SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING TO RUN

VAPOUR ABSORPTION CHILLERS

(VAC)

Deepak Gadhia

- Trustee, Muni Seva Ashram (MSA), (www.greenashram.org)

- Director, MSA Renewtech Foundation a Section 25 Companyemail: deepak.gadhia@greenashram.org, deepak_gadhia@yahoo.com

- With acknowledgement to Dr Sagar Agravat of GERMI and Utham Ganesh, Intern

IMPORTANCE OF AIR-CONDITIONING

- Demand for Air-conditioning and dehumidification is increasing world-wide due to increasing comfort expectations.

- Besides Comfort cooling often it is and was need due to equipment's needing cool air ( IT Industry, Clean-rooms in working place and Hospitals etc

Problems Associated with Air-conditioning

- Energy Consumption is high

- Causes High Electricity Peak Load

- In geenral refrigerants were causing and had global warming potential

CATEGORIES' OF SOLAR COOLING

A) ELECTRICITY DRIVEN WITH PV (OR GRID)

B) SOLAR THERMAL INVOLVES SOLAR SYSTEM

GENERATING HEAT TO DO THERMAL COMPRESSION

Active cooling

Use PV panel to generate electricity for driving a conventional

air conditioner

Use solar thermal collectors to provide thermal energy for driving a

thermally driven chiller

Passive cooling

Solar thermal ventilation

SOLAR THERMAL COOLING

Solar cooling benefits from a better time match

between supply and demand of cooling load

1 "Renewable Energy Essentials: Solar Heating and Cooling," International Energy Agency, 2009. 2 B.W. Koldehoff and D. Görisried, "Solar Thermal & Solar Cooling in Germany," Management.

2

LIMITATING FACTORS IN USING SOLAR ENERGY

Geographical aspects

- Space availability

-Solar Radiation

Financial aspects

- economic viability- payback/IRR

Low energy density

Solar radiation has a low energy density relative to other

common energy sources

Unstable energy supply

Solar Energy supply is restricted by time and

geographical location

Easily influenced by weather condition

GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS

SOLAR INDUSTRIAL

PROCESS HEAT

India uses 100 million tons of oil annually

40% of this oil consumption is in industry 60-70% of industrial energy use is in thermal form 70% of industrial thermal energy use is in the range below 250 deg C

15 to 20% of total energy use i.e. 15 million tons of oil is used in industry below 250 deg C

30% of this requirement can be met through Solar Thermal Concentrators, leading to savings of about 4.5 millions tons of furnace oil or LDO or Diesel per year

CATEGORIZATION OF SOLAR AIR-CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGIES

ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR COOLING TECHNOLOGIES

Technology

Benefits Mature technology,

Constant output

Lower driving temperature

requirement (temperatures

in range of 60°C-80°C

are sufficient)

Direct humidity treatment

and can be integrated with

an existing heating, lower

temperature requirement

(50°C-75°C) and

ventilation system.

Drawbacks

Higher temperature

collectors required (operate

with temperatures of 90°C

for single effect cycle to

150°C for double effect

cycle)

Lower COP. typically

heavier and expensive

because high surface area is

required for sorbent.

Sensible cooling best

handled by second

device. and requires higher

maintenance (due to

rotating wheel).

Ideal application Radiant Cooling Radiant Cooling Humid environments, High

volume of fresh air

Absorption chillers Adsorption chillers Desiccant chillers

SOLAR THERMAL COOLING

Henning, H. “Solar assisted air conditioning of buildings – an overview.” Applied Thermal Engineering 27, no. 10 (July 2007): 1734-1749.

COPthermal of different type of chiller

SOLAR THERMAL COOLING

Basic type of solar thermal chiller

Absorption cooling－LiBr+H2O

Adsorption cooling－silica gel+H2O

DEC, Desiccant Evaporative Cooling Open cycle

Closed cycle

"Solar Assisted Cooling – State of the Art –,“ESTIF, 2006.

SOLAR THERMAL COOLING

SOLAR THERMAL COOLING

A. Napolitano, "Review on existing solar assisted heating and cooling installations," 28.04.2010 – Workshop Århus, Denmark ABSORPTION, 2010.

WORKING OF

VAPOR ABSORPTION CHILLERS

Like the compressor in Electrical vapor compression, the absorption system uses its thermal compressor ( consisting of generator, absorber, pump and heat exchanger) to boil water vapor ( refrigerant) out of Li-Br/Water Solution and compress the refrigerant to higher pressure. Increasing refrigerant pressure increases condensing temperature. The refrigerant vapor condenses to liquid at this high pressure and temperature.

SOLAR THERMAL COOLING

COPthermal=QC/Qg

COPelect=QC/We

Conventional compression cooling Adsorption/absorption cooling

high pressure vapor

expansion

valve

We

QC

QL

condenser

compressor

evaporator low pressure vapor

Qa

We

QL

desorption

absorption

(switch)

Qg

expansion

valve

condenser

evaporator QC

high pressure vapor

low pressure vapor

COPelect=QC/We

ABSORPTION COOLING

Absorbent Refrigerant

LiBr H2O

H2O

NH3

Solar Thermal Cooling Single Effect Evaporator at low temp with hot water

Active cooling

Use solar thermal collectors to provide thermal energy

for driving thermally driven chillers.

