SOP Training Manual - Thoothukudi District · SOP Training Manual Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre ESSO- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) (Ministry

SOP Training ManualIndian Tsunami Early Warning Centre

ESSO- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India)“Ocean Valley”Pragathi Nagar (B.O), Nizampet (S.O)Hyderabad – 500 090

Tel : 040 23895011Fax : 040 23895012 Email: [email protected]

SOP Training

Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)

Contents

1. Introduction 2. National Tsunami Early Warning System 3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)of ITEWC 4. SOP of Disaster Management Offices

4.1. Role of Disaster Management Offices 4.2. DMO’s SOP for Emergency Response 4.3. Guidelines for SOP preparation 4.4. Public Alert Systems 4.5. Evacuation Plans

5. Awareness and Education 6. References

Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre 1

SOP Training 1. Introduction

The tsunami that struck Japan on March 11, 2011 caused massive destruction. Around 28,000 people have been reported dead or missing. This has once again shown that even a country like Japan which is one of those world’s well prepared countries in terms of tsunami warning system could face such devastation. Dreadful tsunamis may not occur often but when they do, the coastal communities, ecosystem and economy of the countries have the vast impact. To reduce the vulnerability to tsunami hazard, communities should have a warning system and emergency response teams and well prepared communities who understand the risks they face and take necessary actions based on that knowledge.

The Warning Centre should be able to observe, detect, and analyze the tsunami emergency situation. It must have predefined set of instructions which would act as Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) with what to do and how to do for disseminating information to the stakeholders within a stipulated time. When warnings are issued, Disaster Management Offices must have equally well practiced tsunami emergency response Standard Operating Procedures with how to respond and what action to be taken in place to ensure an efficient rapid response that will evacuate people out of tsunami inundation zones before the arrival of a damaging wave.

SOPs play a crucial role in emergency situation and provide structure to important administrative functions and emergency response operations. This manual is intended to serve as a planning guide and reference document for DMOs in developing, implementing and maintaining SOPs. It describes Tsunami Warning Centre’s concept, TWC’s SOP, guidelines for preparing DMO’s SOP based on TWC’s tsunami advisories and example SOPs for better understanding.

2. Indian Tsunami Early Warning System

The December 26, 2004 Earthquake and the subsequent tsunami exposed the vulnerability of the Indian coastline to Oceanic hazards. Following the event, India started its own interim tsunami warning center in the first quarter of 2005 to issue tsunami bulletins generated from seismic information. The interim services were succeeded by setting up of a state-of-the-art Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS) at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Govt. of India. The system implemented in phases became full-fledged 24X7 operational early warning system in October 2007.

The Tsunami Early Warning System comprises a real-time network of seismic stations, Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR), tide gauges and 24 X 7 operational warning centre to detect tsunamigenic earthquakes, to monitor tsunamis and to provide timely advisories following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), to vulnerable community by means of latest communication methods with back-end support of a pre-run model scenario database and Decision Support System (DSS). The Warning Centre is capable of issuing Tsunami bulletins in less than 10 minutes after any major earthquake in the Indian Ocean thus leaving

1 Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre

SOP Training

1. Introduction

The tsunami that struck Japan on March 11, 2011 caused massive destruction. Around 28,000

people have been reported dead or missing. This has once again shown that even a country

like Japan which is one of those world’s well prepared countries in terms of tsunami warning

system could face such devastation. Dreadful tsunamis may not occur often but when they

do, the coastal communities, ecosystem and economy of the countries have the vast impact.

To reduce the vulnerability to tsunami hazard, communities should have a warning system

and emergency response teams and well prepared communities who understand the risks they

face and take necessary actions based on that knowledge.

The Warning Centre should be able to observe, detect, and analyze the tsunami emergency

situation. It must have predefined set of instructions which would act as Standard Operating

Procedure (SOP) with what to do and how to do for disseminating information to the

stakeholders within a stipulated time. When warnings are issued, Disaster Management

Offices must have equally well practiced tsunami emergency response Standard Operating

Procedures with how to respond and what action to be taken in place to ensure an efficient

rapid response that will evacuate people out of tsunami inundation zones before the arrival of

a damaging wave.

SOPs play a crucial role in emergency situation and provide structure to important

administrative functions and emergency response operations. This manual is intended to

serve as a planning guide and reference document for DMOs in developing, implementing

and maintaining SOPs. It describes Tsunami Warning Centre’s concept, TWC’s SOP,

guidelines for preparing DMO’s SOP based on TWC’s tsunami advisories and example SOPs

for better understanding.

2. Indian Tsunami Early Warning System

The December 26, 2004 Earthquake and the subsequent tsunami exposed the vulnerability of

the Indian coastline to Oceanic hazards. Following the event, India started its own interim

tsunami warning center in the first quarter of 2005 to issue tsunami bulletins generated from

seismic information. The interim services were succeeded by setting up of a state-of-the-art

Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS) at the Indian National Centre for Ocean

Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES),

Govt. of India. The system implemented in phases became full-fledged 24X7 operational

early warning system in October 2007.

The Tsunami Early Warning System comprises a real-time network of seismic stations,

tsunami buoys, tide gauges and 24 X 7 operational warning centre to detect tsunamigenic

earthquakes, to monitor tsunamis and to provide timely advisories following the Standard

Operating Procedure (SOP), to vulnerable community by means of latest communication

methods with back-end support of a pre-run model scenario database and

Decision Support System (DSS). The Warning Centre is capable of issuing Tsunami bulletins

in less than 10 minutes after any major earthquake in the Indian Ocean thus leaving


us with a response/lead time of about 10 – 20 minutes for near source regions in the Andaman & Nicobar and a few hours in the case of mainland.

Presently Warning Centre disseminates tsunami bulletins to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) control room, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) as well as Andaman & Nicobar Administration through Fax, Phone and Emails. Considering that A&N islands are close to the tsunamigenic zones, special priority is given to disseminate tsunami bulletins to the concerned authorities during an event through multiple dissemination modes. Earthquake information, tsunami bulletins as well as real-time sea level observations are also made available on a dedicated website for officials, public and media. Users can also register on the website for receiving earthquake alerts and tsunami bulletins through emails and SMS.

