SOIL STABILIZATION USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND LIME

8/20/2019 SOIL STABILIZATION USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND LIME

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882

Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015

SOIL STABILIZATION USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND LIME

M.ADAMS JOE1, A.MARIA RAJESH

2

1Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Engg College, Oman

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, ACEW, Tamilnadu, India.

ABSTRACTThe project deals with stabilization of soil using industrial waste. Unsuitable highway sub grade soil requires stabilizationto improve its properties. Industrial waste sand is used as raw materials when the sand can no longer be reused in theindustry, it is removed from the industry and is removed from the industry and is termed as industrial waste sand.Ingredients used are Copper slag, cement and lime. Copper slag is a by product of Copper industryLime was bought from

locally available chemical laboratories. The project are planned to conduct various experiment like Specific gravity, sieveanalysis, proctor compaction test, unconfined compressive strength and CBR test to increase strength properties and

behaviour of sub base. Then the results and graphs of various mixes are compared to see their effects in sub basestabilization. The stabilization technique has an additional benefit of providing an environment friendly way to deal withindustrial waste sand.

Keywords: - Industrial waste sand, Lime, Atterberg limits, Unconfined Compressive Strength and California Bearing Ratio Test

1. INTRODUCTION

The sub-base is an important layer in both flexible and rigid pavements. It mainly acts as a structural layer helping tospread the wheel loads so that the subgrade is not over-stressed. It also plays a useful role as a separation layer betThe

projecten the base and the subgrade and provides a good working platform on which the other paving materials can be

transported, laid and compacted. It can also act as a drainage layer. The selection of material and the design of the sub- base will depend upon the particular design function of the layer and also the expected in-situ moisture

conditions.Stabilised sub-bases can be used for both flexible and rigid road pavements, although the reasons for doing thiscan vary. In order to identify the benefits of stabilising sub-bases, it is necessary to examine the role of the sub-base foreach pavement type. A stabilised, and therefore stiffer, sub-base provides greater load spreading ability and hence reducesstresses imposed on the subgrade. When stabilised the sub-base provides much of the structural rigidity in the pavement,and also assists during the compaction of the upper granular layers and hence increases their ability to withstand

deformation.Indian Resource Council materials have been used successfully in stabilized base and subbase applications as the binder,

the pozzolanic material admixture or as both the fine and coarse aggregate. Slag materials have also been used instabilized layers. Slag cement can be used as the binder for stabilized base and subbase layers, while air cooled blast

furnace slag has been used very successfully as fine aggregate. Other Indian Resource Council materials that have beenused successfully in stabilized base applications include industrial waste sand, which have been used as a fine aggregateand crushed concrete, which is used for both coarse and fine aggregate. One benefit of recycling concrete is that it keeps

high quality natural aggregates in use. In addition, Portland cement concrete pavements can be recycled on site, whichreduces project costs by eliminating the transportation costs associated with removing the old concrete.

The use of Indian Resource Council materials as aggregates in high volume applications like base and subbaselayers reduces the need for mining virgin aggregate and the associated use of water, fuel and reduces carbon dioxideemissions, while also saving valuable landfill space. At the same time, the performance of these materials is as good or

better then natural materials, which provides added value to the project because of the reduced costs. In addition, the useslag cement provides strong, cost effective pavement layers while reducing green house gas emissions and energyconsumption compared to cement.



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1.1 SCOPE OF THE WORKIt would have been a very good situation if common industrial wastes can be considered as an alternative to

conventional aggregate materials for highway construction with economical solution. On the basis of this theObjective and Scope of Work of the Present Thesis has been considered.

Fig 1 : Study Area

Location 1: Tirunelveli Location 4: PettaiLocation 2: Chennalpatti Location 5: MelakulamLocation 3: Thattarmadam

2. MATERIALS USED

2.1 Industrial waste sand:

Industrial waste sand is high quality silica sand with uniform physical characteristics. It is a byproduct ofthe ferrous and nonferrous metal casting industry, where sand has been used for centuries as a moulding material becauseof its unique engineering properties. In modern foundry practice, sand is typically recycled and reused through many

production cycles. Industry estimates are that approximately 100 million tons of sand are used in production annually. Ofthat, four (4) to seven (7) million tons are discarded annually and are available to be recycled into other products andindustries.

