Solar Future 2010

SOLAR FUTURE 2010 BLDRLER KTABIPROCEEDINGS BOOK

II

Bu kitapta yaynlanan yaz ve graklerin her hakk mahfuzdur. Sektrel Fuarclk Ltd. tinin yazl izni alnmadan, kaynak gsterilerek de olsa iktibas edilemez. Bildirilerin btn sorumluluu yazarlarna aittir.

All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduces in any form or by any means,whether as a source without the consent of the Sektrel Fuarclk Ltd. ti. The responsibility of all presentations and ads belong to their authors and owners.

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Bask ve Cilt zgn Ofset4. LeventTel: (0212) 280 00 09


III

NSZBilindii zere enerji, hayat kalitesini iyiletiren, ekonomik ve sosyal ilerlemeyi salayan en nemli faktrdr. Ancak, artan enerji yatlar, kresel snma ve iklim deiiklii, dnya enerji talebindeki art, hzla tkenmekte olan fosil yaktlara bamlln yakn gelecekte devam edecek olmas, yeni enerji teknolojileri alanndaki gelimeler, lkeleri yeni araylara gtrmektedir.Dnyann enerji gelecei ile ilgili raporlara bakldnda; 2000-2100 yllar arasnda enerji ihtiyalar ve kaynaklarndaki dalmda, 2100 ylnda petrolun iyice azalaca, kmrn nerdeyse hi kalmayaca, gne enerjisi kullanmnn ise ok artaca grlmektedir.

2009 ylnda balatlan, 2050 ylna kadar 554 Milyar USD btesi olan DESERTEC projesi ile birlikte, Trkiyenin alternatif enerji kaynaklar koridoru-hub zerinde olmas nemini daha da arttrmtr. Trkiye; ekonomik gne enerjisi potansiyeli bakmndan; Orta Dou ve Kuzey Avrupa lkeleri hari, AB lkeleri ierisinde talya ve Yunanistan gemekte ve Portekiz ile edeer durumda deerlendirilmektedir. Dnya Enerji senaryolarnda enerji talebi 2006-2030 yllar arasnda her yl %1,6 bymekte ve sonuta bu gne gre %45 arta ulamaktadr. Bu talep enerji arz yatrmlarn da 2030 da 26.3 Trilyon USD a ulatracan gstermektedir. Dnya elektrik enerjisi retiminde gne enerjisinin kullanm 2007 ylna gre 80 kat artarak 5 TWh den 402 TWh a kmaktadr.

Gne enerjisi uygulamalarnn, Amerika Birleik Devletleri, Japonya ve Almanya gibi gelimi lkelerde hzla artmasnn sebeplerinin banda destekleyici mekanizmalar gelmektedir. Bu mekanizmalar ierisinde sadece Feed-in Tariff bulunmamakta, vergi indirimleri, yatrm garantileri v.b ilave destekler de yer almaktadr. 2009 yl itibariyle 73 lke yenilenebilir enerji politika hedeerini belirlemi, 64 lke yenilenebilir enerjiden elektirik retimi konusunda politikalar retmi, 45 lke ve 18 eyalet-blge ise Feed-in Tariff denilen destekleme mekanizmalar oluturmutur.

Solar Future 2010 konferans iin ilgili sektrn nde gelen temsilcileri ile birlikte hazrladmz Yol Haritas raporunda; 2020 yl iin elektrik retiminde kurulu g hede younlatrlm gne enerjisi g sistemleri (CSP) teknolojisi ile 200 MWp ve fotovoltaik (PV) teknolojisi ile 4800 MWp olarak belirlenmitir. 2020 ylnda Yol Haritasnda hedeenen gne enerjisi elektirik retim santralleri iin ayrlacak 13-20 Milyar USD lik yatrm ile, yaklak 200.000-500.000 kiiye direkt olarak retim, sat, proje, kurulum,servis alanlarnda istihdam olana salanm olacaktr.

Gne enerjisinin geleceini tarttmz SOLAR FUTURE 2010 Konferansnda drt ana konumacmz (Keynote Speaker) Dr. Frederick Morse, Prof. Dr. Yogi Goswami, Mr. Jerry Stokes ve Mr. David Johnston, panel ve oturumlarda yer alan dier yerli ve yabanc davetli konumaclar, akademi ve sektrden aratrmaclar , uygulamaclar, bidirileri ile deerli katklarda bulunmulardr. Her birine ayr ayr teekkr ediyorum.

Kongre ncesi hazrlanan ve panel srasnda sunulan ve tartslan Solar Future Road Mapnerisinin faydal olacagnn umuyorum.

Toplantnn dzenlenmesi Yeditepe niversitesi bnyesinde yer alan International Centre for applied Thermodynamics (ICAT) tarafndan Sektrel Fuarclk ile ibirlii iinde gerekletirilmitir. Yeditepe niversitesi Mtevelli Heyeti Bakan Sn.lker Turguta, Rektr Prof.Dr.Ahmet Serpile, Sektrel Fuarclk adna Sn.Sleyman Bulaka ve emei geen herkese teekkr bir bor biliyorum. phesiz, onlarn yardmlar olmadan byle bir toplant gerekletirilemezdi.

SOLAR FUTURE 2010 Konferansnda sunulan tm calsmalarn lkemizde gnes enerjisi strateji ve politikalarnn olusturulmasnda yararl olmasn temenni ediyorum.

Sayglarmla,

Prof. Dr. Nilfer ERCANPresident, International Center For Applied Thermodynamics (ICAT) Conference Chair, Solar Future 2010 11-12 ubat 2010 - stanbul


IV

NDEKLER / INDEX

Solar Cooling With Parabolic Trough Collector SystemsAhmet Lokurlu

Modelling Of Fuzzy Logic Controller For Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point TrackerAli Eltamaly

Analysis Of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector With Single And Double Glazing CoversAbdulmajeed Mohamad

Akdeniz Blgesi in Yatay Dzleme Gelen Aylk Ortalama Tm Gne Inmnn TespitiBekir Yelmen

The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (Opic) Finansman AlternatieriBerat Pehlivanolu

Solar Trigeneration Module For Heating Cooling And PowerBirol Klk

Srdrlebilir Tamaclkta Gne Enerjili ArabalarBnyamin Yactekin

Developing Solar Power Generation Technology Transfer Strategy For Turkish Electricity Generation MarketBurak mer Saraolu

Solar Cells And Solar Textiles TechnologyBurcu Reisli

PV retim Teknikleri - Temel BileenlerCem Kaypmaz

Innovative Design for Bioclimatic HousingDavid Johnston

1-3

4-9

10-14

15-23

24-26

27-30

31-36

37-42

43-49

50-54

55


V

Gne Elektrii Sistemlerinde Trkiye in nceliklerDeniz Selkan Polatkan

Gne Panelleri Yaygnlatrma nerileriEmine Yetikul enbil

Younlatrmal Gne Enerjisi TeknolojileriEmir Aydar

Gnekent Antalyaya DoruEngin Erarslan

Gne zleyen Sistemler ve Bileenleri Erkan Elcik

Sharing experiences gained while installing and operating a Home Solar HeaterErol nelmen

Concentrating Solar PowerDr. Frederick Morse

Optical Constants of Optical Titanium Oxide Thin Films Derived from Sol - Gel ProcessGven ankaya

erisinde Faz Deitiren Madde Bulunan Gne Enerjili Su Istma Sisteminin Tasar-m ve Isl Performansnn ncelenmesiHakan ztop

