Solar Energy Best Practice

ENERGIE

E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n

New So l u t i on si n Ene r gy Supp l y

Photovoltaic Solar EnergyBest Practice Stories

Edition 2000

This ENERGIE publication is one of a series highlighting the potential for innovative non-nuclear energy tech-nologies to become widely applied and contribute superior services to the citizen. European Commissionstrategies aim at influencing the scientific and engineering communities, policy makers and key market actorsto create, encourage, acquire and apply cleaner, more efficient and more sustainable energy solutions fortheir own benefit and that of our wider society.

Funded under the European Union’s Fifth Framework Programme for Research, Technological Developmentand Demonstration (RTD), ENERGIE’s range of supports cover research, development, demonstration, dis-semination, replication and market uptake - the full process of converting new ideas into practical solutions toreal needs. Its publications, in print and electronic form, disseminate the results of actions carried out underthis and previous Framework Programmes, including former JOULE-THERMIE actions. Jointly managed byDirectorate-General Energy and Transport & Directorate-General Research , ENERGIE has a total budget ofd1042 million over the period 1999 to 2002.

Delivery is organised principally around two Key Actions, Cleaner Energy Systems, including RenewableEnergies, and Economic and Efficient Energy for a Competitive Europe, within the theme "Energy, Environ-ment and Sustainable Development", supplemented by coordination and cooperative activities of a sectoraland cross-sectoral nature.With targets guided by the Kyoto Protocol and associated policies, ENERGIE’s inte-grated activities are focussed on new solutions which yield direct economic and environmental benefits to theenergy user, and strengthen European competitive advantage by helping to achieve a position of leadershipin the energy technologies of tomorrow. The resulting balanced improvements in energy, environmental andeconomic performance will help to ensure a sustainable future for Europe’s citizens.

ENERGIE

with the support of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Directorate-General for Energy and Transport

LEGAL NOTICE

Neither the European Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission,

is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this publication.

© European Communities, 2000

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

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Table of Contents

3

Foreword

PV Systems in Noise Barriers – Transforming Motorways into Solar Roads

PV Power Stations – Quality Power from the Sun

Building Integration of PV Systems –a New Tool for Planners and Architects

Solar Energy on the Move – Photovoltaics in Transport

Photovoltaics – the Rural Population's Hope for Electricity

PV Power for Islands – Realising Independent Electricity Supply

Other Uses – Photovoltaics Covering a Broad Range of Applications

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6

9

12

25

29

34

41

4

The THERMIE programme, which ran up to 1998,and the demonstration element of ENERGIE, its successor,working within the Fifth Framework Programme forResearch and Technological Development (5 FP, 1998-2002), form a major part of the European Union’s imple-mentation of renewable energy technologies, includingsolar photovoltaics. These programmes have offered sup-port to more than 190 PV projects throughout Europe.

This booklet provides a synopsis of the wide range of pho-tovoltaics projects launched throughout Europe with thesupport of the THERMIE programme. A broad spectrumof project partners, encompassing utilities, municipalities,transport authorities, PV manufacturers, installers, archi-tects and end-users, have formed themselves into interna-tional consortia to pool the expertise required to under-take leading-edge and often highly innovative installationswhich will continue to serve as a showcase for Europeanknow-how. The diverse end-users active in the THERMIEprogramme include companies outside the energy sectorwhose motivation is to exploit PV as the most effectivepower source for their particular application. AlthoughTHERMIE is a European initiative, its impact is in a globalcontext.

The photovoltaic sector is moving fast.The past few yearshave witnessed a dramatic increase in both the manufac-turing capacity and the actual production of solar photo-voltaic modules. The record shows a 78% increase in PVmodule production between 1995 and 1997 in thereporting countries of the International Energy Agency(IEA). This growth has had knock-on effects on revenueturnover, with a current annual growth rate of 29%, and inemployment in the PV sector which grew by 16% in theperiod 1995-97. The factory prices of modules, wasreduced by over 25%, during the 4 years up to 1997.Theglobal PV industry is becoming increasingly competitive,and is gearing up to exploit the opportunities offered bygrowth in the world PV market.

Europe has played a major role in the expansion of the PVmarket.As of the end of 1999, 133 MWp of PV was oper-ating in Europe (EU and EEA Member States).The THER-MIE programme alone was responsible for 16 MWp of thePV systems installed since 1979, this represents 12% of theEuropean total. During the past 5 years the average forinstalled power per project increased from 30 kWp to 700kWp.This reflects the growing confidence of EU investorsin PV technology.At the same time, this greater willingness

Foreword

Evolution of THERMIE PV Demonstration Project Costs (including a 2 year monitoring period)

0

1994

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1996

1997

1998

1999

5

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Stand Alone

Grid connected

EU

RO

/Wp

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to invest in PV has allowed the level of financial supportper project offered by THERMIE to be reduced, hencefacilitating the installation of more PV capacity per unit ofEU support.

The European Commission’s White Paper on Energy forthe Future called: Renewable Sources of Energy (COM 97,599) has a target of 3 GWp of installed PV capacity in theEuropean Union by 2010. Innovative technologies are animportant element of this ambitious but feasible target.The market trends in PV applications are best seen in thehistory of the demonstration projects supported byTHERMIE. The share of grid-connected applications hasgrown from less than 20% of the supported projects tomore than 85% over the 5-year period leading up to 2000.However, the European Commission’s support for photo-voltaics not only embraces demonstration and researchactivities, but also covers dissemination actions and theprovision of platforms to promote the exchange of infor-mation between industry, research institutes and end users.The web site of the Directorate General for Energy andTransport, europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg17/dg17home.htm,contains information on proposals, energy legislation andenergy policy, as well as reviews of many of the projectssupported under the Fourth and Fifth Framework Pro-grammes. In addition, the Community Research and Devel-opment Information Service (CORDIS), www.cordis.lu,

maintains extensive databases for facilitating partnersearches and identifying support opportunities for innova-tive technologies such as PV.

It is hoped that the work illustrated here will motivate oth-ers to consider incorporating photovoltaics in future infra-structure investments in whatever sector they areinvolved. As the THERMIE programme makes way for itssuccessor within ENERGIE, may these examples of Euro-pean best practice inspire decision makers, planners, engi-neers and architects to incorporate PV in their everydaywork both within and outside of the context of the FifthFramework Programme.

Brussels, March 2000

Total PV PowerInstalled per Year within Projects supported byTHERMIE + 5 FP

1000

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3000

4000

5000

6000

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19990

Year

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wer

kW

p

N N O I S E B A R R I E R S

The transport sector is one of the fastest growing in Europe.This increase is predicted to continue especially in respect

to a possible expansion of the European Union toward Eastern Europe.This development will be accompanied by a brisk

economy, a lively exchange of products and more personal mobility. On the other hand there are some negative side effects

to this expansion process.

Together with the increase in traffic the traffic noise is increased.There are areas in Europe that are very densely populat-

ed. The people in these areas often live close to heavily frequented motor and railways. For a long time the danger that

noise represents for a human being’s health was underestimated.Today, the efforts for protecting people against noise have

increased. Noise barriers along motor and railways are the more common and the more cost-effective method, compared

to alternatives such as tunnels to protect humans from transport noise.

Assuming that a motor or railway equipped with a noise barrier has an east-west orientation these barriers offer very good

opportunities for the installation of large PV systems.The PV modules not only generate electricity without polluting the

environment but they also provide a visual upgrade for the often grey and monotone looking barriers.

Electricity production through photovoltaics on a large scale needs fairly large areas since the energy density with PV sys-

tems is relatively low.Therefore the noise barriers along Europe’s motor and railways, often stretching over many kilome-

tres, offer huge possibilities for the production of electricity through photovoltaics.

A short-term potential of 1,100 MWp was acknowledged within the European Union for PV integration in noise barriers

along roads and rails. Short-term potential refers to the noise barriers that were planned in 1998 for construction and that

are suitable for the integration of PV modules.

PV Systems in Noise Barriers – Transforming Motorways into Solar Roads

6

Penetration of Photovoltaics into a Traditional Coal Mining Region

N O I S E B A R R I E R S N - 1

This project resulted inthe installation of 70 kWp ofphotovoltaic systems inte-grated into a noise barrier inthe north of France. Theregion, traditionally associat-ed with coal mining, is nowembracing renewable energytechnologies in its energymix.

This project is the second PVsound barrier project devel-oped under the Thermieprogramme. It represents apioneering project in France.

The project has three basic aims relating to technical, eco-nomic and social issues.They are:

- to undertake a real case comparative study of the differ-ences between amorphous and mono-crystalline siliconmodules in a PV sound barrier and validate the applica-tion of a new generation of inverter technology.

- to decrease the cost of PV systems for use in sound bar-riers.

- to provide effective protection for sites currently suffer-ing from high noise levels while simultaneously offering ahigh profile location for the use of PV.

A whole range of technical innovations characterise thisproject, including the merging of two separate technolo-gies; sound barriers and photovoltaics.The project benefit-ed from the experience gained at another Thermie-sup-ported sound barrier project in the Netherlands.

In France a short-term potential of 67.3 MWp was identi-fied for PV integrated in noise barriers along motorways.The short term potential refers to all noise barriers thatwere planned during 1998 for future implementation thatare suitable for the integration of PV modules.

In order to get the message about photovoltaics across tothe general public in this region, traditionally dominated bycoal mining, an extensive dissemination campaign focusedon the project has been launched.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePV Sound Barrier

P r o j e c t n u m b e rSE/004/95

C o n t r a c t o r sRegion Nord – Pas de Calais, FRSunwatt France, FR

L o c a t i o n Lille, France

Fo r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a c t :

Mr. Marc LecourtSunwatt France � 18 rue René Gassin � 74240 Caillard � FranceTel: +33-4-50 31 35 85 � Fax: +33-4-50 31 36 85

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N - 2 N O I S E B A R R I E R S

8

PV Integration in Noise Barriers – Catching the Sun While Reflecting the Noise

In order to further increase the public’s awareness ofPV technologies it is best to install PV systems at placeswhereas many people as possible can see them. For thisreason, noise barriers along motorways are excellentinstallation sites.

More than 40,000 cars use the A9 motorway near Ams-terdam and the international airport Schiphol daily.This isalso the site of a 1650 meter long integrated PV noise bar-rier system with a total capacity of 220 kWp. Since themotorway runs in an east-west direction the PV modulesface south so the maximum energy yield is assured.