2.2 Lime:Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic material in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides predominate. Strictly

speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. The word "lime" originates with its earliest use as building mortarand has the sense of "sticking or adhering." These materials are still used in large quantities as building and engineering

materials (including limestone products, concrete and mortar) and as chemical feedstock‟s, and sugar refining, amongother uses. The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, typically limestone or chalk, are composed

primarily of calcium carbonate. They may be cut, crushed or pulverized and chemically altered. "Burning" (calcinations)converts them into the highly caustic material quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and, through subsequent addition of water,into the less caustic (but still strongly alkaline) slaked lime or hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2), the process of

which is called slaking of lime.



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3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

In this project The project have conducted various experiment to find the stabilisation of the sub base using the

industrial waste and cement the various test conducted to find the stabilisation of the sub base based on the ASTM procedure are listed below:

3.1 Liquid Limit (ASTM D 4318 – 05)3.2 Plastic Limit (ASTM D 4318 – 10e)3.3 Sieve Analysis (ASTM D 6913)

3.4 Specific Gravity (ASTM D 6473)3.5 Standard Proctor Compaction Test (ASTM D 1557)3.6 Unconfined Compressive Strength (ASTM D 2166)

3.7 California Bearing Ratio Test (ASTM D 1883)

3.1 LIQUID LIMIT:

Liquid limit is defined as the moisture content atwhich soil begins to behave as a liquid material and

begins to flow. The importance of the liquid limit test isto classify soils. Different soils have varying liquid

limits. Also, once must use the plastic limit to determineits plasticity index.

Fig 2 Liquid limit equipment

3.2 PLASTIC LIMIT

Plastic limit is defined as the loThe projectst moisturecontent and expressed as a percentage of the The

projectight of the oven dried soil at which the soil can berolled into the threads one-eighth inch in a diameterwithout the soil breaking into pieces. This is also the

moisture content of a solid at which a soil changes froma plastic state to a semisolid state.

Fig 3 Plastic limit equipmen

3.3 SIEVE ANALYSIS:

A sieve analysis is a practice or procedureused assesses the particle size distribution of agranular material.

Fig 4 Sieve Analysis equipment



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3.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:Specific gravity is defined as the ration of

the unit The projectight of soil solids unit The projectight of water. The specific gravity is neededfor various calculation purposes in soil mechanics,e.g. void ratio, density and unit The projectight

Fig 5 Specific Gravity equipment

3.5 STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST:

Compaction is the process of densificationof soil mass by reducing air voids under dynamic

loading. This test is conducted in order to find out theoptimum moisture content and maximum dry densityof the soil.

Fig 6 Standard proctor compaction equipment

3.6 UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH:

The unconfined compression test is used tomeasure the shearing resistance of cohesive soils

which may be undisturbed or remolded specimens.An axial load is applied using either strain-control or

stress-control condition. The unconfined compressivestrength is defined as the maximum unit stress

obtained within the first 20% strain.

Fig 7 Compressive testing machine

3.7 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST: The California bearing ratio (CBR) is a

penetration test for evaluation of the mechanicalstrength of road subgrades and base courses. The test

is performed by measuring the pressure required to penetrate a soil sample with a plunger of standard

area. The measured pressure is then divided by the pressure required to achieve an equal penetration on a

standard crushed rock material. The CBR rating wasdeveloped for measuring the load-bearing capacity ofsoils used for building roads.

Fig 8 California Bearing Ratio Equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_strength


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgrade

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load-bearing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load-bearing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgrade

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road






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66

180

197

152167

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 2 4 6 u n c o n f i n e d c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h i n

k N / m 2

locations

Y-Values

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Index Properties

Table : Index Properties of materials

Index Properties

Materials

Soil Lime Copper slag

Specific Gravity (G) 2.65 Kg/m3 2.5 Kg/m3 2.22 Kg/m3

Liquid Limit (WL) 39 % 25 % 30%

Plastic Limit (WP) 28% 23 % 25%

Shrinkage Limit (WS) 8 % 6 % 15 %

Sieve Analysis- Coefficient ofcurvature ( Cc )

0.54 0.53 0.54

4.2 Mechanical Properties

4.2.1 Standard Proctor Compaction Test

Table 1 Standard proctor compaction test Fig 12 Water content in % Vs Dry density

4.2.2 UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Table 2 Unconfined compressive strength Fig. 13 unconfined compressive strength