Pv Destekli Hibrid Bir Gne Kollektrnn Isl Performansnn AratrlmasThermal Performance Of PV Assisted Hybrid Solar CollectorHakan ztop

Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Solar ApplicationsHalime Paksoy

Ulusal Fotovoltaik Teknoloji Platformunun Eitim, Standart ve Trkiye Fotovoltaik Yol Haritas Belirleme almalarlker Ongun

56-59

60-64

65-70

71-74

75-80

81-84

85

86-87

88-92

93-96

97-102

103-107


VI

Verimi Artrlm Fotovoltaik Paneller: Hibrid Panel (PV/T) Teknolojisi le Elektrik ve Is Enerjisi retimismail Hakk Karaca

Solar PV: The Route to Grid Parity and Key Requirements for the JourneyJerry Stokes

Yenilenebilir Enerji in Elektrik Enerjisi Depolama TeknolojileriMuhsin Mazman

Gne Enerjisi: Ekonomiye ve stihdama KatklarMjgan etin

Solar Energy in Turkey Nikolai Dobrott

Hydepark A Standalone Renewable Hydrogen Demonstration Park In TurkeyNilfer lhan

Solar As A Source For Shallow Geothermal ApplicationsOlof Andersson

Transitioning to an Ecological and Technological Campuszge Yalner Ercokun

Adoption Model for Solar TechnologiesPelin Karaar Ercokun

Experimental Performance of Single Pass Solar Air Heater With Fins And Steel Wire Mesh As An AbsorberPeter Omojaro

108-111

112

113-118

119-121

122-125

126-132

133-136

137-144

145-149

150-153


VII

Enerji Sektrnn Stratejik Pazarlama Yntemlerinin EksiklikleriRecep Soyalp

Gne Havuzunda Gne Inn Teorik Olarak Depolanmasnn ncelenmesiSevin Mantar

A Study On Global Solar Radiation And Sunshine Duration Measured Data: A Case Study For Istanbulaban Pusat

Comparison Of Measured And Estimated Solar Radiation Data: A Case Study For Istanbulaban Pusat

Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklar ve Elektrii Depolamakevki Dkkanclar

Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes As Sensitizers In Dye Sensitized Solar Cellslen Knayyiit

Gne Enerjisi in Bir Politika tasarmSleyman Boa

Gne Enerjisi Potansiyeli Belirleme lmleri Taner Yldrm

Uluslararas Ticaret erevesinde Gne Enerjisi Teknolojileri, nemli lkeler ve Trkiyenin DurumuTurul Grgn

A Numerical Investigation Of The Obstacle Geometry Effect OnThermal Stratication In Hot Water Storage Tanks Yusuf Tekin 189-193

184-188

181-183

179-180

173-178

168-172

164-167

159-163

156-158

154-155


VIII


195-202

203-208

194New and Emerging Developments in Solar Energy Yogi Goswami

Adsorpsiyonlu Is Pompalar in Uygun Akkan ifti SeimiA Review On Proper Working Pairs For Solar Adsorption Heat Pumps Zeynep Elvan Yldrm

Planlamada ve Yaplamada Yenilenebilir Enerji Kullanm ve Gne Enerjisi: Mevcut Yasal Dzenlemeler, ilave TedbirlerZmrt Kaynak


IX

13:00

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www.solarfutureconferen

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11

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13:00

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nolog

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Answ

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For

The F

utur

e

CHAI

RMAN

: Pro

f. Dr. N

ecde

t Altu

ntop

(Erci

yes U

nivers

ity)

Pa

nelis

ts:

R

za D

urdu

(stek

Solar

Gne

Ene

rjisi S

istem

leri A

..) W

hat a

re th

e prob

lems o

f the

Therm

al So

lar En

ergy S

ecto

r in Tu

rkey a

nd th

e pres

entat

ion of

obstr

uctio

ns th

at ca

used

to th

e pr

oblem

s axis

ted by

axam

ples.

Ha

kan

elik

(Fen

i-Fe

ntek

A..)

Reco

mm

enda

tions

conc

erning

to d

eploy

men

t of s

olar

therm

al ap

plica

tions

in Tu

rkey

Ha

kan A

la (

Ezin

A..)

Turki

sh So

lar In

dustr

y And

Its P

ositio

n In T

he W

orld.

Ha

lil b

rahi

m D

a (S

olim

peks

) Num

erous

frustr

ation

s in th

e dev

elopm

ent o

f sola

r

busin

ess in

turke

y and

som

e meth

ods t

o exce

ed su

ch ba

rriers

Se

ncer

Erte

n (Va

illant

Grup

) Cur

rent p

oten

tial o

f sola

r the

rmal

energ

y sec

tor,

fu

ture

oppo

rtunit

ies an

d exp

ectat

ions

12

ubat

/ Fe

brua

ry, 2

010

www.solarfutureconferen

ce.com

08:30

- 09:0

0 a

y - Ka

hve A

ras

09:00

-10:0

0 OT

URUM

5 : G

ne

In

m

OT

URUM

BA

KANI

: Pro

f. Dr. P

nar

Men

g

a

ban P

usat

l

lm

Topla

m G

ne I

nm

Ve G

ne

lenm

e Sr

esi V

eriler

i ze

rine B

ir a

lm

a: st

anbu

l in

rne

k Bir

alm

a

aba

n Pus

at l

len

Ve He

sapla

nan G

ne

Rady

asyo

nu Ve

rilerin

in Ka

rla

trlm

as:

stanb

ul i

n rn

ek Bi

r al

ma

Ta

ner Y

ldr

m G

ne E

nerjis

i Pot

ansiy

eli Be

lirlem

e l

mler

i

Beki

r Yel

men

Akde

niz B

lgesi

in Ya

tay D

zlem

e Gele

n Ayl

k Orta

lama T

m G

ne I

nm

nn

Tesp

iti

08:30

- 09:0

0 a

y - Ka

hve A

ras

09:00

-10:0

0 OT

URUM

6 : S

rd

rle

bilir

Yap

lar

OT

URUM

BA

KANI

: Pro

f.Dr.B

irol K

lk

Er

ol n

elm

en Bi

r Ev I

stc

Uygu

lama V

e Bak

m l

e lgi

li Tec

rbe

lerin

Payla

m

Em

ine Y

etik

ul e

nbil G

ne

Pane

lleri Y

aygn

latr

ma

nerile

ri

Engi

n Era

rslan

Gne

ken

t Ant

alyay

a Do

ru

Zm

rt K

ayna

k Plan

lamad

a ve Y

apla

mad

a Yen

ilene

bilir E

nerji

Kulla

nm v

e Gn

e En

erjisi

: Mev

cut Y

asal

Dze

nlem

eler, i

lave T

edbir

ler

APO

LLO

N S

ALO

NU

ZEU

S (B

C) S

ALO

NU

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08:30

- 09:0

0 a

y - Ka

hve A

ras

09:00

-10:0

0 OT

URUM

4 : T

oplay

cla

r Ve K

ontro

l

OTUR

UM B

AKA

NI :