While producing energy, the 5 m high barrier simultane-ously reduces the noise impact on an area containing 700houses. Since the barrier was new the integration of thePV system could be planned from the beginning. Prefabri-cation techniques were used wherever possible. The PVmodules are integrated into the upper part of the barrier.This led to optimised construction and very fast installationof the components.

The achievements of this project are not confined to tech-nical advances, but also cover architectural and economicaspects. In regard to the latter, the experience derivedfrom this project has resulted in an overall reduction in sys-tem costs for such installations and for new projects usingAC-modules on a large scale.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePV integration along highway (noise barrier)


C o n t r a c t o r sENW, NLEnergie Onderzoek centrum Nederland, NLTNC Energy Consulting GmbH, CHFraunhofer-ISE, DE

L o c a t i o nAmsterdam,The Netherlands


Mr. E.B.M. VisserENW Amsterdam � P.O. Box 9111 � 1800 GC Alkmaar � The NetherlandsTel: +31-72-5182115 � Fax: +31-72-5182417

PV Power Stations – Quality Power from the Sun

P OW E R S TAT I O N S P

The vast majority of households in Europe are connected to the public electrical grid. Therefore most people are

accustomed to a centralised power supply in which electricity is generated at a central power station and then delivered

through a distribution system to the end users.

The early days of photovoltaics were characterised by PV systems with limited capacity, they represented exclusively decen-

tralised power supplies. Parallel with technological development, the capacity of PV systems steadily increased.This led to

the installation of the first PV power stations generating electricity on a larger scale (up to 1 MWp) increasing the range of

possible applications for photovoltaic technology. High capacity systems allow the use of PV systems in many new areas.

This breakthrough into a new dimension of PV systems facilitates electricity supply to larger end users or to many small end

users, e.g. the population of an island.

A PV power plant offers the application of techniques that cannot be realised in small PV systems for economic reasons.

Examples of these techniques are tracking and concentrator systems.

With a tracking system the PV panel automatically follows the orbit of the sun and as a consequence optimises the energy yield.

With concentrator systems the incoming sunlight is bundled and therefore concentrated onto the solar cells. More sunlight

on the solar cells means a higher energy output.

These techniques, used and tested in larger PV power stations can then be transferred to smaller systems in the future. One

more step on the way to the solar age.

9

Tracking the Sun – Optimising the EnergyYield from PV Systems

P - 1 P OW E R S TAT I O N S

Quality standards are a major concern in regard torenewable energy technology; they must play a veryimportant role if PV is to become one of the major powersources in the future.

This project aims at investigating and comparing the elec-trical performance of a 330 kWp PV system which incor-porates an active single axis tracking system versus a PVplant with the same capacity but with a fixed supportingstructure.The tracking system optimises the orientation ofthe PV modules with reference to the sun and as a con-sequence increases the energy yield when compared to aconventional system.

At the same time, the real installation and maintenancecosts for a PV system with tracking technique can be eval-uated.

In this project technical solutions are applied that havereached the demonstration stage. This project providestechnical experience in designing, managing and maintain-ing of grid-connected tracking systems. It also generatespractical experience for the establishment of standards inthe field of photovoltaics.

This project is a benchmark installation and helps to pro-mote the implementation of similar projects.

P r o j e c t t i t l e330 kWp traking sub-field at the 3.3 MWp Serre PV power station


C o n t r a c t o r sENEL, IT

L o c a t i o n Serre (Salerno), Italy


Dr. A. IlicetoENEL-CESI � Via Rubattino 54 � 20134 Milano � ItalyTel: +39-02-2125.5687 � Fax: +39-02-2125.5626 � email: [email protected]

10

A One MWp PV Power Plant in Toledo Using State-of-the-Art Technology

P OW E R S TAT I O N S P - 2

11

Complementary seasonal peaks in energy yield areone of the characteristic features, and the advantages, ofrenewable energy which plays an important role in thisproject.

In La Puebla de Montalbán in the province of Toledo, southof Madrid, a 1MWp grid-connected PV power plant wasdesigned and installed close to a hydroelectric plant.

The Toledo plant was designed as a PV power plant withoptimised kWh costs using the most recent advancedtechnology in the photovoltaic field.Two new types of cellswere installed in this big power plant.

A one axis tracking system of 100 kWp ensures that thePV panels follow the movement of the sun during the dayoptimising the energy yield.

New, advanced inverterswere designed and tested inthis plant.

The location of the ToledoPV power plant offers veryhigh solar irradiation, and asa consequence, optimal con-ditions for operation.

An extensive performancemonitoring system ensuresthat all necessary data arecollected in order to controlthe systems performanceand to record valuable infor-mation that can lead toimprovements in future PVplants.

P r o j e c t t i t l eDesign and installation of a 1MWp PV powerplant in Spain (Toledo).


C o n t r a c t o r sToledo PV (AEIE), ESUnión Fenosa, ESEndesa, ESRWE Energie AG, DE

L o c a t i o nLa Puebla de Montalbán,Toledo, Spain


Mr. Luis ZarauzaToledo PV (AEIE) � Capitán Haya 53 � 28020 Madrid � SpainTel: +34-91-571 3700 � Fax: +34-91-570 4349

Building Integration of PV Systems –A New Tool for Planners and Architects

B B U I L D I N G S

The architectural integration of PV systems and their acceptance and use as a natural construction material for build-

ings is an ultimate challenge for PV technology.

Integrating PV systems in an early stage of construction planning offers a wide range of application possibilities that reach

far beyond pure electricity generation.

Two major side aspects of PV modules are their ability to improve the room climate of buildings and appealing optical prop-

erties that qualifies them as design materials for architects.

Especially in the southern countries the heating up of a buildings interior during the summer represents a severe problem

that can be solved using appropriate shading materials. PV modules are excellent shading materials. Integrated in an suitable

part of the building, they protect the interior against the sun, prevent the over heating of the building, while at the same

time, converting the sunlight into electricity.

Another important aspect of PV modules is their quality as design elements for architects. Coloured PV cells are a fairly

new development that opens up a new field of design possibilities. Especially integrated in facades these coloured cells offer

a wide range of new design applications adding aesthetic value to the building. Coloured PV cells, transparent and opaque

cells as well as solar roof tiles offer various application opportunities.

The number of available PV cells is steadily increasing. Parallel with the growing variety of PV cells themselves, the range of

possibilities in regard to building integration is also improving.

The integration of PV modules into buildings is no longer only interesting from the energy point of view. It is also an impor-

tant step towards the use of PV as a beautiful, and protective and a functional part of buildings.

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B U I L D I N G S B - 1

Solar Power at the Heart of Europe

This project represents an important signal to thepublic that PV technology has developed to a stage whereit can be incorporated in a complex environment like thevaulted roof of the Lehrter Bahnhof railway station inBerlin.The main hall of this train station was constructed ina modern transparent style. PV modules form an impor-tant element of this innovative structure.

In total 3,300 m2 of semi-transparent PV modules weredirectly integrated into the slightly curved and vaulted roofthat runs in an east to west direction.The installed capaci-ty totals 325 kWp, the electricity generated meets part ofthe power needs of the train station.

The Lehrter Bahnhof is located in the vicinity of the gov-ernmental district in Berlin and represents a very promi-nent site in the German capital. Approximately 220,000people pass through this train station every day makingthis location one of the most frequented places in Berlinand therefore an outstanding location to showcase state-of-the-art architectural integration of PV systems.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePV Facade Integration at Lerther StationBerlin

P r o j e c t t i t l eSE/220/96

C o n t r a c t o r sDeutsche Bahn AG, DEPilkington Solar International, DEBP Solar, UK

L o c a t i o n Berlin, Germany

Mr. Udo ValentaDB Station Service Deutsche Bahn Gruppe Weilburger Strasse 22 � 60326 Frankfurt a. M. � GermanyTel: +49-69-265 245 14 � Fax: +49-69-265 244 83 � email: [email protected]


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B - 2 B U I L D I N G S

14

The World’s First Large-Scale Integration ofPhotovoltaics into an Urban Development

A large percentage ofEuropeans are either tenantsor the owners of flats inhousing blocks with noexclusive access to the roofsof the building. They oftenface difficulties involving theproperty’s owners and/orroof warranty issues whenattempting to install a PV sys-tem.

However, a Thermie sup-ported PV demonstrationaction in the Netherlandshas adopted an innovativeapproach to overcomingthese problems: the local util-ity is responsible for all issuesand costs relating to the PVinstallation in a newly constructed housing project.

This project, in the area of Nieuw Sloten in Amsterdam,has demonstrated that photovoltaics are a feasible optionas a source for domestic energy. The project equipped anumber of houses in the district with PV modules thatwere integrated into the roof and provide energy to thegrid. In this way, solar energy has also been integrated intothe everyday life of the residents.The project constitutes amajor tool for enhancing the general public’s acceptance ofrenewable energy and especially of photovoltaics.

The Nieuw Sloten project also helped to develop a seriesof recommendations for the future. New projects will ben-efit enormously from the practical experience gainedthrough the first grid-linked PV project of this magnitudein an urban area.

P r o j e c t t i t l e250 kWp PV systems on roofs in NieuwSloten

P r o j e c t n u m b e r SE/168/93

C o n t r a c t o r sEnergiebedrijf Amsterdam (presently NUON), NL Miljøkontrolen, DKSermasa, ES

L o c a t i o n Amsterdam,The Netherlands

NUON Renewable EnergyMs. Jadranka Cace � Postbus 9039 � 6800 EZ Arnhem � The NetherlandsTel: +31-26-377 28 29 � Fax: +31-26-377 21 86 � email: [email protected]


PV Power for the Financial World

The financial sector plays an important role in thedevelopment of photovoltaic markets since the up frontcosts for PV systems are often financed by bank loans.

In this case a bank was actively involved in a PV project. A101 kWp PV system was installed on the roof of the newBerlin Bank building. Part of the energy used by theemployees in this new building is generated by the in-house plant.

The power plant on its roof did not interfere with thebuildings architectural design.

