Solution Thermodynamics in Metallic and Ceramic Systems

8/2/2019 Solution Thermodynamics in Metallic and Ceramic Systems

1/35

Copyright All rghts reered

LUTN TRMDYNAMC N METALLC AND 6CERAMC LD YTEM

C B. Dpartmnt of Metalury ad Marial Scnc

Univrity o Toronto, oronto anada

Uhe hemomc eig o e oi em hich e e i

ghemee evce o ch e ocee g emee opoce evce h opee e oom empee e ee o echemic pec of he o of he me cei Sch ifomiome i poibe o ccle cce e oiio of eilibim hgempee evice o ome ge g chemcl poce b ocee hich oe o em fml eg of he omce of e meil beig e o ocee Qiive exeimelie m be me of cle ee emomic opeie e

el of ch exeime c he be bgh ogehe b o gphcl comio ol ppe h ec of he o of he hgemee chem vel picble co eve e o complee iive ecpio o he ee of e me ce e e l foeeele ccmce

he ocomig of h emph o e colleco of emomc hve o mo pec hch eem o e he eefo moe mecc ppoc h mee coeco of . oo feel e meil ce m me o mle emhich hve bee epeime ocmee i oe o oce e e

vice eco omc moe gge e fo epg o ecgpo popee of mel. I eeg o mof he behvio of evce me oe feel ee gce o he i hich og io c be copoe o e lm of obl echemc oel s fco of compoiio. o bl colleco of hemomic popee c poce gpo moe of em ch Sieve' fo emle c be e eeme he e hehep evelop e omc moe o hghe evel of efe

Clel he moelg ec of he o of he chem i hi el ofmel eech m be ppoe b hgl eveope of epemel il feel he ce h he moe eive he eeimel pobe he moe illmig e he el evie e hll

Annu.Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:21

9-252.Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.org

byMiddleEastTechnicalU

niversityon02/13/12.Forpersona

luseonly.


2/35

22 AOK

ot som ams o what has ahd th d o thodyam omato ad what a do to tst som mods wth thsdata Cay th matas aaa o sh a ssay a tmy m

os ad som sto ot oy o systms t o th sts whhha shd o thos systms mst ad to mak a ssmt to th dssso h atho has hos to osd oy mta adam systms s th a adat ams to od ths dad ths ho sts a asoay oht sto o tos o aoogyw mad o th atay hos mts o th dssso s th ams to st oy a w ats o a y oad to t s hod that a to th tatmt w to sod tay ot o th st tm a ot oato to thos who that th ot s ky to t a

aa o sah whh s osdd a dd th ow ad so omod xmta mthods st a mss oto o sksh hommad ad qty d hghtmat ds o th mmdat ostwa od ha ad wth om stmts adw hqs o st oy a w hghtmat aomty Kds so stds wth h mass stomt ad tohmsty wthsod toyts a ams o w waos whh a ad to thy g . v n u w(13) o th aatos o ths ad may oth ds

t s wothwh otg ot at ths jt that athogh th

mta toos a asoay s th odty o sts o a gsystm tw a m o gos o woks say as mh to dsd s a am th ss otd y Ro Bdw Fa (4o th stadad gy o omato o (s om th ow m masmts ad oth sos ha a taty mt o 3 a g atomoyg hy th showd that wth th ow go o mts oths systm th as o matas o dt mty ott at th m od ay y as mh as th 3 a whh od a oth sds dss to say o ay g ogato o tods ad

toyts t s ommoy od that ms a od to 1 mY,whh osods to a g atom oyg a sma Cat ( ots that data om ght aoatos o

th ao ss o god ydd ma as o th hat o smatoat K o 8 to a gatom y thdaw aato hsag o hats o smato osods to a ag o ao a ato o th masd ao sss at 5C t s tay t that ay ost o sts wod show a tt odty tha ths t th mhas o osttg ad oatg ao ss masg systms at

ths tmat s st sty dd that th omaso o thsts o o go o woks wth thos o aoth a a sh taty og th thmodyam ots

h oosto tha aomt data sd oto wth gy masmts ad to a mo aa aato o a systm aas

Ann

u.Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.org

byMiddleEastTechnicalUnive

rsityon02/13/12.Forpersonaluseonly.


3/35

OLUTON THERMODNAMC 22

le to e a ode aoa to te deemato of etoe offomato ta o-aed eodaw eqe Toe of wo ememee cus r of e adad ea of fomao o qa, waged fom 2099 kalmole o 217S05 kal mole a eelya 1962 mgt e eed ome em Te adet of aate gtemeae alomety etaly ome ew owe to gemeaeemty ad a omao etwee a me of go of woke oldole e ataae lm of eody t ed a e aea offeeeegy meaeme.

agat akgod of e mtato of aelty of te fata o e w model dg od e jdged ad oed ta ae emege fom te eet at of t ale.

DILUTE SOLUTION OF OMETAL ETALe temodam of olo of omeal e metal ad alloy

of odeae aa motae o te ooato of deaedle olt ad e elmato of wated me e of emajo aea of ee a ee e age of omoo of aldy ofey aw fo dte oto ad e eao oee ewee dlteole.

Te ate of amato of eemeta fomato a deeded ote aay of e eqe aalale ad t eld tee a wdeetm oaly te mo ee meaemet ae oed te olto of oge ad ydoge meta ad aoy

e fomao w a e oaed aefl alato of togeoly meaemet a modeae temeate et eemled ye tde of Wed ae 6 of e eet of od wok o e oy o oge e o ewee 300 ad 40C e oge emalotea te ga ae wa ed y mea of mteTeede owed a te ly dlte olto eltg fom e ee oftoge te ga ae agmeed a addoal olly de to eaae eao ewee doed toge aom ad dloaow a e toded old wokg wa fod eeay to ame teetg e el tat tee ae two motat kd of te: ewdloato, o w e afe of a oge atom fom t omal lateoo oed a eat of afe of 2560 al mole ad edge dloao ad oly moak o w e eat of afe wa 2030al mole ly a mal amo of "ee toge aoe e teome olty wa aed o e ate k e majo ee eg deo e ew doao eao Tee olo old e

eaed y a aaly of te emal data wee oed y mogade of e o amle w wee emloyed Ee of le defe a a ee ae oly gat a lo emeae eae e lageme of doao w ae toded y old wokg aallyeded at ge emeae we e ame a aea.

Annu.Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.org

byMiddleEastTechnicalUniversityon02/13/12.Forpersonaluse

only.


4/35

222 L

Sim oui i ui in ic g mixu ic x cmiconi of givn mn i uii i conn cn ci ou ov ng of u fom v mo on oou To I ou m o ov xm c mu

n ou imi, i mu inc,o voi o ic cn i fom nc of foign g .g. , vo ic ouc of ouging n in m. Mctomic ni of g ou m unvoi o i vii of ximn u un ou coniion Touciii of ouii mumn n vi Lng Scnc , o o vn in c of ogn ouiii of % cn i ccumu fo m ouiii.

T ui of con ouiii uu m i ic ui

iion i mn o i CH/H n CO/C2 mixu Bcuof iv inii of mn, igmu ui ovC v uu n m i CO/C mixu T mo n n ogn oni n nno u fo ui of onouiii in m ving ig oxgn ni. T num of m o fom ci, n fo ui of iuouion of con in m mn imoiion of v o cononi vi n uiiing g o ccoun fo mocom c of uniiv I cn n on fi o

min f ngi of fomion of ci u of gvnicc ving C2 oi co Ti omi mumn of oi o iu ouion of on in m n oic in ui iium i oi ci i oon fuifu of u.

T ximn oiion i g o oxgn ouiii nv imov vomn of oi oxi co cniu,n cn ui omm of iu ouion of oxgn in oinioium n num mu oun o on

of ti mto o of ui t n t of om Siv (13 ovi not v ignicn xnion of ouximn ciii If m of m ic fom v oxi n on ig vo u uc ccium Ci uii i iu ouion of oxgn in m n of CO i fom, n oxgn oni of uing iuouion of oxgn in m i u of C/CO . ufo ig oxgn oni, ic ouc mo concn ouion ofoxgn in m, c oin minining ouc of ccium

o mu n m m, inc ccium civiov moxgn o i uc. Ti cniu io uci iu ouion oi of oxgn in m inium,iconium fnium, n vnium

T inion of u of iu ouion ui ng fom

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252

.Downloadedfromwww.annual

reviews.org

b

yMiddleEastTechnicalUnivers

ityon02/13/12.Forpersonaluse

only.