Deni

z Sel

kan P

olat

kan

Ha

kan

ztop

PV De

stekli

Hibr

id Bir

Gne

Koll

ektr

nn

Isl P

erfor

man

snn

Ara

trlm

as

Pe

ter O

moj

aro K

anatl

ve

elik H

asrl

, Abs

orbe

rl, Te

k Ge

ili, G

ne

Enerj

ili Ha

va

Istc

larn

n De

neys

el Pe

rform

ans

Ab

dulm

ajee

d Moh

amad

Parab

olik O

luk Ti

pi Ko

llekt

rlerin

Term

al Pe

rform

ans A

naliz

i

Ali E

ltam

aly F

otov

oltaik

Mak

simum

G N

oktas

zley

icisi

in Bu

lank

Mant

k Ko

ntrol

n

itesi M

odell

emes

i10

:00 - 1

0:30

ay -

Kahv

e Aras

10

:30 - 1

2:30

ZEL

OTUR

UM : D

avet

li Kon

um

acla

r

OTUR

UM B

AKA

NI :

Prof

. Dr. A

bdul

maj

eed M

oham

ad10

:30 - 1

1:30

KEYN

OTE:

David

John

ston B

iyokli

mati

k Kon

utlar

da Ya

ratc

ve Ye

nilik

i Tasa

rm11

:30 - 1

2:30

KEYN

OTE:

Jerry

Stok

es e

beke

Parit

esi

in Be

lirlen

en Ro

ta ve

Ula

mad

a Tem

el

Gerek

sinm

eler

12:30

- 13:3

0

le Ye

me

i13

:30 - 1

5:30

PANE

L : Fo

tovo

ltaik

Tekn

oloj

ilerin

de K

res

el Yo

l Har

itala

r ve

Trk

iye

Fo

tovo

ltaik

Sekt

rn

de O

lua

n Frs

atla

r M

oder

atr

: Pro

f. Dr.

ener

Okt

ik (M

ula

nive

rsites

i Rek

tr

) Pa

nelis

t : D

r. Jin

soo S

ong (

Kore

Enerj

i Ara

trm

alar E

nst.)

15:30

- 16:0

0 SU

NUM

: SOL

AR FU

TURE

TRK

YE Y

OL H

ARTA

SI

Leve

nt G

lbah

ar -G

ENSE

D, IC

AT - Y

ol Ha

ritas

Haz

rlk G

rubu

Adna

16:00

- 16:3

0 a

y - Ka

hve A

ras

16:30

- 18:1

5 OT

URUM

7 : P

oliti

kala

r ve S

trate

jiler

- Fin

ans

OT

URUM

BA

KANI

: Pro

f. Dr.

ide

m Er

ele

bi

Bera

t Peh

livan

olu

Trki

yede

Overs

eas P

rivate

Inve

stmen

t Corp

oratio

n (OP

IC) M

evcu

diyeti

Bu

rak

mer

Sara

ol

u Gn

e En

erjisi

Elek

trik

retim

Siste

mler

inde T

rkiy

e in

Tekn

oloji

Trans

fer St

rateji

sinin

Geli

tirilm

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S

leym

an B

oa

Gne

Ene

rjisi i

in bir

Politi

ka Ta

sarm

Rece

p Soy

alp E

nerji

Sekt

rn

n Stra

tejik

Paza

rlam

a Yn

temler

inin E

ksikl

ikleri

M

jga

n et

in G

ne E

nerjis

i: Eko

nom

iye ve

stih

dam

a Katk

lar

Tu

rul

Grg

n Ul

uslar

aras

Tica

ret e

reve

sinde

Gne

Ene

rjisi Te

knolo

jileri,

nem

li l

keler

ve T

rkiye

nin D

urum

u

APO

LLO

N H

ALL

ZEU

S (B

C) H

ALL

ZEU

S (A

) HA

LL

16:00

- 16:3

0 Co

ffee B

reak

16:30

- 18:1

5 SE

SSIO

N 8 :

Vario

us Co

ncep

ts an

d Im

plem

enta

tion

SESS

ION

CHAI

RMAN

: Ass

oc. P

rof. H

ussa

in N

oor a

l-Mad

ani

lk

er O

ngun

Stud

ies of

Natio

nal P

hoto

volta

ic Tec

hnolo

gy Pl

atfor

m (N

PTP)

on Ed

ucati

on,

Stand

ard an

d Dete

rmini

ng Ph

otov

oltaic

Road

map

for T

urke

y

Nil

fer

lhan

Hyde

park

A Stan

dalon

e Ren

ewab

le Hy

droje

n Dem

onstr

ation

Park

in Tu

rkey

Pna

r Men

g R

adiat

ive Tr

ansfe

r and

Glob

al Cli

mate

Chan

ge

zge

Yal

ner E

rcok

un Tr

ansit

ioning

to an

Ecolo

gical

and T

echn

ologic

al Ca

mpu

s

Men

dere

s st

ner

Using

Rene

wable

Energ

y Res

ource

s In A

gricu

lture

G

ven

anka

ya Op

tical

Cons

tants

of Op

tical

Titan

ium Ox

ide Th

in Fil

ms D

erive

d from

Sol -

Gel

Proce

ss

16:00

- 16:3

0 Co

ffee B

reak

16:30

- 18:1

5 SE

SSIO

N 9 :

Stor

age

SE

SSIO

N CH

AIRM

AN : P

rof. D

r. Hal

ime P

akso

y

Halim

e Pak

soy T

herm

al En

ergy S

torag

e Tec

hnolo

gies f

or So

lar Ap

plica

tions

Yu

suf T

ekin

A nu

meri

cal in

vesti

gatio

n of t

he ob

stacle

geom

etry e

ffect

on

therm

al str

atific

ation

in ho

t wate

r sto

rage t

anks

M

uhsin

Maz

man

Elec

trica

l Ene

rgy S

torag

e Tec

hniqu

es fo

r Sola

r Ene

rgy

e

vki D

kka

ncla

r Elec

tricit

y Sto

rage a

nd W

ellkn

own C

once

ption

s

Sevin

Man

tar T

heore

tical

Inves

tigati

on St

oring

of So

lar Li

ght In

A Sola

r Pon

d

Bny

amin

Yac

teki

n Sola

r Cars

In Su

staina

ble Tr

ansp

ortat

ion

08:30

- 09:0

0 Co

ffee B

reak

09:00

-10:0

0 SE

SSIO

N 5 :

Sola

r Rad

iatio

n

SESS

ION

CHAI

RMAN

: Pro

f. Dr. P

nar

Men

g

a

ban P

usat

A st

udy o

n Glob

al So

lar Ra

diatio

n and

Suns

hine D

urati

on M

easu

red Da

ta: A

case

study

for s

tanbu

l

aba

n Pus

at Co

mpa

rison

of M

easu

red an

d Esti

mate

d Sola

r Rad

iation

Data:

A ca

se st

udy f

or

stan

bul

Ta

ner Y

ldr

m M

easu

remen

ts for

Deter

mini

ng So

lar En

ergy P

oten

tial

Be

kir Y

elm

en De

term

ining

Avera

ge M

onth

ly To

tal So

lar Ra

diatio

n Stri

king O

nto H

orizo

ntal

Plane

For M

edite

rrane

an Re

gion

08:30

- 09:0

0 Co

ffee B

reak

09:00

-10:0

0 SE

SSIO

N 6 :

Sust

aina

ble B

uild

ings

SESS

ION

CHAI

RMAN

: Pro

f.Dr.B

irol K

lk

Er

ol n

elmen

Shari

ng ex

perie

nces

gaine

d whil

e ins

tallin

g and

opera

ting a

H

ome S

olar H

eater

Emin

e Yet

ikul

enb

il Sola

r Pan

el Pr

oject

Prop

osals

En

gin E

rarsl

an Vi

sion o

f Gn

eke

nt An

talya

Z

mr

t Kay

nak U

sage

of Re

newa

ble En

ergy a

nd So

lar En

ergy i

n Plan

ning

and C

onstr

uctin

g:Exis

ting

Lega

l arra

ngem

ents,

Addit

ional

Actio

ns

08:30

- 09:0

0 Co

ffee B

reak

09:00

-10:0

0 SE

SSIO

N 4 :

