UNIT 1: NOUNS : İSİMLER

Types of Nouns1. Singular Nouns (Tekil İsimler)

a house (bir ev) - a garden (bir bahçe) 2. Plural Nouns (Çoğul İsimler)  

houses (evler) - gardens (bahçeler) 3. Proper Nouns (Özel İsim)

Ahmet - Istanbul - London4. Common Nouns (Yaygın İsimler - Cins İsimler)

apple (elma) - hospital (hastane)5. Concrete Nouns (Somut İsim) 

house (ev) - garden (bahçe) 6. Abstract Nouns (Soyut İsimler)

love (sevgi) - feeling (duygu) - spirit (ruh) 7. Countable Nouns (Sayılabilir isimler)

two books (iki kitap) - three schools (üç okul) - a cat (bir kedi) 8. Uncountable Nouns - Mass Nouns - (Sayılamayan İsimler)

cheese (peynir) - rice (pirinç) - bread (ekmek) 9. Collective Nouns (Topluluk İsimler)

team (takım) - commitee (topluluk)

A. PLURAL NOUNSİngilizce adların çoğul şekilleri -s ekiyle yapılır. Çoğul ekinin yazılışı

değişiklikler gösterir. 1. Tekil isimleri çoğul yaparken birçoğunun sonuna -s takısı ilave edilir.

student - students apple - apples2. Sonları O-S-SH-CH-X ve Z harfleri ile biten isimlerin sonlarına -es takısı ilave edilir. potato-potatoes class-classes brush-brushes box-boxes            church-churches quiz-quizzes3. Sonları -Y ile biten kelimelerde -Y’den önceki sessiz bir harf ise -Y harfi -i harfi haline getirilir ve kelimeye -ies eklenir.

lady-ladies party-parties baby-babies4. Sonları -F ve -FE olan isimlere çoğul eki geldiğinde -F ve –FE, -v yapıldıktan sonra -es getirilir. wife-wives knife-knives shelf-shelves leaf-leaves5. Sonları sesli harften sonra –O ile biten isimlerin çoğulu -s ile yapılır.

radio-radios zoo-zoos studio-studios   

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B. IRREGULAR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS man-men goose-geese child-children woman-women            louse-lice foot-feet mouse-mice tooth-teeth ox-oxen

 

C. TEKİL VE ÇOĞUL ŞEKİLLERİ AYNI OLAN ADLARfish-fish deer-deer sheep-sheep aircraft-aircraft species-species means-means series-series

 

D. YAPI OLARAK ÇOĞUL ANLAM OLARAK TEKİL OLAN ADLARHastalık adları (illness) measles, chills, mumps Bazı oyun adları (game) billiards, dominoes, darts Bilim ve bilim adları (science) mathematics, politics, linguistics Bazı özel adlar Brussels, Wales, The United Nations

 

E. DAİMA ÇOĞUL OLAN ADLAR Bazı aletler glasses, pliers, scissors Giyim eşyaları ile varlık ad. pyjamas, trousers, pants, shorts, goods Diğer yandan diğer özel çoğul olan isimler people, police, cattle  

F. ÇOĞUL EKLERİ OLMAYAN ADLARadvice - furniture - information - knowledge - luggage - news - rubbish

 

G. COUNTABLE NOUNS Sayılabilen isimlerle many - a few - few - some - any - a lot of - lots of - a great number of - a large number of sözcükleri kullanılır. Bu sözcüklerden sonra isim daima çoğul haldedir.

many cars a few books a lot of books  

H. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (MASS NOUNS) Sayılamayan ismlerden önce miktar belirten much - a little - little - some - any - a lot of - lots of - a great deal of - a good deal of - a large quantity of gibi sözcükler kullanılır. Bu sözcüklerden sonra gelen isimler asla çoğul yapılmazlar. much coffee a little milk a great deal of time lots of money   Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

many much a few a little

(very) few (very) little a great number of a great deal of a large number of a good deal of

a large quantity of

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HEM SAYILABİLEN HEMDE SAYILAMAYAN İSİMLERLE KULLANILAN MİKTAR GÖSTERİCİLERİ:

any - some - a lot of - lots of - plenty of İngilizcede sayılamayan isimleri sayabilmek için sayılamayan

isimlerden önce ölçü ve miktar belirten sözcükleri kullanırız. a bag of rice, sugar a bar of soap, gold, chocolate a bottle of milk, coke, beer a bowl of soup, fruit a box of chalk, tea a can of beer, apple juice a cup of tea, coffee a dish of ice-cream, candy a gallon of gasoline, milk a slice of bread, tomato, cakea bunch of flower a roll of bread a glass of water, milk a jar of honey, jam a jug of wine a piece of chalk, bread, paper a pound of meat, cheese, sugar a guart of oil, milk a sheet of paper a stick of chewing gum a loaf of bread a barrel of beer, wine a tube of toothpaste a round of ammunition

 UNIT 2: ADJECTIVES : SIFATLAR  DEFINITION: Varlıkların biçimlerini, durumlarını, renklerini ve çeşitlerini bildiren ve onların miktar ya da sayılarını belirten sözcülere sıfat denir.  Adjective is a word used to describe or give more information about a noun. That modifies nouns Adjectives answer the questions which begin WHAT KIND - HOW MANY - HOW MUCH - WHICH ONE  

SIFATLARIN KULLANILDIĞI YERLER 1. ”BE” fiilinden sonra gelir

I am tired. She is unhappy. They are angry. 2. Niteledikleri isimlerden önce gelirler. Sayı ve renklerini belirtirler.

He is a young boy. She is an old woman. 3. Certain verblerden sonra kullanılır: Go - Stay - Look -Smell - Sound - Taste - Get - Become - Turn - Remaın - Seem - Appear Henry seems sad. I went crazy. Her voice sounds pretty. 4. Noun is used as adjective.

Gold is metal.                   My watch is made of  gold. I have a gold watch.          I need a paper cup. I eat two golden apples everyday.           

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5. Fillerin Past Participle halleri (Verb3) sıfat olarak kullanılır. The broken window The stolen car the neglected woman** Eğer sağlığımızdan bahsediyorsak FEEL fiilinden sonra GOOD ‘ un yerine WELL de kullanılır.

How do you feel ? I feel well.  

İngilizcede bazı sıfatlardan önce "UN - IN - IL - IM - DIS - IR - NON" takıları getirilerek sıfatların anlamlarını olumsuzlaştırır. UN- important - unimportant IN- expensive - inexpensive

harmful - unharmful adequate - inadequate healthy - unhealthy seperable - inseperable

IL- legal - illegal IM- possible - impossible logical - illogical mortal - immortal

DIS- like - dislike IR- regular - irregular similar - dissimilar responsible - irresponsible

NON- commissioned - noncommissioned commercial - noncommercial

 

EŞİTLİK BELİRTEN SIFATLAR -- EQUALITY DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES --- AS ................ AS We use an as............as construction with adjectives and adverbs to make comparisons.

Jack is 20 years old. Bill is 20 years old. Jack is as old as Bill (They are the same age)

Fred is rich. He is richer than his brother John. John is not as rich as his brother Fred. (Fred is richer)Lind finished her work in two hours. Betty finished in the same time. Betty worked as fast as Linda worked. ( Betty and Linda worked at the same speed.)Bob studies hard every night. Mary sometimes studies. Mary doesn’t study as hard as Bob does. ( Bob studies harder than Mary.)

Eşitlik belirten sıfatların/zarfların kıyaslanmasında sıfat tek heceli veya çok heceli de olsa hiçbir takı almaksızın AS - adj/adv- AS in arasına getirilir. Olumsuz cümlelerde AS adv/adj AS kullanılabildiği gibi SO adj/adv AS’ de kullanılır.   Mary is 21 years old. Cathy is 21 years old.

Mary is as old as Cathy (written English) Mary is as old as her (oral English) Ahmet runs as fast as Oswald.

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Cindy did her homework as well as her friend My shirt isn’t so expensive as his That line isn’t so busy as that line.

 

AS--------AS miktar karşılaştırılması da gösterebilir. Nobody can make as much money as he does. Read as many book as you can.

 

COMPARATIVE DEGREE (ÜSTÜNLÜK DERECESİ) İngilizcede sıfatlar iki ayrı grup içersinde değerlendirilir: - with one or sometimes two syllable (tek heceli veya bazen iki heceli sıfatlar); - with two or more than two syllables (iki veya ikiden fazla heceli sıfatlar)   A. Eğer sıfat veya zarf bir veya bazen iki heceli ise bu sıfatların üstünlük derecesini elde etmek için sıfat veya zarfın soununa –ER takısı getirildikten sonra THAN kelimesi konularak elde edilir.+++ -er and than are added to regular adjectives to compare people or things.

Greg is taller than Dona. This window is cleaner than that one.

+++ Words that end in a consonant with a short vowel sound before the consonant will double the cosonant before adding –er and than

His shoes are wetter than his coat.+++ Words that end in a consonant -y change the -y to -i and add -er and than

The men were happier than the women.+++ Words that end in -e need only -r and than

Today’s  weather  is nicer than yesterday’s. My brother is taller than George. She is younger than Martha.

B. Eğer sıfat veya zarf iki veya daha fazla heceden oluşmuşsa sıfat veya zarfın önüne MORE kelimesi ve sıfat veya zarfın sonuna THAN kelimesi eklenerek üstünlük derecesi elde edilmiş olur.

Health is more important than money Leyla is more beautiful than her sister. This problem is less difficult than that one.

** Her iki üstünlük derecesinde de iki nesnenin veya şahsın ortak noktaları mukayese edilir. **  much, a lot, a great deal, far (çok daha iyi) ve a little, a bit, slightly (biraz daha iyi) comparative ile kullanılır.

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SUPERLATIVE DEGREE (EN ÜSTÜNLÜK DERECESİ)A. With one or sometimes two syllable (bir veya bazen iki heceli sıfatlar) B. With two or more than two syllables (iki yada ikiden fazla heceli sıfatlar)  1. Eğer sıfat veya zarf bir veya bazen iki heceden meydana geliyorsa en üstünlük derecesini elde etmek için sıfat veya zarfın başına THE article’ı ile sıfat veya zarfın sonuna –EST takısı getirilerek elde edilir. Subject + To Be + The + Adjective + -est + Object

My brother is the tallest boy in the classroom. Kızılırmak is the longest river in Turkey.

  2. Eğer Sıfat veya zarf iki veya daha fazla heceden meydana geliyorsa sıfat veya zarfın önüne THE MOST kelimeleri eklenerek en üstünlük derecesi elde edilir.

Subject + To Be + The + Most/Least + Adjective + ObjectHealth  is the most important of all Leyla is the most beautiful girl in the classroom. This story is the least interesting of all.

** İkiden fazla nesne veya canlıların ortak noktalarının mukayesesi  en üstünlük derecesinde söz konusudur. ** by far (kat kat fazla/daha iyi) superlative ile kullanılır.

 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES   Adjectıve Comparatıve Superlatıve good / well better the best

bad worse the worst much / many more the most

little less the least far farther / further the farthest/furthest

  

KIYASLAMALARIN YAPILDIĞI DİĞER KALIPLAR  1. THE SAME : Aynı

ALIKE : Benzer SIMILAR : Benzer DIFFERENT : Farklı

 ** Bu sözcükler çoğul öznelerle kulanılırlar. Plural Subject + To Be/Verb + The Same/Similar/Alike/Different   These buildings aren’t alike.

These buildings are different. These two brothers are the same. Those two brothers look similar.

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 2. THE SAME AS : -nin aynısı  SIMILAR TO : -a benzer  LIKE : -a benzer  DIFFERENT FROM : -den/dan farklı

** Bu sözcükler tekil öznelerle kullanılabildiği gibi çoğul öznelerle de kullanılabilirler Singular Subject + Verb/To Be + The Same As + Noun/ Pronoun

Similar To/Like/Different From This book is different from that book/one His car looks like yours This lesson is similar to that one

**  Sıfatların anlamını pekiştirmek için sıfattan önce INTENDIFIER yani pekiştiriciler kullanılır.   very - quite - mighty - rather - extremely - awfully - too - pretty

I drive rather fast. I am extremely sorry. It is awfully hot. Your book is pretty good.

3. THE COMPARATIVE - THE COMPARATIVE: ne kadar .. o kadar The more.... the more..., The sooner.... the better.. veya the harder... the more.. gibi değişik formlarda da olabilir.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

COMPARISONS OF QUANTITYa- To show no difference: as much as , as many as, as few as, as little as•as many as / as few as + countable nouns •as much as / as little as + uncountable nouns With countable nouns: •They have as many children as us. •We have as many customers as them. •Tom has as few books as Jane. •You know as many people as I do. With uncountable nouns: •John eats as much food as Peter. •Jim has as little food as Sam. •He's had as much success as his brother has. •They've got as little water as we have. b- To show difference: more, less, fewer + thanWith countable nouns: more / fewer •Eloise has more children than Chantal. •Chantal has fewer children than Eloise.

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•There are fewer dogs in Cardiff than in Bristol •I have visited fewer countries than my friend has. With uncountable nouns: more / less •Eloise has more money than Chantal. •Chantal has less money than Eloise. •I spend less time on homework than you do. •This new dictionary gives more information than the old one. So, the rule is:MORE + nouns that are countable or uncountableFEWER + countable nounsLESS + uncountable nouns

  UNIT 3: ADVERBS: ZARFALAR

DEFINITION: Zarflar eylemleri, sıfatları, başka zarfları ya da bir cümleyi niteler ya da anlamlarına katkıda bulunurlar. Anlamlarına göre zarfları şu şekilde sınıflandırabiliriz:1-Adverbs of Manner: Tarz zarfları bir hareketin nasıl yapıldığını anlatırlar. HOW sorusuna cevap verirler: accurately, actively, badly, beautifully, boldly, calmly, carefully, carelessly, clearly, distinctively, eagerly, easily, equally, fast, gladly, intentionally, nicely, promptly, quickly, quietly, simply, sincerally, slowly, unwillingly, well, willingly, wisely, wrongly She went into the bedroom silently. He wrote the sentences carefully.2-Adverbs of Time: Hareketin geçtiği zamanı belirtirler. a- WHEN sorusuna cevap veren zaman zarfları: after, afterwards, already, before, early, immediately, last night/.., late, lately, next week/.., now, once, presently, shortly, soon, still, today, tonight, tomorrow, yesterday, yet He finished the book yesterday. They are flying to İstanbul tomorrow.b- HOW OFTEN sorusuna cevap verirler. Frequency adverbs olarakta adlandırılan bu sıklık zarfları iki gruba ayrılabilir. b1- Cümle içinde kullanılanları: Normal fiilden önce, be fiilinden sonra kullanılırlar: always, continually, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, never, occasionally, often, rarely, regularly, scarcely ever, seldom, sometimes, usually

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They have never done that before. She can seldom find time to read. b2- Cümle sonunda kullanılanları. Bunların cümle başında da kullanımları vardır: every now and then/again, every so often, every (other) hour/day.., every two/three.. minutes/hours.., every few minutes/.., every second/third.. day/week.., once/twice an hour/a day/a week/.., three/four.. times a day/a week.., several times a day/a week.., again and again The trains run every hour. I have English lesson every other day.3-Adverbs of Place: Hareketin nerede olduğunu belirtirler. WHERE sorusuna cevap verirler ve hareket ile yön gösterirler: above, abroad, across, along, anywhere, apart, around, ashore, away, back, backwards, below, by, down, downstairs, downstream, downtown, everywhere, here, in, indise, near, nowhere, on, out, outside, somewhere, past, there, through, together, under, upstairs, upstream At the meeting he will stand there. She drew the curtains apart.4-Adverbs of Degree: Ne dereceye kadar olduğunu belirlerler. Genelde sıfat veya başka bir zarfla kullanılırlar: asolutely, awfully, a lot, certainly, completely, deeply, distinctly, dreadfully, enormously, entirely, equally, exactly, exceedingly, extremely, fairly, fearfully, highly, horribly, just, much, nearly, perfectly, practically, quite, rather, really, scarcely, slightly, so, somewhat, too, to some extent, thoroughly, totally, utterly, very I am terribly sorry I am late. She speaks English too quickly for me to follow.5-Interrogative Adverbs: When, where, how ve why soru zarfı olarak kullanılır. When are you going away? How did you come here?6-Demonstrative Adverbs: Here ve there işaret zarfları olarak kullanılır. Here is my book. There is my car.7-Adverbs of Affirmation: Yes ve no zarflarıdırlar. No, we didn’t telephone her.8-Quantity Adverbs: Miktar zarfları olarak yaygın bir şekilde kulanılan zarflar şunlardır: a lot, much, more, the most She doesn’t write to me much.

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You are going to fail, so study more.COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADVERBS In general, comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are the same as for adjectives:•add -er or -est to short adverbs:

Adverb Comparative Superlativehard harder the hardestlate later the latestfast faster the fastest Jim works harder than his brother. Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all. •with adverbs ending in -ly, use more for the comparative and most for the superlative:

Adverb Comparative Superlativequietly more quietly most quietlyslowly more slowly most slowlyseriously more seriously most seriously The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand. Could you sing more quietly please? •Some adverbs have irregular comparative forms:

Adverb Comparative Superlativebadly worse worstfar farther/further farthest/furthestlittle less leastwell better best The little boy ran further than his friends. You're driving worse today than yesterday !BE CAREFUL! Sometimes 'most' can mean 'very': We were most grateful for your help  

UNIT 4: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE WITH ACTION VERBS :  

DEFINITION: We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say something happens all the time, regularly or habitually or something is true in general. (Geniş zaman alışılagelmiş eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.)  

KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

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1. Yinelenen işleri, alışkanlıkları, becerileri ve günlük aktiviteleri anlatır I sleep late on Sundays. She always comes to school on time. I study for two hours every night. She speaks English fluently.2. Atasözleri ve doğa gerçekleri gibi zamana bağımlı olmayan yargıları bildirir. A rolling stone gathers no mass. The earth moves around the sun. Honesty is the best policy. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 3. Yapılması planlanmış işleri anlatır. Özellikle gezi planlarında geçerli bir anlatım çeşididir.

We fly to Istanbul on May 2. 4. Gelecek zaman zarflarıyla gelecek zaman bildirir.

He leaves for Ankara next week. 5. Öykü anlamında geçmiş zaman ifade eder.

Atatürk comes to Samsun on May 19,1919. 6. Gazete başlıklarında geçmiş zanam yerine kullanılır.

Seven students die in a traffic accident. 7. Zarf cümleciklerinde gelecek zaman yerine kullanılır.

When I see him tomorrow, I will thank him. 8. Şart cümleciklerinde kullanılır. TYPE –1

If you heat ice,it melts.  