Not only does this PV plant replace electricity producedby conventional power stations — reducing the yearlyproduction of CO2 emissions by 75 tons – it is also setsan important signal that a PV system was installed in Berlin,the German capital, and a focal point of public awarenessin Germany.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePV service centre for the Berlin Bank


C o n t r a c t o r sBankgesellschaft Berlin AG, DE

L o c a t i o nBerlin, Germany


Investitionsbank Berlin � Bundesallee 210 � 10719 Berlin � GermanyKundenberatung ImmobilienTel: +49-30-2125 2662 � email: [email protected]


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16

PV Power as an Element in an Ecological Renovation Concept for Buildings

How can an old building be renovated by integratingmaterials and technologies that do not damage the envi-ronment?

This was the challenge facing the international organisationGreenpeace when it started upgrading its new headquar-ters on the river Elbe in Hamburg.

Environmentally friendly solutions, such as a mixture of juteand recycled paper for walls, rain-water collectors and noPVC protecting

cables, also include electricity generation through photo-voltaics.

A 51 kWp grid-connected PV system was installed on theroof of the building meeting about 25% of the buildingselectricity demand on a yearly average.

As this project demonstrates, alternative and environmen-tally friendly solutions in large projects require significantcommitment and investment in time to identify viableoptions, but that they, in the end, need not impose a largefinancial burden on the renovation.

This Elbspeicher building demonstrates the vast potentialfor the integration of photovoltaics in old and historicbuildings.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePV power station at Elbspeicher Hamburg


C o n t r a c t o r sRasmussen & Schiotz Holding A/S, DKGreenpeace, DESiemens Solar, DE

L o c a t i o nHamburg, Germany

Mr. BrinkRasmussen & Schiotz Baugesellschaft � Albert-Einstein-Ring 10 � 22765 Hamburg � GermanyTel: +49-40-8 99 08 0 � Fax: +49-40-8 10 090 90


Photovoltaics in a Car Production Plant


17

Car production factories were one of the most far-reaching examples of the implementation of Taylor’s theo-ries, which basically aimed at increasing the productivity ofthe workforce without considering social aspects or theworking environment.

Times have changed significantly since then and this projectdemonstrates that some car manufacturers are committedto improving both the internal and external environment.

26 photovoltaic roof lights have been installed in the Ford-Bridgend engine plant (South Wales). Opaque, large-areaPV laminates have been incorporated into the south-facingside of the roof-light. The side facing north, incorporatesdouble-glazing, providing natural daylight in the building.

The implementation of photovoltaic modules in factoriesrepresents a step forward, toward the factory of thefuture.

The natural sunlight provided by the PV roof lightsenhances the working environment and thus improvesproductivity.

P r o j e c t t i t l eArchitecturally integrated grid-connected PV rooflights for the Jaguar/Zetec SEII plant of Ford UK


C o n t r a c t o r sFord Motor Company, DEBP Solar, UKOVE ARUP & Partners, UK

L o c a t i o nBridgend, United Kingdom


Prof. Dr. W. KalkertFord Motor Company � Spessart Strasse � 50725 Köln � GermanyTel: +49-221-903 30 29 � Fax: +49-221-903 30 29


18

IMPACT– A New Concept on the Road to Cost Optimised PV Systems

Cost efficiency for highquality grid-connected PVsystems was the main targetof this project that wasrealised in France and Ger-many.

Within the IMPACT project100 grid-connected PV sys-tems, each with 2 kWpcapacity, were installedtotalling 204 kWp.The instal-lation sites are located inHamburg, Schleswig-Hol-stein, the most northernstate in Germany, and in 5areas in France.

A price advantage overother PV systems with a sim-ilar quality standard was achieved through a new approachto marketing and installation.

The essential pillars of this innovative concept are the cen-tral and superimposed project management structurecombined with decentralised installation. The work wascarried out by local companies that are experts in PVinstallation. An optimised project structure with low gen-eral overheads was created. Central purchasing and stor-age of the components combined with “just in time” deliv-ery and reduction of installation time through the use ofnew techniques for fastening the modules on the roofcontributed significantly to cost savings.

An additional impulse for optimising costs came from thestandardisation of the systems and the strategy to pur-chase a minimum of 100 systems.

For the first time in the European PV market the Internetwas used for promotion and training activities. Informationabout the project including the installation techniques andhandling of the components is available underwww.setwedel.de.

The IMPACT project has clearly demonstrated that thereare various ways to optimise the costs of PV systems with-out reducing the quality level of the installation.

P r o j e c t t i t l eImpact project for new generation of PV grid-connected systems with advanced technologies and market strategy


C o n t r a c t o r sSET, DEQuénéa, FR

L o c a t i o nGermany, France

Mr. Karl-Heinz KoruppSET � Am Marienhof 10 � 22880 Wedel � GermanyTel: +49-4103-91239-0 � Fax:+49-4103-91239-29 � www.setwedel.de


Multifunctional PV Facades –PV Systems that Go Beyond Emission Free Electricity Generation


19

The increasing versatility of PV systems offers newfields of application and supports the development of thePV market. PV offers new possibilities for designers andarchitects, especially in the urban environment.

In the 3 European countries of Germany, the Netherlandsand Spain multi-functional grid-connected PV facades wereinstalled in commercial and industrial buildings, one ofthem, in the office building of a company involved in therealisation of the PV systems and component.

All systems feature innovative facade elements and offervalue above and beyond the pollution free generation ofelectricity and aesthetic aspects.

The system in the southwest part of Germany with acapacity of 53.1 kWp is integrated in the facade of theSolarfabrik. The modules offer shading services and daylighting of the atrium in addition to electricity productionfor this low energy building in Freiburg.

Two systems are installed in the Netherlands. One of themwith a capacity of 13.7 kWp is integrated in the facade ofthe electrical installation company Hollander in Apeldoornit features shading and has excellent demonstrationaspects for clients that are interested in PV systems.

The 6.9 kWp VAR (Veluwse Waste Recycling) system con-sisting of AC-modules is the second Dutch installation forthis project. AC-modules offer various advantages espe-cially if they are not uniformly oriented as it is the case withthis system.The modules are used as shading elements fac-ing the directions from east over south to west.

The main achievements of this project are the demonstra-tion of the variety of added values that PV systems canoffer besides their role as a generator of pollution free electricity. Especially this project has contributed to:- serious interest and increased professional involvement

of electrical installation companies in PV technology,- improved recognition of PV by building industry, proper-

ty developers, architects and the general public.

P r o j e c t t i t l eMultifunctional PV façades in Spain, Germanyand The Netherlands


C o n t r a c t o r sECOFYS, NLIST EnergieCom, DETEULADES I FAÇADES, ESBauherrengemeinschaft Solar-Fabrik, DE

L o c a t i o nSpain, Germany and The Netherlands


Mr. W. BöttgerEcofys � Kanaalweg 16 G � 3526 Utrecht � The NetherlandsTel: +31-30- 2808331 � Fax: +31-30-2808301 � email: [email protected]


20

Photovoltaics – An Element of a Utility’s Portfolio

A crucial step towards the further dissemination of PVtechnologies is when companies involved in electricity pro-duction and electricity services include PV systems in theirportfolios.

In this project the Spanish electricity producer EHN locat-ed in Navarra northern Spain, installed 2 grid connectedPV systems with a total capacity of 50.4 kWp.

One PV system with a capacity of 21.9 kWp was integrat-ed in a bio climatically designed building where all of EHN’sproduction activities are telecontrolled. This building isdesigned to combine the use of passive, thermal and PVsolar energy.

The second system with a capacity of 28.8 kWp is inte-grated in a sub-station of the „La Gerinda“ wind farm thatis also operated by EHN. This second installation repre-sents a good example of the possible symbiosis of windand PV solar energy. It underlines that wind energy and PVsolar energy do not exclude each other. On the contrary,they offer excellent opportunities for mutual work in alarger system. Possible standardisations for such combina-tions were also investigated in the project.

This project represents a first step towards a comprehen-sive electricity supply through renewable energies in aEuropean region whose goal is to cover 53% of its elec-tricity generation by wind power.

Mr. Juan FlaviaAlbasolar, Madrid � Rda. Buganvilla del Rey 78 � 28023 Madrid � SpainTel: +34-91-307 16 64 � Fax: +34-91 357 37 33 � email: [email protected] � www.albasolar.com


P r o j e c t t i t l eIntegration of a grid connected 50 kWp PVgenerator in the production telecontrol build-ing „Energia Building“


C o n t r a c t o r sAlbasolar, ESEnergía Hidroeléctrica de Navarra, ESGAPI, ESBP Solar, UKCentre for Renewable Energy Sources, UK

L o c a t i o nTafalla and Leoz, Navarra, Spain


Cost Optimisation of PV Systems through Standardisation and MinimisingInstallation Costs

Decreasing costs for electricity produced by PV sys-tems is still a major aim in order to increase the market forPV. One promising possibility for cost optimising PV sys-tems is a combination of standardised PV systems anddecreasing the installation costs by making it possible forindividuals to take over some of the installation workthemselves.

In this project 150 small, grid-connected PV plants in thepower range from 0.5 up to 11 kWp were put in totalling200 kWp of installed capacity. Ten of these systems wereequipped with analytical monitoring.

The basic aim is to reduce costs through system standard-isation and the participation of the PV system owners inthe installation process.

Training programmes teachindividuals how to install aPV system. In order to sim-plify the installation process,a new standard lightweightframe is used. Assistancefrom a professional techni-cian who can also approvethe installation is offered.

P r o j e c t t i t l e151 Small grid-connected PV station fora total of 200 kWp


C o n t r a c t o r sAssociation Phebus, Les Sauvages, FR

L o c a t i o nFrance

Mr. Marc JedliczkaAssociation Phebus � 1 rue de l’Oiselière � 69009 Lyon � FranceTel: +33-4-78 47 29 47 � Fax: +33-4-78 47 29 47 � email: [email protected]


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Coloured Cells in Buildings

B - 1 0 B U I L D I N G S

Coloured PV solar cells significantly increase the ver-satility of PV systems in buildings and represent a new pos-sibility for architects to integrate photovoltaics into afacade in an aesthetically appealing way.

In the City of Terrassa, close to Barcelona, a building nextto the Museu Nacional De La Ciència I La Técnica deCatalunya (mNACTEC) represents an appropriate loca-tion for a showcase of the new possibilities created by a

combination of coloured opaque and semi-transparentsolar cells.