Colle

ctor

s And

Cont

rol

SE

SSIO

N CH

AIRM

AN : D

eniz

Selk

an Po

latk

an

Haka

n zt

op Th

ermal

Perfo

rman

ce Of

PV As

sisted

Hybr

id So

lar Co

llecto

r

Pete

r Om

ojar

o Exp

erim

ental

Perfo

rman

ce of

Sing

le Pa

ss So

lar Ai

r Hea

ter W

ith Fi

ns An

d Ste

el W

ire M

esh A

s An A

bsor

ber

Ab

dulm

ajee

d Moh

amad

Therm

al Pe

rform

ance

Analy

sis of

Parab

olic T

rough

Solar

Colle

ctor

Al

i Elta

mal

y Mod

elling

Of Fu

zzy L

ogic

Cont

roller

For P

hoto

volta

ic Ma

ximum

Powe

r Poin

t Trac

ker

10:00

- 10:3

0 Co

ffee B

reak

10:30

- 12:3

0 KE

YNOT

E SPE

ECH

: Key

note

Spea

kers

CH

AIRM

AN : P

rof. D

r. Abd

ulm

ajee

d Moh

amad

10:30

- 11:3

0 KE

YNOT

E: Da

vid Jo

hnsto

n Inn

ovati

ve De

sign f

or Bi

oclim

atic H

ousin

g11

:30 - 1

2:30

KEYN

OTE:

Jerr

y Sto

kes S

olar P

V: Th

e Rou

te to

Grid

Parit

y and

Key R

equir

emen

ts fo

r th

e Jou

rney

12:30

- 13:3

0 Lu

nch

13:30

- 15:3

0 PA

NEL :

Glob

al Ph

otov

olta

ic Ro

ad-m

aps a

nd O

ppor

tuni

ties f

or Tu

rkish

Indu

strie

s in

the P

V Sec

tor

Mod

erat

r : P

rof. D

r.en

er O

ktik

(Pres

ident

Mu

la Un

iversi

ty)

Pane

list :

Dr. J

inso

o Son

g (Ko

rea In

stitu

te Of

Energ

y Res

earch

)15

:30 - 1

6:00

SUNU

M: S

OLAR

FUTU

RE RO

AD M

AP FO

R TUR

KEY

Le

vent

Glb

ahar

- GEN

SED(

Solar

Energ

y Ind

ustry

Asso

ciatio

n of T

urke

y), On

Beha

lf of

IC

AT - R

oadm

ap Pr

epara

tory

Grou

p 16

:00 - 1

6:30

Coffe

e Brea

k16

:30 - 1

8:15

SESS

ION

7 : Po

licie

s and

Stra

tegi

es - F

inan

ce

SESS

ION

CHAI

RMAN

: Pro

f. Dr.

ide

m Er

ele

bi

Bera

t Peh

livan

olu

Loca

l Pres

ence

For O

PIC in

Turke

y

Bura

k m

er Sa

rao

lu D

evelo

ping S

olar P

ower

Gene

ration

Tech

nolog

y Tran

sfer S

trateg

y Fo

r Tur

kish E

lectri

city G

enera

tion M

arket

S

leym

an B

oa

Politi

cal D

esign

For S

olar E

nerg

y

Rece

p Soy

alp L

ack O

f Stra

tegic

Marke

ting M

ethod

s In E

nerg

y Sec

tor

M

jga

n et

in Co

ntrib

ution

of So

lar En

ergy t

o Eco

nom

y and

Emplo

ymen

t

Tur

ul G

rgn

Solar

Energ

y Tec

hnolo

gies, L

eadin

g Cou

ntrie

s and

Turke

ys Po

sition

In Te

rms

Of In

terna

tiona

l Trad

e


By designing, developing and installing solar energy supply systems, the SOLITEM Group aim to contribute to a worldwide increased use of solar energy, mainly for cooling but also for process steam and warm water generation. The SOLITEM Parabolic Trough Collector Systems allow an enormously efcient and thus economically attractive and competitive use of solar energy and a decrease in the use of valuable fossil fuels or nuclear powered electricity.

SOLAR COOLING WITH PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR SYSTEMS

Ahmet LOKURLUCEO SOLITEM Group

system. The collectors focus the solar irradiation onto absorber tubes, heating up the transfer uid (e.g. water or thermo oil) to temperatures of around 250 C.

During daytime, when solar irradiation is sufcient, the system is capable to cover almost all of the cooling demand for the building/premises. After sunset or when solar irradiation is low, the system will use up available excess heat from the buffer storage tank or alternatively switch to the conventional cooling system. This combination ensures a continuous energy supply for the building/premises by providing as much solar energy as possible.

The Online Monitoring System which is part of each solar plant gives effective values of operation and energy savings. This system is a SOLITEM development as well.

The designs below show one possible application mode for SOLITEM systems:

Todays society wastes as much energy on a single day as nature was able to create in 1,500 years. Finally it is not a luxury but an urgent necessity to look for alternatives. It is only a matter of time until increasing energy prices and advanced technical development will make renewable energy substantially cheaper than all other kind of energy. The worldwide unique SOLITEM Solar Cooling System is already competitive in countries with high solar irradiation and energy costs such as Mediterranean and MENA and can be used in all countries of the worlds Sunbelt.

The technology offers an outstanding possibility to overcome worldwide problems due to increasing energy prices, energy supply irregularities and climate change by using the solar power provided free of charge in many parts of the globe.

The core element of the SOLITEM energy supply system consists of the SOLITEM- designed and manufactured rooftop-mountable, high-performance Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC). The design allows installing these PTCs in a customizable matrix, optimizing the output capacity at the customer location. These collectors are the rst worldwide suitable for roof mounting.

The PTC captures the highest possible solar direct irradiation through the in-house developed and automated tracking

1


The most innovative characteristics of the SOLITEM technology are

An up to three times higher performance compared to conventional systems

Rooftop-mountable, in-house developed collectors with pre-cleaning and self-protective mode

In-house invented, computerized tracking system to capture the highest solar yield at any time

Online Monitoring System Full compatibility with existing conventional systems Bivalent operation modes (alternative supply with cooling or

steam)The SOLITEM R&D Department works constantly on improvements to further increase system overall performance and efciency. SOLITEM has recently launched the 3rd generation of its PTC 1800 followed by a 2nd generation tracking system.

SOLITEM has also developed solar cooling and heating applications for domestic use in order to make its proven technology available for private users and small businesses. The1st generation of these SOLITEM PTC 1100 collectors (2m x 1.1m) is in the phase of testing and improvement. Together with the PTC 1800 collector (5.09m x 1.8m) for medium scaled collector plants and the PTC 3000 collector (7.5m x 3m) for bigger scaled ones, the SOLITEM systems full the whole spectrum of consumer needs.

Tomorrows Applications One of the many high-level research projects currently being

developed by SOLITEM focuses on generating electricity, cooling and heating from one single platform. It is called SOLTRIGEN and stands for Solar-Tri-Generation.

SOLITEM will also be concentrating on a next milestone development for solar-powered Sea Water Desalination. A solution that helps to bring potable water to regions limited to or suffering from such life-essential supply.