HELPING WORDS (AUXILIARY) - YARDIMCI FİİLLER: DO/DOESADVERB OF TIME:

EVERY week, every day once a day weekend morning twice a week month afternoon three times a year year summer May Monday

Now and then / From time to time / Almost every day About four times a week  

FREQUENCY ADVERBS: 1. always - usually - often - frequently - sometimes - occasionally - rarely - seldom – never, eylemlerden önce, to be fiilinden sonra gelir.           I always like ice-cream. I am usually late for school.2. Sometimes ve occasionally olumsuz cümlelerde DOESN’T ‘dan önce gelirler. Always, ever DOESN’T’dan sonra kullanılır. Often, usually ve generally zarfları ise DOESN’T dan öncede sonrada kullanılabilirler.

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He sometimes doesn’t watch TV. He doesn’t ever watch TV. He often doesn’t watch TV./ He doesn’t often watch TV.

3. Rarely, seldom ve never olumsuz  anlam taşıdıklarından olumsuz cümle ile kullanılmazlar.  

ÜÇÜNCÜ TEKİL ŞAHISLARDA FİİLLERİN KULLANIMI 1. Sonu -CH, -S, -SH, -X, -Z, ve -O harfleriyle biten fiiller -ES takısı alır.

Finish Finishes Bus BusesWatch Watches Box Boxes

2. Sonu –Y harfiyle biten ve –y’den önceki harf sessiz bir harf ise fiildeki –Y harfi düşer –IES gelir. Fakat -y nin önünde sesli harf varsa sonuna sadece - s gelir.

Study studies Try triesBaby babies Boy boys

3. Sonu f veya fe ile biten sözcükler -ves takısıyla çoğul olurlar.  Knife knives Shellf shellves

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE WITH TO BE     TO BE verbs are AM, IS, ARE. KULLANIMI: FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1. AD ÖBEĞİ + BE EYLEMİ + SIFAT 2. AD ÖBEĞİ + BE EYLEMİ + AD ÖBEĞİ A good tree is a good shelter. Business is business. 3. AD ÖBEĞİ + BE EYLEMİ + ZARF They are at home. I am here. 4. THERE + BE EYLEMİ + ZARF There is a pencil in the box. There are two kinds of teachers.  

SOME USAGES OF “ TO BE “ 1. In greetings: How are you ? I am fine. 2. With this,these,that,those : This is a pencil. 3. Origin : I am from Turkey. 4. Profession : What are you ? I am a student. 5. Age How old are you ? I am twelve years old. 6. With the days of the week: What day is today ? Today is................ 7. With the months of the year . What is the second month of the year. It is ........... February is the second month of the year. 8. With the time. What time is the time ? It is one o’clock. 9. With the destination. How far is it to Ankara ? It is 450 kilometres.

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10. With the price . How much is that book ? It is four dollars.  UNIT 5: PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE :  

DEFINITION:   Present Continuous Tense is used to talk about something which is happeninig at the time of speaking. (Konuşma anında devam etmekte olan hareketleri ifade eder.) HELPING VERBS   : am, is, areVERB FORM : Ving ADVERB OF TIME : now, right now, at this moment, just now  

SOME USAGES OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE. 1. Konuşma anında devam eden işleri anlatır.

The telephone is ringing. 2. Kimi eylemlerle geniş zaman ifade eder.

Ahmet is living in a big city. 3. Gelecek zaman zarflarıyla gelecek zaman ifade eder.

We are going to Izmir next Monday. 4. Konuşmacının kararlılığını gösterebilir.

You are not smoking here. 5. Always,constantly,continually ve perpetually gibi zaman zarflarıyla sürekli yinelenen işleri anlatır.

You are always lying. She is continually making mistakes. You are perpetually complaining.

6. Kimi eylemlerde geniş zaman ifade eder. She is always coming late to the class.

Sonu -e ile biten fiillerde -e düşer -ing gelir. Make making Write writing Come coming Dance dancingSonu -ie ile biten fiiller -ying takısı alırlar Lie lying Die dying Tie tying Eğer tek heceli bir fiilin sonu ( sesli + sessiz ) harf ile bitiyorsa son sessiz ikilenerek -ing takısı alır. İki veya daha fazla heceli fiilerde son sessizin ikilenmesine gerek yoktur.Stop stopping Run runningGet getting Swim swimmingHot hotter Thin thinner Eğer bir fiilin sonu (-y) veya (- w) sesizlerinden biri ile bitiyorsa, fiil tek heceli bile olsa son sessiz ikilenmez.

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Draw drawing Play playingSonu iki sessizle biten tek heceli fiiler direkt olarak - ing takısı alırlar. Help helping Work working

Bazı Fiiller Present Continuous Tense İle Kullanılmazlar Bu fiiller simple present tense ile kullanılarak aynı anlam verilir.

1. DUYU EYLEMLERİ:  feel, hear, see, smell, taste. 2. ZİHİNSEL ETKİNLİK EYLEMLERİ: believe, know, mean, recognize, remember, think, understand. 3. İYELİK EYLEMLERİ:  belong to, have, own, possess. 4. DİĞERLERİ: appear, appreciate, care, consist, contain, cost, depend, dislike, doubt, envy, exist, fear, hate, imagine, include, like, look, love, need, owe, possess, prefer, realise, seem, sound, suppose, want.NOT: Bilinçli yapılan eylemler için (kasten yapılan) See, Feel, Smell, Hear eylemleri V+ing şeklinde kullanılırlar.  UNIT 6: SIMPLE PAST TENSE :

DEFINITION:We use simple past tense to talk about actions or situations in the past.(Geçmişte yapılıp bitmiş eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır.)

HELPING VERB: didVERB FORM: V2

ADVERB OF TIME: LAST night, a day ago, yesterday,

week two days ago yesterday morningmonth a minute ago yesterday afternoonsummer three years ago yesterday eveningyear the other dayMonday in 1980June

KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:1. Geçmişte bilinen bir zamanda yapılıp tamamlanmış işleri ifade eder.

She saw the film last night. I had a busy day yesterday.2. Geçmişte aralıklarla yinelenmiş işleri anlatabilir.

His mother wrote him every week last year.3. Dolayllı anlatımda geniş zaman yerine geçer.

Ali says “ I like Adana” Ali said that he liked Adana”

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4. Belirli yapılarla,gerçeğe aykırı geniş zaman yada varsayım gösterebilir. a- I wish I were rich. (Keşke zengin olsam.) b- If you studied harder it would be better. (Daha çok çalışsan iyi olur.) c- He acts as if he wanted to make trouble (Sanki dert çıkarmak istermiş gibi davranıyor.) d- It is high time you went to bed. (Yatma zamanı geldi.)** WHEN kullanıldığında nokta belirtir ve Past Tense ile kullanılır.** It’s time – Simple past tense ile kullanılır.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE WITH TO BE Eğer geçmiş zaman ile kullanılan bir cümlenin fiili yoksa veya

geçmişte belirli bir zamanda olan durum, davranış, ve oluşu ifade etmek için was, were  kullanılır. Hareket bildirmez. Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now. When I was a child, I was afraid of dogs.HELPING VERBS: WAS – WERE (to be)ADVERB OF TIME: just the same as simple past tense.

UNIT 7: THE PAST PROGRESSIVE(CONTINUOUS) TENSE :

DEFINITION: We use the past continuous tense to say that someone was in the

middle of doing something at a certain time. The action had already started before this time but hadn’t finished.The past continuous tense doesn’t tell us whether an action was finished or not. (Geçmiş zamanda belirli bir anda devam eden eylemlerin anlatımında kullanılır.) Yesterday Tom and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o’clock and

finished at 11 o’clock They were playing tennis at 10.30

HELPING VERBS: WAS - WEREVERB FORM: Ving

ADVERB OF TIME : just the same as past tense (past tense ile aynı)USAGE OF PAST CONTI. TENSE: (KULLANILDIĞI YERLER)1. Geçmişte belli bir anda devam etmekte olan işleri anlatır.

She was playing tennis all this morning.2. Geçmişte oluş zamanları kesişen 2 işten sürekli olanı ifade eder.

When the telephone rang she was taking a shower.3. Oluş zamanları kesişen iki sürekli işi de anlatır.

While we were studying they were watching TV.

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4. Geçmişte iki zaman noktası arasında süren işleri anlatır. Between May and June last year,she was preparing for her wedding.5. Belli yapılarla gerçeğe aykırı geniş zaman ya da varsayımı ifade eder.

A- I wish we were going home now.B- I’d rather she was sleeping.

** NOT:1. WHEN + PAST TENSE + PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE2. WHILE + PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE  + PAST CONTI. TENSE3. WHILE + PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE + PAST TENSE4. AS + PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE + PAST TENSE

UNIT 8: PRESENT PERFECT TENSE :

DEFINITION: When we talk about a period of time that continues upto the present we

use the present perfect. Yakın geçmiş zaman veya zamanı belli olmayan geçmiş zaman olarak ifade edilir. Türkçede karşılığı yoktur. (yapmışımdır, yapmış bulunuyorum.)

HELPING VERBS: HAVE - HASVERB FOR: V3ADVERB OF TIME:

1. Upto now, up till now, so far2. Often, many times3. Just, already, yet, ever, never4. For, since, ever since, since then5. Finally, recently, lately, for the last two years, in this morning

JUST: Kısa bir süre önce yapılmış işleri anlatır. Olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır.

We have just called Mary. Daha şimdi Mary’i aradık.ALREADY: Bir işin hali hazırda yapılmış olduğunu gösterir. Olumlu cümlede kullanılır.

I have already talked to him. (Onunla konuştum bile.)YET: Olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde kullanılır. (henüz,tam şimdi)EVER: Soru cümlelerinde kullanılır. Hiç anlamı taşır. (Olumlu cümlelerde de kullanılır.)

Have you ever eaten Turkish Kebab?NEVER: Ever ile sorulan sorularda cevap olumsuz ise NEVER kullanılır. Ancak cümle olumlu haldedir. Anlam olumsuzdur.FOR: dan sonra bir zaman dilimi (period of time), (dır)

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SINCE: den sonra bir zaman noktası (point in time), (den beri)

FOR a day, two days               SINCE yesterday a week                                             yesterday morning  a month, five months                    last week, month  a year                                               I was born  a long time                                      I was a child  all my life 5 days, months, years ago  years 1926, 1876  ages 10 o’clock  centuries  an hour, two hours

 KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:1. Geçmişte başlamış ve hala devam etmekte olan işleri anlatır. Bu zaman periyodu bütün hayatımızdaki deneyimleri kapsayabilir. Hayatımız da herhangi bir deneyimi yaşayıp yaşamadığımız bu tens ile sorulur.

I have always walked to work.I have lived in Istanbul since 1982.Have you ever been to China (Hiç Çinde bulundunmu?)Have you ever eaten caviar.  ( Hiç havyar yedinmi ? )

2. Geçmişte yapılmış olmakla birlikte etkisini hala devam ettiren işleri anlatır. All my money has been stolen. Bütün param çalındı. Param yok. He told me his name but I've forgotten it. Adını söylemişti fakat unuttum.3. Şu andan önceki bir aktivitenin tekrarını vurgular, her tekrarın kesin zamanı önemli değildir. We have had four tests so far this semester I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks. I have met many people since I came here in june 4. Geçmişte belirsiz bir zamanda yapılmış işleri anlatır. Kesin zamanın önemli olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır. (Eğer belirli bir zaman varsa Simple past kullanılır.) They have moved into a new apartment. Have you ever visited Mexico. I have read that book. I have seen this film before5. Geçmişle bugünü bağlayan bir köprü olarak kullanılır. I started learninig english in september. I am still lerning english.

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I have lerned English since september. (Eylülden beri ingilizce öğreniyorum.)  Ayşe is my best friend. I met Ayşe seven years ago  I have known her for 7 years. ( Onu yedi yıldır tanıyorum. )6. Bir zaman zarfının süresi tamamlanmamışsa geçmişte yapılan işi ifade etmekte kullanılır.      (Henüz hafta tamamlanmamış)

NOT: Gone (to) ve been (to) arasındaki farklılık: Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain. (Jim ispanyaya gitti ve hala orada) Jane has been to Italy. (Jane italyaya gitti ve geri geldi)NOT: By, Perfect tens’lerle kullanılır. It’s first time, This is the best – Present perfect tense ile kullanılır. 

UNIT 9: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :

DEFINITION: It is used when we talk about an action which began in the past and has

recently stopped. We also use it to ask how long something has been happening. HELPING VERB: HAVE/HAS BEEN VERB FORM: Ving ADVERB OF TIME: FOR, SINCE KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

1. Geçmişte başlamış ve halen devam etmekte olan işleri ifade etmede kullanılır.

I have been studying English for 13 years.A şahsı avrupa turuna çıkmış ve B şahsıyla İspanyada karşılaşıyor A' nın gideceği  yerler sıralı: 1. France 2. England 3. Spain 4. Germany 5. ItalyA: What have you been doing ? ( Ne yapıyorsun )B: I have been traveling around Europe.(Eğer A şahsı: What are you doing deseydi, B şahsı o anda ne yapıyorsa onu söylerdi alışveriş yapıyorum vs. derdi.)

A: Which countries have you visited.B: I have visited France and England and now I'm in Spain, I haven't been Germany and Italy yet.2. İşin süreklilik gösterdiğini vurgulamak için kullanılr. Tense bu anlamı zamanı simgeleyen kelimelerle veririz. For, Since, all morning, all day, all week.

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He is carrying a toothbrush and some tooth paste because he has been brushing his teeth. I have been sitting here since seven o'clock. You have been studying for five straight hourse 3. Kimi eylemlerde yarım kalmış işleri anlatır.

    I have been reading this book for a week now.4. Present perfect continuous tens zamanın herhangi bir spesifik anlamı dışında kullanıldığında, genel bir aktivitenin son zamanlardaki sürekliliğini vurgular. All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week. My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bed is too soft. UNIT 10: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE İLE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE’İN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI :

1. Present perfect continuous tense geçmişte başlayıp şu ana kadar devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatır. Present Perfect Tense’te ise olayın bitmiş olasılığı vardır.

I have been living in Istanbul for 10 years I have lived in Istanbul for ten years.

2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense de kimi eylemlerde yarım kalmış işleri anlatır. Present Perfect Tense’de ise bu kullanım görülmez.

I have been reading this book. I have read this book.

3. Present Perfect Continuous Tense çoğunlukla geçmişte başlayıp devam eden tek bir işi anlatmakta kullanılır. Bu nedenle 'already - just - never - ever - finally - recently'  gibi zaman zarflarıyla beraber kullanılmazlar. Sadece for-since kullanılır.  

UNIT 11: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE İLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE’NİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI :

1. Present Continuous Tense konuşma anında devam eden eylemi anlatır. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ise geçmişte başlayıp konuşma anında da devam eden eylemleri anlatır.

She has been working for 2 hours. She is working now. 2. Present Continuous Tense gelecek zamanı ifade eder. Present Perfect Continuous Tense’te ise böyle bir kullanımı yoktur.

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Mary has been playing the piano for an hour. Mary is playing the piano for an hour. (Mary bir saat piano çalacak) UNIT 12: PAST PERFECT TENSE :

DEFINITION: We use the Past Perfect Tense to say that something had already

happened before this time. Geçmişte belirli bir zamandan önce yapılmış ve bitmiş bir işi veya olayı anlatır. Bu nedenle geçmişte bitmiş zaman diye bilinmektedir. Geçmişte başlayıp bitmiş işlerden önce yapılmış olanı Past Perfect Tense ile, daha sonra yapılanı ise Simple Past Tense ile anlatılır. Bu iki geçmiş durumu belirten cümleler birbirine çoğunlukla AFTER - BEFORE - WHEN bağlaçlarıyla bağlanır. HELPING VERB: HAD VERB FORM: V3 ADVERB OF TIME:  WHEN - BEFORE - AFTER - AS SOON AS - UNTIL - NO SOONER....THAN - BY THE TIME - ONCE  KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

1. Geçmişte yapılmış iki işten daha önce yapılmış olanını gösterir. Mr.Brown had never eaten Turkish Kebab before he came to Turkey. My parents had already eaten by the time I got home2. Geçmişte belli bir ana kadar sürmüş işleri anlatır.

By the time he married he had written four books. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it.

3. Dolaylı anlatımda Present Perfect ve Simple Past Tense’nin yerine geçer. Ali said; “I wrote the letter”  Ali said  he had written .............. Ali said, “ I have written the letter.” Ali said he had written........... 4. Belli yapılarla gerçeğe aykırı geçmiş zaman ifade eder. I wish I had had a  lot of money. If she had had time she would have helped you. Eğer bir cümlede before veya after kullanılıyorsa genellikle past perfect tense gerekli değildir.NOT: Past Perfect Tense Before Simple Past Tense

After Past Perfect Tense, Simple Past TensePast Perfect Tense By the time Simple Past Tense

Burada By the time, When veya Before manası vermektedir. *** Eğer, iki olay aynı zamanda olmuş ise veya sıralama önemli değilse, arada o kadar önemli zaman farkı yok ise iki cümlede Simple Past Tense olabilir.

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UNIT 13: THE PAST PERFECT TENSE İLE SIMPLE PAST TENSE’NİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI :

1. The simple past tense geçmişte belli bir zamanda yapılan işleri anlatır. The past Perfect Tense ise geçmişte yapılan bir işten yada geçmişte belli bir andan daha önce yapılan işleri anlatır.

I wrote the letter.  (three hours ago) I wrote the letter. ( after I had eaten my dinner )  

2. Sıfat ve ad cümleciklerinde geçmişte yapılan eylemlerin hangisinin daha önce yapıldığı (simple past-past perfect) zıtlığı ile ifade edilir.

I realized that my homework had been taken. He said that he had cleaned his table.

UNIT 14: PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :

DEFINITION: We can use the past Perfect Continuous Tense to say how long

something had been happening before something else happened. (Önceden yapılmakta olan bir işin devamlılığını ifade eder.) HELPING VERB: HAD BEEN VERB FORM:  V+ing ADVERB OF TIME: FOR - SINCE - CONJUNTION

Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the windows. The sun was shining but the ground was very wet.

It was not raining when I looked out of the window, the sun was shining. But it had been raining. That’s why the ground was wet. KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

1. Geçmişte olmuş iki eylem var ve bunlardan önce olanın sürekliliği past perfect conti. tense ile vurgulanır. I had been studying English for half an hour before my brother came in. Our game of  tennis was interrupted. We'd been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very havily.2. Dolaylı anlatımda (Indirect Speech) past continuous ve Present Perfect Continuous tenslerin yerine geçer.

Ali said “ I have been working for years” Ali said that he had been working for years.

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3. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense, The Present Perfect Continuous Tense gibi tek bir işin sürekliliğini vurgular.

