sociology project second sem.docx

8/10/2019 sociology project second sem.docx

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NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GAURENTEE ACT

(CHITOOR DISTRICT)

SOCIOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY

NIKHIL VAKA

ROLLNO 2013078

SEMESTER 2

DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

Visakhapatnam


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would sincerely like to put forward my heartfelt thanks to our respected sociology

Professor LAKSHMIPATHI RAJU for giving me a golden opportunity to take up this project

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT ACT :- comparative study have tried my best to collect

information about the project in various possible ways to depict a clear picture about the

given project topic.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT2 INTRODUCTION............................................................................4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................5 SAILENT FEATURES...............................................................6 CHITOOR DISTRICT...............................................................10 JAWAHAR ROJGAR YOJANA...................................................10 SAMPOORNA GRAMEENA ROJGAR YOJANA............................11 FOOD FOR WORK PROGRAMEE..............................................11 MGNREA..............................................................................11 PRIMARY DATA.............................................................................12

RESEARCH FINDING................................................................ CONCLUSION........................................................................14 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................15


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National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

INTRODUCTION:

Implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development- External website that opens in a new

window, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)- External website that opens

in a new window is the flagship programme of the Government that directly touches lives of

the poor and promotes inclusive growth. The Act aims at enhancing livelihood security of

households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed

wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to

do unskilled manual work.

The Act came into force on February 2, 2006 and was implemented in a phased manner. In

Phase one it was introduced in 200 of the most backward districts of the country. It was

implemented in an additional 130 districts in Phase two 2007-2008. As per the initial target,

NREGA was to be expanded countrywide in five years. However, in order to bring the whole

nation under its safety net and keeping in view the demand, the Scheme was extended to the

remaining 274 rural districts of India from April 1, 2008 in Phase III.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)- External website that opens in a new

window is the first ever law internationally, that guarantees wage employment at an

unprecedented scale. The primary objective of the Act is augmenting wage employment. Its

auxiliary objective is strengthening natural resource management through works that address

causes of chronic poverty 1 like drought, deforestation and soil erosion and so encourage

sustainable development. The process outcomes include strengthening grassroots processes of

democracy and infusing transparency and accountability in governance.

With its rights-based framework and demand driven approach, National Rural EmploymentGuarantee Act (NREGA)- External website that opens in a new window marks a paradigm

shift from the previous wage programmes. The Act is also a significant vehicle for

strengthening decentralization and deepening processes of democracy by giving a pivotal role

to the Panchayati Raj Institutions in planning, monitoring and implementation. Unique

features of the ACT include, time bound employment guarantee and wage payment within 15

1 Sudha V Menon, National Rural Employment Gaurentee Act, 1st edition, 2010
http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.rural.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.rural.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nrega.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.rural.nic.in/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.rural.nic.in/


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days, incentive-disincentive structure to the State Governments for providing employment as

90 per cent of the cost for employment provided is borne by the Centre or payment of

unemployment allowance at their own cost and emphasis on labour intensive works

prohibiting the use of contractors and machinery. The Act also mandates 33 percent

participation for women. Over the last two years, implementation trends vindicate the basic

objective of the Act 2.

Research Methodology

The research on the topic RURAL EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME would require both

doctrinal and non-doctrinal mode of research.

Doctrinal research or traditional research involves analysis of case laws, arranging,

ordering and systematizing legal prepositions and study of legal institutions, but it

does more it creates law and its major tools through legal reasoning or rational

deductions. In the opinion of Booming, this kind of research represents more a

practical regulative ideal of how the judicial process ought to be conceived by the

judiciary than a theoretical analysis of its actual structure and functioning.3

My doctrinal research included consulting various books related to Rural Society and

about their employment programme and Articles related to the same available in

library of Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University.