All these parameters make this technology absolutely unique in the world. For the rst time ever, this ingenious technical development allows the reliable, efcient and economical use of solar energy supply systems in regions with sufcient solar irradiation.

In addition to the remarkable technology, that was developed and tested with support of scientic partners such as DLR (German Aerospace Center) and Alanod (leading company for Aluminium Coatings), also the strong partner MAN Ferrostaal has invested in the company and also supports SOLITEM with additional strengths. Starting from a small engineering ofce, the headquarters is now situated in Aachen, Germany and a completely automated production facility is located in Ankara, Turkey. Currently subsidiaries and joint ventures are built up in the US, Latin America, Italy and Spain. With this strategy on a strong basis SOLITEM will launch its products successfully in the solar market and will get the leading position in the market for cooling, heating and steam production worldwide.

On daily basis we get the news about global warming, rising energy prices and our responsibility for the planet. With the SOLITEM system which has almost zero CO2 emissions, almost no need of any fossil fuel and an efciency of more than 60% we have all arguments to convince the customer to implement the system. As long as the customer has the required installation space available, the decision will be taken very quickly.

To realize such technology advanced projects, SOLITEM relies on well-known local partners who know the market and the local standards.

The SOLITEM technology can be used for almost unlimited applications in many regions of the world; thus its replication potential is remarkable. At locations with medium to high solar irradiation, nearly all hotels, public buildings, hospitals or large ofce buildings require air conditioning/cooling during summer time or even all year round. Factories and industrial facilities use process steam and hot water for their production processes as well as for air-conditioning. During winter time, space heating and hot water supply may also be required.

Until now, our technology has been implemented at several different clients.

Example of two realized systems:

Pepsi Steam Production (Site, Turkey)Number of Collectors 125Total Aperture Area 1125 m

Total Steam Prod. Capacity

600Kg/h

TUI Hotel Iberotel (Dalaman, Turkey)Number of Collectors 40Total Aperture Area 360 m

Total Cooling Capacity

250 kW

2


3

Exemplary CO2 reduction with SOLITEM solar energy supply systemsWhile the Solar Steam Generation plant at Pepsi Tarsus, Turkey, saves 400 tons of CO2 yearly, i.e. 3.2 tons for each collector, the specic energy and carbon dioxide savings are depending on certain parameters, which are explained by an up-scaled system of 1 MW cooling capacity.

192 PTC 1800 collectors, installed at a site with 2,132 kWh annual DNI per square meter, lead to annual solar thermal energy of approx. 2.21 million kWh. Split into cooling in the summer mode and heating in the winter mode, totally 724 tons (about 3.8 tons per collector) CO2 are saved. In conclusion, the savings are depending on the solar irradiation values and the economical and environmental benets are depending on the local structure, e.g. energy mix for electricity generation for substituted compression cooling.

Freely available solar energy offers the most promising solution when used in high-efcient solar-powered energy sourcing systems, like those from SOLITEM. Cooling demand for conventional systems using electricity and available solar energy normally increase proportionally the higher the temperature is; hence SOLITEM system applications offer the most savings during those times of the day.

This technology marks an essential step for a sustainable and ecological energy supply to be used for cooling and heating applications, further reducing greenhouse gas emissions and further diminishing valuable fossil fuel reserves that should be saved for future generations.

Naturally, the signicant reduction of greenhouse gases gained from the increased use of solar energy instead of fossil fuels makes a contribution to the protection of environment and health for the benet of all societies on earth and helps to take the responsibility we have for next generations.


4

AbstractIn this paper a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracker of photovoltaic energy system is introduced. This controller uses boost converter to control the terminal voltage of PV system to work at the maximum power point. The load side is consists of battery and control switches to control the power ow from the PV system to the battery and the load. The system is modeled using Matlab/Simulink program. The output power from PV system in case of using fuzzy controller is compared with the theoretical maximum power from the same system and the power output in case of using best constant output voltage. The fuzzy controller shows stable operation for different data introduced to the system. It also restrains any overshooting in input or output systems and increases a considerable amount of the energy captured.

I. IntroductionThe production of electric energy from PV has a lot of applications. PV is environmental friendly and has no emission of harmful gasses as the emission associated with conventional electricity generation.

The power generated from PV is variable with its terminal voltage for each value of radiation and temperature as shown in Fig.1. There is one Maximum Power Point, MPP associated with each radiation and temperature. Tracking this point to force the PV system to work around it will substantially increase the energy produced. That shows the importance of MPP Tracker, MPPT. MPPT needs

MODELING OF FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER

Ali. M. ELTAMALYElectrical Engineering Dept., King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

fast and smart controller to counteract the fast change in weather data or load changes. MPPT consists of two basic components, dc-dc converter and its controller which is shown in Fig.2. Many techniques have been introduced to catch the MPP. A survey showing comparison of PV MPPT techniques is shown in [1,2].

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1000W/m2

800W/m2

600W/m2

400W/m2

200W/m2

Maximum power curve

Output Power, pu

Terminal Voltage, pu

Fig 1. P-V characteristics of PV module.

Fig 2. PV energy system with MPPT

PV Voltage Sense

PV Current Sense

PV Cells

Load

MPPT Control

In the direct coupled method [3,4], PV array is connected directly to the loads without power modier. To match the MPPs of the solar array as closely as possible, it is important to choose the solar array characteristics according to the characteristics of the load. The direct-coupled method cannot automatically track the MPPs of the solar array when the insulation, temperature, or, load changed.

It is clear from the P-V curve of Fig.1 that, the ratio of the arrays maximum power voltage, V

mp, to its open-circuit voltage, Voc, is approximately constant. So, PV array can be forced to work as a ratio of its open circuit voltage. The literature reports success with 73 to 80% from V

oc [5-8]. It is also observed that the relation

between the short circuit current and the current associated with the maximum power is approximately constant. So it is possible to use a constant current MPPT algorithm that approximates the MPP current as a constant ratio of the short-circuit current [9,10]. The momentary interruption in the constant voltage or current can be avoided by using a pilot cell [11].

Another technique called perturb-and-observe (P&O), this process works by perturbing the system by incrementing the array operating voltage and observing its impact on the array output power. Due to constant step-width the system will face high oscillation especially under unstable environmental conditions. This technique suffers from wrong operation especially in case of multiple local maxima. A lot of modications for this technique have been presented in literature [12-20].


5

The incremental conductance (IncCond) method [21-25] is based on comparing the instantaneous panel conductance with the incremental panel conductance. The input impedance of the dc-dc converter is matched with optimum impedance of PV panel. As noted in literatures, this method has a good performance under rapidly changing conditions. But this technique requires sophisticated control system. The parasitic capacitance algorithm [23] is similar to IncCond technique except that the effect of the solar cells parasitic junction capacitance Cp, which models charge storage in the pn junctions of the solar cells, is included.

Ripple correlation control (RCC) [26] makes use of ripple to perform MPPT. RCC correlates the time derivative of the time-varying PV power with the time derivative of the time-varying PV array current or voltage to drive the power gradient to zero, thus reaching the MPP. Simple and inexpensive analog circuits can be used to implement RCC. An example is given in [30]. RCC quickly tracks the MPP, even under varying irradiance levels. Another advantage of RCC is that it does not require any prior information about the PV array characteristics, making its adaptation to different PV systems straightforward.

The hill climbing technique [26-29] uses a perturbation in the duty ratio of the dc chopper and determine the change in power until the change of power reach its almost zero value which is the MPP. Hill climbing technique can be implemented by using PID controller or by fuzzy logic controller, FLC.