3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) of ITEWC

ITEWC services for an earthquake event commence whenever earthquakes are recorded with magnitudes ≥ 6.5 within Indian Ocean and magnitudes > 8.0 outside Indian Ocean. Duty officers respond immediately and begin their analysis of the event. The analysis includes automatic and interactive processes for determining the earthquake's epicenter, depth, and origin time, as well as its magnitude.

Following is brief description about Types of Bulletins issued by Warning Centre. The bulletins/notifications issued for an event are numbered sequentially. The bulletins are identified by the header “NTWC-INCOIS-yyyymmdd-hhmm-bulletin number (TYPE-X)”.

For Indian Ocean earthquakes, Warning Centre issues Type-I bulletin that contains preliminary earthquake information & a qualitative statement on its tsunamigenic potential based on the following criteria:

Magnitude (Mw) Product Type

6.5 ≥ M ≤ 7.0 Earthquakes of this size sometimes have small potential to generate tsunamis.

≥ 7.1 Earthquakes of this size sometimes have potential to generate tsunamis.

Table 1: Criteria for Tsunamigenic potential based on preliminary earthquake parameters

Based on preliminary earthquake parameters, the nearest matching scenario from pre-run model scenario database is selected. If pre-run model scenario indicates Estimated Wave Amplitude (EWA) < 0.2 m then Type-II is issued with NO THREAT information. However, the monitoring of sea-level observations continues.

If the Estimated Wave Amplitude > 0.2 m, then Type-II is issued with Estimated Time of Wave Arrival (ETA), Estimated Maximum Wave Amplitude (EWA) and Threat Category (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) for each of the coastal forecast zones.


The criteria for generation of different threat types (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) for a particular region of the coast are based on the available warning time (i.e. time taken by the tsunami wave to reach the particular coast). The threat criteria are based on the premise that coastal areas falling within 60 minutes travel time from a tsunamigenic earthquake source need to be warned based solely on earthquake information, since enough time will not be available for confirmation of water levels from BPRs and tide gauges. Those coastal areas falling outside the 60 minutes travel time from a tsunamigenic earthquake source could be put under a Alert/Watch status and upgraded to a Warning/Alert only upon confirmation from water-level data.

The criteria for considering an area under different Threat level (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) are as follows:

Table 2: Threat Level Status Criteria

As and when the revised earthquake parameters become available, or else if earthquake elapsed time exceeds > 60 mins, before the realtime sea-level data becomes available, then a supplementary to the Type-II (Type-II Supplementary-xx) is issued with revised Threat (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) information.

If a Threat (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) is issued or if there is otherwise the possibility that a tsunami may has been generated, Warning Centre monitors the sea level gauges such as open ocean BPRs and coastal tide gauges near to the epicenter.

If the readings from sea level gauges confirm generation of tsunami, Warning Centre issues Type-III with Threat (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) information from model scenario as well as observed water levels. As and when subsequent real-time observations become available or after 60 mins from the time of previous bulletin issuance, Type-III Supplementary-xx is issued. Type-III Supplementary-xx messages also contain Threat Passed information for individual Zones.

The FINAL bulletin is issued when there are no significant water level changes from multiple sea level gauges or 120 mins after the last exceedance of 0.5 m threat threshold at last Indian coast.

However, as local conditions would cause a wide variation in tsunami wave action the ALL CLEAR determination is made by local authorities.

Pre-run Model Scenario Results

WATCH0.2 to 0.5WATCH0.2 to 0.5

WATCH0.5 to 2ALERT0.5 to 2

ALERT> 2WARNING> 2

Threat Status EWA (m) Threat Status EWA (m)

ETA > 60 mins ETA < 60 mins


The criteria for generation of different threat types (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) for a

particular region of the coast are based on the available warning time (i.e. time taken by the

tsunami wave to reach the particular coast). The threat criteria are based on the premise that

coastal areas falling within 60 minutes travel time from a tsunamigenic earthquake source

need to be warned based solely on earthquake information, since enough time will not be

available for confirmation of water levels from tsunami buoys and tide gauges. Those coastal

areas falling outside the 60 minutes travel time from a tsunamigenic earthquake source could

be put under a Alert/Watch status and upgraded to a Warning/Alert only upon confirmation

from water-level data.

The criteria for considering an area under different Threat level (WARNING / ALERT /

WATCH) are as follows:

Table 2: Threat Level Status Criteria

As and when the revised earthquake parameters become available, or else if earthquake

elapsed time exceeds > 60 mins, before the realtime sea-level data becomes available, then a

supplementary to the Type-II (Type-II Supplementary-xx) is issued with revised Threat

(WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) information.

If a Threat (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) is issued or if there is otherwise the possibility

that a tsunami may has been generated, Warning Centre monitors the sea level gauges such

as open ocean tsunami buoys and coastal tide gauges near to the epicenter.

If the readings from sea level gauges confirm generation of tsunami, Warning Centre issues

Type-III with Threat (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH) information from model scenario as

well as observed water levels. As and when subsequent real-time observations become

available or after 60 mins from the time of previous bulletin issuance, Type-III

Supplementary-xx is issued. Type-III Supplementary-xx messages also contain Threat

Passed information for individual Zones.

The FINAL bulletin is issued when there are no significant water level changes from

multiple sea level gauges or 120 mins after the last exceedance of 0.5 m threat threshold at

last Indian coast.

However, as local conditions would cause a wide variation in tsunami wave action the ALL

CLEAR determination is made by local authorities.