Non-doctrinal research required me to visit a village in chitoor district, a village

named Pileru . My research work based on the inhabitants of that area only. I

personally liked that village, as villagers were aware of their rights and the plans of

the government for them. The village is very beautiful with awesome land scenic

beauty, with mountain and a small stream of water especially managed by the

Government of Andhra Pradesh for irrigation in the fields.

2 An Evaluation of Rural Employment Generation Programmes in Chittoor District, Mr. P. Nagaraju, Prof. A.Padmavathi


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DATA:

State % of Ruralhousehold provided

employmentunder

MGNREGA as per NSSO

% of ruralhousehold provided

employmentunder

MGNREGA as per MIS/MPR

Average persondays/Households

as per NSSO

Average persondays/Householdsas per MPR/MIS

Andhra Pradesh 35 50 46 61Assam 18 27 32 42Bihar 10 16 24 32Chhattisgarh 48 61 35 44Gujarat 18 24 25 38

Haryana 5 5 39 37Himachal Pradesh 33 31 47 64J & K 8 20 34 40Jharkhand 16 44 23 43Karnataka 8 42 30 58Kerala 11 23 26 36Madhya Pradesh 36 31 29 57Maharashtra 4 3 34 38Odisha 22 24 26 38Punjab 5 9 30 27Rajasthan 59 49 71 69Tamil Nadu 34 34 43 58Uttar Pradesh 16 24 31 58Uttrakhand 27 33 23 35West Bengal 24 25 37 54Total All India 24 25 37 54

SAILENT FEATURES1. Rationale of Workfare Programmes

A majority of the poor in rural areas of the country depend mainly on the wages they earn

through unskilled, casual, manual labour. They are often on threshold levels of subsistence,

and are vulnerable to the possibility of sinking from transient to chronic poverty. Inadequate

labour demand or unpredictable crises that may be general in nature, like natural disaster or

personal like ill-health, all adversely impact their employment opportunities.

In a context of poverty & unemployment, workfare programmes have been important

interventions in developed as well as developing countries for many years. These

programmes typically provide unskilled manual workers with short-term employment on


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public works such as, irrigation infrastructure, reforestation, soil conservation and road

construction.

The rationale for workfare programmes rests on some basic considerations. The programmes

provide income transfers to poor households during critical times and also enable

consumption smoothing, especially during slack agricultural seasons or years. In countries

with high unemployment rates, transfer benefits from workfare programmes can prevent

poverty from worsening, particularly during lean periods. Durable assets that these

programmes may create have the potential to generate second-round employment benefits as

needed infrastructure is developed.

2. Workfare Programs in India 4

The need to evolve a mechanism to supplement existing livelihood sources in rural areas was

recognized early in development planning in India. The Government implemented workfare

programmes that offered wage employment on public works at minimum wages. The wage

employment programmes started as pilot projects in the form of Rural Manpower (RMP)

[1960-61], Crash Scheme for Rural Employment (CRSE) [1971-72], Pilot Intensive Rural

Employment Programme (PIREP) [1972], Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA),

These experiments were translated into a full-fledged wage-employment programme in 1977

in the form of Food for Work Programme (FWP). In the 1980's this programme was further

streamlined into the National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Landless

Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) [1993-94],

Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS), The

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was merged with Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY)

from 1999-2000 and was made a rural infrastructure programme. The programme was

merged with Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) from 2001-02,

and National Food for Work (NFFWP) [2005]. These wage employment programmes

implemented by State Governments with Central assistance were self-targeting, and the

objective was to provide and enhance livelihood security, specially for those dependent on

casual manual labour. At the State level, the Govt. of Maharashtra formulated the

Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme and Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Act,

1977 to provide wage employment to those who demanded it.



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3. NREGA - Giving a statutory framework to wage employment

programmes

Based on the experience of these programmes, the National Rural Employment GuaranteeAct (NREGA) was enacted to reinforce the commitment towards livelihood security in rural

areas. The Act was notified on 7th September, 2005. The significance of NREGA lies in the

fact that it creates a right- based framework for wage employment programmes and makes

the Government legally accountable for providing employment to those who ask for it. In this

way, the legislation goes beyond providing a social safety net towards guaranteeing the right

to employment.

