SOL 9aEssential Questions

Why did the United States abandon its traditional isolationist foreign policy?

How did the United States expand its influence in the world?

Creation of international markets

Open Door Policy– Secretary of State

John Hay proposed a policy that would give all nations equal trading rights in China.

Imperialism

A country tries to become dominant over the world economically, militarily, or politically.

Open Door Policy

Creation of international markets

Dollar Diplomacy– President Taft urged

American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America.

– He promised that the United States would step in if unrest threatened their investments.

Creation of international markets

Growth in international trade occurred from the late 1800s to World War I – The first era of a true

“global economy”

Causes of the Spanish American War

1. yellow journalism 2. De’Lome letter 3. explosion of the USS Maine 4. US imperialism

Latin America Spanish American War

– Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States.– The United States asserted the right to

intervene in Cuban affairs.

Spanish American War

Latin America

Panama Canal and the role of Theodore Roosevelt– United States

encouraged Panama’s independence from Colombia.

– Parties negotiated a treaty to build the canal.

Asia and the Pacific

Hawaii – U.S. efforts to depose

Hawaii’s monarchy.– U.S. annexation of

Hawaii.

Asia and the Pacific

Philippines– Annexed after Spanish

American War

Open Door Policy– Urged all foreigners in

China to obey Chinese law, observe fair competition.

SOL 9bEssential Questions

Why did the U.S. become involved in World War I?

How did visions of the postwar world differ?

4 MAIN Causes of World War I

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

Militarism

The 1800s saw a rise in militarism – the glorification of the military

The great powers expanded their armies and navies, creating an arms race that further increased suspicions and made war more likely.

Alliances Distrust led the great powers to sign treaties

pledging to defend one another

These alliances were intended to create powerful combinations that no one would dare attack

However, the growth of rival alliance systems increased international tensions

Imperialism

Imperial rivalries divided European nations In 1906 and again in 1911, competition for colonies

brought France and Germany to the brink of war • This united Great Britain & France against Germany

Nationalism

Nationalism = a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country

Nationalist feelings were strong in both Germany and France

In Eastern Europe, Pan-Slavism held that all Slavic peoples shared a common nationality– Russia felt that it had a duty to lead and defend

all Slavs

2 Major Alliances

Allied Powers: France, Great Britain & Russia

Central Powers: Germany & Austria-Hungary

Assassination in Sarajevo In 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of

Austria-Hungary visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.

At the time, Bosnia was under the rule of Austria-Hungary. But it was also the home of many Serbs and other Slavs.

News of the royal visit angered many Serbian nationalists because they viewed Austrians as foreign oppressors.

Members of a Serbian terrorist group assassinated Archduke Ferdinand and his wife.

Conflict Widens

After the assassination of the archduke, Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum, or final set of demands.

Serbia agreed to most, but not all, of the terms of Austria’s ultimatum. As a result, Austria declared war on Serbia.

Germany offered full support to Austria-Hungary. Instead of urging restraint, the Kaiser gave Austria a “blank check”

Conflict Widens Serbia sought help from Russia, the champion of Slavic

nations.

When Austria refused to soften its demands, Russia began to mobilize.

Germany responded by declaring war on Russia.

Russia appealed to its ally France. – France offered full support to Russia, prompting

Germany to declare war on France.

Influence of the Colonies European colonies were drawn into the struggle

The Allies overran German colonies in Africa and Asia

They also looked to their colonies for troops, laborers, and supplies

Colonies’ participation in the war increased demands for independence

German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris

Russia mobilized more quickly than expected

Germany shifted some troops to the east to confront Russia, weakening German forces in the

west

British and French troops defeat Germany in the Battle of the Marne. This destroyed Germany’s hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front

The result was a long, deadly stalemate, a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the

other

Europe at War, 1914-1918

Western Front Animated Map

Realities of War Video

Trench Warfare Trench warfare is a form of war in which both

opposing armies have static lines of fortifications dug into the ground, facing each other.

Trench warfare arose when there was a revolution in firepower without similar advances in mobility and communications.

3-D Tour of TrenchesTrench Game

TechnologyModern weapons added greatly to the destructiveness of

the war: Airplane: A one- or two-seat propeller plane was equipped

with a machine gun. At first the planes were used for observation – Later, they engaged in individual combat.

Automatic Machine Gun: A mounted gun that fired a rapid stream of bullets made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers – helped create a stalemate.

Submarines: Underwater ships, or U-boats, could launch torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs. Used by Germany to destroy Allied shipping, U-boat attacks helped bring the United States into the war.

War Video

U.S. Involvement in World War I The war began in Europe in 1914 when

Germany and Austria-Hungary went to war with Britain, France, and Russia.

U.S. Involvement in World War I

For three years, America remained neutral, and there was strong sentiment not to get involved in a European war.

Reasons we go to WAR

Zimmermann Note- note from Germany to Mexico to attack the US

U-boats sunk Lusitania- 127 people are killed

Election of 1916

Wilson wins on the slogan, “ He KEPT US OUT OF WAR”

U.S. Involvement in World War I

The decision to enter the war was the result of continuing German submarine warfare (freedom of the seas) and the American ties to Great Britain.

U.S. Involvement in World War I

Americans wanted to “make the world safe for democracy”(Wilson)

America’s military resources of soldiers and war materials tipped the balance of the war and led to Germany’s defeat.

Impact of the War at Home

Selective Service Act- draft Liberty Bonds and Income Tax Espionage and Sedition Acts Campaign to Portray Germans as Barbaric

Huns

Posters of the WAR

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s plan to eliminate the causes of warKey Ideas– Self-determination– Freedom of the sea– League of Nations– Mandate system

Treaty of Versailles The French and

English insisted on punishment of Germany.

A League of Nations was created.

National boundaries were redrawn, creating many new nations.

Wilson addressing Congress for approval of League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles World War I ends with the Treaty of Versailles which:

• forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war

• imposed huge reparations upon Germany• limited the size of the German military• returned Alsace and Lorraine to France• stripped Germany of its overseas colonies

The Germans signed the treaty because they had no choice

However, German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would lead to an even deadlier world war (WWII)

League Debate in United States

Objections to U.S. foreign policy decisions made by an international organization, not by U.S. leaders.

Senate’s failure to approve Treaty of Versailles