The 34 kWp grid-connected PV system installed on a tilt-ed facade consists of a patchwork of coloured opaque andsemi-transparent mono- and polycrystalline solar cells.Thecolour sequence from bottom to top is blue, magenta andgold. The semi-transparent element in the PV systemsallows the sunlight to pass through the cells and illuminatethe central patio of the neighbouring building.

Another aspect of the project is the ventilation imple-mented between the solar cells and the facade. This hasthe effect of decreasing the cell temperature and, as a con-sequence, increasing the energy yield while simultaneouslyimproving the insulation characteristics of the facade.

This innovative PV facade demonstrates that there is awealth of aesthetically appealing solutions offered to archi-tects by PV systems.

P r o j e c t t i t l eA grid connected coloured façade in theurban area of the Technique and ScienceMuseum of Catalunya


C o n t r a c t o r sMuseu National de la Ciència i de laTècnica de Catalunya, ESLaboratoire Analyse et Architecture deSystémes du CNRS, FRTeulades i Façanes Multifuncionals SA (TFM), ESBP Solarex, UK

L o c a t i o nTerrasa, Spain


Mr. Jaume MatamalaMNACTEC � Rambla d’Egara 270 � 08221 Terrasa, Barcelona � SpainTel: +34-93-736 89 66 � Fax: +34-93-736 89 60 � email: [email protected]

22

AC Modules Providing Grid-Quality Power

B U I L D I N G S B - 1 1

The purpose of this project was to gain experiencewith alternating current (AC) modules in countries withvarying climates and to assess their yield and reliability. Inaddition, a new and cheaper mounting method, based onrecycable plastic, for flat roof and ground based systemswas implemented.

The test countries were Portugal, Italy and the Nether-lands.

The significance of AC-modules is that they provide thesame type of power that is available from the electrical util-ity grid. This greatly simplifies the system from the cus-tomer point of view, since the end-user can regard an AC-module as a “plug and play” device. Less complexity makesit more likely that customers interested in installing sys-tems themselves will make a “buy decision” for photo-voltaics.

AC-modules have significant advantages in terms of systemefficiency at installations withnon-uniform PV module ori-entation or shadowing ofindividual modules duringthe day.

Grid-connected AC-modulesmust be able to disconnectthemselves from the electri-cal utility network whenproblems arise in the grid.Allof the systems developedwithin this project proved tobe suitable for safe grid-con-nected operation, switchingoff in cases where grid para-meters were out of thespecified window.

This project showed that,from a technical point ofview, AC-modules are readyfor the market.

P r o j e c t T i t l eAC Module PV Systems in Italy, Portugal and the Netherlands

P r o j e c t N u m b e r SE/226/95

C o n t r a c t o r sECOFYS, NLENEL, ITINETI, PTEDP, PT

L o c a t i o n Adrano, ItalyFaro, PortugalAmersfoort; Utrecht,The Netherlands


Ms. Edith MolenbroekEcofys Energy and Environment � P.O. Box 8408 � 3503 RK Utrecht � The NetherlandsTel: +31-30-2808 300 � Fax: +31-30-2808 301 � email: [email protected]

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B - 1 2 B U I L D I N G S

24

Photovoltaics Powering Pavilions

This project clearly demonstrates the versatility ofphotovoltaics.The modular structure of PV systems allowsthem to be exactly tailored to the user’s electricity needsas well as to their environment. 9 PV systems with a capac-ity range of 1 kWp to 5.8 kWp were installed totalling33.6 kWp.

The systems were integrated in 9 pavilions or similar con-structions along the coast line of the Baltic and the Northsea.With the already existing pavilions the PV systems hadto be adapted to the building structure, while in case ofnewly constructed pavilions the system could be integrat-ed in the design of the building from the beginning. 7 of thesystems are grid connected and two of them are for stand-alone applications.

Installation sites include pavilions at a camping site and atthe heart of a newly designed public market place in Ham-burg-Wilhelmsburg. Two systems with 5.1 kWp and 4.8kWp were installed in the ‘Technik- und Ökologie Zen-trum’ (TÖZ) a centre that belongs to the city of Eckern-förde and is used by new and innovative small companies.The building, one of the most interesting ones in the area,became an EXPO 2000 building in 1998.

For the UNESCO Institute for Education a transportablecontainer pavilion was equipped with a 2.8 kWp PV sys-tem that can be dismantled for transport or set up foroperation within one hour.The container is used for vari-ous UNESCO projects outside Europe.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePERLAS


C o n t r a c t o r sSET, DEBP Solar, ES

L o c a t i o nBaltic and North Sea coast, Germany

Mr. Karl-Heinz KoruppSET � Am Marienhof 10 � 22880 Wedel � GermanyTel: +49-4103-91239-0 � Fax: +49-4103-91239-29 � www.setwedel.de


Solar Energy on the Move Photovoltaics in Transport

T R A N S P O RT T

Transport is responsible for 30% of the final energy consumption in the European Union, it accounts for 26% of the

CO2 emissions arising from fossil fuels. While the levels of CO2 emissions from industry and household sectors have fall-

en since 1985, those from the transport sector have increased by 40% during the same period.

As one plank of the European Union’s policy to demonstrate the role of renewable energy technologies in transport, the

Thermie programme supported the integration of photovoltaics in a number of sectors. Municipal railway, public transport

systems and boats were a particular target of the Thermie programme since they represent some of the most cost-effec-

tive applications for PV in the transport sector.

Photovoltaics in Europe is on Track!

Since photovoltaic generators produce electricity in the form of direct current (DC) they are optimally matched to appli-

cations that can use this form of power directly, without the need to convert it first to the more widespread alternating cur-

rent (AC). In this sense, PV systems are simpler than those connected to an electrical grid and are therefore potentially

more cost-effective and certainly more reliable.

Light railway and tram networks, which generally operate with up to 1100 volt direct current, are a good example of a near

perfect application for photovoltaics, especially since they often consume all the power produced by the PV system, hence

avoiding the need for expensive energy storage technologies.

The large number of passengers carried by such public transport is also an opportunity for getting the message across that

photovoltaics has a role to play in everyday life – after all it’s powering my train!

Even Away From Dry Land, Photovoltaics is Gaining Ground...

Ships and boats represent a very promising application for photovoltaics since they must generate all their energy on-board.

Such high visibility PV systems can easily be integrated into many of the exposed surfaces on boats and can take over both

traction or non-traction energy supply tasks from the diesel engine.This offers significant advantages particularly on in-land

waterways as it would no longer be necessary to, for example, keep the engine running to provide cabin power when the

boat is moored. Such PV installations simultaneously reduce pollution from both emissions and noise.

25

Photovoltaics on Electric Car Shelters Provide Fuel and Protection against Overheating

T- 1 T R A N S P O RT

Inhabitants of Mediterranean countries experiencesun power as soon as they get into their cars.The heat inthe interior, makes the search for a shaded parking spacepart of the daily routine — especially during the summermonths.

Therefore, the mounting of PV modules on a parking shel-ter for electric cars offers two advantages at the sametime.The modules use the sunlight to provide the electriccar with pollution free power and simultaneously providesa shady spot to park.

This project was realised in the Reggio Emilia in northernItaly.The total installed capacity of the 1,917 PV modules is94 kWp, and is able to power three car-charging points.The electric cars, which belong to the city services, arecharged by solar energy produced on the roof of the shel-ters.

This project has an additional and pleasing symbolic value.Photovoltaics, providing clean energy for cars that are oth-erwise a threat to the environment.

P r o j e c t t i t l eAutosole


C o n t r a c t o r sANIT, IT

L o c a t i o n Reggio Emilia, Italy


Mr. Luigi SardiA.N.I.T. � Via Borzoli, 79C/r � 16153 Genova-Sestri P. � ItalyTel: +39-010-64824 � Fax. +39-010-6553310 � email: [email protected]

26

Solar Power for the Tramway from the Roof of a Media & Arts Centre

T R A N S P O RT T- 2

27

In this project innovation goes hand in hand with build-ing refurbishment, electricity generation and sustainabletransport.

In this Thermie supported project in Karlsruhe, Germany, a100 kWp photovoltaic plant was installed on the roof ofthe new Centre for Arts and Media (ZKM). This recentlyrenovated historical building –which was previously amunitions and armaments factory– has offered both engi-neers and architects much scope for demonstrating tech-nical innovations as well as the many options that exist foraesthetically integrating PV into buildings.

Rather than using the power for the Centre’s own needsor feeding it into the local electrical utility grid, the solar-generated energy from this project will be injected into thelocal tram network.

This so-called “directly coupled PV system” provides forgreater technical simplicity than would be possible if thebuilding used the power itself. It may prove to be morecost-effective than conventional systems that requiredevices to convert the voltage.

In addition, the architectural integration of the PV modulesinto the Centre’s roof allow supplementary daylight toenter the building while providing valuable shading duringsunny days. Approximately 100,000 people are expectedto visit the Centre each year – the vast majority of themwill use the tramway to get there – this will ensure that thisprominent PV demonstration project receives the recog-nition it deserves.

Complete details of this PV system together with up-to-the-minute information on the power output are availableon the internet at: www.zkmsolar.Karlsruhe.de

P r o j e c t t i t l eZKM Karlsruhe - Tramway system with directcoupled photovoltaic power supply


C o n t r a c t o r sStadtwerke Karlsruhe, DEGesamthochschule Kassel, DEFraunhofer-ISE, Freiburg, DE

L o c a t i o nKarlsruhe, Germany


Dr. WeissmüllerStadtwerke Karlsruhe � Daxlander Str. 72 � 76172 Karlsruhe � Germany Tel: +49-721-599 4000 � Fax: +49-721-599 4009

T- 3 T R A N S P O RT

Solar Powered Trains – Photovoltaic Energy for Municipal Light Rail Transit Systems

Hanover is the host of the EXPO 2000 World Exhibi-tion.The Hanover light railway system will play a major rolein transporting participants around the municipal region.Since the theme of EXPO 2000 is “Man – Nature – Tech-nology”, the City of Hanover has decided to demonstrateits commitment to promoting more environmentally-friendly energy production at the local level by installing a250 kWp photovoltaics system which will feed exclusivelysolar-generated electricity into the light railway network.

Simultaneously, and with the financial support of the SwissFederal Government, the Hanover project will result in theinstallation of up to 250 kWp in Geneva and Lausanne tohelp power the public transport systems in these twocities. The applications in Germany and Switzerland willsynergistically benefit from each other’s experience indeveloping and optimising such PV applications.