They had been eating their dinner before I got there. 4. Past perfect conti. geçmişte bir eylemden önce başka bir eylemin süreklilik içerisinde olduğunu vurgular. When judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming. Her eyes were red because she  had been crying. 

UNIT 15: ZAMAN KELİMELERİ :

BEFORE: ........... meden önce He lost more than he expected. Then he stopped gambling. Before he stopped gambling he had lost more than he expected.

** Eğer bir iş daha önce başlamasına rağmen bitirilmeden kesilmişse before Past Perfect Tense’li cümlenin başında yer alabilir. My roommate took my math book away before I had finished studying.AFTER: ...........dıktan sonra

After he had lost more than he expected he stopped gambling   BY THE TIME:...... e kadar. Past perfect veya Future perfect tens’lerle kullanılır. (Time yerine kerhangi bir zaman da gelebilir.)

We had already got up by the time the clock rang.WHEN: ..............diği, ....dığı zaman, diğinde, ...........dığında

I had had my breakfast when the visitors came.AS SOON AS: yapar yapmaz

As soon as I had come into the room we started to studyUNTIL: .............. e kadar, ..........e değin

I did not say anything until I had listened to him completely.ONCE: as soon as, when

Once the visitors had left we had our dinner.NO SOONER................ THAN: fazla geçmeden.

I had no sooner come home than he called me. (Gelir gelmez beni aradı) ADVERBIAL TIME EXPRESSIONS (Zaman Belirten Zarflar)PRESENT TIME: now, right now, at the moment.PAST TIME: the day before yesterday, two days ago, ago, yesterday, last (day, week, year...) FUTURE TIME: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, two days from now.

UNIT 16: FUTURE TENSE :  

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DEFINITION:  When we decide to do something for the future at the time of speaking.

(Gelecek zaman önceden tasarlanmadan yapılacak işleri ve gelecekte olacak olayları anlatmak için kullanılır.) Will veya be going to, gelecek zamanı vurgulamak için kullanılır. Konuşma anında geleceğe dönük bir eylemi ifade etmek için will kullanılır. Going to ise önceden yapılan planlar ve niyetler için kullanılır.

He will finished his work tomorrow.He is going to finish his work tomorrow.I think he will go on vacation.

HELPING VERB: WILL VERB FORM: V1 ADVERB OF TIME : tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/ evening/night, next week/month/year/Monday/January/weekend/ summer, a week later, two months later, five years later, tonight, this morning/etc.** İngiliz ingilizcesinde I ve We özneleri için SHALL yardımcı fiili kullanılmaktadır.WE USE “ WILL” IN THESE SITUATIONS

1. Offering to do somethingThat bag looks heavy. I will help you with it.

  2. Agreeing or refusing to do somethingI will bring the book back tomorrow (agree)The car will not start.(refuse)

  3. Promising to do somethingI promise I will phone you as soon as I arrive

  4. Asking someone to do somethingWill you shut the door,please?

** Cümlede action verb yoksa BE (am-is-are) fiili kullanılır.** Before, Until, When, After,... cümlenin başında ise bu cümlede will kullanılmaz.

“BE (AM/IS/ARE) GOING TO FUTURE” TENSEDEFINITION: We use “going to “ when when we say what we have already decided to

do what we intend to do in the future. (Önceden öznenin işi tasarladığını ve yapmaya kararlı olduğunu gösterir. Bu kalıpta amaçlılık (Intention) ve kuvvetli olasılık (Strong Probability) anlamları önem kazanır. Will’de ihtimal vardır.)

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HELPING VERB: TO BE GOING TO VERB FORM: V1 ADVERB OF TIME: Future tense ile aynı GOING TO = GONNA (argo dilinde yaygın olarak kullanılır)INTENTION: I am going to learn how to write in EnglishSTRONG PROBABILITY: It is going to rain soon.

İNGİLİZCEDE GELECEK ZAMAN İFADE EDEN YAPILAR:1. I will leave tomorrow.2. I am going to leave tomorrow.3. I leave tomorrow.4. I am leaving tomorrow.5. I am to leave tomorrow.6. I am about to leave.7. I am on the point of leaving.

*** WAS /WERE GOING TO means to say what someone intended to do in the past ( but didn’t do )

“BE (AM/IS/ARE) TO FUTURE” TENSE Genelde resmiyet ifade etmek için kullanılır.1- “will (definitely)” anlamında kullanılır. The Queen is to visit New Zealand.2- “should” anlamında kullanılır. You are to do your homework. (Ev ödevini yapman gerek.)

UNIT 17: FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE :

DEFINITION:We use it to say that we will be in the middle of doing something at a certain time in the future. (Gelecekte belli bir süre devam edecek eylemleri anlatır.) It is used to express an action that will be in progress at or up to a particular time in the future.

We will be leaving at noon on Friday A- Is it all right if I come about 8.30. B- No, don’t come then. I will be watching the match on TV. Tom won’t be leaving until midnight tonight.

HELPING VERB: WILL BE VERB FORM:  V+ING ADVERB OF TIME: At this time next week, At this time tomorrow

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month in June May at 7 o’clock

summer on Tuesday  KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

1. Gelecekte belli bir anda devam etmekte olacağını anlatır. They will be running at this time tomorrow. We will be studying English at 4 o’clock tomorrow.

2. Gelecekte belirsiz zamanlarda olacak işleri anlatır. She will be visiting Istanbul from time to time.

3. Gelecek zaman ile ilgili tahmin gösterir. It will be getting dark soon.

4. Kibarca soru sormakta kullanılabilir. Will you be staying at this hotel?

*** be going to’nun continuous formu: be going to + be + - ing

Bazen future conti. ile s. future arasında çok çok az bir farklılık vardır veya hiçbir farklılık yoktur. Özellikle  gelecekteki olay belirsiz bir zaman da meydana gelmişse.

Don't get impatient. She will be coming soonDon't get impatient. She will come soon

Not : Teklif sorularında mutlaka shall kullan, will kullanma.Shall we phone to see what time the film start Shall I carry that heavy case for you

    UNIT 18: THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE :

DEFINITION:We use it to say that something will already have happened before a certain time in the future.

HELPING VERB:  WILL HAVE VERB FORM:  V3 ADVERB OF TIME:  BY tomorrow/ next week/ next month, BY THIS TIME tomorrow/next week/ next month, in a week, in two hours, in a year, in fifteen days Next year is Kemal and Canan’s 20th wedding anniversary. They will have been married for 20 years. KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

1. Bir işin gelecekte belli bir zamandan önce yapılacağını gösterir.

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I will have finished my homework by midnight. She will have been a teacher for 15 years by this time next year.2. Olasılık yada varsayım ifade edebilir. It is ten o’clock. She will have arrived there by now. We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.  UNIT 19: THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :

DEFINITION: Gelecekte belli bir andan önce tamamlanacak işin süreklilik özelliği

taşıdığını vurgular. HELPING VERB:  WILL HAVE BEEN VERB FORM:  VERB+ING ADVERB OF TIME:  FOR A YEAR BY THEN, IN 1945............ FOR FIVE YEARS On May 3, 1999 we will have been working in this school for five years. By the end of this year I will have been doing the same job for two years. KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

1. Gelecekteki bir zaman diliminde bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgular. She will have been teaching here for thirty years by the time she retires next year. Margeret was born in 1950. by the year 2000, she will have been living on this earth for 50 years2. Gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce bir eylemin süreklilik içinde olacağını vurgular. I will go to bed at ten p.m. He will get home at midnight. At midnight I will be sleeping. I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home.

UNIT 20: SEQUENCE OF TENSES: ZAMAN UYUMU  Independent (Main) Clause Dependent (Subordinate) Clause

- Simple present tense- Present conti. tense- Present perfect tense- Present perfect conti. tense

1. Simple present tense - Future tense- Future conti. tense

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- Future perfect tense- Simple past tense- Past conti. tense- Past perfect tense- Simple present tense- Simple past tense

2. Present continous tense - Present perfect tense- Present perfect conti. tense- Future tense- Simple past tense

3. Simple past tense - Past conti. tense- Past perfect tense- Past perfect conti. tense- Simple past tense

4. Past continuous tense - Past conti. tense- Past perfect tense- Past perfect conti. tense- Simple present tense- Present conti. tense- Present perfect tense

5. Present perfect tense - Present perfect conti. tense- Future tense- Future conti. tense- Future perfect tense- Simple past tense

6. Past perfect tense - Simple past tense- Simple present tense- Present conti. tense

7. Future tense - Future conti. tense- Future perfect tense

UNIT 21:   MODALS : KİP BELİRTEÇLERİ

CAN:  Şimdiki zaman yada gelecek zaman da yetenek belirtir. KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

ABILITY: Bir işi yapabilme,bir işe gücü yetme. (Zaman uyumu bunda geçerlidir.)

I can drive when I drink.  I can carry this suitcase

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ABILITY: Bir işin nasıl yapıldığını bilme Mary can speak French.

POSSIBILITY: Olasılık (%99 oranında doğrudur.)Too much sun can be dangerous.

POLITE REQUEST: Rica Can you open the door please ?

PERMISSION: İzin isteme/ verme Can we smoke in this room ?

PROBABILITY:SUGGESTION: Öneriyi yapıp yapmama size bağlıdır.INFORMAL REQUEST:** Zihinsel etkinlik ve duyu eylemleri ile pek kullanılmazlar.

Remember - Understand - See - Hear - Feel - Smell - TasteI can see it = I see it

 

WILL: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

FUTURE: Bütün kişilerle gelecek zaman. The show will begin at 7 o’clock.

INSISTENCE: Kararlılık ( özellikle birici tekil şahıslarda)I will pass the exam.

PROMISE: Söz verme You will get your money back.

PREDICTABILITY: Kaçınılmazlık, beklenti Accidents wil happen. (Kazalar olacaktır.)

REFUSAL: Reddetme I will not discuss the problem with you.

WILLINGNESS: İsteklilik , niyet He will do anything for money

ORDER: Emir All staff will leave the building at once.

REQUEST: Rica (informal)Will you lend me your pen for a moment ?

INVITATION: Davet etmek Come inside, won’t you ?

DETERMİNATİON: 

MAY: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

POLITE REQUEST: Kibarca izin isteme,izin verme,rica

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PERMISSION: İzin (resmi durumlarda)May I borrow your dictionary ?

POSSIBILITY: Olasılık (weak) It may rain tomorrow morning

BENEDICTIONS: Dualar ,beddualar MALEDICTION: May he rest in peaca (huzur içinde uyusun)

May he never set foot in this house again. (Bir daha bu eve ayak basmak kısmet olmasın)

FORMAL REQUEST: (Sadece I için kullanılır.)

MUST: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

STRONG OBLIGATION/NECESSITY: Zorunluluk, gereklilik. Zorunluluk belirttiğinde MUST = HAVE TO / HAS TO’dur. Must bizden kaynaklanan, have to ise dışardan kaynaklanan zorunluluktur.

Drivers must obey the traffic rules. LOGICAL CONCLUCION: Gözleme dayalı akıl yürütme.

She spends a lot of money. He must be rich. PROHIBITION: Yasak ( Olumsuz kullanımı)

You must not drink when you drive. POSSIBILITY: (%95) 

ASSUMPTION: Beklenti %100’e yakın. ** Konuşmacı kendisi hakkında konuşuyorsa gerekliliğe inanması söz konusudur. ** MUST’ın pastı HAD TO’dur (zorunluluk belirttiğinde).  

MIGHT: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

POSSIBILITY: Olasılık (May’e göre daha zayıf) I don’t know where he is. He might be at home

INDIRECT SPEECH: Dolaylı anlatımda May’in yerine. He says that it may rain tomorrow. He said that it might rain the following day.

 

SHALL: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

FUTURE: Birinci tekil ve çoğul kişilerle gelecek zamanda kullanılır. We shall help them.

INSISTENCE: Kararlılık,israr I shall tell the truth.

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OFFERING SUGGESTION: Yardım önerisinde bulunmak,bir şey yapmayı önermek.

Shall I get you a glass of water ? Shall we go to the movies ?  Let’s go/ Let’s not.

THREAT: Tehdit If you do that again,you shall be punished severely.

LEGAL ANNOUNCEMENT: Kamu duyurularındaki kurallarda MUST yerine.

These rooms shall be kept ready at all times. LEGAL TEXTS: Hukuk dilinde

You shall not steal. RELIGIOUS TEXTS: Dinsel metinlerde

He who digs a pit shall fall into it.  

SHOULD: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

NECESSITY: Dışardan birisi tarafından önerilir.Gereklilik ve tavsiye içerir.

You should eat less; You are too fat. LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Beklenti,akıl yürütme ,tahmin Helen took dancing lessons for years. She shold be a good dancer. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: Koşul cümlelerinde bir olasılığın zayıflığını vurgular. If anything should go wrong with your washing machine, contact us.

(Şirketin ürünlerine güvendiğini gösteriyor.) SUGGESTION: Sadece 1. Tekil şahıs ile koşul cümleciğinde öğüt vermek.

The weather is very cold. If I were you I should wear a coat. SUGGESTION: Negatif kullanıldığında bir öneri belirtir. Shouldn’t you study very hard? Don’t you think you should study very hard. OBLIGATION: Zorunluluk.

You should clean your teeth everyday. ADVISIBILITY:EXPECTATION:ADVICE: Bu öğüt yapılmazsa zarar verir (Suggestion’da bu yoktur). 

WOULD:  Arzuları ve istekleri ifade etmekte kullanılır.KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

POLITE REQUEST: Rica

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A- Would you show me the way to the station. B- I am afraid I can’t/certainly.

INDIRECT: Dolaylı anlatımda Will’in yerineHe says he will go.  He said he would go.

PAST CUSTOM: Geçmişte alışkanlık (USED TO yerine ) When we were children we would go to the cinema every week.

REFUSAL: Geçmişte reddetme He would never answer my question

UNREAL PRESENT: Koşul cümlelerinde (TYPE-2) If she were ready she would make her speech.

PRESENT WILLINGNESS: şimdiki zamana ait istekleri bildirmek üzere WISH-IF ONLY-WHAT ile

I wish you would stop driving so fast. If only you would not make this noise. What wouldn’t I give  for good teeth !

Olumsuzluk durumunda isteksizlik belirtir. He would not try to learn English. (İngilizce öğrenmek için çaba sarfetmedi.)

  

COULD: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

Geçmişte yetenek,yeterlilik ve güç belirtir. Sürekli yada alışılmış bir yeteneği anlatır. COULD=BE ABLE TO. Can’den ya daha fazla formal ya da naziktir. POLITE REQUEST: Rica

Could you tell me  the time ? PAST ABILITY: Geçmişte fiziksel ve zihinsel yetenek

He could walk for hours. POSSIBILITY: Geniş ve gelecek zamana ait olasılık (%50)

You could be right. INDIRECT SPEECH: Dolaylı anlatımda CAN yerine.

He said that he could play the piano. UNREAL PRESENT: Koşul cümleciklerinde (TYPE-2)

If she knew English she could easily find a job. POSSIBILITY: Geçmişte olmuş artık mümkün olmayan işler.

Only ten years ago you could buy a house for ten million.SUGGESTION: Can’deki gibidir.PERMISSION: Sen izin isterken.RECOMMENDATION:

 

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OUGHT TO: Ought to is not usually used in the negative or in questions. (Should

anlamını taşır. Ought to ile soru yapılmaz. Bunun yerine should kullanılır.) KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

OBLIGATION/DUTY: Görev/zorunluluk Citizens ought to vote in national elections.

SUGGESTION: Tavsiye You ought to eat less you are putting on weight. You don’t look good. You ought to  see a doctor. EXPECTATION: Beklenti, akıl yürütme.

The door bell is ringing. That ought to be my aunt. ADVISIBILITY:

OUGHT TO HAVE: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

SUGGESTION: Geçmişle ilgili tavsiye görev She ought to have told us she was ill.  (Hasta olduğunu bize söylemesi gerekirdi.) You oughtn’t to have crossed the road when the lights were red. EXPECTATION: Geçmişle ilgili beklenti, olasılık She left for Paris half an hour ago. She ought to have  arrived at the airport by now. (Şimdiye kadar hava alanına varmış olmalı.)

  

NEED: Birbirleriyle ilişkili olan üç ayrı NEED sözcüğü vardır. 1. Bir şeye ihtiyacı olmak: You look terrible. You need a rest. 2. OBLIGATION .................... yapmak, zorunda kalmak

She does not need to cook tonight. 3. NECESSITY: Kip belirteci, gereklilik. NEED sadece olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde kullanılır.

You needn’t go yet, need you? (Henüz gitme gerekliliği duymuyorsun değil mi?)

Need you work so hard? ** NEED başka şekillerle olumsuz yapılmış cümlelerde kullanılır.

 I don’t suppose I need wear a coat today. NEED I .....................? = MUST I................. ? I NEEDN’T ............. = I DON’T HAVE TO........... : It isn’t necesarry.Need I study ? Yes, You must.  No, You needn’t. No, You don’t have to.

 

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TO BE ABLE TO = CAN Bütün tense’lerle YAPABİLME ifade eder. She was able to play tennis yesterday. She will be able to study tomorrow.

 

TO BE ABLE TO  (in the past)  =  COULD 1. Yetenekler için could veya be able to in the past arasında hiç bir fark yoktur. Yani Could WAS/WERE ABLE TO olarak kullanılır.

    When I was a child I could climb any tree in the forest. 2. Belli bir olayda kanıtlanmış yetenek için WAS/WERE ABLE TO kullanılır. Although the pilot was badly hurt he was able to explain what had happened.

 

AM-IS-ARE  TO  FUTURE: Geleceğe ilişkin plan, kararlaştırılmış iş

** AM-IS-ARE TO = WILL DUTY OR PROHIBITION: Görev yada yasak bildirme

You are not to smoke here. EXPECTATION: Ümit etme

If I am to succeed, I have to be more careful.   

WAS / WERE TO 1. Geçmişe ait bir planın yapılıp yapılmadığı bilinmiyor.

    Ali was to go to Spain to buy some rugs last week. 2. Geçmişte olacağı belirten iş

    He felt nervous because she was to meet the teacher.   

HAVE TO - HAVE GOT TO - MUST Bu üç yapı gereklilik bildirirken hemen hemen aynı kullanıma sahiptirlerHAVE TO / HAS TO: Uzun süre söz konusu olan gerekliliği ifade eder. NOT HAVE / HAS TO is used to express lack of necessity Tomorrow is Saturday. We don’t have to go to class. We have a lot of time. We don’t have to study. HAVE GOT TO / HAS GOT TO: Bir defaya mahsus gereklilik ifade eder. MUST: Gereklilik konuşmacıdan kaynaklanır. Must is used with the simple present tense or the present progressive to express probability. Must is used when we are very sure or very certain about something.