4. NREGA ObjectiveThe National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) aims at enhancing the livelihood

security of the people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment in a

financial year, to a rural household whose members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

The objective of the Act is to create durable assets and strengthen the livelihood resource

base of the rural poor. The choice of works suggested in the Act address causes of chronic

poverty like drought, deforestation, soil erosion, so that the process of employment

generation is on a sustainable basis works suggested in the Act addresses causes of chronic poverty like drought, deforestation and soil erosion, so that the process of employment

generation is maintained on a sustainable basis.

5. NREGA Coverage

The Act is applicable to areas notified by the Central Government and will cover the whole

country within 5 years of its notification. In its first phase, it was notified in 200 districts

across the country5.



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TABLE 1: PROVISION OF EMPLOYMENT ACROSS COUNTRY

Year Number of householdsprovided employment (in

crore)

Average number of persondays of work per

household

Total Expenditure(in lakh)

2006-07 2.10 43 8823.35

2007-08 3.39 42 15856.88

2008-09 4.51 48 27250.10

2009-10 5.25 54 37905.23

2010-11 5.49 47 39377.27

2011-12*

4.99 43 38034.69

2012-13**

4.25 36 28073.51

Source: Standing Committee on Rural Development; Note: *Provisional ** As on 31.01.2013

6. Salient Features of the Act

Salient features of the Act are summarized below:

a) Adult members of a rural household may apply for employment if they are willing to do

unskilled manual work.

b) Such a household will have to apply for registration to the local Gram Panchayat, inwriting, or orally.

c) The Gram Panchayat after due verification will issue a Job Card to the household as a

whole. The Job Card will bear the photograph of all adult members of the household willing

to work under NREGA. The Job Card with photograph is free of cost

d) A Job Card holding household may submit a written application for employment to the

gram Panchayat, stating the time and duration for which work is sought. The minimum days

of employment have to be fifteen.


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e) The Gram Panchayat will issue a dated receipt of the written application for employment,

against which the guarantee of providing employment within 15 days operates

f) Employment will be given within 15 days of application for work by an employment

seeker.

g) If employment is not provided within 15 days, daily unemployment allowance, in cash has

to be paid. Liability of payment of unemployment allowance is of the States.

h) At least one-third of persons to whom work is allotted work have to be women.

i) Wages are to be paid according to minimum wages as prescribed under the Minimum

Wages Act 1948 for agricultural labourers in the State, unless the Centre notifies a wage rate

which will not be less than Rs. 60/ per day

j) Disbursement of wages has to be done on weekly basis and not beyond a fortnight.

k) Panchayat Raj Institutions [PRIs] have a principal role in planning and implementation.

l) Each district has to prepare a shelf of projects. The selected works to provide employment

are to be selected from the list of permissible works The different categories of permissible

works are as follows 6:

*Water Conservation

* Drought Proofing (including plantation and afforestation)

* Flood Protection

* Land Development

* Minor Irrigation, horticulture and land development on the land of SC/ST/ -BPL/IAY and

*land reform beneficiaries

* Rural connectivity

The shelf of projects has to be prepared on the basis of priority assigned by Gram Sabha. At

least 50% of works have to be allotted to Gram Panchayats for execution. A 60:40 wage and

material ratio has to be maintained. Contractors and use of labour displacing machinery is

prohibited.

m) Work should ordinarily be provided within 5 km radius of the village or else extra wages

of 10% are payable.

n) Work site facilities such as crche, drinking water, shade have to be provided

o) Social Audit has to be done by the Gram Sabha.

6

Sudha V Menon, National Rural Employment Gaurentee Act, 1st edition, 2010


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p) Grievance redressal mechanisms have to be put in place for ensuring a responsive

implementation process.

q) All accounts and records relating to the Scheme are to be made available to any person

desirous of obtaining a copy of such records, on demand and after paying a specified fee.