The large number of passengers carried every day by thepublic transport networks in Hanover, Geneva and Lau-sanne, supplemented by national and international visitorsto these cities, represents a vast audience who will actual-ly experience the power of photovoltaics.

P r o j e c t t i t l e500 kWp PV power plant for direct injection in light train low voltage dc networks


C o n t r a c t o r sÜSTRA, Hanover, DESUNWATT, Gaillard, FR SUNWATT Bio, Chêne-Bourg, CH

L o c a t i o n s Hanover, Germany Geneva & Lausanne, Switzerland

Mr. Jürgen SchultÜstra Hannoversche Verkehrsbetriebe AG � Am Hohen Ufer 6 � 30159 Hannover � Germany Tel: +49-511-3995 1185 � Fax: +49-511-3995 1299


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29

RU R A L E L E C T R I F I C AT I O N R

Photovoltaics – the Rural Population's Hope for Electricity

There was a time when it seemed that some day every individual everywhere in the world would have access to a pub-

lic electrical grid.Today, it is clear that this is not realistic nor does it represent an economically viable option.This is not only

the case in developing countries, but also applies to isolated and/or sparsely populated regions in Europe.

One third of the world’s population still have no access to electrical power, even though its availability is a prerequisite for

improving living conditions and fostering economic development.

In the developed world remote locations without a reliable and sufficient electricity supply are not attractive living areas,

and as a consequence, are in danger of being abandoned by the young local population.This situation threatens cultural her-

itage that was established over centuries.

Photovoltaic continues to demonstrate its suitability in rural areas because of its cost-effectiveness, its standalone nature and

its ability to be tailored to the exact energy needs of the end-user. Over 300,000 non-grid connected houses have been

identified in southern Europe alone. If equipped with PV, they would represent an installed capacity of over 175 MWp.

Non electrified areas in developing countries represent major markets for rural electrification activities. European Industry,

with its experience, the quality of its products, and its cost levels should be able to play a key role in this huge market.

By helping to meet the electricity demands of rising populations in rural areas in both developed and developing countries,

photovoltaics can reduce some of the more pressing problems affecting these regions. Supplying rural populations with elec-

tricity means offering the inhabitants a perspective for the future that can reduce migration to urban areas and simultane-

ously help the environment.

Photovoltaics – Powering Agriculturein Southern Areas of the European Union

R - 1 RU R A L E L E C T R I F I C AT I O N

Access to a reliable and efficient form of electricalpower is a prerequisite for the economic sustainability ofrural regions in the European Union. Particularly remoteregions that suffer from under-development or are under-going economic restructuring must have access to suffi-cient energy otherwise their recovery will not be effectiveand local employment opportunities will simply disperse.This project demonstrates the role of photovoltaics inhelping the economic development of depressed farmingcommunities. The aim was to install photovoltaic systemson farms in order to provide power for machinery.

Seven farms (one of which was converted into a ruraltourist hostel) in the Jaén region of Andalusia, southernSpain, were selected as the sites for the PV systems. Theaim was to provide innovative clean energy. The Servicesrange from water pumping to lighting.

P r o j e c t t i t l eElectrification of farms using PV in Jaén (Spain)

P r o j e c t N u m b e rSE/113/93

C o n t r a c t o r sSolar Jiennense SL, ESAsociación Agraria Jóvenes Agricultores, ES

L o c a t i o nJaén, Spain


Mr. J. B. Casas de DiosSolar Jiennense � Menéndez y Pelayo, 21 B � 23001 JAÈN � SpainTel: +34-952-27 25 47 � Fax: +34-952-27 01 12

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RU R A L E L E C T R I F I C AT I O N R - 2

Improved Living Conditions in Remote Mountain Areas through Photovoltaics

In this project 72 PV systems were installed in Franceand Italy, in the Department Alpes-Maritimes, theProvence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region and the Italian Mar-itime Alps. All these areas are characterised by high levelsof solar irradiance.

The goal is to demonstrate that PV systems provide eco-nomically viable, reliable and environmentally friendly elec-tricity and, as a consequence, significantly raise the standardof living in areas where they are installed.

The selected installation locations are homes, mountainrefuges, sheep shelters, and fire-fighting equipment stationsin areas that are not connected to the public electrical grid.The installed capacity totals 27.7 kWp, the range of systemcapacity is from 50 Wp to 1,600 Wp. On-site or remotemonitoring was incorporated in installations with morethan 300 Wp capacity .

Many remote mountainareas in Europe face theproblem of decreasing popu-lations, and as a conse-quence, the threat of culturalheritage loss.

This project clearly demon-strates that PV systems canmake remote areas moreattractive for the local popu-lation by enhancing the qual-ity of life.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePhotovoltaic electrification of isolated sites inthe French and Italian Maritime Alps


C o n t r a c t o r sARENE, FRTransénergie, FRTotal Energie, FR

L o c a t i o n France, Italy

Mr. G. IlgrandeARENE � C.M.C.I. - 2, rue Henri Barbusse � 13241 Marseille Cedex 1 � FranceTel: +33-4-91 91 53 00 � Fax: +33-4-91 91 94 36


31

R - 3 RU R A L E L E C T R I F I C AT I O N

PV Electrification of Remote Sites in France, Spain and Italy

Ninety-three sites in France, Spain and Italy where theconnection to the public grid is not economically viablehave been electrified by PV systems with a total installedcapacity of 92 kWp.

Innovative systems were installed that provide advancedenergy service such as:- lighting- refrigeration- pumping- telecommunications

Two different concepts were compared with respect totechnical and economic aspects. Some of the systems pro-duce only direct current (DC) while others include aninverter, to transform the direct current to alternating cur-rent (AC).

The installations are equipped with a data acquisitiondevice for monitoring the systems and controlling theirperformance.The project has allowed the validation of the„guarantee of service“ concept in connection with elec-tricity utilities.

P r o j e c t t i t l eTRANSEUROPEO


C o n t r a c t o rGroupement Européende RecherchesTechnologiques sur lesHydrocarbures, FRTransenergie, FREDF, FRENEL, ITATERSA, ES

L o c a t i o nFrance, Italy, Spain

Mr. B. OuaidaTransenergie � 3 Allée Cl. Debussy � 69130 Ecully � FranceTel: +33-4-72 86 04 04 � Fax: +33-4-72 86 04 00


32

PV User Association –Full Electricity Service for Isolated Dwellings

The objective of thisproject is to provide ruralpopulations with a degree ofelectrification that is ade-quate for their needs, whilesimultaneously offering ser-vices that are enjoyed byurban dwellers. This meansthat remote customersshould be able to use stan-dard electrical applianceswithout having to adaptthem to a different electricalsystem.This project recognised thatone of the major difficultiesof large-scale PV standaloneprojects, as opposed to pro-viding the same power through a conventional grid, is themicro management, installation, commissioning, financingand – most important of all – the system’s maintenance.

These challenges have been met by adopting a systemwhereby the installations are commissioned and owned bya users association (SEBA) which rents them to the usersand carries out maintenance and repairs.

The advantages of this scheme are:- Cost savings through collective purchase.- Establishing a local critical mass of installations to facilitate

the creation of sustainable specialised jobs.- The option to update and expand power and services as

the need arises.- Grouped procurement of high-efficiency appliances.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePV standalone and hybrid systems with solar directly water heating in natural parksof Catalonia (Spain) & Aude (France)


C o n t r a c t o r sAsociación SEBA, ESCEA-GENEC, FRTrama Tecnoambiental, ES

L o c a t i o n Spain and France


Mr. Jaume Serrasolsas S.E.B.A. � C/Mallorca, 210 1o 1a � 08008 Barcelona � SpainTel: +34-93-450 40 91 � Fax: +34-93-456 69 48 � email: [email protected]

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RU R A L E L E C T R I F I C AT I O N R - 4

I I S L A N D S

PV Power for Islands – Realising IndependentElectricity Supply

Islands are very often not connected to the electrical grid of the main land and as a consequence have to build up there

own electricity generation capacity. Especially on smaller island the costs for this set up are prohibitively high compared to

the income generated by the relatively small amount of power that can be sold.

In these cases, photovoltaics offer significant advantages over the other main options like coal, gas, oil or diesel. PV is simply

cleaner, more reliable and often more cost-effective. And – most importantly – in terms of fuel supply logistics, the sun’s

radiation doesn’t need to be regularly shipped to the island as it is the case with the conventional fuel!

The shipment of conventional fuel always carries a potential risk for environmental catastrophes in case of a shipping acci-

dent.

Besides these logistics aspects there are also other reasons why photovoltaic is a first choice source of energy for islands.

Islands often represent ecological sensitive areas very specific flora and fauna that needs special protection. Pollution free

electricity generation is one way to preserve the living conditions of theses species.

34

I S L A N D S I - 1

Concentrating Sun Power

Concentrating sunlightonto a reduced area of solarcells is a potentially feasibleway of reducing the cost ofPV plants.

However, too little experi-ence has been gained so faron PV concentrators. Thisfact can mainly be explainedby the lack of availability ofconcentration cells, whichare more complex than stan-dard solar photovoltaic cells.In addition, a concentratingsystem needs substantiallyfewer and smaller cells thanthe flat module technology.As a consequence, concen-tration cells are not as prof-itable for PV manufacturers.The result is, that fewer concentration cells are producedand at a very high cost.

A new initiative was undertaken by the EUCLIDES projectthat led to the development of a comprehensive technol-ogy for PV concentration and the design and installation ofa 480-kWp demonstration plant in the southern part ofTenerife.

The new technology is based on four components: con-centration modules, concentrator optics, heat sinks andstructure.The combination of these four components ledto a significant step forward in concentrator technology forPV in respect to costs. It is a realistic goal that EUCLIDEScan contribute to a significant (up to 50 %) reduction in PVsystems costs.

The evaluation of overall energy production and compo-nent performance at a relatively low latitude is important,because one of the most significant markets for theEUCLIDES technology is in developing countries.