Steve is smiling. He must be happy,

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I smell smoke. Something must be burning. MUST NOT is used for the negative and to express prohibition. You must not smoke in the building. (Don’t smoke in the building) You must not drive through a red light. (Don’t drive through a red light.) HAVE TO: Gereklilik bir başka yerden kaynaklanır. MUST and HAVE TO/HAS TO both express necessity and obligation.

You must have money to buy a car. I can not go. I have to study for a test.

I have an appointment tomorrow at 7 o’clock. So I have got to get up early tomorrow.

Mr.Brown has a very difficult life. He has to work 12 hours a day. 1. I must give up smoking (Sigarayı bırakmam gerekiyor. Kendim istiyorum.) 2. I have to give up smoking (Sigarayı bırakmam gerek doktor söyledi.) 3. John’s lights are off. He must not be at home. 4. Betty is not eating. She must not be hungry.  KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

NECESSITY: Gereklilik.If there are no buses we will have to walk.

LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Akıl yürütme.She has to be clever. Look what she has done.

DON’T HAVE TO / HAVEN’T GOT TO: Gerekmezlik. 

HAD TO: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

1. Geçmişte zorunlu olarak yapılmış işler We had to walk home because we had missed the bus. 2. Dolaylı anlatımda HAVE TO ve bazen MUST ‘ın yerine kullanılır. She said  “I have to study”. She said she had to study He said “Ali must watch  TV”.  He said that Ali had to watch TV. ** HAD TO’nun olumsuzu DIDN’T HAVE TO’dur.

MUST HAVE + v3 (Present Infinitive) Geçmişle ilgili akıl yürütme (kuvvetli tahmin) ifade eder. Anlam unrealite değil.

I am sure the plane took of at 2 p.m Yes, It must have taken off at 2 p.m

MAY  HAVE + v3

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Geçmişle ilgili (zayıf) olasılık ifade eder. Olasılığın gerçekleşip gerçekleşmediği bilinmez. Anlam unrealite değil.

She is late again. She may have missed the bus.  (Yine geç kaldı. Otobüsü kaçırmış olmalı.)

MIGHT  HAVE + v3 KULLANILDIĞI YERLER: Anlam unrealite değil.

1. May Have ile aynı anlamda kullanılabilir. He is not in his office.He might have gone home.

2. Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş bir olasılık (zayıf olasılık)If  we had taken the other road we might have arrived earlier

3. Geçmişte yapılmamış bir iş nedeniyle birisine kızgınlık. You might have waited  till I came.

 

SHOULD HAVE + v3 KULLANILDIĞI YERLER: Unrealite belirtir. (olmalıydım)

1. Geçmişte yapılması gereken ama yapılmamış iş These courses should have been taken years ago. 2. Geçmişle ilgili akıl yürütme (obligation, expectation, advice) Mary should have finished typing the letter by now. It is 5 o’clock.

 

COULD HAVE   + v3 KULLANILDIĞI YERLER: Unrealite belirtir. (yapmış olacaktım) (Would have V3’de - olabilirdim)

1. Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş  a. Yapabilme  b. İzin c. Olasılık ifade eder. Henry could not have written the book without his wife’s help. If I had seen him yesterday, I could have barrowed some money from him. 2. Geçmişle ilgili zayıf olasılık He could have gone to Ankara last weekend but I don’t think he did. 3. Geçmişle ilgili akıl yürütme Nobody but Henry could have written these letters.   (Bu  mektupları Henry’ den başkası yazmış olamaz.) ** CAN’T / COULD’T HAVE V3 olasılık (%99) belirtir.

HAD BETTER: KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

** HAD BETTER = SHOULD = OUGHT TO 1. SUGGESTION: Tavsiye OUGHT TO ve HAD BETTER belli bir duruma ilişkin tavsiyede SHOULD ise genel durumlar için kullanılır.

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She had better put her coat on, the weather is getting cold. 2. WARNING: Uyarı

You had better be careful. 3. OLMAMASI GÜÇLÜK DOĞURACAK İŞ

It had better rain or all our crops will fail. 4. STRONG ADVISIBILITY   ** had better + present bare inf. (present/future reference)** have been better if + past perfect (past reference)

USED TO: KULLANIMLARI:

USED TO + VERB 1 TO BE USED TO + NOUN(s) / TO BE USED TO + VERB+ing TO GET USED TO + NOUN(s) / TO GET USED TO + VERB+ing 1. USED TO + infinitive Geçmişte alışılagelmiş olayları anlatmak için veya şimdiki zamanla çelişen olayları anlatmak için kullanılır. Used to expresses a habit, activity or situation that existed in the past but which no longer exists. I used to smoke but not now.   (I don’t smoke anymore/anylonger) I used to smoke, now I smoke a pipe. My father used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day. ( Babam günde 40 sigara içerdi )NEGATIVE: I didn’t use to smoke. = I used not to smoke QUESTION: Did I use to smoke ? 2. TO BE USED TO (TO BE ACCUSTOMED TO) + V-ing  (alışkın olmak) Alışılagelmiş olaylar için kullanılır. Şu anı belirtir, alışkın olmayı ifade eder. I am used to noise.  (Gürültüye alışığım.) I am used to working in a noisy room. (Gürültülü odada çalışmaya alışığım.) I am used to sitting at this desk, I sit here every day. 3. TO GET USED TO (TO BECOME ACCUSTOMED TO) + V- ing  (alışmak) Alışmak fiilidir. I get used to noise. (Gürültüyü alışırım) I am getting used to noise. (Gürültüye alışıyorum) I will get used to noise. (Gürültüye alışacağım.)

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I am getting used to speaking English now. (İngilizce konuşmaya şimdi alışıyorum.) Bob moved to alaska. After a while he got used to living in a cold climate. If you come to england you will have to get used to driving on the left hand side of the road

4. WOULD + infinitive   Would, geçmişte düzenli olarak tekrar eden bir eylemi vurgulamak için kullanılır. Used to ile aynı anlamı verir. Fakat used to’nun her kullanıldığı durumda kullanılmaz. used to : eylem + süreklilik arzeden durum would   : eylem 1. Every summer our parents would take us to the seaside. 2. He would catch the 7:30 train. 3. When I was a child, my father would read me a story at night before bed. 4. I used to live in California.  ( Would olmaz ) 5. He used to have a ford. ( Would olmaz )

NOT: would'un olumsuzunu veya soru şeklini kullanma, başka anlam verir.

NEEDN’T HAVE   +  v3 Geçmişte bir işin gerekli olmadığı halde yapıldığını belirtir.

Tom ran all the way. It wasn’t necessary. Tom needn’t have run all the way. (Koşması gerekmezdi) Tom didn’t need to run all the way.   (Tom'un bütün yol boyu koşması gerekmiyordu. Koştu mu koşmadı mı bilmiyoruz.)

WOULD RATHER/SOONER Would rather = I’d prefer Sooner daha resmi durumlarda kullanılır. Başka hiçbir farkları yoktur.Özneler aynı olduğunda (tercih eden ile yapan aynı kişi olduğunda) I’d rather + V1 : Present V1 (Preference/ Future reference) I’d rather + have + V3 : Perfect bare infi. (Past reference) I’d rather stay in tonight. I’d rather not have taken the bus, but I had no choice.Özneler farklı olduğunda:  I’d rather + sbd. + Simple Past (Preference/ Future reference) I’d rather + sbd. + Past Perfect (Past reference)

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I’d rather you went. I’d rather you had come with me yesterday.

- prefer + gerund/noun + to + gerund/noun (general) I prefer watching TV to reading books. - prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare inf. (general preference) I prefer to eat what I want rather than count calories.- would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare inf. (specific prefe.) I’d prefer to play football rather than watch it.- would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare inf. I’d rather ski than skate.

 UNIT 22: CONDITIONAL CLAUSES: KOŞUL CÜMLECİKLERİ

DEFINITION: Bu cümlelerle; make predictions, discuss mistakes in the past, express dreams, give advice, make apologies yapılır.

1. TYPE-I REAL PRESENT - GERÇEK GENİŞ ZAMAN a. Olanak ve olasılık belirten koşul türü.Genellikle IF’ li cümlelerde GENİŞ ZAMAN + GELECEK ZAMAN şekli kullanılır. IF + SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE + FUTURE TENSE

Present Perfect (Conti.) Tense will/may/can/might/must/ Present Conti. Tense should/ought to +V1

Modals (except will) bare inf. (yalın hal) If it rains, I won’t go for a picnic. If this book is very thick, I can’t read it.

If we don't leave now, we'll miss the train. If you pass your exams, I will give you a job. If you come to London again, you must call and see us.

b. Main Clause ile Conditional Clause cümlelerinin her ikiside Simple Present Tense olursa genel doğrular (genelleme) durumu söz konusudur. IF=WHEN Gerçek anlamda koşul cümlesi değildir. IF + SIMPLE PRESENT T. + SIMPLE PRESENT T. If  I am tired I go to bed early. (Yorgun olursam erken yatarım.) If you don't water plants, they die. (Bitkileri sulamazsan ölürler ) If the phone rings, answer it. (Talimat verildiğinde özne yok.)NOT: In case bu formda kullanılır. Bu tip if cümleciği SHOULD ile devrik yapılır.

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2. TYPE-II UNREAL PRESENT (GERÇEĞE AYKIRI GENİŞ VE GELECEK ZAMAN) a. Gerçek dışı koşul veya varsayım belirten koşul türü. Bu tür koşulcümleleri şu anda veya gelecekte gerçekle ilgisi olmayan koşullarıifade eder. If’li cümlelerde BE fiilinin kullanılması gerekiyor ise özneister tekil ister çoğul olsun If’ li cümlelerde WERE kullanılır.

IF + PAST TENSE + FUTURE IN THE PAST Past Conti. Tense Would, Could, Should, Might + V1Could/had to + V1 bare inf.

If it rained I wouldn’t go for a picnic. If I were a carpenter, I would build my own house. ( Eğer bir marangoz olsaydım kendi evimi yapmak isterdim. ) You would feel healtier, if you did more exercises. If I were you, I would't drive so fast. b. Main clause ile Conditional clause cümlelerinin her ikiside past tense olursa anlam olarak geçmiş zamandır. IF=WHEN anlamına gelebilir

IF + PAST TENSE + PAST TENSE If I was tired I went to bed early. (Yorgunsam erken yattım) If Tom was at home yesterday he watched television.  (Tom’un evde olup olmadığını bilmiyoruz ama evdeyse televizyon seyretti) Bu tip if cümleciği WERE ile devrik yapılır.

3. TYPE-III UNREAL PAST - GERÇEK DIŞI GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN Geçmişteki olaylarda hayali durumlardan bahseder, pişmanlık veya kritik ifade etmede kullanılır. Geçmişte gerçeklikle ilgisi bulunmayan koşul türü. IF + PAST PERFECT (CONTI.) TENSE + MODAL PERFECT

Had (been)+V3 + Would, could, might, should+Have+V3 If it had rained I wouldn’t have gone for a picnic. If Bob had asked me to keep the news a secret, I wouldn't have told anybody. (Eğer Bob haberleri gizli tutmamı istemiş olsaydı kimseye söylemezdim.) Bu tip if cümleciği HAD ile devrik yapılır.

4. MIXED TYPE (IF Type 3, Type 2) IF + PAST PERFECT T. + PAST TENSE

Would, Could, Should + V1 + (now-gizli)NOT: Unless, In case, Only if, Suppose/Supposing (that), Provided/ Providing (that), As long as/So long as, On condition that, What if, But

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for (=If it had/were not been for .., Had/Were it not been for...), Even if/ Even though, Whether or not, In the event (that) gibi başka conditional kelimeler de vardır.

CONDITIONAL CÜMLELERDE ÖZEL DURUMLAR (DEVRİK) 1. If I were in your shoes, I wouldn’t take such a risk.

Were I in your shoes I wouldn’t take such a risk? 2. If he called you tomorrow, what would you tell him?

Were he to call you tomorrow, what would you tell him? 3. If you should see him, please give him my regards

Should you see him, please give him my regards?4. If Cleopatra’s nose had been a bit shorter, the whole world history would have been different. Had Cleopatra’s nose been a bit shorter, the whole world history would have been different ? 5. If cümleciğinde WILL ve WOULD: Diğer zarf cümleciklerinde olduğu gibi IF cümleciği de FUTURE  anlamlı WILL  ve WOULD almaz. Bu iki kip belirteci IF cümleciğide değişik anlamlar taşır. WILL:  1. agree to 2. polite request 3. habit 4. result WOULD: 1. agree to 2. polite request 3. habit.

If the bank manager will grant me a loan.I will buy a house. If you will get drunk every night you may get ill. You would like Chinese food if you would try it.

  UNIT 23: WISH CLAUSES :

DEFINITION: Buradaki kullanım şekli gerçek dışı (UNREAL or CONTRARY TO

FACT) bir durum belirtir. Wish'i değiştirmek istediğimiz fakat kontrolümüz dışında olan veya geçmişte kalmış olması sebebiyle değiştiremediğimiz olayları ifade ederken kullanırız. Eğer BE fiilinin kullanılması gerekiyor ise WISH (THAT) ten sonra gelen isim ister tekil isterse çoğul olsun daima WERE olarak kullanılır. I WISH = IF ONLY.

A- Future: I wish + past simple:1. She can't came tomorrow. (O yarın gelemiyor) 2. She will not tell me 3. He isn't going to be hereI wish she could come tomorrow. (Onun yarın gelebilmesini isterdim.) I wish (that) she would tell me

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I wish he were going to be here 

B- Present: I wish + Past simple:1. I'm not a student. ( Şu an öğrenci değilim )2. I don't know french 3. It  is raining right now 4. I can't speak japaneseI wish I was a student. (Keşke öğrenci olsaydım )I wish I knew french I wish it weren't raining right now I wish I could speak japanese 

C- Past : I wish + Past perfect:1. I didn't work harder. ( çok çalışmadım )2. John didn't come.3. Mary could't come.I wish I had worked harder. ( keşke geçmişte daha çok çalışsaydım )I wish he had comeI wish she could have come

Not: Wish yerine Wished kullanılmışsa kesinlikle Past Perfect kullanılır.

D- Wish ...Would:Genellikle bir durumdan şikayet ederken kullanılır.

1. Şu anki bir durumdan şikayet ederken kullanırız: A dog is barking. I wish that dog would stop barking.

The road is icy. I wish you wouldn't drive so fast.2. Kontrolümüz dışındaki bir olay hakkında çok sabırsız olduğumuzda You're waiting for the bus. I wish the bus would come.

Not1: if only genellikle wish’in yerine kullanılabilir ve bir anlam değişikliğine yol açmaz. Çok güçlü bir istek ifade eder. If only Sue was here. She'd know what to do. (keşke Sue burada olsaydı o ne yapması gerektiğini bilirdi).

Not2: I wish I would OLMAZNot3: Should, had better, may, might, would rather ve must WISH ile kullanılmazlar.

E- Wish + to infinitive:Buradaki wish, want anlamına gelmektedir. I wish to visit her. (I want to visit her.) He wishes to renew his enrolment. (He wants to renew his enrolment.)

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UNREALITE BELİRTEN YAPILAR1- If clause Type II, wish, I’d rather/sooner sbd, suppose/supposing, as if/as though, It’s (about/high) time: Bunlarla present’ta unrealite yapılır. Ama ifadeler, cümleler Simple Past Tense ile yazılır. 2- If clause Type III, wish, I’d rather/sooner sbd, suppose/supposing, as if/as though: Yine bunlarla past’ta unrealite yapılır. Cümleler Past Perfect Tense ile yazılır. UNIT 24: TAG QUESTIONS :

DEFINITION:Eklenti soruları düz cümlelerin sonuna eklenir ve o cümleyi soruya

dönüştürür. Olumlu cümlenin eklenti sorusu olumsuz, olumsuz cümlenin eklenti sorusu ise olumlu olur.

1. Bir cümlede HARDLY-SCARCELY-BARELY-SELDOM-NEVER zarflarından biri varsa cümle olumsuz kabul edilir.

The old man hardly walk, can he? 2. NOTHING-NOBODY özne olarak kullanılırsa cümle olumsuz kabul edilir. Nobody için zamir olarak They, Nothing için ise It kullanılır.

Nothing can stop us, can it? 3. Will you? - Won’t you? - Would you? - Can you? - Can’t you? – Could you? emir cümlelerini izleyerek rica ifade eder.

Be quiet, will you? Open the windows, would you?

4. Olumsuz emir cümlesinde sadece WILL YOU kullanılır. Don’t shout, will you?

5. Somebody-Someone-Everybody-Everyone-Anybody/Anyone için genellikle THEY kullanılır.

Somebody stole her diamond ring, didn’t they? 6. LET’S li cümlelede SHALL WE diye kullanılır. 7. THIS ve THAT için IT; THESE ve THOSE için ise THEY kullanılır. This is your book, isn’t it?

Özel durumu bulunan eklenti soru örnekleri:1- I am your teacher, aren’t I?2- He has to study hard, doesn’t he?3- You don’t have to go to work, do you?4- He had to send her money, didn’t he? 5- He used to smoke a lot, didn’t he?6- She didn’t use to write letters, did she?

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UNIT 25: THE ARTICLES :

DEFINITION:1. Belirsiz tanımlık herhangi bir anlama gelirken belirli tanımlık da belli bir anlamına gelir. There was a man and a woman sitting in front of me on the bus. The woman kept talking but the man never said anything. 2. Adı niteleyici bir yapıyla kullanılır.

The man with the briefcase is afraid of dogs.. 3. Özel adın izlediği cins adlarda belirli tanımlılık gerektirir.

The writer Balzac     the planet  Earth         the play Hamlet 4. Sayılamayan adlar niteleyici bir ifadeyle belirlendiğinde belirli tanımlılık gereklidir.

Lif is sweet. The life of a butterfly is short 5. Dünyada tek olan varlıkları niteler

The sun rises in the east. 6. Müzik aletini çalmak kastediliyor ise müzik aletleri adlarından önce gelir.

He has learned to play the piano 7. Sıra sayı sıfatlarından önce kullanılır.

The first speaker was very good but the second one was boring. 8. Sıfatların en üstünlük derecelerinden önce kullanılır.

Rize is the smallest city in Turkey. 9. Buluşları niteler.

Graham Bell invented the telephone. The automobile is a great invention.

10. The Adjectıve = The + Adjectıve + People anlamındadır. The blind need help. The sick should be treated in hospitals

11. Aile adlarında kullanılır. The Taylors are a friendly family.

12. Dans adlarıyla kullanılır. The waltz and even the tango seem to be out of fashion these days.

13. The+........... er, The +............er / The More.............The More.........The larger the pearl is, the more valuable it is. The more you eat the fatter you got.