7. Funding

The Central Government bears the costs on the following items:

* The entire cost of wages of unskilled manual workers.

*75% of the cost of material, wages of skilled and semi skilled workers.

*Administrative expenses as may be determined by the Central Government, which will

include interalia, the salary and the allowances of the Programme Officer and his supportingstaff, work site facilities.

*Expenses of the National Employment Guarantee Council.

The State Government bears the costs on the following items:

*25% of the cost of material, wages of skilled and semi skilled workers.

*Unemployment allowance payable in case the State Government cannot provide wage

employment on time.

* Administrative expenses of the State Employment Guarantee Council.

Districts have dedicated accounts for NREGA funds. They have submitted their proposals

based on clearly delineated guidelines so that funds may be distributed efficiently at each

level, and adequate funds may be available to respond to demand. Under NREGA, fund

releases are based on an appraisal of both financial and physical indicators of outcomes.

8. NREGA - Paradigm Shift

NREGA marks a paradigm shift from the previous Wage Employment Programmes (WEPs).

NREGA provides a statutory guarantee of wage employment, that is, it offers a statutory

base, to wage seekers' application for employment. Employment is dependent upon the

worker exercising the choice to apply for registration and obtain a Job Card, and then to

exercise a choice to seek employment through a written application for the time and duration

that the worker wants. The legal guarantee has to be fulfilled within the time limit prescribed

and this mandate is underpinned by the provision of unemployment allowance. The Act is

thus designed to offer an incentive structure to the States for providing employment as ninety

percent of the cost for employment provided is borne by the Centre, and there is a

concomitant disincentive for not providing employment if demanded as the States then bear


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the double indemnity of unemployment and the cost of unemployment allowance. Earlier

wage employment programmes were allocation based NREGA is not supply driven but

demand driven. Resource transfer under NREGA is based on the demand for employment

and this provides another critical incentive to States to leverage the Act to meet the

employment needs of the poor. The public delivery system has been made accountable, as it

envisages an Annual Report on the outcomes of NREGA to be presented by the Central

Government to the Parliament and to the Legislature by the State Government.

CHITOOR DISTRICT

PRIMARY DATA: There are totally 66 districts in chitoor district. The area in sq.km 15151.

No. of villages inhabited are1498 and uninhabited 42. Total number of households in chitoor

districts are 848607. Sex ratio in pileru village is 998 and sex ratio in district is 982.Density

of population in pileru is 318 and in district is 395.

QUESTIONAIRE

The questions that I have asked from the Sample of people, I have selected, I have selected

10 people as a group and so I am now mentioning the questions I have asked.

1. From How many days you all are working in MGNREGA?

- 4 years

2. How many houses are given employment till date?

- In our village, about 150 homes are till date.

3. What about your Sanitation process?

- Before we were going to field and that was open sanitation but now with proper

sanitation programme, we have bathroom constructed in our home only and a public toilet is also in all the nearby villages.

4. How many children do you all have?

- As a whole average the villagers have 2 children.

5. Whats your main occupation?

- Agriculture and cattle rearing was the main occupation.

6. How much wage do you got under MGNREGA?

- Some of them get 100/- and some get around 200/- based on their work

7. Do you all like MGNREGA and other Rural Development Programme?


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- Yes, I made our life better and easier

8. Do you face any problem in earning wage?

- No, we always get our payments on time

Jawahar Rojgar Yojana 7

The programme has launched by the Government of India in 1989 by merging the erstwhile

Rural Employment Programme and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme. The

main objective of this programme is poverty eradication in rural areas through self

employment and issuing standard of living of the people. The funds for this programme are

directly channeled to the village panchayats. And all the development programmes in the

villages are under taken with the grants provided by the Central Government. Under this

programme 15 percent of the amount should be earmarked for women in the villages.