Pre-run Model Scenario Results

WATCH 0.2 to 0.5 WATCH 0.2 to 0.5

WATCH 0.5 to 2 ALERT 0.5 to 2

ALERT > 2 WARNING > 2

Threat Status

EWA (m) Threat Status EWA (m)

ETA > 60 mins

ETA < 60 mins


Figure 1: SOP Diagram of Tsunami Early Warning Centre


Figure 1: SOP Diagram of Tsunami Early Warning Centre


Actions Based on Threat Status (WARNING / ALERT / WATCH)

Threat Status Action to be taken Dissemination To

Public should be advised to move in-land towards higher grounds. Vessels should move into deep Ocean

MoES, MHA, NDMA, NCMC, NDRF Battalions, SEOC, DEOC, Public, Media

Public should be advised to avoid beaches and low-lying coastal areas. Vessels should move into deep Ocean

MoES, MHA, MEDIA, NCMC, NDRF Battalions, SEOC, DEOC, Public, Media

No immediate action is required

MoES, MHA MoES, MHA, MEDIA, NCMC, NDRF Battalions, SEOC, DEOC

All clear determination to be made by the local authorities

MoES, MHA, NDMA, NCMC, NDRF Battalions, SEOC, DEOC, Public, Media

Table 3: Actions Based on Threat Status

4. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) of Disaster Management Offices 4.1. Role of Disaster Management Offices

The Disaster Management Offices (DMOs) should play key role in taking efficient and immediate actions to ensure public safety prior, during, and after the event. DMOs should understand the nature of tsunami disaster and act as the translator of scientific concept of tsunami to general public understandable concept by taking lead role in efforts to increase community awareness. The DMO should work in especially close collaboration with the Warning Centre so as to achieve a seamless end-to-end delivery of a tsunami warning during an actual emergency. The DMO must immediately interpret the science-based warnings issued by the TWC, decide on the appropriate response action, and quickly disseminate warnings or other safety information to the Public on what to do. It is also responsible for informing the Public when it is safe for them to return to the evacuated coastlines; due to structural damage, debris, and other life safety concerns, the “All Clear” to return may not be issued by the Local Authority for hours or even days after the event.

The Indian National Disaster Management Offices network consists of Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs)/Control Rooms of all the States, which are directly connected with the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC)/ Control Room of MHA at the National level. The district EOCs/ Control Rooms are connected with the respective State

WARNING

ALERT

WATCH

THREAT PASSED


EOCs/Control Room. All these control rooms function on 24x7 basis. For an effective end-to-end TWS, these Disaster Management Offices, in association with other government agencies and NGOs, must develop Emergency Response plans and accompanying SOP and Checklists to properly coordinate and execute rapid and massive public coastal evacuations in response to TWC’s notification of an approaching tsunami.

These are the following recommended Roles & Responsibilities for DMOs:

• Identify the hazards and vulnerable communities • Prepare the public for tsunamis, through education and awareness, communication of

risk to communities • Receive official science-based tsunami warning messages from the TWC • Ensure information flow from warning centres to the public • Activate local public alert systems as appropriate • Decide and manage evacuations through local Emergency Operations Centres

(EOCs); and • Communicate “All Clear” when it is safe for the public to return to coastal areas.

4.2. DMO’s SOP for Emergency Response

Emergency Response plans and their component SOPs are the documents that form the basis for real-time emergency action. SOP is the real time procedure followed in case of an emergency. They are also those on which to conduct routine drills and exercises to ensure that response procedures can be effectively enacted by a 24X7 duty staff. Such drills and exercises include stakeholder familiarisation workshops, agency and multiagency drills, tabletop scenario exercises, and functional communications tests, to full-scale response agency field deployment exercises, which may or may not include public evacuations. Documents and drills also ensure the consistency of actions as there may be a multiple turnover of duty staff between actual tsunami events.

In order to promote long-term sustainability and development of the national and local elements of the DMOs, they should be capable to:

• Interpret the technical information: inundation maps, scenarios, modelling results • Understand the tsunami warning system and disseminate warning information • The warning protocols shall be designed in simple and local languages easily

understandable to a common man • Prepare guidelines for establishing and operating 24X7 local emergency operational

centres for the reception of tsunami advisories • Make ready emergency plans for areas not covered by inundation maps • Have rapid access to technical advice during a tsunami situation • Prepare guidelines for planning evacuation routes and siting of signs • Set up mechanism for training new personnel about tsunami issues • Exchange the information with other coastal emergency managers • Ensure reliability by enabling system redundancy


As per the guidelines prepared by MHA (Standard Operating Procedure for responding to Natural Disasters) the following is the current information flow diagram of DMOs:

Figure 2: DMOs Information Flow Diagram

Multiple communication pathways should be used to transmit and relay tsunami warnings to all concerned line departments as well as public. Functional response plans for emergency response plan should be designed to be mutually consistent. They should contain information about authority, organization, and responsibilities at each level of EOC. Agencies and organizations with assigned response tasks should develop and incorporate specific response procedures and checklists in their plans. The Emergency Response plan is acceptable if those who are intended to use it can understand it, are comfortable with it, and are able to locate the information they need from it.

The dissemination of accurate information through electronic and print media is very important. Regular press briefings shall be made by District Magistrate/Collector or his authorized representative at pre-designated time as a single source of information from Government.

Tsunami Early Warning Centre, INCOIS, Hyderabad

MHA (NEOC), MoES and Andaman & Nicobar Administration

SEOC/ RC & Secretary, DM

DEOC/ DDMA

Sub‐Divisional Officer/ SDM

Block Development Officer/ Tehsildar

All concerned line departments


Electronic and Print Media (TV, Radio, Press etc.) for public information

Public


EOCs/Control Room. All these control rooms function on 24x7 basis. For an effective end-to-end TWS, these Disaster Management Offices, in association with other government agencies and NGOs, must develop Emergency Response plans and accompanying SOP and Checklists to properly coordinate and execute rapid and massive public coastal evacuations in response to TWC’s notification of an approaching tsunami.

These are the following recommended Roles & Responsibilities for DMOs:

• Identify the hazards and vulnerable communities • Prepare the public for tsunamis, through education and awareness, communication of

risk to communities • Receive official science-based tsunami warning messages from the TWC • Ensure information flow from warning centres to the public • Activate local public alert systems as appropriate • Decide and manage evacuations through local Emergency Operations Centres

(EOCs); and • Communicate “All Clear” when it is safe for the public to return to coastal areas.