14. Belli durumlarda kişi ve yer adlarını niteleyebilir. There is an Arthur Clarke on the phone. Is that the Arthur Clarke whom you told me about ?

15. Ülkeler,devletler,kentler

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Turkey, Colombia      The Republic of Turkey       The United Kingdom Oklohoma, Boston     The state of Oklohoma         The city of Boston ** Kural dışı olarak bunlarda the alırlar: the Congo, the Sudan, the Vatican, the Netherland 16. Kıtalar,Coğrafi bölgeler.

Asia, Africa        the Equator, the north pole, the 70th Parallel

17. Uçak, gemi, tren adlarıthe Titanic, the Orient Express

18. İmparatorluklar ve hanedanlar the Ottoman Empire

19. Adalar, göller, dağlar, körfezler Lake Van, Mount Ağrı       the Canary Islands           the Taurus Hudson Bay                        the Bay of Biscay 20. Okyanuslar, denizler, nehirler, ormanlar, çöller, kanallar Duden Fall, Niagara Fall     the Atlantic Ocean    the Mississipi River  the Sahara Desert the black forest         the Suez Canal 21. Üniversiteler, okullar, enstitüler

New York University       The University of New York         Ankara University            The University of Ankara

22. Müzeler, kütüphaneler, binalar. Independence Hall   the library of Congress     the Empire State Building

                     the White House               the Eiffel Tower 23. Tatiller

Christmas, Easter            the fourth of July 24. Mağazalar, şirketler, lokantalar, oteller Hotel Ambassador/Mary’s Corner  the White Green Store/the Ritz Hotel 25. Resmi görevler

Prime Minister Ecevit             the Prime Minister of Turkey President Bush                        the President of the U.S.

26. Dernekler, kulupler, komiteler, anlaşmalar, resmi belgeler, siyasi partiler, tarihi dönemler, savaşlar, ordular World War II  the Rotary Club  the muiddle ages  the civil war/the Navy

the Second World War       the Labor Party       the police  

UNIT 26: THE CAUSATIVE SENTENCES : ETTİRGEN ÇATI

DEFINITION:

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Bir işin başkasına yaptırılmasına izin verilmesi anlamlarına gelen ifadelerde kullanılır. Bu yapıda HAVE, GET, MAKE ve LET kullanılır. HAVE:

a. HAVE SOMETHING V3 Bir şeyi rica ile yaptırtmak anlamına gelir. Edilgen cümle anlamı verir.

We had our watch repaired I have my shoes shined everyday. Where do you have your car repaired.

b. HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING: Birine birşey yaptırtmak, rica etme.

I had the barber cut my hair Jane had the waiter bring her some tea.I will have the doctor examine my eyes Please have the bellboy carry my luggage.

GET: a. GET SOMETHING DONE: Birşey rica ile yaptırtmak. Edilgen cümle anlamını verir.

I would like to get my uniform cleaned and pressed I will get my watch fixed.

b. GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING: Birisine birşey yaptırtmak, rica etme.

I will get the dentist to clean my teeth. Sam was reluctant, but we finally got him to play his guitar for us.We get the maid to wax the floors

MAKE: a.  MAKE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING: Birine birşeyi zorla yaptırtmak, başka seçeneği yok. (Force someone to do something veya cause someone to do something anlamını verir.)

The clowns make us laugh. You make me mad. Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room.The ice made me fall down.

b. MAKE SOMETHING DONE: Birşeyi zorla yaptırtmak. I was made to sweep the garden. She was made to drink poison.LET:

a. LET SOMEONE DO SOMETHING: Birisine birşeyi yapması için izin vermek.

Please let me stay with you. Her father doesn’t let her go out with her boy friend.

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She let her son watch the TV. b. LET SOMETHING BE DONE/DO: Birşeyin yapılmasına izin vermek. Let the exercises be done in class.Not 1: make ve have den sonra fiilerin simple formunun, get den sonra ise infinitive (to'lu) hallerinin kullanılması gerekir.Not 2: Have ve get’den sonra past participle kullanılırsa, bu cümleye passive anlam verir ve bu gibi haller de have ve get arasında pek bir anlam farkı yoktur. Normalde have, get’ten biraz daha formaldir.UNIT 27: SPECIAL STUDY OF THE VERBS SAY-TELL-MAKE- DO :

DEFINITION:a. SAY: Demek. 1. We use say with direct quotation

He said “Hello”. He always says “ Good Morning” 2. SAY SOMETHING TO SOMEBODY

I said “Goodbye to the teacher”. She  always says “Good Morning” to me.

b. TELL: Söylemek, anlatmak- Kendisinden sonra genellikle indirect object gelir: TELL SOMEONE SOMETHING TELL:    a. the time    b. the truth    c. the news     d. the facts     e. a lie f. a story       g. a joke        h. a secret i. the plan j. someone idea c. MAKE: Fiziksel olarak yapmak a. make one’s living-do for a living b. make money-save money, earn money c. make a fire-build a fire d. make a mistake-make an error e. make a speech-give a speech f. make friend- g. make one’s bed-arrange one’s bed h. make any difference for someone-matter to someone i. make an effort-try one’s best j. make coffee-prepare coffee k. make a dress-to sew a dress l. make it-to come/to succeed m. make enemies- n. make up: invent/reconcile/apply cosmetics/to put together/to form d. DO:  as a main verb it is “ yapmak  icra etmek”

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As a helping verb. “Simple Present Tense” Do the exercises / do the work / do the assigment / do the explaining / do the dishes / do the coding / do one’s best = try to do someone a favor / do an errand for someone / do business / do one’s lesson / do without something / someone. e. GET:  barrow, buy, arrive, pick up, receive, get+adjective = become

I want to get some books from the library = barrow I have to get my clock at the repair shop = pick up I got a pair of shoes last week = buy They got to Ankara last week = arrive Did you get any mail today? = receive The weather is getting cold = become

 HAVE:     a date with someone

a headache a pain

a sore throat a good time a lot of things to do a nice trip

a lot of time an appointment with someone   MAY = BE LIKELY TO

** May ile soru yapılmaz. Bunun yerine BE LIKELY TO kullanılır. a. Is he likely to come tonight ? Bu gece gelebilirmi ? b. Are they likely to stay at home ? Evde oturabilirlermi ? MAYBE = Perhaps,Possibly = Belki MAY BE = Possibility = olabilir.

The accident may be true. =Kaza doğru olabilir. Maybe the accident is true. = Belki kaza doğrudur.

UNIT 28: PASSIVE VOICE : EDİLGEN ÇATI

DEFINITION: We often prefer the passive when it is not so important who or what did the action.

Active  : Etken (İşin özne tarafından yapıldığı belliyse) Passive: Edilgen (İşin özne tarafından yapıldığı belli değilse)

KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

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1. Nesne özneden daha önemlidir.The headmaster was murdered by a burglar.

2. Özne bilinmemektedir.Her necklace was stolen last night.

3. İşi neyin yada kimin yaptığı konu dışıdır. Bilimsel metinler bu kullanışa uygundur.

English is spoken all over the world.4. Kimi zaman düzgün ifade için edilgen çatı zorunludur. While studying English a barking dog disturbed me. (Bu cümleye göre İngilizceyi köpek çalışmaktadır.) While studying English I was disturbed by a barking dog. She gave me a book.S+ V2+ OP+ Direct Object I was given a book. Active cümlede indirect object (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) dururmunda bulunan object’ler passive cümlede subject (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) şeklinde özne olurlar.

ACTIVE  PASSIVESimple Present Tense  am/is/are V3Simple Past Tense  was/were V3Present Continuous Tense  am/is/are being V3Present Perfect Tense  have/has been V3Past Continuous Tense  was/were being V3Past Perfect Tense  had been V3Future Tense  will be V3Future Perfect Tense  will have been V3Modal  modal be V3Modal have modal have been V3

Simple Present:   Active  : Mary helps  JohnPassive : John is helped by Mary

Present Conti.: Active   : Mary is  helping JohnPassive : John is being helped by Mary

Present Perfect: Active   : Mary has helped   JohnPassive : John has been helped by Mary

Simple Past: Active   : Mary  helped  JohnPassive : John was helped by Mary

Past contin.: Active   : Mary was  helping JohnPassive : John was being helped by Mary

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Past Perfect: Active   : Mary had  helped JohnPassive : John had been helped by Mary

Simple Future: Active   : Mary will  help  JohnPassive : John will be helped by Mary

Be going to: Active   : Mary is  going to help JohnPassive : John is going to be helped by Mary

Future Perfect: Active   : Mary will have helped JohnPassive : John will have been helped Mary

Active Modal Passive ModalBob will mail it It will be mailed by BobBob can mail it It can be mailed by BobBob should mail it It should be mailed by BobBob ought to mail it It ought to be mailed by BobBob must mail it It must be mailed by BobBob has to mail it It has to be mailed by BobBob may mail it It may be mailed by BobBob might mail it It might be mailed by BobBob need mail it It need to be mailed by BobBob is to mail it It is to be mailed by BobBob may have mailed it It may have been mailed by Bob

Note: The continuous forms of the present perfect, past perfect, future and future perfect are very rarely used in the passive. Verbs that can be used in the passive :

1. Most transitive verbs can be used in the passive. A transitive verb is a verb which has an object.

The police caught the thief. S V O The thief was caught by police

2. Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive . An intransitive verb is a verb which does not have an object. Rodney fell and hurt his leg.

Passive constructions with the infinitive: Doğru olup olmadığını bilmediğimiz bir bilgi aktarmak istediğimizde veya bu bilginin kaynağını vermek istemediğimizde passive yapıyı şu fiillerle kullanırız:  think, believe, report, consider, know, say, expect+ infinitive.

1. Bilgi şu anki bir durumla ilgiliyse :  passive + infinitive.  The queen is believed to be one of the richest   people in the world.

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  Mr Smit is thought to be staying with friends2. Bilgi geçmişteki bir durumla ilgiliyse: passive + the past infinitive ( to have + past participle) Cher is said to have had a face lift.

NOT: The passive of doing = being done, seeing = being seen.

Active: I don't like people telling me what to doPassive: I don't like being told what to doActive: Mr Miller hates people keeping him waiting

Passive:Mr miller hates being kept waiting

It’s said that ... gibi isim cümleciklerinin passive yapılması: acknowledge, admit, allege, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, expect, fear, feel, imagine, know, mean, point, presume, report, rumour, say, see, show, suppose, state, think, understand gibi bazı fiillerden sonra gelen isim cümlecikleri üç şekilde passive yapılabilir.Active: People believe that he died in the mountains.Passive: a. It is believed that he died in the mountains.

b. He is believed to have died in the mountains.c. That he died in the mountains is believed.

Uygulamada daha çok a ve b yapıları kullanılmaktadır.

UNIT 29: DIRECT - INDIRECT SPEECH (REPORTED SPEECH) :

DEFINITION: İki kişinin veya iki grubun yapmış olduğu konuşmayı üçüncü bir şahsa

veya üçüncü bir gruba aktarılmasına dolaylı anlatım denir. Indirect speech reports what another person has said. For this reason, it is also called reported speech. The speaker’s exact words aren’t repeated in indirect speech.

1. Affirmative Sentences2. Interrogative Sentences with helping verbs/with question words3. Imperatives with positive and negative sentences4. Exclamation Sentences.

DIRECT BİR CÜMLENİN INDIRECT HALE GELİRKEN SAHİP OLDUĞU DEĞİŞİMLER.

1. Tense değişmeleri2. Zamir değişmeleri3. Zaman ve yer zarfı değişmeleri

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4. Diğer değişmeler.TENSE DEĞİŞMELERİ:

DIRECT                               INDIRECTSimple Present Tense Simple Past TensePresent Continuous Tense Past Continuous TensePresent Perfect Tense Past Perfect TensePresent Perfect Conti. T. Past Perfect Continuous T.Past Tense Past Perfect T., Past TensePast Continuous Tense Past Perfect Cont. T., Past Cont. T.Will WouldShall Should, WouldCan CouldMay MightMust Must, Had to, Would have toHave to/Has to Had toCould Could, Had been able toHad beter, used to Had beter, used toShould, might, ought to Should, might, ought toMustn’t Wasn’t/Were’t to + infinitive, mustn’tNeedn’t Needn’t, wouldn’t have to

NOT: Past perfect, Might, Ought to, Should, Would  - Bunlar Reported speech te değişmezler.ZAMİR DEĞİŞİKLİKLERİ:

KONUŞAN                 DIRECT                                INDIRECTHe                       I, my, me, myself                   he, him, his, himselfShe                      I, my, me, myself                  she, her, her, herself

He, She, They     You, your, you, yourself    I/we, my/our, me/us                                                                             Myself/ourselves

He, She, They       We, our, us, ourselves       They/their/them                                                                                 Themselves

YER VE ZAMAN ZARFLARINDAKİ DEĞİŞİKLİKLER:DIRECT                                     INDIRECTHere                                            ThereThis                                            ThatThese                                        ThoseAgo                                           BeforeTomorrow                                 The following day,the next dayYesterday                                 The previous day,tha last dayToday                                       That day, the same day

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The day before yesterday      Two days agoThe day after tomorrow          In two days timeLast week, month, year           The week,month,year beforeNext week, year                        The week,the year afterNow                                           Then, at the time, at that momentThis (adverb)                            ItThese(adverb)                          Themtwo days ago two days before, two days earliercome gothis the or itthat the or itthese thethose the

DIRECT- INDIRECT CÜMLE TRANSFERLERİNDE ÖNEMLİ NOKTALAR:

1. Eğer giriş cümlesi Simple Present, Present Continuous, Present Perfect veya Future Tens’den meydana geliyor ise indirect speech’deki zamanda herhangibir değişme yapılmaz.2. Ünlü kişilerin vecizeleşmiş sözleri aktarılırken bir derece past’ı alınmaz Aristotle says that Poverty is the parent of the crime and revolution.3. Aktarılan sözün içinde bulunan anda da gerçekliği devam ediyorsa gene bir derece pastı alınmaz.

Ahmet says I live in Adana.Ahmet said that he lives in Adana.4. Koşul cümlelerinde Type 2 ve Type 3’ de tense değişikliği dolaylı anlatımda olmaz.

Kemal says “ If I were you I would go to Izmir”Kemal said that if he were me he would go to Izmir.

5. Tarihsel gerçekler ve durumlar simple past tense ile ifade edilir. Ancak dolaylı anlatımda simple past tense olarak kalır.

The teacher says “ The Second World War broke out in 1939”.The teacher said that The Second World War broke out in 1939.

6. Past veya Past Continuous cümlecikler “WHEN ve WHILE bağlaçları ile yapılan zarf cümlacikleri olduğunda tenslerde bir değişiklik yapılmaz.

Ali Said ” I was taking a shower when you called me“.Ali said that he was taking a shower when I called him.

7. Genel olaylarda geniş zaman kullanılır. He said tea grows in Rize.

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8. WISH, WOULD RATHER ve IT IS TIME yapılarından sonra kullanılan past tense’ler değişmez. He said, “I wish I knew German.” He said that he wished he knew German. She said, “I’d rather Jack stayed at home.” She said that she’d rather Jack stayed at home.GİRİŞ KELİMELERİ:

AFFIRMATIVE: Say, tell, add, admit, announce, answer, argue, complain, deny, explain, inform, point out, promise, protest, repeat, reply, report, shout, warn.QUESTION: Ask, enquire, want to know, want to learn, wonder.IMPERATIVE: Tell,ask, advise, beg, command, encourage, forbid, implore, order, please, recommend, remind, request, want, warn EXCLAMATION: Said, tell

Ali said “What’s a sad story !“ (Olumlu hale getirilip past’ı alınır)Ali said that it was a sad storyAli said “ What a terrible noise!” (This is)Ali said what a terrible noise it was.

NOT: Say ile Tell arasındaki fark:He said (that) he ...., He told sbd (that) he ....He said to sbd (that) he ...

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECHI'm a nurse, she said She said she was a nurseI'm not going, he said He said he wasn't goingTony did it, she said She said Tony had done itI haven't read it, she said She said she hadn't read itI was lying, he said He said he had been lyingI will get it, she said She said she would get itI can speak french, he said He said he could speak frenchI may be late, she said She said she might be lateI must go, he said He said he had to goNOT: Reporting advice, commands, requests and warnings these kind of speech using the verbs:  advice, tell, ask and warn + Personal object pronoun + infinitive.1. You really should stop (advice) - She adviced me to stop2. Don't interrupt me (command) - He told me not to interrupt him3. Could you close the door please (request)- She asked me to close the door4. If you tell anyone, I will... (warning)- She warned me not to tell anyone

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UNIT 30: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES : SIFAT CÜMLECİKLERİ

DEFINITION: Cümlede ilgi, bağ kurma görevlerini sağlaması yönünden İngilizcede

çoğu kez RELATIVES adı altında incelenen bu tip cümlecikler birer sıfat cümleciğidir. Onun için bunlara ADJECTIVE CLAUSES denir. Sıfat cümlecikleri isimleri nitelerler. Takdim sözcükleri olan WHO - WHOM - WHICH - THAT - WHERE niteledikleri isim veya isimlerden hemensonra yer alırlar. American İngilizcesinde WHOM yerine WHO kullanılır. A relative clause tells us which person or thing or what kind of

person or thing the speaker means. WHO  -ki o, -ki onlar  (insanlar için) WHOM* -ki o, -ki onlar  (insanlar için) WHICH -ki o, -ki onu (eşyalar ve hayvanlar için) WHERE* -ki orada (yer için) (in/at/on/to which)WHEN* -ki ozaman (zaman için) (in/on/at which)WHY* - (sebep için) (for which) THAT -ki o, -ki onu (hepsi için) WHOSE* -ki onun (insanlar ve eşyalar için)

(*) Bunlardan sonra tam bir cümle gelmelidir. NOT: Noun’dan sonra ‘,’ gelirse burada THAT kullanılmaz.

WHO : Sıfat cümlesinin öznesi veya nesnesi olabilir. WHOM : Sıfat cümleciğinin yalnız nesnesidir. Öznesi olarak görev yapamaz. i/e halidir. WHICH : Sıfat cümleciğinin öznesi veya nesnesidir. WHOSE : İyelik sıfatıdır. Possessive adjective yerine geçer.

WHOSE’dan sonra isim gelir. İnsanlar, hayvanlar ve eşyalar için kullanılır. Hayvanlar ve cansızlar için daha çok OF WHICH kullanılır. 1. The boy is my brother. He is playing the piano now. The boy who is playing the piano now is my brother.2. I have a pen. It is yellow. I have a pen which is yellow.3. She has a very clever brother. His books are very famous. She has a very clever brother whose books are very famous.4. The tourists are very poor. I saw them at the shop yesterday. The tourists whom I saw at the shop yesterday are very poor. Who, that, which'ten sonra ÖZNESİ olan bir cümle başlıyorsa; who,

that, which'i hiç yazmasak ta olur. Fakat who, that, which bir öznenin

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yerine kullanılıyorsa mutlaka  yazmak zorundayız, bir nesnenin yerine kullanılıyorlarsa yazmasak da olur. 1. The woman who I wanted to see was away.

