian Revolution - Russia

Opium Wars -ChinaOpium Wars -China

Russian Revolution (1905)Russian Revolution (1905)….Only the first….Only the first

Pre-Revolutionary RussiaPre-Revolutionary Russia– Only true autocracy left in EuropeOnly true autocracy left in Europe– No type of representative political No type of representative political

institutionsinstitutions– Nicholas II became Tsar in 1884Nicholas II became Tsar in 1884– Believed he was the absolute ruler Believed he was the absolute ruler

anointed by Godanointed by God– Revolution broke out in 1905Revolution broke out in 1905

--Russo-Japanese War (1904)--Russo-Japanese War (1904)

Nicholas II: The Last Romanov Nicholas II: The Last Romanov TsarTsar

[r. 1894-1917][r. 1894-1917]

The Tsar & His FamilyThe Tsar & His Family

Causes of The 1905 Causes of The 1905 Revolution Revolution

1. Early 1. Early 20c: 20c:

Russian Russian Social Social

HierarchyHierarchy

2. First Stages of 2. First Stages of IndustrializationIndustrialization

3. Weak Economy3. Weak Economy

4. Extensive Foreign 4. Extensive Foreign Investments & InfluenceInvestments & Influence

Building the Trans-Siberian RR[Economic benefits only in a few regions.]

5. Russo-Japanese War 5. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]

The “Yellow Peril”

Russo-Japanese War [1904-Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]1905]

Russian & Japanese Russian & Japanese SoldiersSoldiers

Unrest Among the Peasants Unrest Among the Peasants & Urban Working Poor& Urban Working Poor

Bloody SundayBloody SundayJanuary 22, 1905January 22, 1905

The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

Spreading Spreading the the

RevolutionRevolution

Revolution of 1905Revolution of 1905 What led to the Revolution??? HowWhat led to the Revolution??? How

– The creation of a discontented working classThe creation of a discontented working class– Vast majority of workers concentrated in St. Petersburg Vast majority of workers concentrated in St. Petersburg

and Moscowand Moscow– Help from the countryside: poor peasantsHelp from the countryside: poor peasants– No individual land ownershipNo individual land ownership– Russia industrialized on the backs of the peasantsRussia industrialized on the backs of the peasants– Tremendous historic land hunger among peasantsTremendous historic land hunger among peasants

Real winners of the 1905 Revolution: Middle ClassReal winners of the 1905 Revolution: Middle Class--Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)--Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)--Duma--Duma

Why did the Russian Why did the Russian Revolution of 1905 fail?????Revolution of 1905 fail?????

Military Political Social

Britain in Asia: the Opium War (1839-42)Britain in Asia: the Opium War (1839-42)

Opium TradeOpium Trade

Opium manufactured in China since Opium manufactured in China since 1515thth century for medical purposes century for medical purposes

Opium then mixed with tobacco so it Opium then mixed with tobacco so it could be smokedcould be smoked

Dutch were first to begin trade of Dutch were first to begin trade of opiumopium

English soon followedEnglish soon followed Chinese government banned smoking Chinese government banned smoking

and trade of opium in 1729 due to and trade of opium in 1729 due to health and social issueshealth and social issues

Opium smokers in ChinaOpium smokers in China

English East India CompanyEnglish East India Company

Held monopoly on production and Held monopoly on production and export of opium in Indiaexport of opium in India

Peasant cultivators often coerced Peasant cultivators often coerced and paid in advance for cultivation of and paid in advance for cultivation of poppiespoppies

Sold in Calcutta for a profit of 400%Sold in Calcutta for a profit of 400%

East India CompanyEast India Company

Buy tea on credit in CantonBuy tea on credit in Canton Sell opium at auctions in Calcutta, Sell opium at auctions in Calcutta,

IndiaIndia Then it was smuggled into China Then it was smuggled into China

through India and Bengalthrough India and Bengal 1797 began direct trade of opium into 1797 began direct trade of opium into

ChinaChina Chinese government had hard time Chinese government had hard time

controlling trade in Southcontrolling trade in South

Napier AffairNapier Affair

Lord Napier tried to circumvent the Lord Napier tried to circumvent the Canton Trade laws to reinstitute East Canton Trade laws to reinstitute East India’s monopolyIndia’s monopoly

Governor of Macao closed trade with Governor of Macao closed trade with Britain September 2, 1834Britain September 2, 1834

British resumed trade under old British resumed trade under old restrictionsrestrictions