4.2. DMO’s SOP for Emergency Response

Emergency Response plans and their component SOPs are the documents that form the basis for real-time emergency action. SOP is the real time procedure followed in case of an emergency. They are also those on which to conduct routine drills and exercises to ensure that response procedures can be effectively enacted by a 24X7 duty staff. Such drills and exercises include stakeholder familiarisation workshops, agency and multiagency drills, tabletop scenario exercises, and functional communications tests, to full-scale response agency field deployment exercises, which may or may not include public evacuations. Documents and drills also ensure the consistency of actions as there may be a multiple turnover of duty staff between actual tsunami events.

In order to promote long-term sustainability and development of the national and local elements of the DMOs, they should be capable to:

• Interpret the technical information: inundation maps, scenarios, modelling results • Understand the tsunami warning system and disseminate warning information • The warning protocols shall be designed in simple and local languages easily

understandable to a common man • Prepare guidelines for establishing and operating 24X7 local emergency operational

centres for the reception of tsunami advisories • Make ready emergency plans for areas not covered by inundation maps • Have rapid access to technical advice during a tsunami situation • Prepare guidelines for planning evacuation routes and siting of signs • Set up mechanism for training new personnel about tsunami issues • Exchange the information with other coastal emergency managers • Ensure reliability by enabling system redundancy


As per the guidelines prepared by MHA (Standard Operating Procedure for responding to Natural Disasters) the following is the current information flow diagram of DMOs:

Figure 2: DMOs Information Flow Diagram

Multiple communication pathways should be used to transmit and relay tsunami warnings to all concerned line departments as well as public. Functional response plans for emergency response plan should be designed to be mutually consistent. They should contain information about authority, organization, and responsibilities at each level of EOC. Agencies and organizations with assigned response tasks should develop and incorporate specific response procedures and checklists in their plans. The Emergency Response plan is acceptable if those who are intended to use it can understand it, are comfortable with it, and are able to locate the information they need from it.

The dissemination of accurate information through electronic and print media is very important. Regular press briefings shall be made by District Magistrate/Collector or his authorized representative at pre-designated time as a single source of information from Government.

Tsunami Early Warning Centre, INCOIS, Hyderabad

MHA (NEOC), MoES and Andaman & Nicobar Administration

SEOC/ RC & Secretary, DM

DEOC/ DDMA

Sub‐Divisional Officer/ SDM

Block Development Officer/ Tehsildar



Electronic and Print Media (TV, Radio, Press etc.) for public information

Public


4.3. Guidelines for SOP Preparation

The main responsibility of Disaster Management Office is to ensure its Emergency Response plans are implemented, so that warnings, or instructions relating to the warnings, are relayed to respective Emergency Operations Centres and communities at risk in the shortest possible time. The Standard Operating Procedure has to be activated on the receipt by the TWC’s tsunami bulletins. DMO should monitor the situation closely and mould their emergency response plans accordingly. The following are the guidelines for preparation of DMO’s SOP:

During Event:

• 24X7 operational centre to receive messages from warning centre • Multiple communication pathways should be defined for reception and dissemination

of the message • On reception of tsunami message determine estimated time of tsunami arrival • Ascertain level of threat/impact • Determine whether or not evacuation likely • In case of boats in harbours, estuaries and shallow coastal water should be advised to

move from offshore to deep water • Vessels already at sea should advised to stay well offshore and remain there until

further advised • All Warning messages shall be converted to local languages • Prepare the message with “what is the current situation and what is your advice to

public” • If threshold level is exceeded, activate evacuation plan • Commence evacuation according to pre-determined evacuation maps • Continue monitoring bulletins from TWC • Reassess and review instructions • Assess safety for return • Issue “All Clear” based on local evidence

During Non Event:

• Due to earthquake/tsunami all communication pathways might become inefficient, the awareness created in public plays crucial role in such cases (self evacuation, move away from beach etc)

• Conduct Regular Tsunami drills • Review the consistency of Standard Operating Procedures at each level of EOC • Discuss techniques for outreach and education to increase public reaction to warnings


The following are the recommended immediate actions based on TWC’s Tsunami Bulletins:

o Have effective and tested communication links with the TWC to ensure the receipt of official tsunami Warning messages

o Have thresholds for decision making in place o Follow templates for respective types of messages o Have Public Alert Systems in place to pass the message o Have effective and tested communication links with all concerned

line departments to ensure the transmit of Warning messages o Start immediately evacuation procedures o Estimate Geographical size of the management area o Have Regional topography o Ensure availability of route maps o Estimate size and density of the population o Ensure resources availability o Give priority to maintenance of the evacuation route


o Have thresholds for decision making in place o Follow templates for respective types of messages o Have Public Alert Systems to pass the message o Have effective and tested communication links with all concerned

line departments to ensure the transmit of Warning messages o Start immediate evacuation from beaches o Be ready for vulnerable areas evacuation at any moment o Keep ready Evacuation route maps

o Have effective communication links with TWC to ensure the receipt of official tsunami warning messages

o Have effective and tested communication links with all concerned line departments to ensure the transmit of Warning messages

o Keep ready the local authorities for possible evacuation of public

o Have effective communication links with TWC to ensure the receipt of official FINAL tsunami message

o “All Clear” to be given only after observing local evidence of no significant wave activity

o Instruct the public to stay away from debris as it might be hazardous

Table 4: Recommended immediate actions of DMO’s to TWC’s Bulletins

WARNING

ALERT

WATCH

THREAT PASSED


4.3. Guidelines for SOP Preparation

The main responsibility of Disaster Management Office is to ensure its Emergency Response plans are implemented, so that warnings, or instructions relating to the warnings, are relayed to respective Emergency Operations Centres and communities at risk in the shortest possible time. The Standard Operating Procedure has to be activated on the receipt by the TWC’s tsunami bulletins. DMO should monitor the situation closely and mould their emergency response plans accordingly. The following are the guidelines for preparation of DMO’s SOP:

During Event:

• 24X7 operational centre to receive messages from warning centre • Multiple communication pathways should be defined for reception and dissemination

of the message • On reception of tsunami message determine estimated time of tsunami arrival • Ascertain level of threat/impact • Determine whether or not evacuation likely • In case of boats in harbours, estuaries and shallow coastal water should be advised to

move from offshore to deep water • Vessels already at sea should advised to stay well offshore and remain there until

further advised • All Warning messages shall be converted to local languages • Prepare the message with “what is the current situation and what is your advice to

public” • If threshold level is exceeded, activate evacuation plan • Commence evacuation according to pre-determined evacuation maps • Continue monitoring bulletins from TWC • Reassess and review instructions • Assess safety for return • Issue “All Clear” based on local evidence

During Non Event:

• Due to earthquake/tsunami all communication pathways might become inefficient, the awareness created in public plays crucial role in such cases (self evacuation, move away from beach etc)

• Conduct Regular Tsunami drills • Review the consistency of Standard Operating Procedures at each level of EOC • Discuss techniques for outreach and education to increase public reaction to warnings


The following are the recommended immediate actions based on TWC’s Tsunami Bulletins:


o Have thresholds for decision making in place o Follow templates for respective types of messages o Have Public Alert Systems in place to pass the message o Have effective and tested communication links with all concerned

line departments to ensure the transmit of Warning messages o Start immediately evacuation procedures o Estimate Geographical size of the management area o Have Regional topography o Ensure availability of route maps o Estimate size and density of the population o Ensure resources availability o Give priority to maintenance of the evacuation route


o Have thresholds for decision making in place o Follow templates for respective types of messages o Have Public Alert Systems to pass the message o Have effective and tested communication links with all concerned

line departments to ensure the transmit of Warning messages o Start immediate evacuation from beaches o Be ready for vulnerable areas evacuation at any moment o Keep ready Evacuation route maps

o Have effective communication links with TWC to ensure the receipt of official tsunami warning messages

o Have effective and tested communication links with all concerned line departments to ensure the transmit of Warning messages

o Keep ready the local authorities for possible evacuation of public

o Have effective communication links with TWC to ensure the receipt of official FINAL tsunami message

o “All Clear” to be given only after observing local evidence of no significant wave activity

o Instruct the public to stay away from debris as it might be hazardous

Table 4: Recommended immediate actions of DMO’s to TWC’s Bulletins

WARNING

ALERT

WATCH

THREAT PASSED


Sample Standard Operating Procedure for DMOs

Sl No. IST Tsunami Warning

Centre Disaster Management Offices

1 01:00 Earthquake!

Bulletin No.1 disseminated

Be alert!!!

2 01:15 Bulletin No.2 with model results

Identify the level of threat to your region

(i) If area is under WATCH send message through mail, fax, phone etc., to all concerned line departments to be vigilant

(ii) If area is under ALERT send message to all concerned line departments through mail, fax, phone etc., to start evacuating public from beaches and announce through Public Alert System to stay alert and avoid/evacuate beaches

(iii) If area is under WARNING, send message to all concerned line departments through fax, mail, phone etc., to start evacuation procedure for all coastal areas within vulnerable region and announce through Public Alert System for self evacuation of public.

3 01:30 Bulletin No.3 with confirmation of tsunami generation

Re-evaluation of Threat, checking if upgraded/downgraded

If area is under WATCH/ALERT/WARNING

4 02:00 Bulletin No.4 Re-evaluation of Threat, checking if upgraded/downgraded




8 04:00 Final Bulletin Decision on All clear depending on local conditions

Table 5: Sample DMO’s SOP


4.4. Public Alert Systems

DMO’s should ensure that the warning messages received from TWC are communicated to the Public in an understandable manner that clearly and simply instructs ordinary citizens on the actions they should take to ensure their safety. All warning notification plans should incorporate some kind of Public Alert System. Because tsunamis are infrequent, many people at risk in coastal communities will not know what events precede a tsunami, or how to respond to a tsunami threat. Some people are overwhelmed by curiosity and are attracted to the coast. Others who decide to stay can make terrible misjudgements on the seriousness of the situation. The people need to be alerted and warned when their lives are in danger.

Public Alert Systems should be focused on people at risk, be ubiquitous (present everywhere at the same time), be capable of reaching people irrespective of what they are doing and where they are, and be easy to access and use. They should be reliable, not create or add risk, provide appropriate lead time and be authenticated. It is particularly important that warning messages (as well as “All Clear” notifications) should be clear and understandable, in several languages, accurate, frequent and credible. They should be specific both to the situation and in their advice.

Public education is critical to assure an appropriate response and educate people on following questions:

What communication systems/media will be used to issue warnings?

Who will issue the warnings?

How will the warnings be issued?

When will the warnings be issued?

What will the warning messages say?

What actions to undertake upon receipt of warnings?

When will the warning be cancelled?

In reality, communities at risk are likely to receive warnings from many different sources, often at nearly the same time. Some are official and many are unofficial. Emergency personnel must actively work to minimize confusion when informal or unofficial information is wrong or misleading. The need to convey consistent information from all stakeholders can best be managed through education and outreach efforts. DMOs should ensure to correct inconsistent information as soon as it occurs.

Successful Public Alert Systems use existing, already-known facilities and organizational structures, such as radio and television media, DMOs, Fire Service, the police using loudspeakers, Coastguard and port authorities, beach safety staff, schools, hospitals, NGOs, etc. Such systems use multi-use technologies and alert through multiple methods – sound alerts, sirens, bells, horns, drums or other manual noise generators, voice alert, fixed and mobile loudspeakers. Siren systems give audible alerts which are important during the night-time to wake people from sleep. The use of telephone auto-diallers, tone-activated alert radio, cell broadcast, visual alert, e-mail or other computer-received text or graphical products may


Sample Standard Operating Procedure for DMOs

Sl No. IST Tsunami Warning

Centre Disaster Management Offices

1 01:00 Earthquake!

Bulletin No.1 disseminated

Be alert!!!