P r o j e c t t i t l eDemonstration Power Plant basedon the Euclides PhotovoltaicConcentrator


C o n t r a c t o r sITER, ES BP Solar, UKInstituto de Energía Solar, UPM, ES

L o c a t i o nTenerife, Spain

Mr. Manuel CendagortaInstituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, S.A.Polígono Industrial de Granadilla � 38594 Tenerife � SpainTel: +34-922-39 10 00 � Fax: +34-922-39 10 01 � email: [email protected]


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I - 2 I S L A N D S

Photovoltaics Help to Meet the SeasonalEnergy Demands on Mediterranean Islands

Leisure time is increasing in modern life. Therefore,the amount of energy devoted to activities during our freetime is also on the rise.

Vulcano is a volcanic island situated in the Mediterranean.Its main economic resource is tourism.

In order to cope with increasing energy demands duringthe tourist season, a low-cost photovoltaic generating sta-tion has been installed on the island.The size of the plantis 100 kWp.

The Vulcano plant is an optimised solution to seasonallyvarying demands for clean energy. The output of a solarenergy generator is generally at a maximum during thesummer time, exactly when the demand is highest.

The alternative solution, con-ventional plants is particular-ly expensive on these islandssites due to the high cost offuel transportation andmaintenance.

Fossil fuel generators arealso a source of pollutionwhich tourists do not appre-ciate.

In addition to strengtheningthe distribution systems in anextensive electrical grid, thisproject also highlights theapplication potential of PV inimportant niche markets,such as isolated grids and forpowering reverse osmosiswater desalination plants.

P r o j e c t t i t l eDesign and construction of a photovoltaicplant connected to the electric grid of smallSicilian islands


C o n t r a c t o r sENEA, IT

L o c a t i o nVulcano, Italy

Dr. Saverio Li CausiENEA � Lungotevere Thaon di Revel, 76 � 00196 Roma � ItalyTel: +39-06-30484110 � Fax: +39-06-30486486 � email: [email protected]


36

Sunny Islands in Greece – PV Competitive with Conventional Energy

The Greek islands, popular tourist areas, represent astrategic location for increasing awareness about photo-voltaics amongst a large audience.

This project consists of the installation of a 60 kWp grid-connected PV system on the island of Sifnos, located in theAegean Sea.

This project aims at demonstrating and gauging the utilityof photovoltaic technology in terms of energy costs andenvironmental benefits in the Greek islands. At the sametime this initiative will provide practical experience on theintroduction of PV systems into the local electrical grid.

Advanced inverters and a centralised design minimise itstechnical complexity and make this project a feasibleoption for sustainable energy in Mediterranean countries.

P r o j e c t t i t l eInstallation of 60 kWp of new type modularphotovoltaic systems in the Greek Islands ofSifnos


C o n t r a c t o r sCRES, GRPPC, GRANIT, ITSMA, DE

L o c a t i o n Sifnos, Greece

Mr. P. GavriilidesCRES � 19th Km Marathonos Av. � 190 09 Pikermi � GreeceTel: +30-1-60 39 900 � Fax: +30-1-60 39 905


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I S L A N D S I - 3

I - 4 I S L A N D S

PV Systems on Islands off Germany’s Northern Coast Demonstrate that PV is also Viable in Northern Europe

Electricity consumption on islands reaches a peakduring the summer vacation times. Islands, are also oftenecologically sensitive areas.This combination of character-istics offers an excellent opportunity for the use of renew-able energy.

Each year thousands of people spend their vacation on theislands of Amrum and Sylt located off Germany’s northerncoast, increasing the local demand for electricity dramati-cally.

9 grid-connected PV systems with capacities ranging from1 kWp to 5 kWp have been installed on the islands ofAmrum and Sylt and in the city of Schleswig.The installedcapacity totals 23 kWp.

Examples of the various applications are an aestheticallypleasing roof, modules integrated in a bicycle shelter, a roofintegrated system in a hospital for children and a PV sys-tem at the train station in Westerland, which is the mostnorthern city in Germany. Another system was installed at

a public swimming pool. All of these places are locationsvisited by large numbers of people.

The link between photovoltaics and the aspects of envi-ronmental protection is emphasised by a PV systeminstalled in a building in the natural reserve centre on Sylt.

P r o j e c t t i t l eSEN-AILÖN


C o n t r a c t o r sSET, DE

L o c a t i o n Sylt Islands, Germany

Mr. Karl-Heinz KoruppSET � Am Marienhof 10 � 22880 Wedel � GermanyTel: +49-4103-91239-0 � Fax: +49-4103-91239-29 � www.setwedel.de


3838

Solar Power for Guadeloupe

I S L A N D S I - 5

Water shortage is a severe problem in many areas ofthe world.

In Guadeloupe, a French overseas territory, the northernpart of ‘Grande Terre’ and the island of Marie Galante arefrequently confronted with droughts that are a severeproblem for the cattle ranchers. During dry periods waternormally has to be hauled in to the cattle with vehicles.

To solve these problems 12 PV powered pumps wereinstalled, 7 on the island of Marie Galante and 5 on themain island Grande Terre. These solar pumps can supplybetween 50 and 300 cattle with water and are equippedwith a telemetering system, which allows remote controlof the pumps.

These installations were the starting point for a growingnetwork of PV powered watering troughs, now totalling 60solar pumping systems.

The positive results of this project created a snowballeffect. PV pumping systems are now also used on Tahiti andin the Dominican Republic.

Another PV project on Guadeloupe proved the relia-bility of PV systems even under extreme conditions.Whena massive cyclone devastated the island of La Désirade(Guadeloupe) the PV generators demonstrated theirworth. Most other infrastructure was destroyed, but thePV modules helped to secure the performance of vital ser-vices on the island.

The project was made up of autonomous 21,5 kWpshared by 18 generators located at vital distribution cen-tres on the island of la Désirade.

The PV systems installed in this project were deployed fortwo distinct purposes –to backup the grid electricity sup-ply for critical applications, and to act as a demonstrationinstallation for non-grid connected applications such asplaygrounds and schools.

This project served to enhance the perception of solarenergy as a reliable and secure source of energy in areaswhere grid-energy may have severe problems due to nat-ural phenomena.

P r o j e c t t i t l eWater supply through telemetered solarpumps for the cattle rearing regions of Marie Galante and Guadeloupe


C o n t r a c t o r sSolelec Caraibes, FR

L o c a t i o n Marie Galante and Grande Terre (Guadeloupe)

P r o j e c t t i t l ePhotovoltaic Generators at the Service ofSecurity on the Island of „La Désirade“


C o n t r a c t o r sVERGNET S.A., FRVERGNET Caraibes, FR

L o c a t i o nIsland of la Désirade (Guadeloupe)


Mr. Hervé La ToucheSolelec Caraibes � 3, rue Fulton � Zone Industrielle de Jarry � 67 122 Baie Mahault � GuadeloupeTel: +590 267879 � Fax: +590 267448

Mr. Patrice VezinVERGNET SA � 6, rue Henri Dunant � 45140 Ingre � FranceTel: +33-2-38 22 75 00 � Fax: +33-2-38 22 75 22 � email: [email protected]

39

I - 6 I S L A N D S

PV Power Boosting the Environmental Experience in Galicia, Spain

The Cies Islands Natur-al Park is situated at themouth of the Ria de Vigo inthe Galicia region of Spain. Itconsists of an archipelago ofthree main islands and vari-ous small islets. The park ishome to the world’s largestcolony of yellow-leggedseagulls.The magnificent nat-ural richness of the parkattracts large numbers of vis-itors, reaching 2,200 dailyduring the summer period.

Within the context of thisproject a PV plant with acapacity of 12kWp has beeninstalled in the park. Theadvantage of this location isthat demonstration and dissemination of PV systemsreaches an audience of thousands of visitors each year.

The aim of this project is to transform the natural parkinto an information and education centre on renewableenergy where visitors can see, in practice, that it is possi-ble to cope with human energy needs without destroyingthe environment.

The PV plant meets the electricity needs of the installa-tions devoted to information and security surveillance.

P r o j e c t t i t l ePV electric power supply for the Cies islandsnatural park


C o n t r a c t o r sUniversidade de Vigo, ESFundación Empresa Universidad Gallega, ESConselleria de Medioambiente Xunta de Galicia, ESInstituto de Energia Solar, ESBP Solar, UK

L o c a t i o nCies Islands, Galicia, Spain

Prof. Manuel Vázquez Universidade de Vigo � ETS Ingenieros Industriales, Campus Marcosende � 36200 Vigo � SpainTel: +34-986 81 21 79 � Fax: +34-986 81 22 01 � email: [email protected]


40

Other Uses – Photovoltaics Covering a Broad Range of Applications

OT H E R U S E S O

Besides the various fields of applications presented in the preceding 6 chapters photovoltaics offers many more appli-

cation possibilities. A few of these are presented in the following chapter.

These projects demonstrate versatility as one of the great advantages offered by PV.The areas telecommunications, waste

water treatment, improvement of water quality and integration of a PV system on a parking shelter are some examples for

the increasing importance of PV in very different areas of everyday life.

For the future development of Photovoltaics it will be essential to continue the expansion of application areas for PV tech-

nologies and to implement them in areas that were so far not considered as typical PV application fields.

The development of new products by the PV industry will significantly support this expansion process and will help to imple-

ment photovoltaic technologies in the public’s mind as a reliable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective source of elec-

tricity.

41

O - 1 OT H E R U S E S

PV on a Parking Structure

A modern university education not only provides stu-dents with a solid theoretical background, it also raisestheir awareness concerning today’s global challenges. Find-ing alternative sources of energy to power sustainablegrowth and development is certainly one of the biggestchallenges facing new generations.

This project aims at installing PV arrays in several buildingsat Jaén University in the Spanish region of Andalusia. Afacade, a pergola and car-park shelters of the universityhave photovoltaic modules integrated into their roofingstructures. The sunlight conditions of the region, togetherwith the location in the university buildings provide anideal means to get the message across to the student com-munity that solar energy is a feasible, viable and environ-mentally friendly alternative to conventional sources ofenergy.

Space considerations used to be a critical point for solarenergy. Now, advanced techniques can integrate modulesinto buildings. Parking structures offer good opportunitiesto install PV systems without blocking an area that is valu-able for other purposes.