5/35

OUTO THMODAM 22

e quaum meaa aayses, w ae bee suessu desbge eeges o souo o ydoge meas, o e oma saa aayses o s ad oe soues meas ad aoys Aoug ee s o uda

mea o bewee ese wo appoaes a pese e ome s eyesed appaby we ompaed w e ae, ad e maoeque s s oued es o bada aom modes aea o egeuos Ts as e added adaage a e poa aue o e apoa suggess ways o auag e oguaoa eopeso due soo.

UE SOLUON OF HYROGEN E ANON E

Te dea as og bee ue 1 1 a e emodyam pop

ees o ey due souos o ydoge sod meas ad aoys may beaoued o by assumg a e eeo s doaed o e Fem suaeo e oduo bad ad a e poo exss depedey. Te quaaive aspecs of his onep can be onsdeed n terms o the smpleomasFem auao o Mo 16 wo sowed a e oduoeeos w ed o use aoud e poo, e eased desyda a dsae r om e poo beg ge by

wee s a seeg osa Aodg o eed& GoeppeMaye 1

wee q e age o e poo ad /p/ desy osaes o he elecrons a he Femi suae. The eleon hemal oena s ee equaed o e eegy o e eeos a e Fem suae Teseeg o e poo by e oduo eeos esus a deease

eegy ad hee e ma exoem obuo o e ea o souoo ydoge a mea\ Subseque mpoemes o e smpe mode 8ae sow a e eeo desy udegoes osaos ea e poow ae o desbed by e smpe TomasFem appoxmao oMo bu e subsaa aspe o s mode, w podues a depedeeo e eegy o souo o ydoge o e desy o saes a e Femsuae emas Te deas o aemps o auae eas o souo bys eque ae se o a ompeese eew by bsuak Keee 19 ad w o be epeaed ee bu s woy o meo a

e expemea esus sow a e expeed eaosp o e desyo saes s oud. Tee s a amos ea deease o e ea o souoo ydoge e aso meas w easg aues o e seegosa e ae em may be obaed empay om measuemeso e empeaue oee o e eeo obuo o e speea, o e soe mea se



only.


6/35

22 ALOK

k Boltma' otat ad t atom olumMQulla ad owok ( a ow tat ott wt tmodl t at o oluto o ydog t odytd u alloytw ad Mo a om kal to o tmolydum- Mo alloy ad o 1 kal pu Mo amag o ompoto dty o tat at t Fm ua daom aout 03 o 00 al m 3 a paalll ao at o oluoo ydog dAg alloy om agly xotm wt agl ot wlt t omoo ag om pu d to t qua

tom ompoo t lto p a o dop om 4 oaout . 1 al dg mol (1 owg a dop t dty oat at t Fm ua

Aloug t "d poo modl o dlut oluo o ydog mtal a adqua uppot om xpmal ud o pu olmtal ad o alloy o polm ma t ut uato o tmodl a om t toy' pdto o a pulo tw potoin solution. This interaction pays a signicant at in the thermodyna

o mo oad oluo om xpmtal daa pol to

olud tat t tato tw t p oluto ould attat at a pul Aodg o adad taal maal aaly maxmum

tm t gad patto uto o ydog dold a mal a otad y dtato (3 ultg xpo ow tatdpd o t atty o ydog oluo t mtal a a utoo otato lud two tato gy tm t o t xmly dlut oluo m w a dud ao ad wpt t ato tw t dold aom ad t mtal matxt o tm aout o t tato tw t old p xpmtal data o t a ytm a aalyd t way4 ad t a ow tat ult a ott w a mall attatv gy tw dold ydog p tatal maal xpo tat otad

od tm o t gt-ad d o quao t ydogydog ao m ad oud to gat aodg to maumt o Mallt & Kol (5

oluto o t polm may om y odg tat ydogoluto palladum a t lat paam o t mal dag dlaao du o oluo Bodowky ( ugg a dlu oluo

Annu.Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252

.Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.org

byMiddleEastTechnicalUniversityon02/13/12.Forpersonaluseonly.


7/35

OLTO THERMODYNM

t sti g s dd ig t dttol ts d t t o t gy o soto s o t ttto tw iso dssold tos t stdy o dlt sotios o oo i ld sot ws od o t sggsto tt t st ittos

tw sots w y dsd i ts o ttio gs d qs ts t so o t t tttio tw y dit sots

llg ts ( dosttd o oltio o itl dt t t ss ti toy o sotio o dog i tss li to o t t t o solto slts o t d tls ll o o stgt i d tos o tls o t Ti tios i wt gt xtd t toy t w iol ogi d w ts ltd to t stgt t tlydogdg d ts t sol ssto tt ydogts t td sits i t d ts d t otdie i e fe-eered els I e qo w res vy

oit to t t tody qtts

s o { o o d o T ts oltoo dt ssd i tis is std t qto

S -4 + 8;

O- 57;

for bcc nd hcp

for cc

we is i atm-1 n " n nty unts. T ts' svto tt t d tw ts wo ls s ogy igt tttd ily to t d i t oi o { o t dit stts.

R ogi sowd i stdy o t di sotos o Hz d

D2 Q

Z tt t sotos o Sts w d tt t tlo d ss tos o soo o ydog d dti ddt o oosto 1 1 Ri odd ow( tt t s odl w ydog tos osidd to otd i ttd sts d t ss t to ss soy ot ito otitio ot t xit sts Bs t dssold tl s t ls oly tis st tgt q tstio otitio to t xss til toy ss t toy ws od stg t s ogto t

g




8/35

22 K

wh ad a h um o hydog ad oum aom p h auao

Th baoa qu whh w auad h ud ao b ompad wh maud u uh a ho oad om

uo dao Th o daa xa a p m o b fo hhydd (31.

N CN NTh du ouo o abo ma ad ao ha o b o

xy udd wh p o h dpd o h o ma aha hdog Th mao o o a ha b wh h ouo o o h du foud ha a qu ow oao o abo ouo o h ou how po dao om y aw.Th a aa mhaa auao o aou o h bhaow mad b ak & Smh 32, who aumd ha abo aom ghog xd a ma p o o o aoh Th quao o h dpd o h ay o abo o oao admpau whh wa h oad wa

o [3 - 10]

e e

Th oguaoa paa opy Xc h mod. hoa dpd upo h ho o adad a or abo ouo o ad g y xp (/ wh h g o puobw ghbog abo aom Baa Eo & Chpma (33 d mo omp ud o h ouo ha E mpa dpd adhy ugg ha h quay b paad o a ha ad op mhu

"

[

J Rwh h ha h au 3140 a mo ad S h au o 08 a dgmo. Th auho ao how am o h u aodg omod whh w dopd o h ouo ubqu o ak adSmh wok.

Th ma aa pg om dopm o Spak Spmod (34, whh a ao aom xud a umb o ghbog om oupay oh ao aom Th aamou o makg h a

y ag po quay ak ad Smh am Th "okg o y a ou a gad may y Maad owok 3 ya T mod a aoad o aowo h oap o h xudd om whh ou ag whag abo oao B-a Eo & Chpma (33 how ha

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252


reviews.org

b



only.


9/35

SOLUON THERMODYNAMICS 22

thei expeimental esuls can e accommodated to this model whch sessentally athemal, y the equaton

yc .ac 7Y + lSyc2 '

t can thus e concluded that the epeimenal nomation otainale ymeans o exsting techniues s not accuate o inomative enough to ethe ass o a decsion etween the two etemes o the inteaction epulsionenegy wih a nomal conguational entopy on one hand and the athemallocking model on the othe. The asic dieence etween the two appoaches is that the patial heat o soluton o caon shoul e a measualeuncton o composton accoding to the aenSmith model, ut not ac

codng to the SpeseSpetna model The solute inteaction tem appeasto e too small to e easily otaned om secondlaw teatment o eeeneges o soluton, and hence accuate caloimety o the evoluton o aew expeiel eque e ada

The small nteaction enegies which ae to e expected etween atoms indilute solution ae not amenale to measement in hightempeatue ystems ecause o the nheent expemental eos. A successul method opoducing these uantities at low tempeatues seems to e the measuemento ntenal icton Two examples o these studies ae dilute soluons o oy

gen n tantalum (36), in which the attactive enegy etween oygen atomswas ound to e 200 cal mole and o oxygen in nioium (37) n whichthe esults wee 1600 cal, 4100 cal and 6200 calmoe o theomaton o oxygen pais tplets and quaduplets espectively Theexpeimental values wee otaned at low tempeatues (300C) andhence the concentations o these enttes ae much hgh than woud eound at tempeatues aound whe th onentional masuementshave een made

To sum p the ehavio o dilute nonmetallic solutes can e adequately

desced y Heny's law as long as solutesolute inteactons ae neggilysmall Since these appea to e o the ode o 000 cal mole, the concentaton of solute usually eceeds 1 atomc pecent eoe a measualedepatue om the dl law appeas. It is impossle at pesent to estimatethe composion ange ove which the deal law will contnue to apply ecause we have no eliale mode o soltesolute inteactions in metallicsolutions

BINR E SE

oncntt so soutonsThe smplest atomc model o inayalloys the stictly egula solution equies that the paise ond enegese independent o composition, the cystal stuctue emain unateed acossthe whole cncentaton ange the atoms e andomly dstuted and theKoppeumann law apply to the heat caacities Amongst the many luid



only.


