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Softwaretestingisaninvestigationconductedtoprovidestakeholderswithinformationaboutthequalityoftheproductorserviceundertest.Softwaretestingcanalsoprovideanobjective,independentviewofthesoftwaretoallowthebusinesstoappreciateandunderstandtherisksofsoftwareimplementation.Testtechniquesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,theprocessofexecutingaprogramorapplicationwiththeintentoffindingsoftwarebugs.Itinvolvestheexecutionofasoftwarecomponentorsystemcomponenttoevaluateoneormorepropertiesofinterest.Ingeneral,thesepropertiesindicatetheextenttowhichthecomponentorsystemundertest:meetstherequirementsthatguideditsdesignanddevelopment,respondscorrectlytoallkindsofinputs,performsitsfunctionswithinanacceptabletime,issufficientlyusable,canbeinstalledandruninitsintendedenvironments,andachievesthegeneralresultitsstakeholdersdesire.Asthenumberofpossibletestsforevensimplesoftwarecomponentsispracticallyinfinite,allsoftwaretestingusessomestrategytoselectteststhatarefeasiblefortheavailabletimeandresources.

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FundamentalsofTestingTestingisaprocessratherthanasingleactivity.Thisprocessstartsfromtestplanningthendesigningtestcases,preparingforexecutionandevaluatingstatustillthetestclosure.So,wecandividetheactivitieswithinthefundamentaltestprocessintothefollowingbasicsteps:1)PlanningandControl2)AnalysisandDesign3)ImplementationandExecution4)EvaluatingexitcriteriaandReporting5)TestClosureactivities

TestDesignTechniquesFollowingarethetypicaldesigntechniquesinsoftwareengineering:1.Derivingtestcasesdirectlyfromarequirementspecificationorblackboxtestdesigntechnique.TheTechniquesinclude:BoundaryValueAnalysis(BVA)EquivalencePartitioning(EP)DecisionTableTestingStateTransitionDiagramsUseCaseTesting2.Derivingtestcasesdirectlyfromthestructureofacomponentorsystem:StatementCoverageBranchCoveragePathCoverageLCSAJTesting3.Derivingtestcasesbasedontester'sexperienceonsimilarsystemsortestersintuition:ErrorGuessingExploratoryTesting

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TheClassificationTreeMethodisamethodfortestdesign,asitisusedindifferentareasofsoftwaredevelopment.IthasbeendevelopedbyGrimmandGrochtmannin1993.ClassificationTreesintermsoftheClassificationTreeMethodmustnotbeconfusedwithdecisiontrees.Theclassificationtreemethodconsistsoftwomajorsteps:IdentificationoftestrelevantaspectsandtheircorrespondingvaluesaswellasCombinationofdifferentclassesfromallclassificationsintotestcases.Theidentificationoftestrelevantaspectsusuallyfollowsthespecificationofthesystemundertest.Theseaspectsformtheinputandoutputdataspaceofthetestobject.Thesecondstepoftestdesignthenfollowstheprinciplesofcombinatorialtestdesign.Whilethemethodcanbeappliedusingapenandapaper,theusualwayinvolvestheusageoftheClassificationTreeEditor,asoftwaretoolimplementingtheclassificationtreemethod.

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TestManagement-TestProcedure-Manual-TestScript-Automated

Testmanagementmostcommonlyreferstotheactivityofmanagingthecomputersoftwaretestingprocess.Atestmanagementtoolissoftwareusedtomanagetests(automatedormanual)thathavebeenpreviouslyspecifiedbyatestprocedure.Itisoftenassociatedwithautomationsoftware.

TestingThroughouttheSoftwareLifeCycleTherearevarioussoftwaredevelopmentapproachesdefinedanddesignedwhichareused/employedduringdevelopmentprocessofsoftware,theseapproachesarealsoreferredas“SoftwareDevelopmentProcessModels”(e.g.Waterfallmodel,incrementalmodel,V-model,iterativemodel,etc.).Eachprocessmodelfollowsaparticularlifecycleinordertoensuresuccessinprocessofsoftwaredevelopment.Softwarelifecyclemodelsdescribephasesofthesoftwarecycleandtheorderinwhichthosephasesareexecuted.Eachphaseproducesdeliverablesrequiredbythenextphaseinthelifecycle.Requirementsaretranslatedintodesign.Codeisproducedaccordingtothedesignwhichiscalleddevelopmentphase.Aftercodinganddevelopmentthetestingverifiesthedeliverableoftheimplementationphaseagainstrequirements.TherearefollowingsixphasesineverySoftwaredevelopmentlifecyclemodel:RequirementgatheringandanalysisDesignImplementationorcodingTestingDeploymentMaintenance

StaticTechniquesInintegratedcircuitdesign,dynamiclogicisadesignmethodologyincombinatorylogiccircuits,particularlythoseimplementedinMOStechnology.Itisdistinguishedfromtheso-calledstaticlogicbyexploitingtemporarystorageofinformationinstrayandgatecapacitances.Itwaspopularinthe1970sandhasseenarecentresurgenceinthedesignofhighspeeddigitalelectronics,particularlycomputerCPUs.Dynamiclogiccircuitsareusuallyfasterthanstaticcounterparts,andrequirelesssurfacearea,butaremoredifficulttodesign.Dynamiclogichasahighertoggleratethanstaticlogicbutthecapacitativeloadsbeingtoggledaresmallersotheoverallpowerconsumptionofdynamiclogicmaybehigherorlowerdependingonvarioustradeoffs.Whenreferringtoaparticularlogicfamily,thedynamicadjectiveusuallysufficestodistinguishthedesignmethodology,e.g.dynamicCMOSordynamicSOIdesign.Dynamiclogicisdistinguishedfromso-calledstaticlogicinthatdynamiclogicusesaclocksignalinitsimplementationofcombinationallogiccircuits.Theusualuseofaclocksignalistosynchronizetransitionsinsequentiallogiccircuits.

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