FLC has been introduced in many researches as in [31][36] to force the PV to work around MPP. FLCs have the advantages of working with imprecise inputs, not needing an accurate mathematical model, and handling nonlinearity.

II. Model Of The Proposed SystemIn the proposed system, the simulation has been carried out using three different techniques for comparison. In the rst technique, a Matlab le has been used to calculate the theoretical MPP. In the second technique a constant terminal voltage of the PV is adjusted. In the last technique, a fuzzy controller has been used as a MPPT. The simulation of the proposed system has been implemented using Matlab/Simulink program as shown in Fig 3. The simulation of the proposed system contains sub-models that explained in the following:

A. Photovoltaic Cell ModelThe PV cell model is based on the single-diode representation of a silicon photovoltaic cell as illustrated in Fig 4. [37]. The governing equations, which describes the I-V characteristics of a crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell as described in [37] which solved conveniently using SIMULINK as shown in Fig 5.

Fig 3. Simulink simulation model of the proposed system.

Fig 4. Equivalent circuit of photovoltaic cell.

Fig 6. Block diagram of charging control.

Fig 5. Simulink model of PV cell.

SHR

SR

Loa

dPVCV

LGI

SHRI DI PVCI

B. Battery and Load ModelThe battery model is shown in many literatures and explained in details in [38]. The accuracy of this model data is very important in the whole system. The battery model has the following input parameters, 1. Initial state of charge (SOCl), indicating available charge, 2. Highest and lowest state of charge, SOCH , SOCL (Wh).3. Number of 2V cells in series.4. Charge and discharge battery efciency; K.5. Battery self-discharge rate.

A control switches are necessary to control the charging and discharging the battery. These switches are necessary to keep the battery from being overcharged or undercharged which signicantly reduce the batterys life. The control switches are shown in Fig 6.

u/rshrs*u

TcVp

Id

1

0.01s+1

3

Jcell(f iltered)

aT

G Cell TemperaturecT

PVCIEqu. (1)

Equ. (4)& (5)DI

LGI

SHRI

PVCI

PVCV

G

Ta

Tc

Jph

2

Equ. (3)

1

2

1

PV system Battery Load

S1

S2PVP LP


6

The operating logic used in the control switches is shown in Table (1) Switch S1 will stay ON unless SOC reaches its maximum value, SOCH. Switch S2 will stay ON unless SOC its minimum value, SOCL.

E. Fuzzy Logic Controller ModelThe FIS editor is an effective Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool provided with the fuzzy logic toolbox in Matlab to simplify the design of the FLC which are used in this system. The output power from the PV system and the voltage are used to determine the E and E based on (3) and (4). Predicting the range of E and E depends on the experience of the system designer. These variables are expressed in terms of linguistic variables or labels such as PB (Positive Big), PM (Positive Medium), PS (Positive Small), ZE (Zero), NS (Negative Small), NM (Negative Medium),NB (Negative Big) using basic fuzzy subset. Each of these acronyms is described by a given mathematical membership functions, MF as shown in Fig 9. MF is sometimes made less symmetric to give more importance to specic fuzzy levels as in [35] or it can be symmetric as shown in [39] and used here in this paper. The inputs to a FLC are usually E and E. Once E and E calculated and converted to the linguistic variables based on MF, the FLC output, which is typically a change in duty ratio, D of the power converter, can be looked up in a rule base Table 2. FLC membership functions for both inputs and output variables can be used as triangle-shaped function which is easiest way to be implemented on the digital control system. The linguistic variables assigned to D for the different combinations of E and E are based on the power converter being used and also on the knowledge of the user.

Table 1. The operating logic used in the control switches.Mode S1 S2 SOC

1 OFF ON SOC= SOCH2 ON OFF SOC= SOCL3 ON ON SOCL < SOC< SOCH

C. Boost converter ModelBoost converter model has been designed as shown in Fig 7. The inputs of this model are the change required in duty ratio, D, Radiation, and PV current, IPV. The outputs of this model are the PV output voltage, VPV. duty ratio, D and output current. The value of $D is subtracted from D to get the new value of D depending on the following equation

The value of D is used to determine VPV as shown in (2).

D(k+1)=D(k) $D(k)

VPV= Vo (1-D)

(1)

(2)

where, Vo is the boost converter output voltage

PV voltage, VPV obtained from (2) and IPV used to obtain Vo. The output current that feeds the battery and load can be obtained from dividing the output power on V

o.

Fig 7. Simulink model of the boost converter used in the simulation.

Fig.9 A fuzzy system with two inputs, 1 output and 7 MFs each.

Fig 8. Simulink model of calculating E and $E.

D. Model of calculating Error and its variation, E and $E The Simulink model of calculating E and E is shown in Fig 8. The input values of this module are IPV and VPV. These values are used to calculate the power from PV array. Then the error signal can be calculated depending on (3). The value of E is calculated as shown in (4).

(3)

(4)

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )1

1

=nVnVnpnP

nE

( ) ( ) ( )1= nEnEnE

NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB

Error , E MFs

Change of Error , MFs

NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB

NB NM NS ZE PS PM PBChange inDuty Ratio

MFs

Table (2) Rules for a fuzzy system with 2-inputs and 1 output with 7-membership functions.

$ENB NM NS ZE PS PM PB

E

NB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZENM NB NB NB NM NS ZE PSNS NB NB NM NS ZE PS PMZE NB NM NS ZE PS PM PBPS NM NS ZE PS PM PB PBPM NS ZE PS PM PB PB PBPB ZE PS PM PB PB PB PB


7

These linguistic variables of input and output MFs are then compared to a set of pre-designed values during aggregation stage. The accurate choose the relation between input and output function determine the appropriate response of the FLC system. The relation between them depends on the experience of the system designer. These relations can be tabulated as shown in Table 2 [40,41]. Some researches proportionate these variables to only ve fuzzy subset functions as in [33]. Table 2 can be translated into 49 fuzzy rules IF-THEN rules to describe the knowledge of control as follows;

III. Simulation ResultsThe radiation and temperature data which used in simulation are from realistic hourly data of the Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia. These data is concentrated in narrow range of time (4sec.) which approves the robustness of the FLC. 500 Watts PV array is used in simulation. The simulation is carried out with FLC and constant voltage technique for the purpose of comparisons.

These two MPPT techniques have been compared with theoretical MPP from PV module which can be calculated using a Matlab le. The load is connected with a PV array through a battery. Fig 11 shows in the rst trace the solar radiation used in the simulation. In the second trace of Fig 11, the output power for FLC and constant voltage MPPT technique compared with the theoretical value of MPPT. It is clear from second trace that, the power output with FLC is following the theoretical MPP exactly but the output power with constant voltage control is considerably lower than that associated with FLC. Moreover FLC can restrain any overshooting in the input or output variables. Third trace of Fig 11 shows the value of $D which is the output from FLC. This value can be used to modulate the value of the duty ratio. Fourth trace of Fig 11, shows the duty ratio of the boost converter. Fifth and sixth trace of Fig 11, show the error function, E and the change of error, $E.

R25: If E is NM and $E is PS then $D is NSR63: If E is PM and $E is NS then $D is PS.....R51: If E is PS and $E is NB then $D is NM

In the defuzzication stage, FLC output is converted from a linguistic variable to a numerical variable by using MF. This provides an analog signal which is $D of the boost converter. This value is subtracted from previous value of D to get its new value as shown in (1).