10/35

aoy systes hch hae ee eased 38 thee hae ee ey fesystes fo hh te epeeta ests cofo to ths eao ad tod see lely that the egla soto odel atpates aytgt the goss popetes of xg the sod state. dcatos fo the

qd stdes ae that the ode shod t ost cosely the ehao of aoysystes hch ae foed fo eleets of the sae gop of te eodae Cetay the eslts fo g 39 ad MgCd 4 sold soltoscofo easoay e at tepeates cose to the qds Te testgof ths ode the sod state s seeey lted y the fat that ey fesystes sho a de age of sostta sold soltos e eRothey alloys C ad g th the , , V eeets, epeset thetypal eao of ay ay systes ag a e of sold sotoages of deg cysta stctes acoss the coposto age

The ost techat cotto of fee-electo theoy to the aclato of te states of etal alloys as ase fo sseqet poeets of the Mott calcato hc as sed coecto th hydogesotes Bad & pat 41 ae saed these cacatos tosho tat the potetal sggested y te hoas-Fe callato solde eplaced y a osclatoy potetal ad the estg eegy of teactoetee to sote speces ca theefoe e ethe attacte o epseepeg o te posto of eaest gos e fo of te teactoegy s

ZZ co kpE() -

kphkp +

ee Zl ad Z2 ae the ages of teactg os ad k s te ae ecto ofelectos at te Fe sfae e detals of ts odel ay ot e qattatey sessfl a e of eal aloys ecase te o oe teatosothe ta those hch occ a the cdcto eetos ae ot cosdeed fat te ele alclats of s f ppe f eple otaed a sale o oe teato te ad t s stll ot la at eastto the atho hethe o ot ts sggesto as ee cosged to o as aest of eet deeopets

e osclatoy poteta allatos do appea to e cosstet t aeasoae aot of expeeal data ad that the eegy of teactoetee to sotes depeds po te Fe eegy ths ode sggeststat ay aloy syste hee te etals ae deet aeces at eastthe segla odel 43 shold e apped heoetcal specatos asedo te feeelecto teoy also sggest at te odaes etee adjaet

sodsoto ages ae xed oy y the eqeet that the codctoad eectos d the oest tasatoa eegy ees fotatelytee do ot appea to e set eslts fo ay syste to ae t possleto test ths dea qattately. he oy syste o hch a sgcate of stdes of heats of g oe a de coposto age y a

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252


reviews.org

b



only.


11/35

"

-000


12/35

230 ALCOCK

cas ha a chag i h c/am a mus b csidd as a caus fdpau h hmdyamic ppis iay maic ays mh sicy gua sui md

h sgica dpau his idaizd bhai is udi h i vaus cguaia pis mig Tw impasucs dviai a i h addiiviy h ha capacis which isquid y h ppuma u ad magic cbuis aisfm h miig ams wih ud d shs

O sid as dic caimic vidc ccig ha cpaciisisv m spas ha has f mig bu Fdma & wic (5) usdh phas diagams a umb sysms dispayg a vy imid sidsuii cacua h css paa ps f h diu sus was ud m such cacuas ha h css p i suay ag,h ag h dhmc ha f mig Th has miig mus cssaiy b dhmic d ig au h aw ag sid sus m ccad sus cudg hs wh a hmicha f mig Kubaschwsi (53) has dmsad ha h css pyf miig a s mamum vau s ad h mamum vau f h haf mg y a ia quai

wh is h biig pi cmp c uhm appasha hs maima i ha ad py miig ccu a appmay hsam cmpsi

Th sid sus whch ca as mas as cmpwi hav a cspi cii h py f miig whh hash m

R L Xi In +

wh is h am aci h spcis aig a amic mm ih mags p am hs magic py w y ps ipaamagic as ad disappas i h magic sa I hfws ha h mus awas a i cibui h css pyfm hs suc i paamagc ays ms f hs ssms which hav asaby accuay sudid his ac appas ma a sigicacbu (4 5) Th pcs dmiai h magc pyquis wdg h amic mms ach spcis ad hs mayva wih cmpsi (5) wud sm ha h ifmai avaia a

ps is isuci aw a pcs a pii cacuai his m adha i hs w cass i which suci daa a a ad h magicpy y accus pa h css py

O fa f paadum ays which has appad s a chag sg h ha mig acss h cmpsi ag Ths c bviusy ca

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252


reviews.org

b



only.


13/35

OLON EMODNAMC 3

ot b ccotd o thoh th s o costt iwi bodi modt is dictd by cto thoy o th mixi o two lmts odit vlcy (57. h ct is od cly i - lloys o xm

8 cos i s diclt to s xctly wht is mt by th vcyo tsitio mt spcis sciy sic th bd opltio wilch s ctio o comositio o th omtio o oys (59 Nvthss th ch o si o th ht o mixi is it wll sblishd oth lloys btw o Ni F+ Pd (54, 55 Th lloys btw o Ni,+Pt (60, 61 d Pd Pt(6, 63 ll h l othc hts omixi th ths ldim oys d o o comositio i which thht o mixi is dothmic his ssts tht th ch o si isltd to th wkss o th itctios i th o Ni Pd loys

which ows th cts o th cto/tom tio i isi o owi thmi sc to bcom siict.

IntrmtUc ompoud- m o coods hv ow b ivstitd ithby ms oiqidti coimty (64 o hts o omtio o by vo ss msms o is o omtio. h two thotic ochs to th dictio o th stbiliis o itmtllic comods; th st to b discssd h is d to Kbschwski(65) A sty o th cyst stcts d ittomic dists i it

mtic comods vs h h is sy ics dsity oci o th toms i my o th comods wh comd with thcomot mts Lvs(66 hs boht toth cosidbl moto stct idc i sot o this ostio Kschwsk bth cctio o th y o omtio o compod by ssmi thtth ik-tom od stths c dicty otid om hhts o vpoitio d th cooditio ms i th lmts.Uik-tom bod stths w th otd by s o th omtc mostt o Pli(67 EAB (EAA EBB2 I od to mk lownc o

th vitio o bod sh wih bod h d o h coibiosom toms yod th st cooditio sh ivs ddc o thbod sth o th itcl distc ws ssmd.

Kbschski ths rivst "ctiv ooditio b whicho xml i B loy wold b o th mt

2rA is th itcl distc tw ihoi oms A dAis th distc t toms i th comod d is th cosodi distc btw A d B ci.

h vls o s omtio hich obtd b si thisthoy i my css it clos to th msd vs; th tt sldomtt stishd th 500 mo til sis o om



only.


14/35

3 ACOC

us wu s aa t ts tatt a t as ass u A Ts sw sab as sty t t ts A s t uat ts a

t wt ts bt by u sut aty by &a 68 a by ubasws 65 us ta t ttu swstat t at s usuay wt a t.

Sut t a a as s b bta us ussus t ss ps a u U a S w t was u tt t ts t tsus w w bt by saw auat w t squ 69 7

At a b a as b s by w 7

ts s bas s 7 stuat. T yst utus t systs a at t t ub a b ts t. T sust squ s

elattu

75

8

hp

f

s us u w butts t st s w b ab

T ysta stutu t vs u t t stats ts u tas ys ta us A tts t ub a p ts w us b tua ta syst qty t u ts ts t sat asus ats A u I t as bts t t u stt t t t tsust b t t t y p v b b ut s av Tus t u II 2 ut s t p byt t t a w tw b ts avab w sws t ss s

t tst ta systs a t t u d s w a as b us b t. A t ts yt d ts wy tut t t t yst stutu butay a t t s Us t ats suba t tsw was a t t vus r s a w us t ts uts t st t us su s Zt v v sbt 7.I t t as tat a ssstt b t tus u b at s t bt bas t u

taty t vaus t ta s bus t y t a u s bt as t sa btw ubs t ss tt ts ys usu s y t styt systs A s wk b systs su sts tt by ubaswsk wu t s v t.ut t aat a ub ta systs t t


2.Downloadedfromwww.annua

lreviews.org

byMiddleEastTechnicalUniversityon02/13/12.Forpersonalus

eonly.