The woman I wanted to see was away.2. Have you found the keys that you lost

Have you found the keys you lost3. The dress that Ann bought doesn't fit her very well

The dress  Ann bought doesn't fit her very well The woman lives next door. She is a doctor The woman who lives next door is a doctor  (She düştü yani, özne düştü  burada who veya that mutlaka yazılmalıdır.) Have you found the keys? you lost them. Have you found the keys which you lost. (them düştü yani, nesne düştü)

Have you found the keys you lost.We use WHOSE in relative clause instead of  his / her / their We saw some people whose /their car had broken down. A widow is a woman whose /her husband is dead. I met a man whose / her sister knows you.You can use WHERE in relative clause to talk about a place The hotel - we stayed there - wasn't very clean The hotel where we stayed wasn't very cleanWHAT = the thing (s) that

Did you hear what they said  ( the things that they said ) Tell me what you want and I'll try to get it for you. I don't agree with what you 've just said. I don't trust him. I don't believe anything that he says  (what kullanılmaz)

I don't believe anything he says.What kullanılmış olsaydı: anything the thing that he says. OLMAZ They give their children everything that they want. (what kullanılmaz)

They give their children everything they want.what kullanılmış olsa: everything the thing that they want. OLMAZWHOM                                 Whom sadece yazı ingilizcesinde kullanılır ve who, that, which'in hiç yazılmasa da (who bir nesnenin yerine kullanılmışsa) olduğu durumlarda  who’nun yerine whom kullanılır. The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday The woman whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday.

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Whom prepositionlarla da kullanılır (to whom, from whom, with whom...) The woman with whom he fell in love, left him after a few weeks ( he fell in love with her. )

Üç tür relative clause vardır:Type 1 : The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (Burada who kadın hakkında bize bilgi veriyor.)Type 2 : My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a doctor. ( Buradaki who my brother'i açıklamıyor çünkü zaten onun Jim olduğu verilmiş)

işte bu tip relative clauseler, extra information veren tiptekilerdir ve bunlar, iki virgül arasına alınırlar:  , extra information ,Type 3 : He died young, which was a pity. (Sentential Relative Clause) Defining ve non-defining yapılarda ortak olan nokta tamlayan bölümün kendisinden önce gelen ismi nitelendirmesidir. Sentential Relative Clause yapıda ise tamlanan virgülden önceki cümlenin tümüdür. Around 40,000 people bought tickets for the stadium concert, which was more than was expected. Extra information veren relative clauselerin (non-defining r. c.) özellikleri:1. Tamlayan bölüm bir tür fazladan bilgi verir konumdadır ve bu yüzden ana cümleden virgül yolu ile ayrılmaktadır.2. Bunlarda that kullanılmaz. Yani: Kişiler için sadece who; Nesneler için sadece which kullanılır.3. Ek bilgi veren sıfat tamlamalarında nesne olarak kullanılan who, whom ve which' i mutlaka kulllanmak zorundasın, ihmal edemezsin. Prof. Henry Brown, who(m) we met yesterday, is an internationally recognized scientist.4. Where, whose ve whom kullanışları yine aynıdır. John, who speaks french, works as a tourist guide We stayed at the Grand hotel, which Ann recommended to us, … This morning I met Diane, whom / who I hadn't seen for ages, …You can use a preposition before whom and which (to whom, with whom, about which, for which.....) Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.(a) few of, both of, half of, each of, one of, two of + which (things)all of, most of, non of, neither of, any of, either of, some of, many of, much of + whom (people) için kullanılır. Marry has three brothers, all of them are married Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, come into my office.

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They've got three cars, two of which they never use. NOT: Relative clauses düşürme iki şekilde yapılır.Aktif yapılarda; özne ve yardı. fiil düşer ve fiil Ving şekline dönüştürülür.Pasif yapılarda; özne ve yardımcı fiil düşer ve fiil V3 şekline dönüştürülür

UNIT 31: ADJECTIVE CLAUSELERDE TAKDİM KELİMESİ’NİN KALDIRILMASI :

DEFINITION:1. Tanımlayan yan cümleciklerde takdim kelimesi nesne durumunda (OBJECT CASE) ise özellikle konuşma dilinde takdim kelimesi olan That-Which-Whom sıfat cümleciklerinden atılabilir (kullanılmayabilir). Çünkü bu tip cümlelerde takdim kelimesinden sonra bir özne gelmiştir.

The book which I read was terrible. The book I read was terrible.

2. Tanımlayan yan cümleciklerde takdim kelimesi özne durumunda (SUBJECT CASE) ise ve takdim kelimesinden sonra TO BE fiili gelirse hem takdim hem de TO BE fiili kaldırılır.

1. The dishes which were made in Japan are the cheapest. The dishes made in Japan are the cheapest. 2. She is going to a movie that is on Maple Street . She is going to a movie, on Maple Street.

DİKKAT EDİLECEK HUSUSLAR: 1. The music TO WHICH we listened was good. a. Resmi kullanımda PREPOSITION (İlgeç) WHICH’ den önce gelir. THAT bu şekilde kullanılmaz. b. THAT ve WHICH nesne durumunda olduklarından atılabilirler. 2. Charles Dickens is the writer ABOUT WHOM I read a. Resmi kullanımda ilgeçler WHOM’ dan önce gelir. WHO ve THAT böyle kullanılmazlar. b. WHO- WHOM ve THAT  atılabilir. 3. She will never forget the day ON WHICH she met her husband. a. ON WHICH ve AT WHICH  gibi yapılar bir zaman adını niteliyorsa yerlerine WHEN kullanılabilir. 4. That is the restaurant IN WHICH we held our meeting. a. IN WHICH ve AT WHICH gibi yapılar yer gösteren bir adı niteliyorlarsa yerlerine WHERE kullanılabilir 5. The dedective never found out the reason FOR WHICH the old man was killed

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a. REASON adını niteliyen FOR WHICH  “WHY” olarak kısalabilir. 6. In our class there are 30 students, MOST OF WHOM (several-none-only a few-half) are from Ankara. a. Bu tür sıfat cümlecikleri miktar gösteren ifadelerle kullanılır. b. I have two brothers, both of whom (neither) know English. c. The teachers discussed my friend, one of whose problems was poor study habits.  

UNIT 32: “THAT” İLGİ ZAMİRİNİN KULLANIMI :

DEFINITION:1. THAT ilgi zamiri bütün varlıkların yerine kullanılabilir. Sıfat cümleciğinde hem özne hem de nesne görevi yapar. 2. THAT ilgi zamiri bir ilgeç’ten sonra gelemez.

The people WITH WHOM I work are friendly. The people THAT I work are friendly.

3. all, any, few, little, no, none, much, only gibi sözcükleri taşıyan ad öbeklerini niteleyecek adjectıve clause’lar da that ilgi zamiriyle yapılır.

We couldn’t find anything (THAT) we wanted in the shop. A few of the eggs (THAT) my brother bought were stale.

4. fırst, last, next gibi sıfatların nitelediği adlardan sonra gelecek sıfat cümlecikleri de that ilgi zamirini anlatır.

This is the first film that I have seen. 5. Belirsiz zamirleri niteleyecek sıfat cümlecikleri de that ilgi zamirini taşır.

ALL + NOUN + that.......................................... EVERYTHING + that is kept here belongs to a smuggler. ANYTHING + (that) you see here belongs to a smuggler.

THAT’ın kullanımına örnekler:  1. I think that Ali will be rewarded for his outstanding achievement. 2. I think the boy that will be rewarded for his outstanding achievement is Ali. 3.That boy who was rewarded for his outstanding achievement is Ali. 4.That Ali will be rewarded for his outstanding achievement is aclear fact. PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Dönüşlü /Özne Nesne İyelik Zamiri İyelik Sıfatı Pekiştirici ZSubject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive Pronou. Pronou. Pronouns Adjectıves Pronouns

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I Me Mine My+Noun Myself You You Yours Your+Noun Yourself He Him His His+Noun Himself She Her Hers Her+Noun HerselfIt It Its Its+Noun ItselfWe Us Ours Our+Noun Ourselves You You Yours Your+Noun Yourselves They Them Theirs Their+Noun ThemselvesPEKİŞTİRİCİ ZAMİRLERİN GÖREVLERİ

1. Bir işi öznenin tek başına yaptığını gösterir. We ourselves painted the house.

2. Herhangi bir nedenle özne yada nesnenin vurgulandığını gösterir. You yourself told me this.  (Bunu bana sen kendin söyledin.) I saw Ali wash the car myself.  (Alinin arabayı yıkadığını ben

kendim gördüm.)

UNIT 33: NOUN CLAUSES : İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ

A. NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT: 1. Bu yapılarda bağlaç olarak THAT kullanılır.

Most cancers are curable.Ali knows that most cancers are curableI believed that he didn’t study very hard.He thought that I was fourteen years old.He noticed that she was nervous = He noticed her nervousness.

Noun clauses introduced by “that” can occur as direct objects of a limited number of verbs

I told him that he was wrong.Everybody knows that the earth is round.

** The following verbs frequently have noun clauses introduced by “that” as direct objects: BELIEVE - DISCOVER - FEEL - FIND OUT - HOPE - IMAGINE - KNOW - NOTICE - REALISE - SAY - SUGGEST - SUPPOSE - TELL - THINK - UNDERSTAND - WISH

a. Questions with question words.    1. What did you buy for her? She didn’t know.         She didn’t know what you bought for her.    2. Who knows. Who stole the money.        Who knows who stole the money.b. Questions with Helping Verbs:

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Are many cancers curable? She doesn’t know.She doesn’t know if many cancers are curable.Does the bus stop here? I don’t know. I don’t know if the bus stops here.

** Yardımcı fiillerle yapılan NOUN CLAUSE’ larda giriş cümlesinden sonra IF bağlacı getirilerek cümle düzgün halde yazılır. Eğer IF’in yerine WHETHER kullanıldığı takdirde cümlenin sonu OR NOT olarak bitebilir. 2. When a noun clause introduced by “that” occurs as the direct object of a verb, “that” is frequently omitted in informal use.

I told him that he was wrong.I told him he was wrong.

3. Noun Clauses as object may also be introduced by WH__. Interrogative words.

I can’t imagine what made Fane do such a thing.The teacher explained why all the students had to work hard.Fernandez found where Marcia was and lived.The police discovered how the burglar had got into the house.The students didn’t know which dictionary they had to buy.

B. NOUN CLAUSES AS SUBJECT: 1. Noun clauses as subject can be introduced by a WH_ word ending in ever   (Whoever - whatever - whichever )

Whoever laughs last,laughs longest.Whoever wants to be successful, must work hard.Whatever he says is true.Whatever is written in the law is for the citizens’ benefit.Whichever you choose I will buy it.

2. The introduction of noun clause as subject with “Who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, what, whatever, which, whichever, where, wherever, when, whenever, why, whether (or not), that ( the fact that), how, however, how much, how many, how long, often, soon, and soon.” Noun clauses in the following examples function as the subject of the verb.

When the book will be available depends on the publishes.What John really need is a house in his town.How a person plans his career is very important.Why she crying is a mystery? (Niçin ağladığı bir sır.)

3. Noun clauses after IT’S + NOUN and IT’S + ADJECTIVE Noun clauses with or without THAT may follow “IT’S + NOUN and

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IT’S + ADJ.It is true that John sings well. It is true John sings well.It is a pitty that you have forgotten to bring your camera.It is shame that the weather is so bad.

Noun clause as subject: Whatever - Whoever - Whichever 1. Whoever comes don’t waken me. (Her kim gelirse gelsin beni uyandırmaz.)

 Whoever give it to you doesn’t concern me at all. (Her kim onu sana verdiyse beni hiç ilgilendirmez.)

2. Whatever she wears is beautiful. 3. Whichever you choose is very expensive. 

NOUN CLAUSE’ler de REDUCTIONa- İsim cümleciklerinin öznesi ile temel cümlenin öznesi aynı ise to infinitive ile kısaltılabilir: I am glad that I am an English teacher. I am glad to be an English teacher. Mothers know what they will cook for their children. Mothers know what to cook for their children. He can’t decide whether he will pay the bill or not. He can’t decide whether to pay the bill or not.b- It is said that Ayşe will be killed the next time. Ayşe is said to be killed the next time. It is said that Ayşe was killed the last time. Ayşe is said to have been killed the last time.

GİZLİ SHOULD: Urgent (acil, ivedi) bildiren kelimelerden sonra gelen NOUN Clauselerde fiil V1 formundadır ve SHOULD yazılmaz. (The doctor suggested that I (should) take an aspirin.) Bu kelimeler şunlardır: Fiiller: advise, ask, command, demand, desire, insist, move (purpose), order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, rule, require, suggest, urge. Sıfatlar: advisable, best, crucial, desirable, essential, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, obligatory, recommendable, significant, urgent, vital. İsimler: advice, demand, insistence, necessity, obligation, order, proposal, recommendation, requirement, suggestion.

UNIT 34: SUBORDINATED INFORMATION QUESTIONS :

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DEFINITION:1. What time does the film begin ?     Could you tell me What time the film begins ?2. Where is the library ? I don’t know where the library is.

QUESTION WORD + TO V1 I know what I should do = I know what to do. S + V1+ Object

Could you tell me how to get to Ankara?Do you know who to talk to?Will you please tell me how to write?

** İsim cümlecikleri fiilin nesnesi durumunda kullanılıyor ve yapılan veya yapılacak iş belirli ise “DO YOU KNOW” “I DO NOT KNOW” gibi ana cümlecikten hemen sonra “HOW TO” , “WHERE TO”, “WHEN TO”, “ WHAT TO” gibi ifadeler isim cümleciği yerine kullanılır.

I don’t know what I will do tomorrow. I don’t know what to do tomorrow.Do you know where you will go tonight? Do you know where to go tonight?

UNIT 35: COORDINATION  

Cümleyi oluşturan unsurlar birbirlerine “coordination” yolu ile bağlandıklarında, çeşitli “coordinator”ler kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan önce ne varsa sonrada aynı özellikte olan ifade mutlaka olmalıdır. (Paralelizm kuralı)1- COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Bir tümce içinde birbirine eşit konumda olan öğeleri bağlayan bağlaçlardır. Single words: İki ismi, fiili, zarfı, nesneyi vb. birleştirmede and ve but kullanılır. Prepositional phrases: Edat ve isimden oluşan söz öbekleri and, or ve yet ile birleştirilir. Verb phrases: Bunlar and, or ve but ile birleştirilir. Dependent clauses (incomplete sentences): Bunlar and ve or ile birleştirilir. Independent cla. (complete sente.): Bunlar and, or, nor, but, yet, for ve so ile birleştirilir. Birinci cümlenin sonunda mutlaka ‘,’ bulunmalıdır. And shows addition. Or, nor express an alternative or choice. Sometimes

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express a condition (Bu durumda or ‘else’ ile birlikte kullanılır. Nor usually connects only independent clauses. But and yet show contrast. But and yet are often used with ‘not’. For introduces a cause or reason. For only connects independent clauses. So introduces a reason. So usually connects only independent clauses. 2- CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Correlatives may connect complete sentences (indp. cla.) or similar structures (word and phrases of the same kind). Bunlar hep çiftler halinde kullanılırlar. Either ... or ( ya bu .. ya o): Means ‘one or the other’. It indicates a choice or alternative. İki cümle birleştirildiğinde, birinci cümleden sonra ‘,’ vardır. Cümle içinde ortak olanlar paranteze alınabilir. Şayet özneler ortak paranteze alınırsa ‘or’un önündeki özne çoğul ise yrd. fiil çoğul, tekil ise yrd. fiil tekil olur. Neither ... nor (ne bu .. ne o): Means ‘not one or the other’. Olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır. Ama mana olumsuzdur. Cümle birleştirildiğinde iki cümle de devrik yapılır ve yine birinci cümleden sonra ‘,’ vardır. Yine iki cümle birleştirildiğinde cümle içinde ortak olanlar paranteze alınabilir, bu durumda da devriklik ortadan kalkar. Şayet özneler ortak paranteze alınırsa ‘nor’un önündeki özne çoğul ise yrd. fiil çoğul, tekil ise yrd. fiil tekil olur. Not only ... but also (sadece bu değil ... bu da): Cümle birleştirildiğinde ilk kısım devrik yapılır ve yine birinci cümleden sonra ‘,’ vardır. Yine iki cümle birleştirildiğinde cümle içinde ortak olanlar paranteze alınabilir, bu durumda da devriklik ortadan kalkar. But also kısmı vurgu için değişik formlarda yazılabilir. Both ... and (hem bu ... hem o): It is usually used to connect only words and phrases that are similar in structure. It is rarely used to connect complete sentences. Özneler birleştirildiğinde ‘and’ ile birleştirilme yapıldığından özne çoğul olur. Not to ... but to ..., the former... the latter... şeklindeki gibi farklı tipleri de bulunmaktadır.NOT: Devrik yapı düz cümlenin soru formunda yazılmasıdır.(Cümle sonunda soru işareti bulunmaz!) Olumsuzluk ifade eden yapılarda kullanılır: Hardly.....when...(İlk cümle devriktir.) No sooner... than... (İlk cümle devriktir.) In no time... Only (düz ifade)....