LocationOptimummoisture

content in %

Drydensity

in g/cc

Location 1 9.3 1.837

Location 2 11 1.730

Location 3 7.9 1.905

Location 4 10.6 1.806

Location 5 7.25 1.890

LocationUnconfined compressive

strength in kN/m2

Location 1 66

Location 2 180

Location 3 197

Location 4 152

Location 5 167



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4.2.3 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

Table 3 California bearing ratio test Fig 14 Penetration in mm Vs load

LocationBearing

Ratio in %

Location 1 25

Location 2 33

Location 3 17

Location 4 14

Location 5 25

5. CONCLUSION

From the study it is observed that there is an appreciable improvement in the optimum moisture content andmaximum dry density for the soil treated with industrial waste. In terms of material cost, the use of less costly Admixtures

can reduce the required amount of industrial waste. Soils had the greatest improvement with all soils becoming non- plastic with the addition of sufficient amounts of industrial waste. The study after conducting several experimentsrevealed the following significances in using lime and industrial waste as a stabilizing agent. The addition of lime and

industrial waste mixes to sub base increases the unconfined compressive strength value more than that by ordinarymethods. The sub base stabilization with lime and industrial waste mixes improves the strength behaviour of sub base. It

can potentially reduce ground improvement costs by adopting this method of stabilization.

REFERENCE

[1] Achmad Fauzi, Zuraidah Djauhari And Usama Juniansyah Fauzi “ Soil Engineering Properties Improvement ByUtilization Of Cut Waste Plastic And Crushed Waste Glass As Additive ” Iacsit International Journal Of Engineering And

Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2016.[2] Akshaya Kumar Sabat, Associate Professor, Subasis Pati Research Scholar Department Of Civil Engineering InstituteOf Technical Education And Research Siksha „O‟anusandhan University Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar, Or, India, “ AReview Of Literature On Stabilization Of Expansive Soil Using Solid Wastes ”

[3] M Anjan Kumar, Giet,Rajamundry & G V R Prasada Raju, Department Of Civil Engineering,Jntu College OfEngineering, “ Use Of Lime Stabilized Pavement Construction ” Indian Journal Of Engineering & Material Science

Vol.16, August 2009.[4] Ankit Singh Negi, Mohammed Faizan, Devashish Pandey Siddharth, Rehanjot Singh, Dept.Of Civil EngineeringUniversity Of Petroleum And Energy Studies,Dehradun,India, “ Soil Stabilization Using Lime ” International Journal OfInnovative Research In Science, Engineering And Technology.Vol. 2, Issue 2, February 2013.[5] Dallas N. Little, Texas A&M University, Eric H. Males, National Lime Association, Jan R. Prusinski, PortlandCement Association, Barry Stewart, “ Cementitious Stabilizaion, Lime Stabilization,Coal Fly Ash Stabilization, Portland

Cement Stabilization ” American Coal Ash Association A2j01: Committee On Cementitious Stabilization ChairmanRoger K. Seals, Louisiana State University.



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[6] George Rowland Otoko Civil Engineering Department, Rivers State University Of Science And Technology, PortHarcourt, “ A Review Of The Stabilization Of Problematic Soils ” International Journal Of Engineering And Technology

Research Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2014, Pp. 1 - 6, Issn: 2327 – 0349.[7] Mandeep Singh & Anupam Mittal, , Department Of Civil Engineering, Nit, Kurukshetra, “ A Review On The SoiStabilization With Waste Materials ” International Journal Of Engineering Research And Applications (Ijera) Issn: 22489622[8] Mukesh A. Patel,Dr. H. S. Patel “ A Review On Effects Of Stabilizing Agents For Stabilization Of The projectak Soil”

Civil And Environmental Research Issn 2222-1719 (Paper) Issn 2222-2863 Vol 2, No.6, 2012.[9] Priti Mishra, Jha Ajachi R.B., Mohnish Satrawala, Harsh Amin “ Experimental Study On Waste Recycled Product(W.R.P.) And Waste Plastic Strips (W.P.S.) As Pavement Sub-Base Material[10] Swapan Kumar Bagui General Manager, “ Pavement Design For Rural Low Volume Roads Using Cement And LimeTreatment Base ” Pavement, Material And Geotechnical Division, Intercontinental Consultants And Technocrats Private

Limited, A8 Green Park, New Delhi, India.

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SOIL STABILIZATION USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND LIME