15/35

OLTON TMONAMC 33

ey, a beme neeay ave e f bndn ae, ae ave enee d n de dey f a nmbe f eeen b

e nn f e pbly f n ae n e p depn fa yem nde a deee f eby dea fm e pedveapaby e appa nally a Maak 74) pned a venbnay ally an ae a nbe f deen ya e a e epeae aned e eampe ndeed by Maalk e ayem n a 20 a peen all e p pa appea a30C e f pae a 600C and e b e a 860C ee, ndeede baane f ably pbaby le be demnaed nvnnly e EnelBee appa

ee ee dea bndn n nemea mpnd ne f a de f bndn n e ea ae ld be alled"vaen and appea abe an mqanavey f mpndavn a a ea f fman e f e ann ea avn abnmaly ae ea f fman ee ean an pan p fpnd nee depn and em debeda "eepla "paaly n e eaen f ee b e eal nlned e n e ed nvlve e e f e eleneavynep ld eem napppae aep aae e abe

f ye avn paay lled ndn band by mean f baallymlela appa eve by Rbnn and Beve f e abe fmpnd avn e e leay a e nnen ny a be, emqanave FeSe a e e ea f fmanf Se b e ame deene n eeneavy and MnSb a ee aby f Mn 7)

e eenn by e ndn band, a been n en an py f deen ae f e ae n eed nde eall ln d emve e ae Madeln nbn

e abl f a eall ye n elen anfe ake plae en nbn bndn d eefe be nnan n meayem M 76 ed a e edal "ae n ea WneSe e n a bnay ay d be epnbe f e enee f dedde anfman, ne e ped e f e deed paed nde ny e Maden nbn e maFem pede a aan empyed and e el f e eqa CZn mpnd ed a eened ae, 12 f Zn and 2 f C eeeded by e ndn band 00 e nbn e

en e pnd f ee eened ae d eefe an appmely 1 ka am Fe aan baed n e a pena b Han & Pakn 77) ead a e f e CZnay e a f M and e may ame a appaepeen e feelen ve f ae anfe eanaby ell f e"n nbn n e Maden ene bndn n pnd ae banaly ea and n eenn an



only.


16/35

3 ALOK

a an ou no b o aoun o ag ao oon, bu a b onb o o-o ng

onbuon o bonng u o on an a

o abou bau n o oaz on a a ong T n no u a aung onbuon an so ono b oug o a an on bon, bu ng o an o on aoo ano g b a o n bn ao onga T a aonab oong ukn' uggon a onga a o on an an onzaon ng o ao T on a o ng o o ng u b a n a uana a o n bween eecie elecronegatiiies.

T o oo b a 9, n an o onbuono a o ng ou a a u o on an o a onuon ban o on oon o a o o oonn a o-ban o o ao), onan n o uggon, an o ou ubana o on o o oonn o a o ng

n onnon ong ng o a ooun anbe n o he reios discusion ha he use of e consan pairwisebonng o n onnona agg-Wa auaon anno b

o b quana aao 80 aoun u o aonnaonnn naon ng o b aao on o a o ng n gua uaon =XAXB a onan o ) a b a o gna unaon XAXB

T Ha (3 ubgua o no o ng anan n ano o

M = - R I i i

To uaz, gna onuon an b an o na n ncenig bna ao ou o ean eaviyoa an abanonn o onan a bonng o, a aa a n n o a gou o o Tab aao T ubgua o ou o b o b bo ung bna ao , dd ban anon ak o b no n oug no a o au, a aoug aoaon, a nguaona no on ao aunn on o ng ng

TTL PODT ona o o bo, ab, , an n

a a goo a o anon n n a T aa o a ooaon a u ubana; o a u o ao

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252


reviews.org

b



only.


17/35

SOLION EMODYNAMCS 235

ui, bu h ori obin b f-ngyof-frion urn ob of iing ig ury for h roynioi n b iniiz n r ib o i rng ofrur, n no ing hniqu n u u n b obin bor rur ui on ru roun 15C fo h booun n rooi for n goi quiibrion ui ruu for y roun C Tr i rfor rgrur inr bn ru or ooun, n ignin ng of n rng of non oihior our in ru in nion of h ru fo ny gin y i hrfor u n u of h on- rour ry ii urrin rob of ghing ignn oun of informion obi on ur i r u r b h rn ofoi-ouion forion n b i i iurii n b buiino n originy ur ubn by hi rion i our urin urn It s o tst, t to bg ou dsusso o iii o inii ooun rring o f urni r o ouion forion

o ui h bn of niirbi oiouion foion of Grion on iC-i (81) n r bn nb of ui of h UCUN () In boh h oiouion o ouin bior of h uobinr rbi niri ixur foo riu nirogn rur in n i i o onin rror rbi of o for b niri ig rur u b onro, or onior, ry o

T onirion i o ogn in g in oiouon of o in rbi n o bv orin o Ro urn of ogn oubi in (8) r i n rurng 1135C b n of h hiqu o b Kok (13)n r rin, h rbi n iqui urniu r onin in C ruib n quiibr i onro iu rurin orr o bi h hroni of iouion of oygn UUCO_ bounry ooiion of oxrbi irn nU0 n U0-UC iur r roug o quiibriu i rbi n hi urnu iiy n uniy Th ogn rur uroughou i uy r bn 1 n

Por (86) h o ui Pu C h in rur rng1315C n n h h iiing ooiion i roiPC in rn of uoniu n PuC in

n of P T o of ru k i qui h rori o rnr /rbon/non no on non i oni of oxgn n non in oing g, bu r o ir r o h iiy

A Grion foun i Ti-C , urr oiion in



only.


18/35

2 COCK

bhvor o mny o h rrory rbd nd rd h d rng oopoo rprg dpur ro ohory C_ ovrhh g ph x hu, 1, h ph n o y

hr b d o pr rbo pu rog h hru or h pudobry ohor xur n b obnd oyh h rbon nd nrog v r ko or h hvy o o ompon kon ovr h ph d d rnryGbb-Duhm rrd ou o obn h vu o v h pudobry

In h gh o h ud, b rdy pprd h ork hod ho h opoo dd b vry rduou knd h puy o murn o prur probby r

o o h prob A hgh prur hr vporzon gn h murn o v o boh oponn h dd hudy rrory rbd Wh h pron hvd h pror ud o b o ghr vub oron prurpprohg . h prob od h h uro ng v h h proruh n on o hoo o o o h p urd b obvd by huse of Belton and Fruehan's adaptation o the Gbbs-Dhem ron .h x o b gou drbd hh h o o h ouonoxd o vub d n h drmno o r rg ooron o rbd. D Mr d o-orkr 9) nd Cuhbr,roh or Pury 91) obnd hrodyn ormoor k nd rr-rh drbd ro vpor prur ud hk-rh opound vporzd prpy o g v h vpor dod rbo h h rr-rh rbd hod pr prur oMCg) hh vrd ro y o y

or 9) h obd h v o rbo n h C y byoprg VCz/V p prur ato g VIC ro h hn ubrum h h xur h m prur

u o h r y o h h o CHz/H rd qubr hh oud b ud o bh rd hrodyn r d rrd o prur bo 1. Rud by Akv 9) o h -C y r n qu good grh ho o Grvo ), hu hog h rby o h hod hhorog o h produr o our h h rbon vy n onyb urd do o bou lO-z h y rby C, nHjPH2 qubru h rbo 1 A or prur hh ro nr, h hvm o qubru k dy, ndor gas k h g-hdg can b por our orror.

h u xur o CO nd CO o d rbo po hg ph h b o d u h udy o rbd d Kykp 94)h oudd rom rn m ud h h oxg oxyg po



only.