P r o j e c t t i t l eUniversidad Verde (UNIVER)


C o n t r a c t o r sUniversidad de Jaén, ESUniversity of Northumbria, UKInstituto de Energía Solar, ESSolar Jiennense, ESIsofotón, ES

L o c a t i o n Jaén, Spain

Mr. Gabino Almonacid PucheUniversidad de Jaén � Paraje de las Lagunillas s/n � 23071 Jaén � SpainTel: +34-953-21 24 33 � Fax: +34-953-21 24 00


42

Combining Innovative and Rapidly Expanding Technologies –PV and Mobile Telecommunications

OT H E R U S E S O - 2

Access to sources ofinformation is one of thekeys to economic develop-ment. Telecommunications isthe door to that information.

Parallel to the rapidly grow-ing number of mobilephones the number of trans-mitter stations that areinstalled in remote areas isalso increasing. During theirinitial operation phase thereis often no grid connectionpossible.

This project aims at bridgingthe time span from the startof the transmitter operation,to the time when a sta-tionery PV system is in-stalled, or a connection to the grid is possible.

The achievement of this project is the design and con-struction of three mobile hybrid power stations consistingof a 4.4 kWp PV system and a diesel back-up generator.The systems are mounted on trailers for mobility so thatthey can meet the electricity demand of transmitter sta-tions in Portugal in their initial operation phase.

As soon as a permanent electricity supply is available themobile hybrid power supply system can easily be movedto another location. The quick and easy set-up of thehybrid system is an important feature of this development.

This project demonstrates that PV systems are highly reli-able power sources as required by the operators of trans-mitters. Since transmitter stations are also often installed inecologically sensitive areas a practically noise and pollutionfree source of power plays a very crucial role.

P r o j e c t t i t l eMobile PV supply for telecommunications


C o n t r a c t o r sARES Energiesysteme GmbH, DEATERSA, ESTELECEL, PT

L o c a t i o n Portugal


Mr. Eberhard RösslerARES � Raiffeisenring 5 � 68789 St. Leon-Rot � GermanyTel: +49-6227-52355 � Fax: +49-6227-52246 � email: [email protected]

43

Photovoltaics for Water Treatment andImproving Water Quality (1)

The regions in the southern part of Europe are, eventoday, characterised by high levels of waste water that isnot processed in any treatment chain. One of the most sig-nificant reasons for this are the high running costs causedby heavy energy consumption.

The objective of the project in France was to install twophotovoltaic systems which will allow the optimisation ofwater treatment in natural lagoons.

The project in France exploits PV as a clean source ofenergy for the treatment of used water. This innovativecombination represents a major tool to preserve theecosystem of the region and to raise the environmentalawareness of its inhabitants.

Given that the Southern regions of Europe are subjectedto severe water restrictions during the warmer period inthe summer, this project provides fresh water for farmersfields, as well as for other purposes. In this way, the photo-voltaic systems help alleviate water scarcity during dryperiods.

A total of 181 PV modules with a power rating of over 11kWp were installed in two locations.Particular care was taken that the PV systems were opti-mally integrated into the landscape.

P r o j e c t t i t l e Water Treatment Optimisation


C o n t r a c t o r sAPEX Ingénerie, FRInmedio Ambiente, ESCeremehr, FR

L o c a t i o n France

Mr. Arnaud MineApex Ingénerie S.A. � 4, rue de l’industrie � 34880 Lavèrune � FranceFax: +33-4-67 69 17 34 � Tel: +33-4-67 07 02 02 � email: [email protected]


O - 3 OT H E R U S E S

44

Photovoltaics for Water Treatment andImproving Water Quality (2)

The second project located in the protected area ‘LaAlbufera’ in Valencia (Spain) uses PV to increase the levelof oxygen in a lake in order to diminish the eutrophicationof the lake.The oxygen content of the water is low due topollution which has negative consequences on the floraand fauna of the area.The PV modules are mounted on afloating structure on the lake and deliver the electricity forthe compressor that supplies the water with oxygenthrough a submerged diffuser.

The main achievement of this project lies not in the instal-lation of a large PV capacity but in a innovative applicationof PV technology in a ecologically sensitive area.

P r o j e c t T i t l eWater Oxygenation with Photovoltaic Energy

P r o j e c t N u m b e rSE/179/95

C o n t r a c t o r sAplicaciones Técnicas de la Energía, ESShurflo LTD, UK

L o c a t i o n La Albufera de Valencia, Spain


Mr. Enrique AlcorATERSA � Fernando Poo 6 � 28045 Madrid � SpainTel: +34-1-474 72 11 � Fax: +34-1-474 74 67

OT H E R U S E S O - 4

45

OPET NETWORK:ORGANISATIONS FOR THE PROMOTION OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

The network of Organisations for the Promotion of Energy Technologies (OPET), supported by the European Commission, helps to disseminate new,clean and efficient energy technology solutions emerging from the research, development and demonstration activities of ENERGIE and its predecessorprogrammes. The activities of OPET Members across all member states, and of OPET Associates covering key world regions, include conferences, semi-nars, workshops, exhibitions, publications and other information and promotional actions aimed at stimulating the transfer and exploitation of improvedenergy technologies. Full details can be obtained through the OPET internet website address http://www.cordis.lu/opet/home.html

ADEME27, rue Louis Vicat75737 Paris, FranceManager: Mr Yves Lambert Contact: Ms Florence Clement Telephone: +33 1 47 65 20 41Facsimile: +33 1 46 45 52 36E-mail:[email protected]

ASTER-CESENVia Morgagni 440122 Bologna, ItalyManager: Ms Leda Bologni Contact: Ms Verdiana Bandini Telephone: +39 051 236242Facsimile: +39 051 227803E-mail: [email protected]

BEOBEO c/o Projekttraeger Biologie, Energie, Umwelt Forschungszen-trum Juelich GmbH52425 Juelich, GermanyManager: Mr Norbert Schacht Contact: Mrs Gillian GlazeTelephone: +49 2461 615928Facsimile: +49 2461 61 2880E-mail: [email protected]

BRECSUBucknalls Lane, GarstonWD2 7JR WatfordUnited KingdomManager: Mr Mike Trim Contact: Mr Mike TrimTelephone: +44 1923 664754Facsimile: +44 1923 664097E-mail: [email protected]

CCEEstrada de Alfragide, Praceta 12720 Alfragide, PortugalManager: Mr Luis Silva Contact: Mr Diogo BeiraoTelephone: +351 1 4722818Facsimile: +351 14722898E-mail: [email protected]

CLER28 rue Basfroi75011 Paris, FranceManager: Mr Jean-Pierre TrilletContact: Mr Richard LoyenTelephone: +33 1 46590444Facsimile: +33 1 46590392E-mail: [email protected]

CMPTExploration HouseOffshore Technology ParkAberdeen AB23 8GXUnited KingdomManager:Mr Jonathan Shackleton Contact: Ms Jane Kennedy Telephone: +44 870 608 3440Facsimile: +44 870 608 3480E-mail: [email protected]

CORAAltenkesselerstrasse 1766115 SaarbruckenGermanyManager: Mr Michael BrandContact: Mr Nicola SaccaTelephone: +49 681 9762 174Facsimile: +49 681 9762 175E-mail: [email protected]

CRES19 km Marathonos Ave190 09 Pikermi, GreeceManager: Ms Maria KontoniContact: Ms Maria KontoniTelephone: +30 1 60 39 900Facsimile: +30 1 60 39 911E-mail: [email protected]

Cross Border OPET- Bavaria-AustriaWieshuberstr. 393059 RegensburgGermanyManager: Mr Johann FenzlContact: Mr Toni LautenschlaegerTelephone: +49 941 46419-0Facsimile: +49 941 46419-10E-mail: [email protected]

ENEA-ISNOVACR CasacciaS Maria di Galeria00060 Roma, ItalyManager: Mr Francesco Ciampa Contact: Ms Wen Guo Telephone: +39 06 3048 4118Facsimile: +39 06 3048 4447E-mail:[email protected]

Energy Centre DenmarkDTIP.O. Box 1412630 Taastrup, DenmarkManager: Mr Poul KristensenContact: Mr Nils DaugaardTelephone: +45 43 50 70 80Facsimile: +45 43 50 70 88E-mail: [email protected]

ETSUHarwellDidcotOX11 0RA OxfordshireUnited KingdomManager: Ms Cathy DurstonContact: Ms Lorraine WatlingTelephone: +44 1235 432014Facsimile: +44 1235 433434E-mail:[email protected]

EVE

Edificio Albia I planta 14,C. San Vicente, 848001 Bilbao, SpainManager: Mr Juan Reig GinerContact: Mr Guillermo BasanezTelephone: +34 94 435 5600Facsimile: + 34 94 4249733E-mail: [email protected]

FASTv2, P. le R. Morandi20121 Milan, ItalyManager: Ms Paola Gabaldi Contact: Ms Debora BaroneTelephone: +39 02 76 01 56 72Facsimile: +39 02 78 24 85E-mail: [email protected]

ICAENAvinguda Diagonal, 453 bis, atic08036 Barcelona, SpainManager:Mr Joan Josep Escobar Contact: Mr Joan Josep Escobar Telephone: +34 93 6220500Facsimile: +34 93 6220501E-mail: [email protected]

ICEUAuenstrasse 2504105 LeipzigGermanyManager: Mr Jörg MatthiesContact: Mrs Petra Seidler / MrsSabine MärkerTelephone: +49 341 9804969Facsimile: +49 341 9803486E-mail: [email protected]

ICIEVia Velletri, 3500198 ROMAItalyManager: Mariella MelchiorriContact: Rossella CeccarelliTelephone:+39 06 8549141/ 8543467Facsimile: +39 06 8550250E-mail: [email protected]

IDAEPaseo de la Castellana 95, planta 2128046 Madrid, SpainManager: Mr José Donoso AlonsoContact:Ms Virginia Vivanco Cohn Telephone: +34 91 456 5024Facsimile: +34 91 555 1389E-mail: [email protected]

IMPIVAPlaza Ayuntamiento, 646002 Valencia, SpainManager: José-Carlos Garcia Contact: Joaquin Ortola Telephone: +34 96 398 6336Facsimile: +34 96 398 6201E-mail:[email protected]

Institut WallonBoulevard Frère Orban 45000 NamurBelgiumManager: Mr Francis GhignyContact: Mr Xavier DubuissonTelephone: +32 81 25 04 80Facsimile: +32 81 25 04 90E-mail: [email protected]

Irish Energy CentreGlasnevinDublin 9, IrelandManager: Ms Rita Ward Contact: Ms Rita WardTelephone: +353 1 8082073Facsimile: +353 1 8372848E-mail: [email protected]