The year-wise performance of Jawahar Rojgar Yojana in the district is shown in table below.

The table shows that the total amount spent under Jawahar Rojgar Yojana in the district has

increased to Rs.1481,25 lakhs during 1996-97 from Rs.907.20 lakhs during 1989-90 i.e. an

increase of 1.6 times, but declined to Rs.907.11 lakhs during 1997-98.

Year-wise Performance of Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (Rs.in lakhs)

S.No. Year Chittoor District1 1989-90 907.202 1990-91 901.033 1991-92 897.744 1992-93 960.065 1993-94 1446.25

Sampoorna Grameena Rojgar Yojana (SGRY): It is a wage employment programme

started in September 2001. Ensuring wage employment programme JGSY and EAS were

merged with SGRY from 1st April 2002. The programme aims at providing additional wage

employment in all rural areas and thereby poor security and improve nutritional levels. The

programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desire to

7

An Evaluation of Rural Employment Generation Programmes in Chittoor District, Mr. P. Nagaraju, Prof. A.Padmavathi


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dimanual and unskilled work around the village. The programme was started in Chittoor

district in the year of 2002. It is implemented through panchayath raj institutions. The total

amount under this programme has declined to Rs.5631.80 lakhs in 2003-04 from Rs.5800.68

lakhs in 2002-03.

National Food for Work Programme

National Food for work programme was launched on November 14, 2004 in Chittoor district.

Under this programme Rs.2275.89 lakhs was allocated and 30140.80 million tons of food

grains distributed in the district. And 5485 works completed in the district.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme 8

In the district of Chittoor the National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme launched on

2nd February, 2006 at B.V. Puram of Srikalahasti mandal. The programme was later

rechristined as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme

(MGNREGP). The year-wise total expenditure of MGNREG programme is shown in below

table.

Sl.no Year TotalExpenditure Household Individual Men womenSCindividual

STindividual

1 2006-07 8,132 2.31,952 3,48,380 1,62,644 1,85,736 1,20,032 19,015

2 2007-08 14,324.73 2,71,248 4,28,916 1,88,264 2,40,652 1,39,409 23,071

3 2008-09 15,510 2,36,808 3,94,444 1,79,088 2,15,356 1,29,918 20,283

4 2009-10 22,031 2,52,122 4,47,960 2,09,193 2,38,767 1,47,107 22,533

5 2010-11 25,377 2,18,821 3,77,147 1,74,493 2,02,654 1,32,230 18,924

6 2011-12 22,062 1,68,853 2,84,266 1,29,898 1,54,368 1,04,364 13,072

7 2012-13 14,929 1,60,923 2,65,602 1,20,894 1,44,708 93,956 10,925

The table reveals that the total expenditure incurred under MGNREG 9 programme in the

district has increased to Rs.22, 062.46 lakhs during 2011-12 i.e. from Rs.8,132.57 lakhs

during 2006-07 i.e. an increase of 2.7 times, but declined to Rs.14,929.34 lakhs during 2012-

8 LBS Journal of Management & Research, Year : 2008, Volume : 6, Issue : 1and2Chhabra Sangeeta, Professor, Sharma G. L., Corporate Advisor


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13 in the district of chittoor. The 10 total household and individual employment under this

programme declined to 1, 60,923 and 2, 65,602 during 2012-13 from 2, 31,952 and 3, 48,380

during 2006-07 i.e. a decline of 1.4 times and 1.3 times. The total men and women wage

employment under this programme in the district has increased initially but later it has

declined to 1, 20,894 and 1, 44, 708 during 2012-13 from 1, 62,644 and 1, 85,736

during 2006-07 i.e. a decline of 1.3 and 1.2 times. And in the beginning the wage

employment of SC and ST but later it also has declined to 93,956 and 10,925 during

2012-13 from 1, 20,032 and 19,015 during 2006-07 i.e. a decline of 1.2 and 1.7 times. The

total number of households completed 100 days of wage employment has increased to

39,857 during 2011-12, but declined to 29,633 during 2012-13 from 16,627 during 2006-07.