19/35

SOUON HEMODNAMCS 37

dened by a COC mixture can ead t incrrect reut even when themeta ha a reativey w xygen anity The anity f chmium frxygen i e than the f the Gru V and V eement which frm re

fracty cabie, but te earier meauement f the tabiitie f CC2 anCrC by man f CO/C equiibria rduced thermdynamic vaue frthee carbide which were ignicanty dierent fm the f KeykamHe ued the ce

Pt/Cr, CrFdCaF/CrF, CrC, C/Pt

and

Pt/C, CFdCaFCrFz, CCg, CgC/P

in rder t meaure the chrmium activitie in the CrC C and CC

CrC mxture. Hi ret fr the free enerie f frmatin f thee hae

IG 00 - 80T ca moe1 (880 0K)

75 5 a (91can be cmae with ichardn aement 9 f the earier data frmwhich the fwing equatin can be derived :

IG 0, 00 . ST a mo

IGo 4 600 6 5T a molThe dierence in the tabiitie f thee techngicay very imrtant

carbide which are btained by ga equiibratin and by idtate eectrchemity, amunt t 1 kca me at 100K f CC and t abut theame errr fr CrC2

The eximenta catter in the emf meaurement aear t be abut10 m V and hi accunt fr an uncertainty f 70 ca me in the meaurement f the fee energy f frmatin f CC2 Thi i becaue the eec

trde CrF2, CrC2,C ha the cabide and carbn at unit activity and hence RT In and fm the ce meauement E RT In a'Hweve We Chiman 9 tudied the CO rure ver

V2CVO VC) and btained frm thei reut a twterm equatin frthe frmatin f tichimetic VC

V + C VC ; G 00 + T al mo

The id utin VC, VO) wa aumed t cnfrm t Raut aw andfm Mah Keey' 97 data f the V f vanadium xide, the vanadium

activity in the thee idhae miture can be btained and, ince cabni reent a a ure hae the free engy f frmatin f the mncarbidecan be cacuated The temeratureindeendent term f thi equatin i inv g agmet with t tanar at f frmatn f the mncarbide 00 0 ca me which wa btaine by Mah 98 carimeticay

Annu.R

ev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.

Downloadedfromwww.annualr

eviews.org

by

MiddleEastTechnicalUniversi

tyon02/13/12.Forpersonaluse

only.


20/35

38 ACOCK

e epeen obu and anau ode eang abono for Nb and a ere u per o erpe nce e oubeof oge e cabde pae ude hee codon ee eglgb a

Nb02 + 3C NbC + C

Ta05 + 7C TaC + SC

he lae cae he ea o foao whch we cacuaed by heeoda poedue ere n good ageee afer oeo o ooepeaue, caorerc ea of foraon

I he eal of aloe ude, e ok o he hea of foao ofcabde and nde have a de ange of non ooe, abrough he eeng uggeon ha he ea of forao pe g oe aea fuco of copoo or exape

Ti + x/NN,(.S93 x 98)- Ho 16 + 6x a o

Tee eu (Mooova & Kenbug 99 ere obaned b oygeobuon aoey The ape ee anayzed o e oygen onen, an he o eee ae gave he eu N 0 aniN0 he eec of ee puy coceaon hould o

heefoe be oo arked Ohe a ude n ch he aayca forao o o coee ae hoe of Kolov ad cooke 1) fohe ye Nb ad a e reul are aga gve e ple woe equao for

H(NbC) 8 9 + 4x a oe

(739 x 93)(TaC 43 + 973x a oe

(73 x 96)Hube e a (11 ) epo copooa depedece for he ude ofNb ad a by he reee equao

HO(NbC) 66 79x + 37x aoe

(686 x 98)

ad

(TaC") 8 3 78x 4688x a oe( 7 x 998)

a e eu of opue aalye bu ae a e pe epeon

HTaC) 9 - 67x aoe



only.


21/35

40

8 -

6 '

4 f 32 1u:

i 30 ; 28 r

26 f

-

SOTION EMOAM

0

!. TaCx-I i 06 07 8 0,

/Q a a

239

The results fo the heats o omaio of TaCx as a fncto o f opoto) e doed e reeses th toa atoh gv .

ao e e o aal ooabe w xa erore

e ooao o e woe eo for a of foao e oe o oooe ab a ea o e ao HM b

(X ao o o cbon)

a o e aa eoa eao

olow ha

AHO = bx h Ac b

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252


b



only.


22/35

ALOCK

eu foe inica a woin o fo a nonocomec cai o ne pa ove a wi ane of copoion ou a paa oa a of ouon of e coponen ou econan a en pvouy en menione a anay of oynamc of pae wi a we an of compoion can mae uccefuy y man of an paiion funcion vaiaion of e aciviycoce of ac componen incu a paia a of ouon wic may a funcion of copoion fncona pnenc ae o vacancyvacancy neacion enege wen a fecve compoun coni u Liowz (3) ac epenence of oynacpop of ye o compoon o vacancy neacion ene avne vau .3 ca moe fo H kca moe fo ZH an 35ca oe fo H Hoc (4 a concu a e f ny eufo aC cou e accoune fo wou uc a vacancy neacon an u a paia ea of oion ae conan ic i conienwi e caomc ui au of a oane fom e mpeinea expion fo e caomec eu ave no oviou ucuancanc an w vauae o ee f fue ue ow any eaionip ween H an a

The ue ety ce an oie a g mpeaue avn ao xcuivy cai ou epoyin vapo pu cnue ovou conequnce o ac of uae a xue wc can

en oon o con pona. e ce of cnca ipoance aoe of i mein pon an nfoaon on opoun ofGoup IV V an V fay cope o mo of ee ce Seacy() ea of foaon wic av n oan i y econ-awcacuaion fom vapo peue eauemn o y iec caoiiaumn (6). Ony cny a an ecoov foc ecniqu nappe o e uy of iicie an i uy 7) e emoynamicpopie of anaum iic we one y e u of a oi oxieecoye vine an Kooney ue oxyn concnaion ce

w eletde mde utle ni the ilide he (gP/, eO/OY/S aS aS/P) mpeaue ane9C

e t aoca wi ud a the oe whh inequiu m wi e mix iicie pae can aco aSi compoon ane an cou can wt empeau S wa own o e ox in quium w aSiaSi an a w aSaSieay wen oxe of e wo omponn of cie ave ouye a ay an ea of fomaon of icie ea

cann acv e copnen n a vn mxu cou caue eae coxn ox pae o cane fom on eeen anaum o o, con, aco a paicua empaue an eaivy owae of e oae eacion aociae w i oxyn anfe coua o owy ifin ef

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252


reviews.org

b



only.


23/35

SOLUTION THERMODYNAMIS 4

Th s o h ord lrol CF old dd xr rolms d oh volls o BFa nd SF9 I s no srsng hn h h only sssfl lrohml sdy h ords or slds hs nvolvd ml hhorms vr sl ord Aronson Askrn 08 msrd h frnrgs of ormon o horm ords n h mrr rng 8000C mns of h IIs

Th, Th4/C/Th, Th6

/C2/Th, Th6 h

/CFdh, h, h()

Y

Th sdy o mII oxd sngl hss sold solons, nd nroxdomonds hs n mjor nvolvmn of hghmrr hmss nh ps dd. h volm of plons nd h rslng lh ofman la a a a n al, u nno sd h h s of or knoldg n hs r s fr n dvns rsl

T o mos xhsvly sdd o h sngloxd sysms r ndodly FOX nd U02x. hs o oxds hv mor hnologlsgnn, nd h nrss o h sl nd nlr ror ndsrs hv

n II srvd n h oxd ld. sds of FO r orgnd h lssl or of Drn

rry 10 ho sd gs-sold qlron nd on o h mos rn sy Fndr Rly sng sold-s lrohmsr 110 Th rsls o nm of ds n hs o mporl nd xprmnl lms 1 1 11 13 rd o nrrl n rms o F2 vns nd Fposv hols or ossly y lsrs o nrsl F ons 1 14 Thordrng o ds hovr s no onpld, sn h rmodynmrors : nd : pprd o hv normly oss h holhs ld Fndr nd Rly's ls or hovr, lnds sppor o hsggsons o Rh ll 1 1 h hr r hr rgons hn hFO hs ld hh r srd y sondordr rnsons Thsrnsons prol nvolv h longrng ordrng o ds n hrrs mnnr n h rgon.