Heat source

Cooling distribution

Cooling tower

Chiller

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR WITH HOT TEMP

STEAM/ PRESSURIZED HOT WATER

TYPICAL SOLAR COOLING COST BREAKDOWN

SOLAR THERMAL COOLING

Passive Cooling (solar ventilation, solar chimney)

A way of improving the natural ventilation of buildings

by using convection of air heated by passive solar

energy.

Direct gain warms air inside the chimney causing it to

rise out the top and drawing air in from the bottom.

SOLAR INDUSTRIAL

PROCESS HEAT

India uses 100 million tons of oil annually

40% of this oil consumption is in industry 60-70% of industrial energy use is in thermal form 70% of industrial thermal energy use is in the range below 250 deg C

15 to 20% of total energy use i.e. 15 million tons of oil is used in industry below 250 deg C

30% of this requirement can be met through Solar Thermal Concentrators, leading to savings of about 4.5 millions tons of furnace oil or LDO or Diesel per year

SOLAR FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS

Solar Box Cooker

SK-14 SOLAR COOKER

INDOOR SOLAR COOKER

INDOOR SOLAR COOKER

Cooking at Night with stored

Solar Energy

DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR STEAM

COOKING SYSTEM (PAIR MODE)

SOLAR COOKING VESSELS STEAM DIRECT INJECTION, JACKETED FOR STEAM/ THERMIC FLUID

DIFFERENT TYPE OF SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS

AVAILABLE IN INDIA

For Single Effect Evaporator System that requires low temperatures

- Flat Plate Collectors

- Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC)

- For Double and triple Effect Evaporator Systems that require higher temperatures

- ( Solar concentrating Systems

- - Scheffler Concentrators/ dish Concentrators ( MWS, Arun

- Parabolic Trough Systems

- Linear Fresnel System

- Heliostat

CSP TECHNOLOGIES

PARABOLIC TROUGH CONCENTRATOR

( LINEAR FOCUS)

LINEAR FRESENEL REFLECTOR (LFR)

GROWTH OF CSP ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION (TWH/Y)

Schematic Solar Steam Cooking System

2 REFLECTOR FOCUS ON 1 RECEIVER

receiver

header pipe

Working Principle of Solar Steam System

SCHEFFLER BASED SYSTEM – PROTOTYPE AT

SOLAR ENERGY CENTER OF MNRE

SCHFLLER CONCENTRATOR BASED SYSTEMS

IN OPERATION AT MUNI SEVA ASHRAM

60 M2 SCHEFFLER DISH FOR

POWER GENERATION AT BRAHMA KUMARI’S, ABU

NEW DEVELOPMENT

LARGE

SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

1/14/20

15

SOLAR CONCENTRATORS FOR THERMAL

(MWS) APPLICATION FOR PROCESS HEATING

IN RUBBER INDUSTRIES

1/14/20

15

ARUN DISH- 160 M2 FRESNEL DISH

FOR MILK PASTEURIZATION AT LATUR

“ENERSUN” LFR SYSTEM

CASE STUDY OF 100 TR SOLAR AC SYSTEM

AT MSA WITH100 SCHEFFLER DIHES OF

12.5 M2 EACH, GENERATES 400 KG/HR STEAM AT 8 KG/ CM2

WOOD FIRED STEAM GENERATED IN BOILER REPLACED WITH SOLAR STEAM

SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING/ CHILLING

CHILLED WATER PIPED TO HOSTPITAL FOR AIR-CONDITIONING

95,000 LITER CHILLED WATER STORAGE TANK

System design-

To generate 400 kg/hr steam at 8 kg/cm2

Financing Total Project Cost : Rs 133 Lacs

Muni Seva Ashram : : Rs 77.5 Lacs

Ministry of Non-Conventional

Energy Sources (MNES): : Rs 55 Lacs

Pay back of investments for MSA: 6.5 years assuming cost of wood to

remain same which is not the case and

payback around 4 years If diesel is replaced and even less if electricity fired

boilers

Economics

Saving : 1000 kgs wood per day x Rs 4 = Rs 4000 per day X 300 days = Rs 12 Lacs

per year

Dr Vikram Patel, Chairperson

PET Scan

Solar Chemo OT

Muni Seva Ashram

Green Ashram

Mission:

To serve the deficient and needy sections of the society,

employing the best available appropriate technologies

and in complete harmony with the nature.

MISSION, HISTORY

MSA- A GREEN ASHRAM A REPLICABLE PROJECT FOR

PUARA

( PROVIDING URBAN AMENITIES FOR RURAL AREAS)

OF DR ABDUL KALAM

RECEIVING “SPIRIT OF HUMANITY AWARD 2012

FROM AMERICARES FOR MUNI SEVA ASHRAM WORK

58

Eco Center ICNEER, at Muni Seva Ashram, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, Phone +91 9998622288 / 9825117353

Email: deepak_gadhia@yahoo.com www.greenashram.org

Eco Center Icneer is a Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) registered in the State of Gujarat as a Service Society and Charitable Trust, Reg. No. : F/392 Valsad, Dtd 26. Sept 1996.