2 01:15 Bulletin No.2 with model results

Identify the level of threat to your region

(i) If area is under WATCH send message through mail, fax, phone etc., to all concerned line departments to be vigilant

(ii) If area is under ALERT send message to all concerned line departments through mail, fax, phone etc., to start evacuating public from beaches and announce through Public Alert System to stay alert and avoid/evacuate beaches

(iii) If area is under WARNING, send message to all concerned line departments through fax, mail, phone etc., to start evacuation procedure for all coastal areas within vulnerable region and announce through Public Alert System for self evacuation of public.

3 01:30 Bulletin No.3 with confirmation of tsunami generation

Re-evaluation of Threat, checking if upgraded/downgraded

If area is under WATCH/ALERT/WARNING





8 04:00 Final Bulletin Decision on All clear depending on local conditions

Table 5: Sample DMO’s SOP


4.4. Public Alert Systems

DMO’s should ensure that the warning messages received from TWC are communicated to the Public in an understandable manner that clearly and simply instructs ordinary citizens on the actions they should take to ensure their safety. All warning notification plans should incorporate some kind of Public Alert System. Because tsunamis are infrequent, many people at risk in coastal communities will not know what events precede a tsunami, or how to respond to a tsunami threat. Some people are overwhelmed by curiosity and are attracted to the coast. Others who decide to stay can make terrible misjudgements on the seriousness of the situation. The people need to be alerted and warned when their lives are in danger.

Public Alert Systems should be focused on people at risk, be ubiquitous (present everywhere at the same time), be capable of reaching people irrespective of what they are doing and where they are, and be easy to access and use. They should be reliable, not create or add risk, provide appropriate lead time and be authenticated. It is particularly important that warning messages (as well as “All Clear” notifications) should be clear and understandable, in several languages, accurate, frequent and credible. They should be specific both to the situation and in their advice.

Public education is critical to assure an appropriate response and educate people on following questions:

What communication systems/media will be used to issue warnings?

Who will issue the warnings?

How will the warnings be issued?

When will the warnings be issued?

What will the warning messages say?

What actions to undertake upon receipt of warnings?

When will the warning be cancelled?

In reality, communities at risk are likely to receive warnings from many different sources, often at nearly the same time. Some are official and many are unofficial. Emergency personnel must actively work to minimize confusion when informal or unofficial information is wrong or misleading. The need to convey consistent information from all stakeholders can best be managed through education and outreach efforts. DMOs should ensure to correct inconsistent information as soon as it occurs.

Successful Public Alert Systems use existing, already-known facilities and organizational structures, such as radio and television media, DMOs, Fire Service, the police using loudspeakers, Coastguard and port authorities, beach safety staff, schools, hospitals, NGOs, etc. Such systems use multi-use technologies and alert through multiple methods – sound alerts, sirens, bells, horns, drums or other manual noise generators, voice alert, fixed and mobile loudspeakers. Siren systems give audible alerts which are important during the night-time to wake people from sleep. The use of telephone auto-diallers, tone-activated alert radio, cell broadcast, visual alert, e-mail or other computer-received text or graphical products may


be considered, along with SMS text messaging. In assessing which technology is best, it is important to be realistic about ongoing costs and commitment, considering that tsunami events may be very infrequent.

In the event of a local tsunami, there is little time to coordinate, respond, and provide a formal warning. The success of any warning system lies in its ability to reach people, e.g., that the people with important specialized knowledge of the impending hazard are able to quickly and efficiently pass on usable information to all the people who are at risk. Although technology is essential for information analysis and delivery, a successful warning system ultimately relies on the abilities of people to reach people – if we able to communicate the situation clearly, a prepared population will be able to act responsibly.

4.5. Evacuation Plans

The trigger for commencing the evacuation process at the local community level may be the receipt by the DMO of an initial science-based tsunami Warning message from the TWC. Alternatively in seismically active coastal areas, the trigger for response could be that a strong earthquake has been felt by the coastal community itself.

Evacuation maps are developed based on modelling, tsunami inundation maps and local oral history. All areas potentially affected by inundation should be identified and marked. Evacuation zones should extend up to the maximum expected inundation limit. It is important to note that wave activity in areas such as harbours or narrow bays may be amplified by harbour resonance. Critical infrastructure and/or facilities that may produce hazardous effects when affected by tsunamis should also be identified. Special needs population and other social factors need to be considered for evacuation.

Figure 3: Vulnerability Maps of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu


Using the maps such as shown in Figure 3, produced in the vulnerability assessment process, the identification of people at risk allows DMOs to develop evacuation plans and strategies tailored to their needs and capacities. All maps have a legend which identifies critical facilities, areas of inundation, high ground, evacuation routes and evacuation assembly areas. For a near source event, evacuation on foot may be the only option. Debris from the earthquake and potential flooding may affect the time it takes to get to high ground. Once tsunami inundation maps are developed, communities develop evacuation maps which are then placed in a tsunami brochure. The brochure provides residents and tourists with safety tips for preparing for and reacting to a tsunami event.

In some locations, high ground may not exist, or tsunamis triggered by local events may not allow sufficient warning time to evacuate to high ground. A potential solution is vertical evacuation into the upper levels of structures. If vertical evacuation in buildings is considered, structural assessments of the chosen buildings should be carried out to ensure that such buildings offer adequate safety in the event of inundation.

The time taken for evacuation planning activities is directly related to:

Geographical size of the management area

Regional topography

Regional hazards and vulnerabilities

Size and density of the population

Resources available

Well placed hazard and evacuation signage is an integral part of practical tsunami risk management – a critical link between the emergency response plan and an actual event. Signage depicting evacuation zones and routes as well as safe areas raises public awareness of local tsunami risk and provides information to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of an evacuation.

Figure 4: Tsunami Warning Signs (Source: US Geological Survey)

The prominent installation in homes, tourist facilities, workplaces and public buildings in areas subject to tsunami risk of simple maps carrying internationally recognised signs indicating hazard zones, evacuation routes, vertical evacuation shelters and safe areas may be considered.


be considered, along with SMS text messaging. In assessing which technology is best, it is important to be realistic about ongoing costs and commitment, considering that tsunami events may be very infrequent.