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Not only... Neither... Never... Nor... gibi yapılar cümlenin başına geldiğinde cümle devrik olur.3- CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS These words join complete sentences (indep. cla.) and express a logical relationship between the ideas in the sentences. Conjuntive adverb’lerle tek kelimeler, söz öbekleri, ve bağımlı cümleler birleştirilmez. Conjuntive adverb’ler genellikle main verb veya yrd. fiilin önünde yer alırlar ve ‘,’ ile ayrılırlar (then, aferward ve later (on) hariç). İki cümle arasında kullanıldıklarında, öncesinde de ‘;’ ve sonrasında da ‘,’ bulunur. Contrast: These words show a contrast (zıtlık) between the ideas in two sentences: However, yet, but, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, still, on the other hand, on the contrary, despite, in spite of, while, whereas, for all that Additional information: They add to the idea in the first sentence: Moreover, furthermore, also, besides, in fact, as well as, what is more, in addition Cause - result: The second sentence gives the result of the idea in the first sentence: Hence, therefore, consequently, thus, as a result, as a consequence, accordingly Condition: This word expresses a condition: Otherwise, or else Time sequence: The following words show a time sequence: Then, afterward, later (on)

UNIT 36: ADVERB CLAUSES : ZARF CÜMLECİKLERİ

İlk cümle adverb clause ise ana cümleden önce ‘,’ kullanılır. Adverb clause ana cümle içinde bulunuyorsa; adverb clause’nin öncesinde ve sonrasında ‘,’ kullanılır. Şayet ilk önce ana cümle mevcut ise ‘,’ kullanılmaz (though, although, even though, while ve in spite of the fact that hariç, yani bunlardan önce ‘,’ kullanılır). Adverb clauses can be grouped according to the type of relationship they express.1- CLAUSES OF TIME Clauses of time are introduced by: after, as, as/so long as, as soon as, before, since, by the time (that) (=before, not later than), every time, immediately, just as, once, the moment (that), until/till (=up to the time

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when), now that, scarcely/hardly...when, no sooner than, when, whenever, while, etc. Bu zaman cümleciği bağlaçları WHEN sorusuna cevap verir. WHEN indicates a specific point in time and during a period of time. JUST is often used before the words ‘as’ and ‘when’. WHILE indicates period of time during which another simultaneous action takes place and during a period of time. WHENEVER means ‘any time’. UNTIL indicates from an unknown point in the past up to the time that something happens. Main clause’deki fiil future tense’de ise zaman cümleciğinin fiili present tense’de olur. Yani zaman cümleciğinde future tense (will/would) kullanılmaz. Main clause present perfect, present perfect conti. veya past perfect tense iken Since kullanıldığı zaman, zaman (Since) cümleciği Past tense olmak zorundadır. Zaman cümleciği kullanıldığında zaman uyumuna dikkat edilmelidir.2- CLAUSES OF MANNER Clauses of manner are introduced by: as if/as though, as, how, (in) the way, (in) the way that, the way in which, (in) the same way, (in) the same way as. Bu tür adverb clause bağlaçları HOW sorusuna cevap verir. as if/as though gibi yapılar unrealite belirttiğinde bütün şahıslar için WERE kullanılır. as if/as though + any tense form (showing probability/similarity) as if/as though + simple past/past conti. (unreal in the present) as if/as though + past perfect (unreal in the past)3- CLAUSES OF PLACE Clauses of place are introduced by: where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere, as near as, as far as, etc. Bu tür adverb clause bağlaçları WHERE sorusuna cevap verir. Bu tip adverb clauselerde will/would asla kullanılmaz. 4- CLAUSES OF REASON Clauses of reason are introduced by: as, because, since, for, as/so long as, inasmuch as, now that, seeing that, on the grounds that, in that, the reason for, the reason (why), etc. Bu tür adverb clause bağlaçları WHY sorusuna cevap verir. For (=Because) daima bir ‘,’ den sonra gelir. Neden gösteren zarf cümlesidir. Because of/ Due to + noun/-ing form gelir, Because of/ Due to/Owing to/On account of/In view of + the fact that’den sonra ise bir tam cümle gelir.5- CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

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Clauses of purpose are introduced by: so that, in order that, because, so, in order to, for fear (that), lest, for the purpose that, in case, etc. Bu tür cümleciklerin bağlaçları WHY sorusuna cevap verir. So that genellikle can, could, may, might, will ve would ile kullanılır. Eğer bağımsız cümledeki (main clause) fiil present, present perfect veya future tense ise So that’den sonra can, may ve will kullanılır. Ana cümledeki fiil past tense de ise could, might ve would kullanılır. In order that, so that’ın daha resmi (formal) biçimidir ve genellikle may ve might ile kullanılır. In order to’dan sonra fiilin birinci hali (V1) gelir. So’nun sadece kendiside bir clause of purpose ifade edebilir. Bu durumda so’dan önce ‘,’ kullanılmaz. Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. Hareketin yapılma amacını anlatır. Purpose is expressed with:-- to/in order to/so as to + inf -- so that + can/will (present/future reference) -- so that + could/would (past reference)-- with a view to/with the aim of + -ing form -- for + noun/-ing form-- in case + Present (present/future reference)-- in case + Past (past reference) Negative Purpose is normally expressed with: -- so as not/in order not + to + inf-- so that + can’t/won’t (present/future reference)-- so that + couldn't/wouldn't (past reference)-- for fear/test + might/should -- for fear of sth/doing sth -- prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) + -ing form-- avoid + -ing form6- CLAUSES OF CONDITION Clauses of condition are introduced by: as/so long as, if, even if, only if, in case (that), unless, provided/ing (that), in the event (that), suppose/ing, on condition that, whether or not, if it weren’t for/if it hadn’t been for. Bu tür cümleciklerin bağlaçları ON WHAT CONDITION sorusuna cevap verir. 7- CLAUSES OF RESULT Clauses of result are introduced by: so … that, such (a/an) … that, (and) as a result, (and) as a consequence, so, etc. so … that, such (a/an) … that’in kullanımları aşağıdaki gibidir.

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-- so + adj/adv + that-- so + many/few + plural noun + that -- so + much/little + uncountable noun + that -- so + adj + article + noun + that-- such + article + adj + singular countable noun + that-- such + adj + uncountable noun + that-- such + adj + plural uncountable noun + that-- such + a lot of + noun + that-- as a result/therefore/consequently/so + clause 8- CLAUSES OF CONTRAST Clauses of contrast are introduced by: although, though, even though, even if, whereas, while, however, no matter+QW, despite/in spite of the fact that, much as, etc. A comma is used when the clause of concession either precedes or follows the main clause.

Concession is expressed with:-- Although/Even though/Though + clause. Though can also be put at the end of the sentence. -- Despite/In spite of/Notwithstanding + noun/-ing form. -- Despite/In spite of + the fact that –clause. -- while/whereas/but/on the other hand/yet + clause. -- nevertheless/however + clause. -- However/No matter how + adj/adv + subject (+ may) + verb. -- adj/adv + though + subject + verb/(may + bare inf). -- adj/adv + as + subject + verb. EXCLAMATIONS Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!). Some exclamations are: Oh dear!, Ah!, Oh!, Good gracious! etc.-- What + a(n) + (adjective) + singular countable noun -- What + (adjective) + uncountable/plural noun -- How + adjective/adverb -- How + adjective + a(n) + noun -- You + (adjective) + noun -- such (a/an) + (adjective) + noun -- so + adjective/adverb -- adverb/adverbial particle + subject + verb of movement -- Here/There + subject + verb (But when the subject is a proper noun, it follows the verb.)

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-- Interrogative - negative question at the beginning of the sentence

LINKING WORDS Linking words show the logical relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence.Positive Addition and, both...and, not only…(but also/as well), too,

moreover, in addition to, furthermore, further, also, not to mention the fact that, besides

He is rich and good-looking.Negative Addition neither...nor, nor, neither, either Neither Tracy nor Maeve speaks Spanish.Contrast but, not...but, although, while, whereas, despite,

even if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however, (and) yet, at the same time

Nick doesn't like pop music, but he loves opera. I can't cook, whereas my husband can.Similarity similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally Cyclists should wear helmets; similarly, horse riders should, too.Concession but, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet,

nevertheless, on the other hand, although, even though, despite/in spite of, regardless of, admittedly, considering, whereas, while, nonetheless

London is a very noisy city but still I like it.London is a very noisy city and yet I like it.

Alternative or, on the other hand, either...or, alternativelyWe could either go to a restaurant or get a take away.

Emphasis besides, not only this but...also, as well, what is more, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, actually, indeed, let alone, not only that

She never even made the bed, let alone cleaned the house.

Exemplification such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly, especially, in particular

I enjoyed all Charlotte Bronte's books, especially "Jane Eyre".Clarification that is to say, specifically, in other words,

to put it another way, I mean Fiona finds learning French very difficult, specifically,

remembering the grammar rules.

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Cause / Reason as, because, because of. since, on the grounds that,seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that, so

The factory workers asked for a pay rise on the grounds that the cost of living had risen.Manner as, (in) the way, how, the way in which,

(in) the same way (as), as if, as though He behaves as if he owned the place, but he's only a waiter.Condition if, in case, assuming (that), on condition (that),

provided (that), providing (that), unless, in the event (that), in the event of, as/so long as, whether, whether...or (alternative condition), only if, even if, otherwise, or (else), in case of

Allen told the children they could stay up late provided that they didn't watch too much TV.Consequence of consequently, then, under those circumstances, thus,a condition if so, if not, so, therefore, in that case, otherwise, I'm hoping that John will let us have the car tonight. If not, I'm afraid we won’t be able to go out.Purpose so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in case

in order that, for fear (that) Louise went to bed early so as not to be tired during exam.Effect / Result such/so...that, consequently, for this reason,

as a consequence, thus, therefore, so It rained all day, and therefore we couldn’t go to the zoo. Comparison as...as, (more)... than, half as...as, nothing like,

the...the, twice as...as, less...than Even though they are twins, they are nothing like each other.Time when, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until,

till, after, since I will leave when I’m ready.Place where, wherever

Richard tends to make friends wherever he goes.Exception but (for), except (for), apart from When I was at school, I was good at most of subjects except for maths.Relative who, whom, whose, which, what, that

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That woman over there is the one who owns the hotel by the sea.Chronological beginning: initially, first..., at first, to start/begin with,

first of all continuing: secondly ..., after this/that, second...,

afterwards, then, next, before this concluding: finally, at last, in the end, eventually, lastly,

last but not least Firstly heat the oil in a pan. Then break the eggs and beat them. Finally, pour the eggs into the pan and stir them gently.Reference concerning, regarding, with respect/regard/reference

to, in respect/regard/reference to this/to the fact that Write the report with reference to the points we discussed last week.Summarising in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as I have

said, as (it) was previously stated, on the whole, in all, all in all, altogether, in short, briefly, to put it briefly

All in all I enjoyed the book, although I found the plot hard to follow in places.

REDUCTION ADVERB CLAUSES Sometimes we can reduce a longer, more complicated word group to a shorter, simpler word group. This is called reduction. To reduce a word group means to simplify it without changing the meaning of your statement. Some adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing the meaning of your idea. While, when, before, because, since, after, although bunlardan bazılarıdır. Düşürme yapılabilmesi için independent ve dependent cümlelerinin özneleri aynı olmak zorundadır. Düşürmeler iki şekilde yapılır.1- Özne ve BE eylemi atılabilir. While he was sitting in the sauna, he had a heart attack. While sitting in the sauna, he had a heart attack.2- Eylem BE değilse, özne ve yardımcı fiil düşer, eylem V-ing formuna dönüştürülür. Düşürmelerde bazen subordinating conjunctions’larda (While, Before, Since, After, etc.) düşürülebilir. After I had cleaned may car, I drove to work. After having cleaned may car, I drove to work. Having cleaned may car, I drove to work. When he speaks (Speaking) English, he often makes mistakes.NOT: Adverb clause ile Adjective clause arasındaki fark:

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I eat at the restaurant WHERE I work. (isim açıklanıyor- Adj. Cla.)I eat WHERE I work. (fiili niteler (vurgu fiile)- Adv. Cla.)

UNIT 37: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES : İSİM FİİLLER

“Gerunds ve İnfinitives” ler, Türkçe’deki ismin halleri durumunda kullanılırlar. İngilizce’de ise bir yüklemden sonra çekilmemiş fiiller mastar yapısında gramatik açıdan üç konumda gelebilirler.1) Gerund (speaking, going gibi) e.g. I like swimming.2) Infinitive (to speak, to go gibi) e.g. I want to swim3) Bare infinitive (Yalın mastar) (speak, go gibi) e.g. He made me cry. “Öğrenmeyi istiyorum” cümlesinde “istemek” cümlenin yüklemidir. “öğrenmeyi” ise çekilmemiş konumda olup, İngilizce’de gramatikal olarak yukarıda da söylendiği gibi üç şekilden biri ile ifade edilebilir. İngilizce'de, cümlede çekimsiz bir fiil denince “Gerunds ve İnfinitives” olmak üzere iki kullanım akla gelir. Bu durumda biri diğeri için altarnatif konumundadır. Yani eğer cümlede gerund kullanılmıyorsa, onun alternatifi olan infinitive’e gidilir. Ayrıca fiilden sonra isim gelirse, bundan sonra ya infinitive, ya gerund ya da yalın hal gelir.

A- GERUNDS

DEFINITION: Gerund isim fiil (verbal noun) demektir. Bir fiilin –ing almış biçimidir. Gerund’lar, bir fiil ve bir isim özelliği taşırlar. Cümlede isim veya zamir olarak kullanılırlar. The object of a verb is usually a noun or pronoun.

I like football. (noun)I like playing football. (gerund)I like playing football. (gerund phrase)

A gerund or gerund phrase can also be used as the subject of a sentence.Driving on wet roads can be dangerous.Learning a second language is fun.I remember my mother taking me to the zoo.

A gerund or gerund phrase can be used as the object of a preposition.You can turn off the radio by pushing this botton.Are you interested in learning German ?He apologized for being late.

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The following is a list of common preposition combinations with verbs and adjectives that gerunds can follow. Aşağıdaki fiillerden sonra Gerund kullanılır. abhor deny finish prevent acknowledge detest hate prohibit admit discuss imagine put off advocate dispute include quit anticipate endanger involve recall (remember) appreciate enjoy justify recollect-remember avoid envisage keep (continue) recommend can't help escape mention report complete *excuse mind (dislike) resent contemplate fancy miss resist consider favor necessitate risk defer foresee pardon suggest delay forgive postpone tolerate

practice *understand * These verbs are always followed by the possessive before the gerund. The teacher excused my coming late. Example:These verbs followed immediately by a gerund or gerund phrase. He has admitted taking the money. We have deferred making a final decision until next month. Most people detest waiting in long lines at the movie. The teacher excused my being late. She forgave my shouting at her yesterday. Can you imagine winning a thousand dollars? I didn't mention seeing you yesterday. Do you mind not smoking in class? Sometimes it's impossible to prevent fighting among children. She recommended getting a tutor. I really resent being the last one in line.

Gerunds after Prepositions There are many verb + preposition, adjective + preposition, and noun + preposition combinations in English. When a verb is placed immediately after a preposition the gerund form must be used. The children insisted on idling to the zoo. Their mother had no objection to taking them there. However, she was not interested in staying all day.

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Verb + Preposition + Gerund/Gerund Phrase The verb + preposition combinations listed below can be used in the following patterns.Pattern A: subject + verb + gerund phrase

He approved of writing the story.Pattern B: subject + verb + possessive + gerund phrase

Bob apologized for his being late.The following verb + prepositions can only be used in pattern A. apologize for concentrate on look forward to apologize to sbd. for consist of object to adjust to deal with oppose to agree with depend on/upon participate in approve of dream about/of plan on argue about disapprove of put off believe in feel like refer to blame sbd. for forgive sbd. for see about care about forget about succeed in care for give up take advantage of carry on go on talk about charge with insist on think about/of comment on keep on warn sbd. about complain about leave off worry about subject + verb + indirect object + gerund phrase The police officer accused me of speeding the freeway.accuse sbd. of deter sbd. from pay sbd. forapologize to sbd. for devote sbd. to prevent sbd. fromarrest sbd. for discourage sbd. from punish sbd. foraward sbd. for excuse sbd. for stop sbd. fromblame sbd. for forgive sbd. for suspect sbd. ofcharge sbd. with involve sbd. in thank sbd. forcomplain to sbd. about keep sbd. from warn sbd. about/againcongratulate sbd. on

Adjective + Preposition + Gerund/Gerund Phrase The following adjective + preposition combinations can he used after the verbs be, seem, appear, remain, look, become. accused of excellent in lazy about *accustomed to *excited about opposed to

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afraid of exposed to proud of angry at famous for quick at appropriate for fed up with responsible for ashamed of fined for similar to aware of fond of slow at bad at generous about sorry about/for brilliant at good at successful in bored with grateful to sbd. for suitable for capable of guilty for sure of/about *concerned about hopeless at *surprised at content with incapable of terrified at *delighted at *interested in *tired of/from different from jealous of used to (accustomed to) essential for/to keen on *worried about*Note: These words are past participles used as adjectives.

Noun + Preposition + Gerund/Gerund Phrase The following is a list of commonly used noun + preposition combinations. These combinations may be followed by a gerund or by a possessive form and a gerund except for the four combinations with asterisks. difficulty in in favor of in the middle of in addition to in return of need for in charge of instead of (in lien of) reason for in danger of interest in technique for in the course of the point of

After some structuresbe accustomed to object to go hikingcan’t help there’s no point in go huntingcan’t stand a waste of time/money go runningget accustomed to be used to go shoppingbe worth get used to go sightsinglook forward to feel like go skatingit’s no good go camping go skiingopposite to go fishing go swimmingit’s no use

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B- INFINITIVES

DEFINITION: Çekimsiz fiilin kullanıldığı üç yapıdan biri de Infinitives’lerdir. Mastar hareketlerinde Infinitives’lerden faydalanılır. Bu yapıda, yüklemden hemen sonra Infinitive geldiği için hem yüklemin hem de Infinitive'in öznesi aynıdır. Özne ve nesne olarak kullanılır.

After certain verbsGroup 1: Verbs followed immediately by an infinitive or an infinitive phrasePattern: subject + verb + infinitive phrase I hesitated to answer the question. •afford be choose (prefer) demandagree beg claim deserveaim bother come desireappear (seen) can afford condescend determinearrange care consent electask change decide endeavorexpect learn (how) promise swearfail long propose(intend) tendforget look prove threatenget (reach) manage refuse troubleguarantee mean regret tryhappen neglect request undertakehasten offer remember venturehelp •plan resolve volunteerhesitate prepare seek vowhope pretend seem waitintend proceed strive wantknow (how) profess struggle wish

would love•The verb afford is always used with a form of can or be able to: They can afford to buy a new house, but they aren't able to afford to get a new cat, too. The verb plan indicates future time when used in the simple present tense: We plan to leave soon.Example: Group 1: These verbs followed immediately by an infinitive or an infinitive phrase We can't afford to take a vacation this year.

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We'll arrange to go to Hawaii. Everyone consented to try it tonight. That student has always endeavored to do well. At my surprise birthday party, I pretended to be surprised. Your decision proved to be the wrong one. Never refuse to tell the truth. I regret to tell you that your luggage is missing. The students struggle to stay a wake in that history class. The defendant swore to tell the truth in court.