A l rsl s h shon or h omposon F n hh/ k h vls 6100460, 64,00510, nd 66,0040l g om n h hr rgons oh 1 16 md som hgh-mprr-ry sds h sngl rysls o FO hh gv rsls onssn

h h formon o srl hvng ordrd vns n ohdrl ss h lsrs o 4F ons on rhdrl ss Thr s somdn hn, o spor h d of d lsrng n hs sysm rvl hgh mrrs o 1350C. prs h hogh hhng n rl molr h of solon o oxygn s smll gong ross hs



only.


24/35

242 ACOCK

uu n in nn b i

T un w wi b i n i

in uu v bn in i ui v n u nw b T i ui b2 b Bun W (7) ini w gnu v nnin ng b2 b2 u un 900 gn & Gun 18) wvnu g-i uiibiu ui 00 i uin iin ng b2 b2 T nning i uiin in w 15 25 00C u in ru u ui

n v u v ng i i nw u n nz i u giv i nni uin in ui w n n ubu bv ng in ng n n ini w i iu b n b2 iu vu 1 88 ini

T C2X (9) xi v ng vu 0 3 at temperatures above At ower teperatues the odered tucu un gn u 22 n bi uu i ui in wi gn vni , nw vu n. Ti uin gn g 2 bu 5 iniu C bu 9 n n in 00 C b ing gin n iuu u v ng in n in u ng 70040C, i uin gn i 20g x=0.02 8 05 ( l20) i ng iuin n i i un ng C2 ning

B i ngi n i uin gn n 2 v bn in bwn 2n 2 2 ( 2 T u i ngi bn binb gi n un wi nb gn u Gnin D 22 w bin b u Cv ii 00 T u ugg bn2 n 2 i uin gn ng bu 00 bu 0 g T i n uin xgn ng v i in i gin, ning bvi

nn in ig nniii ing i Wgn- T i u in nnwv in iu uin ng n ii u iubing i n

A n Z n u (2) un ii 2 w bvi n





25/35

SOLUON ODAC 243

modl o appara o rmda pa ar l aal mpraur ra 800 o 100C paral molar a o oluo o o ad rom a arl oa valu o 65 alaom

mar ra o 3 al aom o-r ra rduo o V02 02 MoO ad WO lad o o ormao oa apprabl ra o ooomr bu o appara o a umbr o rmda ompoud (4 5) pa o ald Magneliphas b mo auor av ompoo o ral ormulau a (V )02 Mo W)O Mo W)O2. r av b vr maurm o o pa qubra volv od buAkrma & Rau () av udd om o u od aad Kaura & Haaa (7) av udd ulbra volv V20

V0 V0 V0 V0 ad V02 Bo ud r abov 000, ad ablm o ordr o d ould av b ompl

aura ad Haaa maurd o poal of o-pam a 100K ma o old od lrol ad obad a valuo r-r a or rao pa pa ld o Mal pa V02

G1600 - 1,000 a

Akrma ad Rau rprd r rul r obad bvapor prr maurm or adard r r o ormao o u od b pl o-rm uao ad a b v a

+ 145 0 90

(W68/)

1 -t W7

0/18)

GO - 190,000 + 540T -1

G - 00 + . a o

A ma mpraur o ud 1200C dr ablb od ror 300 al mol o o

EE QUU CNSNS

W lpa ooomr m mu or a bappld o udao o d rao b ma o maaola Wa mo urpr a a umbr o a o valu o oa ovr a d ra o ompoo or o m ad u o rm aocation prval d r r a uao ma rp mlar o a dlu aquou oluo o mpl lrol u uraoabl o u ma-ao la pudr rm dluo maurabl dparur rom oomr -mpraur od m ou mu r oraoo d a o ould b adld a Hovr o



only.


26/35

244 ACOCK

teret t brg tgeter the uccefu rereett f te exermetdt t e f there cmmty f behvr

The trt met xde M e d N ve bee

tuded wth reect t tchmetry Te he ll hve te Ncryt tructure d y hw xyge-exce tchmetry The eef frmt f ghervecy ct M decree wth creg tmcumber th ere d the rge f vue f M0 lmted by thefrmt f te e M0 excet fr ckel wch reure greterth e tmhere f xyge e reured t frm the hger xde.

Mgu xde w tuded by Dve Rchrd (18 wh etbled the thermdymc f tchmetry by equbrt f the hewth -2 mxture. At temerture betwee 00 d 0 te vlue

f culd be red t 00 t the hghet xyge eure Te mct ctt whch decrbed the ml devt culd be ccuted frby umg rge trc ccetrt f tve hle (19 d tehgher derture frm tchmetry culd be ccuted fr by me f thew-tdrd equt 1/0MV+0. The xygereure deedece f thu e xt wer bve M d eurter wer bew th vlue

\st s s t e s d te mct ctt dt rvde very lttle frmt whc hel t relve te rbem. Swr

Wger (10 d e-xth we deeece th

vccy ccetrt the xyge reure t w defect ccetrtt chge t e q urter wer t hgher defect ccetrt t mghtbe ccluded te th the defect te e d the vcce refully dcted t the metlrch budry. Bryetd ld (131 tut hwever tht Mg-e ld lut te e-th wer wde t y d ce the defect ccetrt te wer th met-rc e te fully dcted mde hud be cble frtr

Ther tertve ugget "cg m fll cted cmlex t umed tht tw e re wy fully ctedwth ec ferru vccy d tt ech vcc bck the ereteghbr ct te frm ccut by ther vccy. The mctctt the tke the rxmte rm

( nFe+)3

where i te umber f f te th kd. Th muc mre cmexexre ccut f te eerme reult ver te whe cmtrge bth ure wutte d the Mg-e d ut





27/35

OO EMOAM 4

T c srucur c s n y bn r bu rn susn f Rh () bs n nurn rcn suys s rn sur un r n yn us s

Hr s n nrs rrc rnNck () n cbus (4) b sh s

2 nnc h rur r nnscry n yn rssur hc u r sur s n-c buBryns n s cu s b r ns rschry ch h bn su r ry s bn by

nn f n sr yn sscn rssur hus rs h s f frn f rncy n Mn h nsn f s n n nrs ss hch crrsn hsrucur nhr M0 rns nnr n hch hn fr scr n h M0 hs ns n h ynrssur I n hs cnncn s nrsn h r f h yn rssurs fr s qubr MM0/MM us 1+20+ n 0 000C r nns rn n cb rscy hs N0 hs n y bn su Ahu r s ry uch rr

r nns hn r rn n cb h n Mn Mn+ nyccurs subsny r 9 rrs nu r Mn Mn0

165C ccrn Ds n RchrnTh s C02 P02 n U02 h ur srucur h rs

rrsn hs ncy n U s ncy scns n sb syss fcs ssc nnschr ns hs s r ccur ny hru hnns hr bn nn cncs n C02X n Pu n nrsyns n U02+ (5) cns r rcns

+

n

r 197 n 17 kc rscy n h nn schrc hss ry sr rrs rsc rn f snc n rs f sn f yn s s shn rr

fc qubru cnsn r Pu ns un nus n

sxh r ccrn h rsus f Mrkn Rn (0) s Schn (136 su s sys hr rur unh nnc b nus n urh r n s rn nnschy h fc rn rcn cu b rn

Annu.R

ev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.


eviews.org

by



only.


28/35

ALCOC

or

pnng on h foraon of nra on or ogn vaan

Th ogn prur pnn n hn b ra o h onnraon off an h por b n n h a of h nrp b h n o hh ron ar rapp o for Pu on.

Th ru of van Ko ) for C0 n of Tnbau Hun 7) for ho bhavor vr ar o Pu02, h por pnn of h f onnron on h ogn prur bng bou onfh vr h rang hh ovr b van an Kor, hhang of op of h og 0/og x po an b ar n

Th no nogou rgon for u n puonu o orrpon

ng o 0+ n u u hr o rrk ha ukru, oran Hagr 8 nrpr h ru for h o b a f qubruhh o o U on n a o h an ogn nra on

1/

W 5) ho b n of nuron raon h h ruura or op han h, far h ogn nra on onrn.I appr ha h ru u b nrpr hong h hr ro p of oxgn on, 0 05 08 08) n 0 a 0 0 0)

rahr han h 05 05 0) poon hh ou nor b anpa. Th on our n qu nubr o on anohr n an qu nubr of van ar on h ogn Suh n rangn of ognon foun n h 0 a Th vn, oghr h h fcqubu onn foun b agark ugg h h U "opx h prognor of 0, hh h pha hh n for onoaon of 0

Th o V02, T0, b02, an o0 ar of h ru ruur hgh oon n h ar o I a non rr h

no -rh gon of nonoho n V0 ha bn obrv,bu h ohr hr o hav bn ufu prpar n h arhopoon rang Th f qubru onan for h ruon ab rn hr a

h h forao of ogn van or a

In h ar a, hr n nr on poua, h hrg of hinesa on a b ru o y h appng of on of h ronor + on an b for on nor In h agn phahh a formed in bth V02 nd T0z, he sea planes cnain on h h fo og oornon p of h hgon opang of h 20 pha. If r au h h f ruur n

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252


reviews.org

b



only.