In the event of a local tsunami, there is little time to coordinate, respond, and provide a formal warning. The success of any warning system lies in its ability to reach people, e.g., that the people with important specialized knowledge of the impending hazard are able to quickly and efficiently pass on usable information to all the people who are at risk. Although technology is essential for information analysis and delivery, a successful warning system ultimately relies on the abilities of people to reach people – if we able to communicate the situation clearly, a prepared population will be able to act responsibly.

4.5. Evacuation Plans

The trigger for commencing the evacuation process at the local community level may be the receipt by the DMO of an initial science-based tsunami Warning message from the TWC. Alternatively in seismically active coastal areas, the trigger for response could be that a strong earthquake has been felt by the coastal community itself.

Evacuation maps are developed based on modelling, tsunami inundation maps and local oral history. All areas potentially affected by inundation should be identified and marked. Evacuation zones should extend up to the maximum expected inundation limit. It is important to note that wave activity in areas such as harbours or narrow bays may be amplified by harbour resonance. Critical infrastructure and/or facilities that may produce hazardous effects when affected by tsunamis should also be identified. Special needs population and other social factors need to be considered for evacuation.

Figure 3: Vulnerability Maps of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu


Using the maps such as shown in Figure 3, produced in the vulnerability assessment process, the identification of people at risk allows DMOs to develop evacuation plans and strategies tailored to their needs and capacities. All maps have a legend which identifies critical facilities, areas of inundation, high ground, evacuation routes and evacuation assembly areas. For a near source event, evacuation on foot may be the only option. Debris from the earthquake and potential flooding may affect the time it takes to get to high ground. Once tsunami inundation maps are developed, communities develop evacuation maps which are then placed in a tsunami brochure. The brochure provides residents and tourists with safety tips for preparing for and reacting to a tsunami event.

In some locations, high ground may not exist, or tsunamis triggered by local events may not allow sufficient warning time to evacuate to high ground. A potential solution is vertical evacuation into the upper levels of structures. If vertical evacuation in buildings is considered, structural assessments of the chosen buildings should be carried out to ensure that such buildings offer adequate safety in the event of inundation.

The time taken for evacuation planning activities is directly related to:

Geographical size of the management area

Regional topography

Regional hazards and vulnerabilities

Size and density of the population

Resources available

Well placed hazard and evacuation signage is an integral part of practical tsunami risk management – a critical link between the emergency response plan and an actual event. Signage depicting evacuation zones and routes as well as safe areas raises public awareness of local tsunami risk and provides information to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of an evacuation.

Figure 4: Tsunami Warning Signs (Source: US Geological Survey)

The prominent installation in homes, tourist facilities, workplaces and public buildings in areas subject to tsunami risk of simple maps carrying internationally recognised signs indicating hazard zones, evacuation routes, vertical evacuation shelters and safe areas may be considered.


5. Awareness and Education

Public education is vital in preparing citizens to respond properly to tsunami threats. An educated public is more likely to take steps to receive tsunami warnings, recognize potentially threatening tsunami events, and respond appropriately to those events. Communities seeking recognition in the Tsunami Ready Program must:

Conduct tsunami awareness programs in schools, hospitals, fairs, workshops, and community meetings.

Define tsunami evacuation areas and evacuation routes, and install evacuation route signs.

Designate a tsunami shelter area outside the hazard zone. Provide written tsunami hazard information to the populace, including:

o Basic tsunami information o Tsunami hazard zone maps o Evacuation routes

These instructions can be distributed through utility bills and phone books, posted at common meeting points such as libraries and public buildings throughout the community.

In addition, local schools should be encouraged to meet the following guidelines: o Include tsunami information in primary and secondary school curriculums. o Provide written safety material to all staff and students o Practice tsunami evacuation drills at least once every 2 years when located

within the tsunami hazard zone. Educate people to avoid new development in tsunami vulnerable areas to minimize

future tsunami losses Encourage shoreline coverage with tree plantation such as coconut palms and

mangroves which absorb tsunami energy and reduce the risk

Exercises and drills are important means of improving the degree of preparedness of a community to react efficiently and in a timely manner to a tsunami threat event. They are means of testing the soundness of SOPs, improving inter-institutional coordination mechanisms, and promoting awareness of response procedures. Evacuation drills provide a good opportunity to test communication protocols in the community. They educate the public about what to expect for an official warning and build confidence that the communication systems work.

Exercises can be carried out within an agency, amongst several agencies, or by all stakeholders. Stakeholder agencies involved in the end-to-end tsunami warning, as well post-disaster response and the media, can be involved. Pre-exercise planning and coordination and post-exercise evaluation are as important as the actual conduct of the exercise.

Awareness activities enable ordinary citizens to recognize a tsunami so that they know what to do. Citizens should recognize a tsunami’s natural warning signs and respond immediately. This is especially true for the case of a local tsunami, which may hit within minutes and before an official tsunami warning can reach their communities. Regular awareness workshops/exercises and tsunami drills are essential to maintain staff familiarity and


efficiency as well as public preparedness and response for the real event, this is especially important in tsunami hazard because of their infrequent occurrence.

6. References

1. National Disaster Management Guidelines: Management of Tsunamis, 2010. A publication of the National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India. 978-93-80440-06-4, August 2010, New Delhi.

2. Nayak, S. and Srinivasa Kumar, T. 2008, “Addressing the Risk of the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean”, Journal of South Asia Disaster Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, page 45-57.

3. Handbook on “Tsunami Early Warning Centre: Systems, Operations & Procedures”, published by INCOIS Pages 1-78.

4. Nayak, S. and Srinivasa Kumar, T. 2009, “The first Tsunami Early Warning Centre in the Indian Ocean”, RISK WISE Page 175-177.