Defuzzication is for converting the fuzzy subset of control form inference back to values. As the plant usually required a nonfuzzy value of control, a defuzzication stage is needed. Defuzzicaion for this system is the height method. The height method is both very simple and very fast method. The height defuzzication method in a system of rules by formally given by (5):

(5)==

=

n

kK

m

kk W/W*)k(cD

11

where $D = change of control outputc(k) = peak value of each outputWk = height of rule k.

The relation between the inputs and the output of the fuzzy controller can be represented as a 3-D drawing which called surface function, is shown in Fig 10. It is clear that the surface function is approximately smooth which enhance the stability of the fuzzy system.

Fig 10. Surface function of the proposed FLC

Fig.11 Simulation results of the propose FLC system.

Output power from PV system using FLC and constant voltage along with the theoretical MPPT are shown in Fig 12 for the purpose of comparison. It is clear from Fig 12 that the output power associated with FLC system follows exactly the theoretical MPPPT which proves the superiority of the system.


8

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[21] K.Kobayashi, I. Takano, andY. Sawada, A study on a two stage maximum power point tracking control of a photovoltaic system under partially shaded insolation conditions, in IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen.Meet., 2003, pp. 26122617.

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[23] Jae Ho Lee , HyunSu Bae and Bo Hyung Cho Advanced Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm with a Variable Step Size, Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006. EPE-PEMC 2006. 12th International at Portoroz, Aug.2006, pp. 603-607

[24] J. Kouta, A. El-Ali, N. Moubayed and R. Outbib Improving the incremental conductance control method of a solar energy conversion system

[25] Ali M. Eltamaly, H. H. El-Tamaly and P. Enjeti, An Improved Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Energy Systems 2nd Minia International Conference for Advanced


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Trends in Engineering, (MICATE2002) Elminia, Egypt,16-18, March 2002.

[26] Kimball, J.W. Krein, P.T. Digital Ripple Correlation Control for Photovoltaic Applications, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2007. PESC 2007. IEEE, June 2007, Orlando, FL, pp. 1690-1694.

[27] M.Veerachary, T. Senjyu, andK.Uezato, Maximum power point tracking control of IDB converter supplied PV system, in IEE Proc. Elect. Power Applicat., 2001, pp. 494502.

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[29] Fangrui Liu Yong Kang Yu Zhang Shanxu Duan Comparison of P&O and hill climbing MPPT methods for grid-connected PV converter, 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2008, Singapore, ICIEA 2008, pp. 804-807

[30] S. Lalounia, D. Rekiouaa,*, T. Rekiouaa, E. Matagneb Fuzzy logic control of stand-alone photovoltaic system with battery storage Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 193 (2009), pp. 899907.

[31] N. Ammasai Gounden, Sabitha Ann Peter, Himaja Nallandula, S. Krithiga Fuzzy logic controller with MPPT using line-commutated inverter for three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems, Renewable Energy Journal, Vol. 34, 2009, pp. 909915.

[32] Chokri Ben Salah, Maher Chaabenea, Mohsen Ben Ammara Multi-criteria fuzzy algorithm for energy management of a domestic photovoltaic panel, Renewable Energy, Vol. 33, 2008, pp. 9931001.

[33] I.H. Altasa, A.M. Sharaf A novel maximum power fuzzy logic controller for photovoltaic solar energy systems Renewable Energy, Vol. 33, 2008, pp.388399.

[34] N. Khaehintung, K. Pramotung, B. Tuvirat, and P. Sirisuk, RISCmicrocontroller built-in fuzzy logic controller of maximum power point tracking for solar-powered light-asher applications, in Proc. 30th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc., 2004, pp. 26732678.

[35] A.D. Karlis, T.L. Kottas, and Y.S. Boutalisb, A novel maximum power point tracking method for PV systems using fuzzy cognitive networks (FCN) Electric Power Systems Research, Vol., No. 3-4, March 2007, pp. 315-327.

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[40] Manoj Datta, Tomonobu Senjyu, Atsushi Yona, Toshihisa Funabashi, and Chul-Hwan Kim A Fuzzy Based Control Method for Isolated Power Utility Connected PV-diesel Hybrid System to Reduce Frequency Deviation 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

[41] Yiwang Wang, Fengwen Cao Implementation of a Novel Fuzzy Controller for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System, Power and Energy Engineering Conf., 2009. APPEEC 2009. Asia-Pacic, Wuhan, pp. 1-4.

IV. Summary The generated power from the photovoltaic cell is changing with the operating voltage of the PV cell for each value of radiation and temperature. There is a maximum power point, MPP at certain voltage of the PV cells. Maximum power point tracker, MPPT is used to track this point. Simulation results reveals that, tracking the MPP by using the fuzzy logic control, FLC proves an exact tracking for the maximum power point even in highly changing weather conditions. Also, FLC has a very fast and accurate response for any fast change in the weather or load variations. FLC system restrains any overshooting in input or output systems and increases a considerable amount of the energy captured.


10

AbstractParabolic trough solar collector usually consist a parabolic solar energy concentrator, which reects solar energy to absorber. The absorber is a pipe painted with solar radiation absorbing material located inside a vacuumed glass tube to minimize the heat losses. Typical concentrati-on ratio ranges from 30 to 80, depending on the radius of the collector. The working uid can reach temperature up to 400 oC, depending on the concentration ratio, solar intensity and other parameters. Hen-ce, it is an idea device for power generation and/or water desalination applications. However, as the length of the collector increases and/or the uid ow rate decreases the rate of heat losses increases. The current work introduces an analysis for the mentioned collector for single and double glass tubes. The main objectives of this work are to understanding the thermal performance of the collector and identify the heat losses from the collector. Hence, the working uid, tube and glass temperatures variation along the collector are given with variati-on of the heat losses along the heated pipe. It should mention that the working uid may experience a phase change as it ows through the tube. Hence, the heat transfer correlation for each phase is different and depends on the void fraction. However, as a rst approximation the effect of phase change is neglected.

1. IntroductionIn general, the solar collectors can be classied into three categories, Point collector (high temperature, order of 1000 or more), line collector (intermediate temperature, order of 200 oC or more) and plane col-lector (low temperature, order of 100 oC and less). Point collectors usually consist a parabolic mirror concentrate the solar radiation into a small area (point), or it consists many mirrors directs solar energy into a small area. This type of collectors need solar tracking mechanisms and usually applied for power generation, metal melting, hydrogen pro-duction, etc. The second type is line collector, which is usually consist a parabolic cylinder directs solar radiation into a pipe (line). The pipe coated with solar absorbing material and covered with glass tube. The gap between the glass tube and pipe is usually fully or partially eva-cuated from air for better performance. Also, for better performance, the absorber may be painted with selective material and anti-reective glass is usually utilized. This type of collector can reach 300 oC or more depending on the concentration ratio, ow rate and solar inten-sity. The tracking mechanism for this type of collector is simpler than the tracking mechanism for the point collector. It has been applied for power generation in many locations around the world (Dudley et al,

A. A. MOHAMAD College of Engineering, Alfaisal University

ANALYSIS OF PARABOLIC TROUGH SOLAR COLLECTOR WITH SINGLE AND DOUBLE GLAZING COVERS

1994; Lippke, 1995; Kalogirou, 1997; Hermann et al., 2004; Rolim et al, 2009). State of art review of trough solar collector applications for power generation is given by Price et. al. (2002). Application of trough solar collector for water disinfection is given by Malato et al., (2007). Also, it is an ideal device for water desalinations, where the salted wa-ter can be ashed after passing through the collector. The evaporated water can be condensed and used as fresh water after processing. Flat plate type of solar collector usually consist a at plate to absorb solar radiation with glass cover. In general the at plate collector does not need solar tracing mechanism. This type of collector usually operates at temperature order of 100 oC. However, for vacuumed glass tubes and if the solar intensity is high, the temperature may reach above 150 oC. The more attracting feature of this type of collector is that it does not need solar tracking mechanism. The main application of this type of collector is for domestic water and space heating. Different types of solar collectors and their applications were reviewed by Kalogirou (2004).