LDK7, Sp. Triantafyllou St.113 61 Athens, GreeceManager: Mr Leonidas DamianidisContact: Ms Marianna KondilidouTelephone: +30 1 8563181Facsimile: +30 1 8563180E-mail: [email protected]

NIFES8 Woodside TerraceG3 7UY GlasgowUnited KingdomManager: Mr Andrew HannahContact: Mr John SmithTelephone: +44 141 332 2453Facsimile: +44 141 333 0402E-mail: [email protected]

NovemSwentiboldstraat 21P.O. Box 176130 AA SittardNetherlandsManager: Mr Theo HaanenContact: Mrs Antoinette DeckersTelephone: +31 46 42 02 326Facsimile: +31 46 45 28 260E-mail: [email protected]@Novem.nl

NVEMiddelthungsgt. 29P.O. Box 5091, Majorstua0301 OsloNorwayManager: Mr Roar W. FjeldContact: Mr Roar W. Fjeld Telephone: +47 22 95 90 83Facsimile: +47 22 95 90 99E-mail: [email protected]

OPET AustriaLinke Wienzeile 181060 ViennaAustriaManager: Mr Günter SimaderContact: Mr Günter SimaderTelephone: +43 1 586 15 24 ext 21Facsimile: +43 1 586 94 88E-mail: [email protected]

OPET EMSwedish National Energy Admin-istrationc/o Institutet för framtidsstudierBox 591S-101 31 StockholmManager: Ms Sonja EwersteinContact: Mr Anders HaakerTelephone: +46 70 648 69 19/+46 85 452 03 88Facsimile: +46 8 24 50 14E-mail: [email protected].

OPET

OPET FinlandTechnology Development CentreTekesP.O. Box 69, Malminkatu 340101 Helsinki, FinlandManager: Ms Marjatta AarnialaContact: Ms Marjatta Aarniala Telephone: +358 105215736Facsimile: +358 105215908E-mail: [email protected]

OPET IsraelTel-Aviv University69978 Tel Aviv, IsraelManager: Mr Yair SharanContact: Mr Yair SharanTelephone: +972 3 6407573Facsimile: +972 3 6410193E-mail: [email protected]

OPET LuxembourgAvenue des Terres Rouges 14004 Esch-sur-AlzetteLuxembourgManager: Mr Jean Offermann(Agence de l’Energie)Contact: Mr Ralf Goldmann (Lux-control)Telephone: +352 547 711 282Facsimile: +352 54 77 11 266E-mail:[email protected]

OPET BothniaNorrlandsgatan 13, Box 443901 09 Umea, SwedenBlaviksskolan910 60 Asele, SwedenPO Box 810, FIN 65101,Vaasa, FinlandManager: Ms France GouletTelephone: +46 90 16 37 09Facsimile: +46 90 19 37 19Contact: Mr Anders Lidholm Telephone: +46 941 108 33Facsimile: +46 70 632 5588E-mail: [email protected]

OrkustofnunGrensasvegi 9IS-108 Reykjavik, IcelandManager: Ms Ragna KarlsdottirContact: Mr Einar Tjörvi Eliasson Telephone: +354 569 6105Facsimile: +354 568 8896E-mail: [email protected]

PARTEX - CEEETARua Dr. Antonio Candido, 10 - 41050-076 Lisboa, PortugalManager:Mr Aníbal FernandesContact:Mr Aníbal Fernandes Telephone: +351 1 314 0421Facsimile: +351 1 314 0411E-mail: [email protected]

RARE50 rue Gustave Delory59800 Lille, FranceManager: Mr Pierre SachseContact: Mr Jean-Michel Poupart Telephone: +33 3 20 88 64 30Facsimile: +33 3 20 88 64 40E-mail: [email protected]

SODEANIsaac Newton s/nPabellón de Portugal - EdificoSODEAN, 41092 Sevilla, SpainManager: Mr Juan Antonio Bar-ragán RicoContact:Ms Maria Luisa Borra Marcos Telephone: +34 95 4460966Facsimile: +34 95 4460628E-mail: [email protected]

HYPERLINKSOGESCorso Turati 4910128 Turin, ItalyManager:Mr Antonio Maria Barbero Contact: Mr Fernando Garzello Telephone:+39 0 11 3190833/3186492Facsimile: +39 0 11 3190292E-mail: [email protected]

VTCBoeretang 2002400 MolBelgiumManager:Mr Hubert van den Bergh Contact: Ms Greet Vanuytsel Telephone: +32 14 335822Facsimile: +32 14 321185E-mail: [email protected]

Wales OPET CymruDyfi EcoParcMachynllethSY20 8AX PowysUnited KingdomManager: Ms Janet Sanders Contact: Mr Rod Edwards Telephone: +44 1654 705000Facsimile: +44 1654 703000E-mail: [email protected]

Black Sea Regional EnergyCentre - (BSREC)8, Triaditza Str.1040 Sofia, BulgariaManager: Dr L. RadulovContact: Dr L. RadulovTelephone: +359 2 980 6854Facsimile: +359 2 980 6855E-mail: [email protected]

EC BREC - LEI FEMOPETc/o EC BREC/IBMERWarsaw Officeul. Rakowiecka 3202-532 Warsaw, PolandManager: Mr Krzysztof GierulskiContact: Mr Krzysztof GierulskiTelephone: +48 22 484832Facsimile: +48 22 484832E-mail: [email protected]

Energy Centre Bratislavac/o SEI-EABajkalská 2782799 Bratislava, SlovakiaManager: Mr Vladimir HeclContact: Mr Vladimir HeclTelephone: +421 7 582 48 472Facsimile: +421 7 582 48 470E-mail: [email protected]

Energy Centre HungaryKönyves Kálmán Körút 76H-1087 Budapest, HungaryManager: Mr Andras SzalókiContact: Mr Zoltan CsepigaTelephone:+36 1 313 4824/ 313 7837Facsimile: +36 1 303 9065E-mail:Andras.szalóki @energycentre.hu

Estonia FEMOPETEstonian Energy Research Insti-tutePaldiski mnt.1EE0001 Tallinn, EstoniaManager: Mr Villu VaresContact: Mr Rene TonnissonTelephone: +372 245 0303Facsimile: +372 631 1570E-mail: [email protected]

FEMOPET LEI - LithuaniaLithuanian Energy Institute3 Breslaujos Str.3035 Kaunas, LithuaniaManager: Mr Romualdas SkemasContact: Mr Sigitas BartkusTelephone: +370 7 35 14 03Facsimile: +370 7 35 12 71E-mail: [email protected]

FEMOPET Poland KAPE-BAPE-GRAPEc/o KAPEul. Nowogrodzka 35/41 XII p.PL-00-950 Warsaw, PolandManager: Ms Marina CoeyContact: Ms Marina CoeyTelephone: +48 22 62 22 794Facsimile: +48 22 62 24 392E-mail:[email protected]

FEMOPET SloveniaJozef Stefan InstituteEnergy Efficiency CentreJamova 39SLO-1000 LjubljanaSloveniaManager: Mr Boris SelanContact: Mr Tomaz FaturTelephone: +386 61 1885 210Facsimile: +386 61 1612 335E-mail: [email protected]

Latvia FEMOPETc/o B.V. EKODOMA LtdZentenes Street 12-491069 RigaLatviaManager: Ms Dagnija BlumbergaContact: Ms Dagnija BlumbergaTelephone :+ 371 721 05 97/ 241 98 53Facsimile:+371 721 05 97/ 241 98 53E-mail: [email protected]

OMIKKNational Technical InformationCentre and LibraryMuzeum Utca 17H-1088 BudapestHungaryManager: Mr Gyula NyergesContact: Mr Gyula NyergesTelephone: +36 1 2663123Facsimile: +36 1 3382702E-mail: [email protected]

FEMOPET Romania ENERO8, Energeticienilor Blvd.3, Bucharest 79619RomaniaManager: Mr Alexandru FlorescuContact: Mr Christian TintareanuTelephone: +401 322 0917Facsimile: +401 322 27 90E-mail: [email protected]

Sofia Energy Centre Ltd51, James Boucher Blvd.1407 SofiaBulgariaManager: Ms Violetta GrosevaContact: Ms Violetta GrosevaTelephone: +359 2 96 25158Facsimile: +359 2 681 461E-mail: [email protected]

Technology Centre AS CRRozvojova 135165 02 Prague 6Czech RepublicManager: Mr Karel KlusacekContact: Mr Radan PanacekTelephone: +420 2 203 90203Facsimile: +420 2 325 630E-mail: [email protected]

FEMOPET CyprusAndreas Araouzos, 61421 NicosiaCyprusManager: Mr. Solon Kassinis Contact: Mr. Solon KassinisTelephone:+357 2 867140/ 305797Facsimile:+357 2 375120/ 305159E-mail:[email protected]

FEMOPET

The overall objective of the European Union’s energy policy is to help ensure a sustainable ener-gy system for Europe’s citizens and businesses, by supporting and promoting secure energy sup-plies of high service quality at competitive prices and in an environmentally compatible way. DGfor Energy and Transport initiates, coordinates and manages energy policy actions at, transna-tional level in the fields of solid fuels, oil & gas, electricity, nuclear energy, renewable energysources and the efficient use of energy. The most important actions concern maintaining andenhancing security of energy supply and international cooperation, strengthening the integrity ofenergy markets and promoting sustainable development in the energy field.

A central policy instrument is its support and promotion of energy research, technological devel-opment and demonstration (RTD), principally through the ENERGIE sub-programme (jointlymanaged with DG Research) within the theme “Energy, Environment & Sustainable Develop-ment” under the European Union’s Fifth Framework Programme for RTD. This contributes to sus-tainable development by focusing on key activities crucial for social well-being and economiccompetitiveness in Europe.

Other DG for Energy and Transport managed programmes such as SAVE, ALTENER and SYN-ERGY focus on accelerating the market uptake of cleaner and more efficient energy systemsthrough legal, administrative, promotional and structural change measures on a trans-regionalbasis. As part of the wider Energy Framework Programme, they logically complement and rein-force the impacts of ENERGIE.

The internet website address for the Fifth Framework Programme is http://www.cordis.lu/fp5/home.html

Further information on DG for Energy and Transport activities is available at the internet website address http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/index_en.htm

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