Work completion rate

Year Work completion rate (%)

2006-07 46.34

2007-08 45.99

2008-09 43.76

2009-10 48.94

2010-11 50.86

2011-12* 20.25

2012-13* 15.02

Total 33.22

Source: Standing Committee on Rural Development . Note: * As on 30.01

ACCORDING TO HINDU 11 :

10 An Evaluation of Rural Employment Generation Programmes in Chittoor District, Mr. P. Nagaraju, Prof. A.Padmavathi

11 LBS Journal of Management & Research, Year : 2008, Volume : 6, Issue : 1and2

Chhabra Sangeeta, Professor , Sharma G. L., Corporate Advisor
http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Rural%20Development/15_Rural_Development_42.pdfhttp://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Rural%20Development/15_Rural_Development_42.pdfhttp://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Rural%20Development/15_Rural_Development_42.pdfhttp://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Rural%20Development/15_Rural_Development_42.pdf


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CHITTOOR: Chittoor district tops in the implementation of rural employment guarantee

scheme said Murali, Project Director, and District Water Management Agency. Talking to

media persons here he said that 11,974 works had been taken up in 65 mandals of the district

of which 306 works have been completed and the remaining works were under progress. An

amount of Rs.3546.89 lakhs has been spent on the works so far, he said. In all, 4, 93,500 job

cards were issued to 47,773 families out of which 2, 09,158 labourers were provided with

employment .

RESEARCH FINDINGS

With reference to my research work in pileru village near tirupathi, I found,

1. There were a total of 630 families live there.

2. Out of 630, 450 are Below Poverty line.

3. Out of those 450 BPL families, there were 325 are extreme poor.

4. Near about 500 families are engaged in different Agricultural work and rest have

small business like Shops, Fruit Vendors, they go to tirupathi and sell their fruits,

vegetables to gain livelihood.5. Mahatma Gandhi NREGA plan was working very well. All those who come under

BPL and even those who dont working to earn wage.

Years Men Women

2001-2011 225 300

2011-2013* 100 130

6. There are near about 100 Indira Homes are built there and more in construction.

7. Each house has a Room, a Kitchen and a Bathroom.

8. There is a special plan related to awareness of Sanitation is also going there.

9. Government contributed to 15 Km of road stretch which makes this village and other

near villages to be joined with each other.

10. Proper Irrigation facility was there.


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In total, I was satisfied with the Government Plans and Role in making the villages a

ideal place for living. Everything was proper, even I talked with the District

MGNREGA officer, he was also very clear and he showed me everything very crisp

and clearly.

CONCLUSION:

Since fifth five year plan, number of rural employment programmes was implemented in the

district so as uplift rural poor from below poverty line. Among them some programmes viz

TRYSEM, IRDP, JRGY, and MGNREG programmes are implemented successfully in the

district. All these programmes have achieved the targets significantly in the beginning. But

later the declining trend of these programmes indicates the failure of the administrators in

implementing all these rural employment generation programmes in the district.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

JOURNALS : -An Evaluation of Rural Employment Generation Programmes inChittoor District, Mr. P. Nagaraju, Prof. A. Padmavathi

- LBS Journal of Management & Research, Year: 2008, Volume: 6,Issue: 1and2 Chhabra Sangeeta, Professor, Sharma G. L., and Corporate Advisor.

BOOKS: - Sudha V Menon, National Rural Employment Gaurentee Act, 1st edition,2010

-Orient Black Swan, MGNREGA, 2005 edition

WEBSITES: MGNREGA-public portal.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69tbka98c4A&list=PL7kV7wUy1ZKPdqo_HK7OtzB_sDheE2rSJ&index=2

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sociology project second sem.docx