First Opium War 1834 - First Opium War 1834 - 18431843

1838 Chinese instituted death 1838 Chinese instituted death penalty for native traffickers of penalty for native traffickers of opiumopium

March 1839 – new commissioner to March 1839 – new commissioner to control opium trade – Lin Zexucontrol opium trade – Lin Zexu

Lin imposed embargo on Britain Lin imposed embargo on Britain unless they permanently ended the unless they permanently ended the trade tradetrade trade

First Opium WarFirst Opium War

March 27, 1839 – British March 27, 1839 – British Superintendent of Trade – Charles Superintendent of Trade – Charles Elliot demanded all British subjects Elliot demanded all British subjects turn over opium to himturn over opium to him

Opium amounting to a year’s worth of Opium amounting to a year’s worth of trade was given to Commissioner Lintrade was given to Commissioner Lin

Trade resumed with Britain and no Trade resumed with Britain and no drugs were smuggleddrugs were smuggled

First Opium WarFirst Opium War

Lin demanded British merchants to Lin demanded British merchants to sign a bond promising not to deal sign a bond promising not to deal opium under penalty of deathopium under penalty of death

Lin disposed of the opium – Lin disposed of the opium – dissolving it in the oceandissolving it in the ocean

Did not realize the impact of this Did not realize the impact of this action!action!

First Opium WarFirst Opium War

British merchants and government British merchants and government regarded this as destruction of private regarded this as destruction of private propertyproperty

Responded by sending warships, Responded by sending warships, soldiers, and the British India Army soldiers, and the British India Army into China June 1840into China June 1840

Had superior military force – attacked Had superior military force – attacked coastal cities, defeated Qing forces coastal cities, defeated Qing forces easilyeasily

End of the WarEnd of the War

British took Canton and sailed up the British took Canton and sailed up the Yangtze RiverYangtze River

Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of imperial court of Beijingimperial court of Beijing

1842 Qing sued for peace1842 Qing sued for peace Ended with Treaty of NanjingEnded with Treaty of Nanjing

Treaty of NanjingTreaty of Nanjing

Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – accepted 1843accepted 1843

China China – Ceded Hong Kong to the BritishCeded Hong Kong to the British– Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy, Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy,

Fuzhou, Ningbo, ShanghaiFuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai

Treaty of NanjingTreaty of Nanjing

Great Britain receivedGreat Britain received– 21 million ounces of silver21 million ounces of silver– Fixed tariffsFixed tariffs– Extraterritoriality for British citizens on Extraterritoriality for British citizens on

Chinese soilChinese soil– Most favored nation statusMost favored nation status– Allowed missionaries into interior of ChinaAllowed missionaries into interior of China– Allowed British merchants sphere of Allowed British merchants sphere of

influence in and around British portsinfluence in and around British ports

Treaty of NanjingTreaty of Nanjing

Unresolved IssuesUnresolved Issues– Status of opium trade with ChinaStatus of opium trade with China– Equivalent American treaty forbade Equivalent American treaty forbade

opium trade with Chinaopium trade with China– However, both Americans and British However, both Americans and British

were subject only to the legal trade of were subject only to the legal trade of their consulstheir consuls

Second Opium War 1856 - Second Opium War 1856 - 1860 1860

Also known as Arrow WarAlso known as Arrow War Followed incident when Chinese Followed incident when Chinese

bordered British registered, Chinese bordered British registered, Chinese owned ship – the Arrowowned ship – the Arrow

Crew was accused of piracy and Crew was accused of piracy and smugglingsmuggling– Were arrestedWere arrested

Second Opium WarSecond Opium War

British claimed ship was flying British British claimed ship was flying British flag and was protected under the flag and was protected under the Treaty of NanjingTreaty of Nanjing

War delayed by Taiping Rebellion and War delayed by Taiping Rebellion and Indian MutinyIndian Mutiny

British attacked Guangzhou one year British attacked Guangzhou one year laterlater

Aided by allies of United States, Aided by allies of United States, Russia, and FranceRussia, and France

Second Opium WarSecond Opium War

Treaty of Tientsin was created in July Treaty of Tientsin was created in July 1858 – was not ratified by China until 1858 – was not ratified by China until 2 years later2 years later

Hostilities broke out in 1859 when Hostilities broke out in 1859 when China refused the establishment of China refused the establishment of British Embassy in BeijingBritish Embassy in Beijing

Fighting erupted in Hong Kong and Fighting erupted in Hong Kong and BeijingBeijing– British burned the Summer and Old British burned the Summer and Old

Summer Palace and looted the citySummer Palace and looted the city