29/35

OLON EMODNAM-7or-

'-10

0

1

-120 !;l-.=0:O:,'-0PON X N M2

F e eaiop bewee hema oea a ao ao of oye i02_z, aoi o a ur o sr s

omoous ra 00 s h + o hh as up a poso orrspod o h o oordao o shar pas h srs

0 d qubrum osa oud volv o paraprssur o mus o our por vau obad rom a umbro suds s osr o h mus o h por h orrspos o h urappd ro ad T+ rsal o.

or ods b0 ad Mo0 hh a sa ra o osoom as oud d ulrum osa ol volvs mus o a por o h o pssur s ror oludda umbr o lros ar rasd rduo a hs arlsa ar smal ompard h h rs orao.

h dus ha ar r h sud o massao osasar rprsd b oo o rsus so Fu hhsummars suds md o susohom 0

OLID OLIO OF IDTh umRor ru ha sod soluo a a pla o a ra

sps os rad do o dr mor a 5 pr s

Annu.R

ev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.


eviews.org

by



only.


30/35

4 ACOCK

d n h au n an d d un hu hd J hn h d hav h n hbu h ndun nnh add a n ha dnnhh a h n h u

h nah d un h a aJ dau a' a and aun OMO n qbu h n havbn ad h n an b a nub (4)h u H ahn & Muan (4) h NO-MO and NOMnO dun n qubu h n ad h HC0 a u nad quban h u hav bn nd b haaan& Abaha (4) (44) h ud d d avan Th hdna daa h d n vd v uh nan hn h u u ha aan a au

Th ud h dan d un an vd v nnnan n nnn h un d n b dun n a d b h addn a haab hu, n O-MO d un n h u nhh an b dd and ndab n dv hhh ha dan h u n h a n h d un a npe we Aoding o yengar & e ao e paal ea un n n h un ndndn h / a 0 n u and h vau h a hn na a ha n u u 65 a a hn 5 a

Ann & Can (46) h ha h aa ha un n n (Th!)0 d un and nan ( 5 a a) = = 9, and Rb & Man (7) ha haa ha un n n (U)0 un an nbnan un h ava u van dud

A h u u ha h d han hh a nh u d a nb h dan bhav h d

unh ud nnh n d h aan ha

h un b h aa n n a and a an a unvd. n an a n h hdna hh a n a nan, and a uu h bun an hdna h ad hn h aa hh a nvad u b dnd h ha n n h u a, bh b and ah aun Th hnqu hh u a n and hh v u

hdna u 00 a n h ava, a n un n a qun h baan ab han n a ah h a d a d u a nub ud d bn nan du a h a ahnn n d Whn a un nub aa avaab a nub

Annu.

Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252


reviews.org

b



only.


31/35

LN EN 9

od an d o a pr daa u a a onoud ad oard o or dnv xrn Rn av nan nan u of or an on nqu n nvan a gvn

u u of fr-nrg and aorr nqu n and o or rad apd a dra odu oprand arovr a uua noaon u a gpraur ra andnuon daon daa rqurd o an nang xn a odudn purud Bau of ada ang rougaou pn of av nor pur v oud dra a o orkng n d k an aan rruura oagu o a r aurn a ad on ua-dnd an n pa a a a n

Annu.R

ev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.


eviews.org

by



only.


32/35

5 ALCCK

TRTUR T1 Kubhwk 0 E E

cok B 196 MaurgiaTrmomir odo mo 4 ed

2 196 Pro Bri Cram. So No 3 Rpp R A Ed 190 Piomi

a Maurmn in Mas ar o! w Yok ecee

Ro E Bdwell L R kD 96 Tran M So AIME239; 1901

e E . D See R 216 Wed H Dke S 196

Tran AIME 23311 122

K W Shk H S R 26

8 Mk Bo R Whl S Rf 2 1

9 omm E 190 J LCommonMa 22139

10 ll Kbewk oGodbek O 191 EromSo 981

11 . Kubw Denh, W 19 n Ma 828

12 bd 19 80

1 3 Komk K Sle M 1962Trmodnami o Nuar Maria e E

ebe P 936 1901 We 19 Z P C

A 19338616 Mo 1936 Pro Cambrdg

Pi So 322811 Hefld K GoppMy M

93 Z. P. Cm B 2620318 dl 92 Pi Mag 3319 Ebuk Y O'K M 196

Progr SoidSa Cm 1820 MQll A D a ai

i in Ma and Ao 3w Yok MGwHll

21 Hoe E 1963 Eron Sruur and Ao mir of Traniion Emn 29 ew Yokee

22 he R 93 Pro o So 16 1 2

23 owe R Guehem E H 199Saiia Trmodnami mbde U e

2 Hoch M 196 Tran A IME 2301382 Mll W Koh B G 1962

J Erom So 1096126 Bodowky H 196 Z P

Cm N F 1292 Bodowky H Shl H

1969 Tran M So A IME 2101

28 Glhe O W 1969Tran M So. A IME 219

29 Rcc Go 196 J PCm 1 362

30 Rcc Se R 29 363231 S S Webb 196 Nu!

Si Eng 2318832 Dke S Smh R 96

Am Cm So 611233 By S Ello hpm

1969 Tran M So A IME21199

3 Spee R, Spek J. W 19Tran A m So Ma 93

3 Mel R B Ged T

Hoow S Sp 196 Tran M So AIME23928

36 ow R W Doyl M 199Tran M So AIME 2:6

Gbl R We 1966 AaM 109

38 Hule R O R deoP. D Keley K K 1963 Sd f i o Ma an Ao ewYok Wley

39 Mbe Shdl H M Bhe1l E 93 J Ma:09

0 mboe Wlle W E R S 192 J Am CmSo 32

1 Bld Dpl L 1963Mai Soid Souon w Yok ;Bem

2 ch K 93 Pro o So 1 8

3 Hdy H K 193 A M 1 202 Bl G R Dowe D B 90

Ma i J 4: O R B B 196 Tran

Farada So 61 2 266 Wbk 193 Z. Anorg Cm

232:289 SmoHmmee H O 1936

Z Mak 28198 Kbe Oel W M K. W

193 In Einor. 19209 Kpp O 196 J. P Cm

6082

0 Klpp O K R 962 AaM 10183 edel J 19 Adan P 362 eedm owck S 198

A a M. 6163 Kbschewk O 968 Trmod

nam o Nuar Maria 68e IE



only.


33/35

SOLTON TERMODYNAM 1

54. Alcock, C B, Kubik, A. 1969 ActaMet 7:437

55 Bdwell, L R, Rizzo, F E, Smith,J V 1970. Acta Met 803

56 Goodenough, J B 1966 Magnetism

and the Chemical Bond. New York:Interscence

57. See Re 558 Kleppa, O J 955 Acta Met. 3 25559. Crangle, J 963 Electronic Structure

and Aloy Chemitry of the Tranition Element 51. New York nterscince

60 Taylor, R W, Muan, A 962 TransMet Soc AIME 224500

61. chwerdtfeger, K, Muan, A 965.Trans. Met Soc AIME 233904

62 Myles, K M, Darby, ] B 1968Acta Met 16485

63 Landolt, C, Muan, A 1969. Tran.Met So. AIME 245 791

64 each S l. See Re 3 9965 Kubaschewski, O 1959 Nat Phy.