In this paper, the second type of the collector (line) is considered. Howe-ver, the model developed can be applied even for at plate, vacuumed tube, collector, by setting the concentration ratio to unity. Hence, the model developed in this research is targeted both types of collectors.

Espana and Rodriguez (1987) developed a mathematical model for simulating the performance of trough collector. They assumed that ab-sorber is a bare tube exposed to ambient conditions.

Grald and Kuehn (1989) studied the thermal performance of a cylind-rical trough solar collector with innovative porous absorber receiver. They solved uid dynamic and energy equations using nite difference method. The system is designed to reduce heat losses as much as possible by allowing cold water pass through outer layer of the absor-ber and hot uid extracted from the core of the absorber. The thermal efciency of the system is about 60% for a low temperature difference between the uid outlet temperature and ambient temperature. Howe-ver, the efciency of the system drops to about 30% for high tempe-rature differences.

Kalogirou et al (1997) published an analysis for hot water ow thro-ugh a trough solar collector with water ashing system. The results of analysis indicated that about 49% of the solar energy can be used for steam generation.

M. ALODANCollege of Engineering, Alfaisal University


11

Odeh et al. (1998) presented an analysis for water ow inside the ab-sorber tube as an application for direct steam generation. The analy-sis considered phase change of the liquid water to steam. Therefore the convection heat transfer coefcient is a function of steam quality and Shahs equation was used (Gunger and Winterton, 1986; Step-han 1992). The model predictions were evaluated against Sandia La-boratory tests of LS2 collector (Dudley et al., 1994). Performance of a combo system (photovoltaic and thermal) was reported by Coventry (2005) by using a trough collector covered with photovoltaic materials with concentration ratio of 37. It is found that the thermal efciency of the system can reach 58% and electric efciency is around 11%.

The current work analyzes heat transfer from trough solar collector with single and double glass covers. The gaps between glass covers and between glass cover and absorber are evacuated from air. The main objective of the work to identify the losses associated with tro-ugh solar collector, especially at high temperature application. As a fact, the rate of heat losses increases as the temperature difference between a system and ambient increases. Hence, using double glass cover may be benecial at a certain temperature difference.

AnalysisSolar radiation is mainly absorbed at the outer surface of the absorber tube as a heat. Part of the absorbed heat transfers to the working uid by conduction through tube wall and convection from inner surface of the tube to the uid. Other part of the heat transfers as losses by ra-diation to the inner surface of the glass through the vacuum and then by conduction from inner surface of the glass to the outer surface of the glass. The heat dissipated to ambient from the outer surface of the glass by two mechanisms, convection to the surrounding air and by radiation to the surrounding surfaces (buildings and sky). Figure 2 shows the thermal resistance diagram for the heat transfer process, for single glass cover. Extra resistance need to be added to model double glass covers, after R4 in the diagram.

By assuming that surrounding surface temperature is equal to the ambient air temperature, The model equation for a single glass cover can be expressed as:

The left hand side of the equation (1) represents the total solar energy absorbed by the outer surface of the tube. The rst term on the right hand side of the equation represents the rate of heat transfer to the uid inside the tube. The second term on the right hand side of the equation (1) represented heat losses to the ambient. The left hand side of the equation (2) represents useful rate of heat transferred to rise the uid temperature as it passes through the tube.

The above equations are coupled and nonlinear because the rate of heat transfer from the tube to glass takes places by radiation. Also, the rate of heat to the surrounding surfaces and sky takes place by

radiation. However, the above equation can be combined into one equation by replacing the right hand side of equation (2) into the rst equations, yields

Equation (3) contains two unknowns, Tfb and Tbo hence there is need to solve equation (3) coupled with equation (1). The explicit forms for thermal resistances are as follow:

,

It is fair to assume that R2 and R4 are negligible compared with other thermal resistances. Then inner surface temperature of the tube (Tti) is equal to the outer surface of the tube (Tto). Also, the outer surfa-ce temperature of the glass tube (Tgo) is equal to the inner surface temperature of the glass cover (Tgi). Hence, the equation (1) and (2) simplies to,

respectively. Yet, the above equations are not easy to solve beca-use nonlinearity introduced by radiative heat transfer (see R3 and R6). Hence, equations (5) and (6) are needed to be solved iteratively, using nite difference method. However, to close the solution, there is a need for another equation to nd glass temperature (Tg), which is,

Calculating Heat Transfer coefcientThe rate of heat transfer for turbulent forced ow in a pipe is given by Dittus-Boelter correlation as (Kreith and Kreider, 1981),

(1)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(2)

and

and


12

Where Nu=h dp/kf, Re= (4 m)/(Md P).Convective heat transfer coefcient from the outer surface of the glass tube to ambient air is calculated from the following correlation,

, where Vwind is wind velocity in m/s

and ho is in W/m2.K.

For double glass cover, the resistance R3 can be replaced by two resistances, hence R3 in equation (5) and (7) replaced by,

Where subscript g1 and g2 stand for rst and second glass covers, respectively. Also, for double glass cover, T in equation (1) should be replaced by T2.

Results And DiscussionsThe results are presented for aperture diameter of one and three meters. The range of ow rate investigated from 0.005 to 0.05 kg/s. All the simulations were done for a constant solar intensity of 500 W/m2. Due to space limitations only representative results will be presented and discuss.

Figure 3a shows the uid, absorber and glass cover temperature change along the collector for the ow rate of 0.005 kg/s. For such a low ow rate it is possible for the uid to reach temperature of about 230 oC for collector with aperture of one meter. However, the heat losses increase as the length of the collector increases, Fig. 3b. For a collector of 10 m long, the thermal efciency of the collector is about 60%. As the length of collector increase the heat losses increase because the temperature difference between the absorber and ambient increase, Fig. 3.

The outlet temperature of the uid from the collector deceases as the ow rate increase to 0.01 kg/s, Fig. 4a. The outlet uid tem-perature for the specied collector reaches about 170 oC for the ow rate of 0.01 kg/s compared with 230 oC for the ow rate of 0.005. However, the losses decreases as the ow rate increase. Figure 4b illustrates the heat losses and efciency of the collector as a function of collector length for the ow rate of 0.01 kg/s. The thermal efciency of the collector of length 20 m is about 60%. Furt-her increasing the ow rate to 0.05 kg/s decreases the uid outlet temperature and increases the efciency of the collector, Fig. 5a and 5b, respectively. However, for such high ow rate the outlet uid temperature is about 70 oC, only. Such a low temperature is difcult to be utilized for power generation or water desalination processes.

Results for aperture of three meter are shown in Fig. 6 for ow rate of 0.01 kg/s. The outlet temperature of the uid can reach 370 oC. However, the losses also are high, where the efciency drops to about 45%.

Hence, for high temperature application, the losses increases dras-tically as the length of the collector increases due to the fact the temperature difference between the absorber and ambient

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Solar Future 2010