5. IOC-ICG/IOTWS-V/13, 2008, Implementation Plan for Regional Tsunami Watch Providers (RTWP), Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS-V) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 April 2008

6. Russell, IOTWS SOP Manual Russell Draft 2011

7. Disaster Management in India, 2010. A Publication of Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India

8. Standard Operating Procedure for responding to Natural Disasters, 2010. A Publication of Ministry of Home Affairs. Govt. of India

9. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP), Volume I:HSEEP Overview and Exercise Program Management, February 2007

10. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP), Volume I:HSEEP Exercise Planning and Conduct, February 2007

11. Gupta, H.K. 2005, Mega-Tsunami of 26th December, 2004, 2004: Indian Initiative for Early Warning System and Mitigation of Oceanogenic Hazards, Episodes, March 2005.

12. Srinivasa Kumar T., Patanjali Kumar Ch., Ajay Kumar B, Shailesh Nayak, Srinivasulu Mulukutla, Vittal TS. 2009, “Geospatial Technology Solution for Indian National Tsunami Early Warning System”, Map World Forum, February 2009.


5. Awareness and Education

Public education is vital in preparing citizens to respond properly to tsunami threats. An educated public is more likely to take steps to receive tsunami warnings, recognize potentially threatening tsunami events, and respond appropriately to those events. Communities seeking recognition in the Tsunami Ready Program must:

Conduct tsunami awareness programs in schools, hospitals, fairs, workshops, and community meetings.

Define tsunami evacuation areas and evacuation routes, and install evacuation route signs.

Designate a tsunami shelter area outside the hazard zone. Provide written tsunami hazard information to the populace, including:

o Basic tsunami information o Tsunami hazard zone maps o Evacuation routes

These instructions can be distributed through utility bills and phone books, posted at common meeting points such as libraries and public buildings throughout the community.

In addition, local schools should be encouraged to meet the following guidelines: o Include tsunami information in primary and secondary school curriculums. o Provide written safety material to all staff and students o Practice tsunami evacuation drills at least once every 2 years when located

within the tsunami hazard zone. Educate people to avoid new development in tsunami vulnerable areas to minimize

future tsunami losses Encourage shoreline coverage with tree plantation such as coconut palms and

mangroves which absorb tsunami energy and reduce the risk

Exercises and drills are important means of improving the degree of preparedness of a community to react efficiently and in a timely manner to a tsunami threat event. They are means of testing the soundness of SOPs, improving inter-institutional coordination mechanisms, and promoting awareness of response procedures. Evacuation drills provide a good opportunity to test communication protocols in the community. They educate the public about what to expect for an official warning and build confidence that the communication systems work.

Exercises can be carried out within an agency, amongst several agencies, or by all stakeholders. Stakeholder agencies involved in the end-to-end tsunami warning, as well post-disaster response and the media, can be involved. Pre-exercise planning and coordination and post-exercise evaluation are as important as the actual conduct of the exercise.

Awareness activities enable ordinary citizens to recognize a tsunami so that they know what to do. Citizens should recognize a tsunami’s natural warning signs and respond immediately. This is especially true for the case of a local tsunami, which may hit within minutes and before an official tsunami warning can reach their communities. Regular awareness workshops/exercises and tsunami drills are essential to maintain staff familiarity and


efficiency as well as public preparedness and response for the real event, this is especially important in tsunami hazard because of their infrequent occurrence.

6. References

1. National Disaster Management Guidelines: Management of Tsunamis, 2010. A publication of the National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India. 978-93-80440-06-4, August 2010, New Delhi.

2. Nayak, S. and Srinivasa Kumar, T. 2008, “Addressing the Risk of the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean”, Journal of South Asia Disaster Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, page 45-57.

3. Handbook on “Tsunami Early Warning Centre: Systems, Operations & Procedures”, published by INCOIS Pages 1-78.

4. Nayak, S. and Srinivasa Kumar, T. 2009, “The first Tsunami Early Warning Centre in the Indian Ocean”, RISK WISE Page 175-177.

5. IOC-ICG/IOTWS-V/13, 2008, Implementation Plan for Regional Tsunami Watch Providers (RTWP), Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS-V) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 April 2008

6. Russell, IOTWS SOP Manual Russell Draft 2011

7. Disaster Management in India, 2010. A Publication of Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India

8. Standard Operating Procedure for responding to Natural Disasters, 2010. A Publication of Ministry of Home Affairs. Govt. of India

9. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP), Volume I:HSEEP Overview and Exercise Program Management, February 2007

10. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP), Volume I:HSEEP Exercise Planning and Conduct, February 2007

11. Gupta, H.K. 2005, Mega-Tsunami of 26th December, 2004, 2004: Indian Initiative for Early Warning System and Mitigation of Oceanogenic Hazards, Episodes, March 2005.

12. Srinivasa Kumar T., Patanjali Kumar Ch., Ajay Kumar B, Shailesh Nayak, Srinivasulu Mulukutla, Vittal TS. 2009, “Geospatial Technology Solution for Indian National Tsunami Early Warning System”, Map World Forum, February 2009.


13. Srinivasa Kumar T., Patanjali Kumar Ch., Nayak S. 2010, “Performance of the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System”, ISPRS Archives, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan.

14. IOC-ICG/IOTWS-VII, 2010, National Report of India, Seventh Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS-VII) Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 14-16 April 2010

15. IOC-ICG/IOTWS-VIII, 2011, National Report of India, Eighth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS-VII) Melbourne, Australia, 3-6 May 2011


13. Srinivasa Kumar T., Patanjali Kumar Ch., Nayak S. 2010, “Performance of the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System”, ISPRS Archives, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan.

14. IOC-ICG/IOTWS-VII, 2010, National Report of India, Seventh Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS-VII) Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 14-16 April 2010

15. IOC-ICG/IOTWS-VIII, 2011, National Report of India, Eighth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS-VII) Melbourne, Australia, 3-6 May 2011

Indian Tsunami Early Warning CentreESSO-Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services

“Ocean Valley”, Pragathi Nagar (B.O.), Nizampet (S.O.), Hyderabad-500 090 Ph: 040–2389 5011, Fax: 040–2389 5012, Email: [email protected]