Lab Symp No Pap C. H MStationery Oce

66 Laves, F. 956 Theory of Alloy Phase124 Cleveland, Ohio: ASM

67 Pauling, L. 1960 Nature of the Chemical Bnd thaca, New York:

Cornell Univ Press 3rd ed68 King, R C, Kleppa, O J 1964 ActaMet 12:87

69. Alcock, C B, Grieveson, P 196-1962 J. Int Metals 90304

70 Alcock, C B, Cornish, . B, Grieveson, P 1966 Thermodynamics 1 2 1 . Vienna: IAEA

7 . Brewer, 1967. Phae Stability inMetals nd Alloys, ed P S Rudman, J Strnger, R aee, 39New York McGraw-Hil

72 Enge, N 1949. Kem Maanedsbl3053 75

73 . Brewer L 1967 Acta Met 1555374 See Ref 7 5666775 . Robinson, P M, Beve, M B 1967

Intermetallic Compounds, ed J HWestbrook 38 . New York Wley

76. Mott, N F 1937 Proc. Phy Soc.London 49258

7 7 Harson, R , askin, A 1963Metallic Solid Solution Paper Ved Friede, Gunie New Yok:Benjamin

78 Mullikan, R S 934 J. Chem. Phys278279 Varley, J H O. 1954. Phil. Ma. 45

88 78 Her, M ee Ref 7 7 aper XLVI8. Grieveson, P 1967. Proc Brit Ceram

Soc No 13 782 Naoumidi, A, tocker, H J 1968

Thermodynamic of Nuclear Material, 287 Vienna IAA

83 Sano, T, Katsura, M Kai, H. SeeRe 82, 301

84 Letnaker, M e R 82 317

8 5 Steele, B C H Javed, N A Alcock,C. B. 1970 J Nucl. Mater 35

86 Potte, P E See Re 82 33787 Belton, G. R Frueha, R J 1967

J Phy. Chem. 71 40388 Baducc, G, Caplbi, A, DeMria,

G. Guido, M. 969. J. ChemPhy 51 2 87 1

89. Balducci, G, DMaria, G, Guido, M.See Re 88 2876

90 DeMaria, G, Balducci G, Capalbi,A Guido, M 96 Proc. Brit

Ceram. Soc. No 1 291 Cuthbert, ., Faircloth, R L , Flowrs

R. H, Pummery, F C. W See Ref90 155

92 Stoms E K 1967 he ractoryCarbide. New York Academic

93. Alekseev, V , Panov, A S, Fivesk,E V, Shvartsman, L A See Re82 446

94 Kleykamp, H 969. Br BunsenePhy. Chem. 73354

95 Richardson, F D. 953. J Iron SteelInt 175 5 396. Worrell, W L, Chpman, 1964Trans Met Soc AIME 230 1 682

97. Mh, A. D, Kelley, K. K. 196 UBur. Mine ep No

98. Mah, A D 1963. U Bur MineI 677

99 Moroova, M P Khernbur M M1966 Zh. Fiz Khim. 40125

100 Kornilov A N, Zaikin I DSkuratov, M, Shvekin, G P1966 Zh Fi Khim 40070

101 Hube, E J

Head, E L, Holey,

C E, Jr, Storms E K, Krikoran,N H 1961 J. Phy Chem. 65 1846

02 Hube E . , J Had, E L Holley,C E, Jr Bowman A L 963 J.Phy Chem 67793

03 Libowit G. G 1963 NonStoihiometric Compounds, Advan. ChemSer No 74

104 Hoch M., Juenke, E F, Sjodahl,L H 1968. Thermodynamic ofNuclear Materials, 497 Vienna

IAEA105 Searc, A W 1970. Chemical and

Mechanica Behaiour of InoranicMaterial ed A W Searcy, D VRagone, U Colombo, 5 . NewYork nerscience

106. Robins, D A Jenkins, I 1955 ActaMet 3:598

Annu.R

ev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.

Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.org

by

MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityon02/13/12.Forpersonaluse

only.


34/35

ALOK

107 Levin, S R, Kolodney, M 1969 JElectrochem Soc 1 16 :1420

108 Aronson S, Askern A 1966 Ther-modynamics, 165 Venna AEA

109 Darken S Grry R. W 1945 J

Am Chem So 67:1398110 Fende, B. E. F. Rley, F. D. 1969

J Phys Chem Solids 307931 1 1 Ha, K Pfeer H. 1953 Z

Metllk 4427112 Rzzo F Smth J. V. 1968 J Phys

Chem 2 :485113 Keman M 1965 Mem Sci Rev

Met 62:457114 Rhadson F D. 1948 Discus

Frdy So 4:2561 15 Racah P Vallet P 1961 C R

Ad i 2532682116 Koh F. 1967 PhD thess. North-wstern Un

1 Bmnthal R. N Mose B Whtmore, D. H 1965 J AmCem S 48617

1 Sher H., Bgne Grehn R.1969 Anrg Chm 36531

119 Bvan D. J. M Kords, J 964 JIn N! Cm 26:109

120 Makn T L Rand M. H 966hrmdynmc 1 45 Ven:AA

121 IAA 1965 hrmodymi ndTrnpt Prpies f UO. TehRep Sr N 39 Venna

22 Grdanan P. Dod M. 1968 Thermodynmi f uler Mterils,41 Venna: AEA

123 Zdo S. Alok C. B 1970 J ChemThemdnm 2 9

124 Andesson S Jahnber L. 963Ar Kemi 21 41 3

2 Huen 959 At Chm Snd6

126 Akermann R. J. Rah, . G 1962 Phs hm 672596127 Katsa, Haswa M 1967

Bull Cm Soc Jp 40:561128 aves M W Rhardson F.

1959 Trns Frd Soc 55 604129 Smyth D. M. 1961 Phys Che

Slids 9167

130 Swaroop, B. Waner, J. B. 1967Trns Met Soc AME 239:1215

131 Brynestad J., Flood H. 958 ZEletrchem 62 953

132 Roth, W. L 960 At Crysllogr13140

133 ret'yakov, D. Rap R A 1969Trns Met Soc AME 245 :1 235

134 Gleter, C. 1962 Bull Soc ChimFr Vol. 75

35 Wlls B M 963 Nture 197:755136 Atlas L. M. Shlehman, G. J. 1966

Thermodynmics, 2:407 VennaAEA137 etenbam M. Hnt P. D. 968

J Chem Phys 49439138 Akrst , Fj!rland T, Haemark

K. 962 Thermdymis of ulr Mtri/s 73 Venna AEA

139 Hhn W. C., Man, A 1962 TrnsMet So AME 224:416

40 Shmah L. G, Frsh, B Sto, G961 Arch Eisenhuetenuw 32 :297

14 Shashna A V, Gesmo a. 1953 Sr Fiz Khim 27 :399

142 Hahn W C Man A. 1961 J PhysChem Slids 19:338

143 Stharaman S. Abraham, K. P.968 ndin J Techol 6 12 3

144 Seetharaman S Abaham, K. P.968 Trns MM C 209

145 Alo C B yenar, G K 1967Pro Brit Cerm Sc o 2 9

146 Aronson S Clayton J C. 1960 JChem Phys 32749

147 Roberts, L. E. Markn T. 1967Pro Brit Cerm Sc o 20 1

148 Alok C. B. Zad, S., SteeleB C H 1967 Pr Brit CermS 231A

nnu.Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.org


only.


35/35

CONTENTS

STRUCTURAL HARACTERIZATON OF MATERIAL BY E OF LECTRON

MCROCOPY AD SECTROCOY, Victor A. Phillips and Eric

Lifshin

EVELOENT AND pLICATON OF HEORETICAL ECHNIQUE TO

ROBLE N MATERIAL SCIENCE, J C Phillips

NOALO ROERTIE OF THE ANADIU XIDE, John B Good-

enough0

HE STRUCTURE OF EFECT IN SOLID, J. H. Crawford, J and L.

M Slifkin

MODEL OF THE GEOERICAL, ELCRONC AND VIBRONC SRUC-

TURE OF DEAL LEAN SOLID SURFACE, C. B Duke 6

SOLIDSTATE HAE RANFORATION, C. M. Wayman 8

SOLUTION HERODYNAIC IN METALLIC AND ERAIC SOLID Sy-

TE, C. B. Alcock 219

RYTAL ROWTH, R. A Laudise . R. Carruhers andK. A akson 253

SOLID HIN IL, E. Kay 8

HYIC OF STRENTHENIN MECHANI IN RYTALLINE SOLID,

William D Nix and Ricardo A Menezes

LECTRONIC AND TICAL HENOENA N SEICONDUCTOR, Eone and R. T Bae 47

ORROON SCIENCE, , David A Vemilyea 7

UTHOR NDEX 399

SUBJEC NDEX 4Annu.Rev.Mater.Sci.1971.1:219-252.Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.org

byM

iddleEastTechnicalUniversityon02/13/12.Forpersonaluseonly.

Documents

Solution Thermodynamics in Metallic and Ceramic Systems