Verbs followed by object + to infinitiveGroup II: Verbs followed by a noun or pronoun plus infinitive Pattern: subject + verb + object + infinitive phrase The doctor advised Bill /me to lake a long vacation. The following verbs must be follow by an object then the infinitive. These verbs are never used with an infinitive alone expect when the main verb is in the passive voice. advise allow ask beg aid appoint assist believe cause encourage instruct request caution entice get invite require challenge entitle lead select choose entreat motivate show (how to) command expect notify stimulate commission find oblige summon compel forbid order teach convince force permit tell defy help persuade tempt desire hire prefer trouble direct impel press trust drive implore promise urge elect incite prompt want empower induce provoke warn (negative) enable inspire remind wishExample: Group 2: These verbs requiring a (pro)noun + an infinitive or infinitive phrase The referee cautioned the members of both teams to play fairly. I can't convince you to do anything you don't want to do. The usher directed us to sit in the third row.

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His strong desires have enabled him to succeed. Her mother forbids her to tell a lie. I implore even one to help the tornado victims. Human decency obliges us to treat all people equally She persuaded me to go with her. You know that was wrong. What tempted you to do it? I urge you to think before you act.Group III: Verbs followed by object + infinitive construction or by an infinitive construction only.Pattern: subject + verb + object + infinitive phrase

I want you to help him. ORPattern: subject + verb + infinitive phrase

I want to help him. The following verbs may be followed by a noun or pronoun object + infinitive phrase or by an infinitive phrase only. However, notice that the meaning of each pattern is different. ask choose expect need promise wish beg dare like prefer wantNOT: Only the verb ‘promise’ keeps the same meaning in both patterns.Example: Group 3: These verbs followed by an object + infinitive construction or by an infinitive construction only. (The sentences in each pair differ in meaning.) She asked to talk with the manager. She asked me to talk with the manager.

He begged to come with us. He begged us to come with him.

The director chose to investigate the problem. The director chose a committee to investigate the problem.

Infinitive/Infinitive Phrase as Adjective Complement As complement of an adjective, the infinitive or infinitive phrase completes the meaning started by the adjective. I am glad to have you here. I will be sorry to see you leave. able disgusted pleased smart afraid disturbed proud sorry amazed eager puzzled stupid angry glad ready supposed anxious happy relieved surprised ashamed horrified sad thankful

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astonished likely selfish unable delighted lucky shocked unlikely disappointed obliged silly upset

Additional Uses of the Infinitive and Infinitive Phrase1- adjective + enough + infinitive/infinitive phrase2- adverb + enough + infinitive/infinitive phrase3- enough + noun + infinitive4- too + adjective + infinitive/infinitive phrase5- too + adverb + infinitive/infinitive phrase (for + noun/pronoun maybe used before the infinitive construction.)

Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives as Direct ObjectA. The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive construction with no change in meaning. advise bother deserve forbear allow cannot bear dislike forbid attempt cease dread hate authorize continue encourage intend begin decline fear like loathe omit prefer start love permit propose urge need plan recommend venture neglectTo forget our fear, we attempted singing.

To forget our fear, we attempted to sing. It has begun raining. Roll up the car windows.

It has begun to rain. Roll up the car windows. I'm taking you to the hospital. I can't bear seeing you in pain.

I'm taking you to the hospital. I can't bear to see you in pain.I really dread being alone in a big house at night.

I really dread to be alone in a big house at night. The law forbids driving over the-speed limit.

The law forbids motorists to drive over the speed limit.I hate asking such a big favor from you, but I need help.

I hate to ask such a big favor from you, but I need help.Who intends staying here tonight?

Who intends to stay here tonight?I'm sorry. We do not permit loud talking in this theater. I'm sorry. We do not permit anyone to talk loudly in this theater.

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The students prefer not having a final exam.The students prefer not to have a final exam.

She started giving a long explanation to the police officer.She started to give a long explanation to the police officer.

B. The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive construction, but there is a change in meaning. Bu fiillerden sonra infinitive kullanılırsa bu future ifade eder (eylem yapılmamıştır), eğer gerund kullanılırsa daha önce yapılmakta (veya yapılmış) olan olayları ifade eder. forget propose remember try be used to mean regret stop used tol. forget I forgot to take my camera to the mountains last weekend.

I'll never forget taking those beautiful pictures on our vacation last month.

2. mean (intend) We mean to find a solution to this problem before we go home.

mean (result in) It may mean staying up all night until we arrive an answer.

3. propose (plan) As the chairman, I propose to start the meeting time tomorrow.

propose (suggest) May I propose starting at nine instead of ten o'clock?4. regret I regret to tell you that History 203 has cancelled for this quarter.

I regret not being able to take that course.5. remember I remembered to lock the door before we left.

Don't worry. I remember doing it.6. stop Sue stopped to talk to Bob.

She stopped talking to him five weeks ago.7. try (make an effort) They tried to warn him of the danger of speeding. try (experiment) They even tried showing him pictures of accident

victims.8. used to (habitual past) I used to walk to classes at the university every

day. be used to (accustomed to) I am used to walking everywhere, so I enjoy

it.NOT: to learn (Inf., Act., Present) öğrenmek to be learned (Inf., Pas., Present) öğrenilmek to have learned (Inf., Act., Past) öğrenmiş olmak

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to have been learned (Inf., Pas., Past) öğrenilmiş olmak learning (Ger., Act., Present) öğrenme being learned (Ger., Pas., Present) öğrenilme having learned (Ger., Act., Past) öğrenmiş olma having been learned (Ger., Pas., Past) öğrenilmiş olma

UNIT 38: INDEFINITE PRONOUNS :

SOMEONE & SOMEBODYSomeone and somebody are used in affirmative statements and questions.

Someone wants to speak to you on the phone.Somebody forgot to put gas in the car.Can someone please take this book to the library?Has somebody been using my pen without asking me?

NO ONE & NOBODYNo one and nobody are used in affirmative statements

No one wants to leave before the director does.The weather was awful ; nobody got to work on time.

ANYONE & ANYBODYAnyone and anybody are used in affirmative and negative statements and affirmative questions.

Anybody can learn another language.I didn’t know anyone at the party last night.Can anyone give me a ride home after class?Was anybody in the office when you got there?

** Bunlar tekildirler.  

UNIT 39: THE SUFFIX -Y :

DEFINITION: A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word. When the suffix -y is added to a noun, the noun becomes an adjective which means “like”, “full of “ , or “characterized by “ something.

The water was soapy. (The water was full of soap)cloud      cloudy                 sun        sunnyfun          funny                   rain       rainygrease   greasy                  salt        salty

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ice          icy                       snow     snowyleak       leaky                    soap       soapynoise     noisy                    storm     stormyoil          oily                      water     watery

There is a leak in the kitchen faucet. Can you fix a leaky faucet?The children had fun at the show. They thought the movie was funny.There was too much salt in the soup. Was the soup salty ?

UNIT 40: INFINITIVE PHRASE OF PURPOSE (TO) :  

DEFINITE:    An infinitive or infinitive phrase placed after a verb tells the reason for which something is done. Jim didn’t have any news. He just called to talk. (He only called because he wanted to talk ) Beth stopped at the store to buy some milk.   (She stopped because she needed to buy some milk.) Ray moved to save a little money. Steven went to talk to the director . Don’t use a pen to mark the answer sheet. Roger called to invite us to his party. We didn’t stay to watch all of the show. ENOUGH As an adjective which modifies both count and mass nouns. Anlam olumlu olduğunda kullanılır. TOO ise cümleye olumsuz anlam verir.

TO BE /VERB + ADJ./ADV. + ENOUGH + TO + V1 Joe is driving fast. He will arrive in time. Joe is driving fast enough to arrive in time. She was polite enough to apologize.It is too diffucult to solve

SO TOO ile eş anlamlıdır. Fakat cümle kuruluşu farklıdır. Olumlu cümle + and+ so+ yardımcı fiil/ to be + özne

David has been in Turkey and so has Mike I will go to Dalyan tomorrow and so will Kemal

EITHER................... OR.............................. Ya, yada anlamını verir. Olumlu anlam taşır.

She can either come with us or stay here. (Ya bizimle gelebilir ya da burada kalırsınız.)

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You can either learn English or German. (Ya İngilizce ya da Almanca öğrenebilirsiniz.) NEITHER..................... NOR....................

Ne, ne de anlamını verir. Olumsuz anlam taşır. I am neither poor nor rich. Ne zenginim ne de fakir. Neither Ali nor Veli is going to the cinema. Neither the students nor the teacher is going to the concert. Neither the teacher nor the students are here.

NOT ONLY...................BUT ALSO....................... Yalnız......... değil......de

I not only speak English but also French We not only watched TV but also listened to the radio.

VERY Çok anlamına gelir ve cümle olumludur. Önüne geldiği sıfat veya zarfın anlamını güçlendirir. Karşılaştırmalarda kullanılır. Very is used to make the meaning of adjectives or adverbs stronger.

He is very tired. She speaks English very well. It is used as an intensifier.

DARE Kip belirteci olarak olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde kullanılır.      KULLANILDIĞI YERLER: COURAGE:    1. Cesaret gösterme,tehlikeyi göze alma

She daren’t go out alone at night. Dare she climb that tree?

2. Kızgınlık. (How soru kelimesi ile kullanıldığında) How dare you say such a thing ?

3. I dare say = I suppose I dare say you are right. (Sanırım haklısınız)

BE SUPPOSED TO KULLANILDIĞI YERLER:

DUTY: 1. Görev (Should) We are supposed to start work at 9 everymorning.

BELIEF: 2. Genel inanış Milk is supposed to be good for our health.

PROHIBITION: 3. Yasak You are not supposed to smoke here.

PLANNED WORK: 4. Planlı iş

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The football game is supposed to begin at 8 O’clock. BE SUPPOSED TO is used to express something that

++ is planned or arranged: The train was supposed to arrive at 10.30.The movie is supposed to start at 7:00.

++ is to be expected (because of duty or law) Are the men supposed to clean their rooms ? We are supposed to watch Tv at 2 in the afternoon.

  BE NOT SUPPOSED TO is used to express something that is not allowed or advisable.

You are not supposed to wear your hats inside tha building. They are not supposed to watch Tv at 2 in the morning.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT Direct object nesnedir. Indirect object ise şahıslardır.

Direct ve indirect object’ ler fiile WHAT ve WHO(M) sorularak bulunur. I gave him a present last week. Ind.Obj. Dir.Obj. I gave a present to him last week.

Dir.Obj Ind.Obj. Aşağıda belirtilen fiiller genellikle iki object’e sahiptirler. like - hand - offer - pass - fix - show - buy - get - give - make – write - tell

** Bazı fiiller FOR diğerleri ise TO alırlar. call for pass to fetch to do for hand to brıng to buy for wrıte to fıx for gıve to get for tell to make for offer to ASK ve COST fiilleri kesinlikle TO veya FOR almaz.

ANOTHER: One of many Last summer we travelled from one country to another.

THE OTHER:a. One of two

There are two people on the bus.One is the driver and the other is a passanger.

b. It can be  an adjective : As an adjective              Which lamp do you like ? This one or the other one.

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OTHERS: There are a lot of people in the park. Some of them are riding bikes and others are walking. THE OTHERS: The Rest.

There are five pencils on the desk. Three of  them are yellow. The others are red.

AND & FOR: The conjunctions and and but can be used to join two statements. AND shows addition and is used when the statements are similar. I called Jan. We talked for an hour. I called Jan, and we talked for an hour. BUT is used to connect statements that express opposite ideas. I also called Steve. He wasn’t at home. I also called Steve, but he wasn’t at home.

UNIT 41: PREPOSITIONS : İLGEÇLER

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: ZAMAN EDATLARIat - in - on - for - during - since - after - before - until - at the beginning of - at the end of - in the middle of1. AT: Saatlerle ve bazı ifadelerle kullanılır. AT; one o’clock, four o’clock, 7.00 p.m., 3.00 a.m., a quarter past seven, ten to six, nine-thirty, half past one, noon, night, midnight, Christmas. AT is used with the time of the day, with an age, and with the words night, first, last, beginning,and end.2. IN: Aylardan, yıllardan ve mevsimlerden önce ve bazı ifadelerle kullanılır. IN is used with the quantities of time and with the words beginning and end. IN; January, September, 1492, 1992, the spring, the fall, the morning, the afternoon, the evening, an hour, two hours, a minute, five minutes, a second, three seconds, a short time, time.3. ON: a. Haftanın günlerinden önce kullanılır. Ancak bu her zaman olmayabilir.

on Monday, on Saturday     **  I’ll see you Monday. b. Ayın günlerinden önce kullanılır.    ON January first, third, fifth, the first of September, the tenth of March, my birthday, time, NewYear’s Day. c. Tarihlerde kullanılır. Mary was born on July 20,1956.

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ON is used with days and dates. It can also be used with parts of a certain day and the words time and schedule.4. BY: It is used not later than. At that time or before/not later than date. By the end of June, I will have read all these books.5. UNTIL: Until is used to say how long a situation continues.

Shall we go now? No, let’s wait until it stops raining.Tom will be away until tomorrow.

6. BY: - e kadar herhangi bir zamanda. He will get here by six o’clock.** Eğer cümle olumsuz ise; He had not come by six o’clock (Altıya kadar gelmemişti; Saat altı oldu. Henüz gelmemişti. Belki daha sonra gelebilir.)7. TILL/ UNTIL: ---- e kadar devamlı. They can be used alone with days, dates, and times: Until next Friday, till next week, until 1999, till August 10, until 10.00 p.m., till midnight. He worked from five till six. (Beşten altıya kadar devamlı çalıştı.)** Eğer cümle olumsuz ise (Basit geçmiş ile kullanılır.) Walt didn’t sleep till five o’clock. (Beşe kadar uyumadı hep uyanıktı.)AFTER and BEFORE are used with time of the day, with dates, and with nouns that name events or occurences. before noon, after 5 o’clock, before December 31, after April 15, before the game, after dinner After can also be used with a quantity of time.

After six months, after thirty years.JUST & SOON

Just and soon are adverbs of time. Just is used to indicate recent completion in the past. Soon is used to indicate expected completion in the near future.

John just arrived from New York.His brother will arrive from Los Angeles soon.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE OR POSITION on - in - by - beside - near - against - behind - in back of - in front of - in the back of - from - to - over under - beneath - on top of - inside -outside - above - below - under - through - down - up - between - among -at the bottom of - at next to – underneath IN means inside. İn the armchair,in her bag,in Italy AT means near or in a particular place. At the traffic lights,at the bus stop ON means in contact with the top surface of another object. On the table, on a chair.

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FROM is used to express seperation,to be from is used to state the place of origin of a person or a thing Washington is 250 miles away from New York.The coffee is from Brasil UNDER means lower than required, states lower than under 21, under the table. OVER = ABOVE UNDER = BELOWPREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTON

INTO - OUT OF - TOWARD - TO toward the city hallBY WAY OF You can go by way of Panama Channel.

 PREPOSITION OF MANNERBY train, car, bus, plane,ON foot, a tram, a bus, a horsebackIN a car, ink, a hurryLIKE He walks like an old man** AT 12 Bağdat Street** ON Regent Street.GO downtown, home, upstairs, downstairs, shopping, fishing, dancing, hunting, swimmingGO TO school, town, New York, Ankara, Turkey, JapanGO TO THE hospital, bank, airport, post office, theatre, library, bus station, U.S.A, U.K.UNIT 42: BAZI ÖZEL DURUMLAR

SOON: İleriyi (yakın geleceği) ifade eder. Ama bazan Past’ta da kullanılabilir.BY :Perfect’lerle kullanılır.THE MOMENT: WhenONCE : Genelde Present Perfect ile kullanılır. (When, After, as soon as, manası verebilir.)NO MATTER HOW: HoweverNO MATTER WHAT: WhateverON = Onto = UponNOW THAT= Because, in that, since, asRECENT: Olayı Past’a atar.PREVIOUSLY: Önceki zamana (Past’a) gider.EVERY ve EACH tekil ile kullanılırlar.IN VIEW OF=Because of

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WHEREAS, so that, however, besides: bunlardan sonra cümle gelir.DO NOT: Açık olarak yazıldığı zaman vurgu yapmaktadır.İnsanlar için on kişiden üçü derken OF değil IN kullanılır.JUST AS=As ve JUST WHEN=When dir. Just sadece vurgu yapar.ONE TIME=OnceWHATEVER’dan sonra isim gelir.LIKEWISE: Benzerlik belirtir.AS WELL, ALSO, TOO: Olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır.EITHER ve NEITHER: Olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.IT LOOKS...sonra as if/as though yapısı gelir.IT IS EXACTLY olur, The Exactly olmaz.FINALLY : Nokta belirtir. Dolayısıyla Simple Past ile kullanılır.IN A FEW YEARS: Birkaç yıl içinde. Future belirtir......,cümle: Böyle bir durumuda baş taraf; ya açıklamadır ya da bağımlı cümle (subordinate)’dir. Düşürme yapılmış olabilir. Ama özneler aynıdır.GREAT NUMBER: Bundan sonra Of gelmelidir.NONE Of: Cümleyi olumsuz yapar.DUE TO: Sonrasında isim gelir.MOST/MOST OF THE + İSİM gelmelidir.A GREAT DEAL = A lot of = A numberSebep sonuç ilişkisi varsa ÇÜNKÜ ile cevap verilmelidir.Fiillerden sonra gelen THAT cümleciği İSİM cümleciğidir ve tam cümledir.

Sadece WHICH cümleciği tüm cümleyi nitelendirebilir. (Cümle sonundaki ’, WHICH’)IN AS MUCH AS: Because (Çok resmi durumlarda kullanılır.)LEST: Cümleyi olumsuz yapar. (-memesi/-maması için, -mesin diye)IN CASE OF: İsim gelir.IN THE EVENT THAT = In case thatLEAVE: Leave for’un manaları birbirine zıttır.FUTURE TENSE, by the time Present Tense PAST PERFECT TENSE, by the time Past TenseSO FAR = By now, until nowLIKE: İsimle, (Bu babası gibidir) AS: Eylemle kullanılır.(Bu babasının yaptığı gibi yapıyor)BOTH, EİTHER, THAT BOTH: Sonra cümle gelir.IN BOTH: Cümle gelmez.

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Sıfat başa gelir ve AS ile devam edilirse bu ALTHOUGH’dir. (Fragile as it sometimes seems ...= Although it sometimes seems fragile ...)Past yapmak için fiilin önüne TO HAVE getirilir.It is nice to meet you. It was nice to have met you.It is known/...to + V1: PresentIt is believed/... to + have + V3: PastTO BE TO: Zorunluluk belirtir.İsim NO ile olumsuz yapılır, NOT ile değil.IN ORDER TO = So as toSEE sbd. DO stg.HEAR sbd. DOING stg.Eylemin kendisinde bahsediliyorsa V1, eylemin sürekliliğinden bahsediliyorsa V+ing kullanılır. (I saw him write/writing on the paper. – Mana aynıdır.)(JUST) AS ...(cümle) SO ...(cümle). Şeklinde kullanılır.Yirmi yaşındaki kız dendiğinde çoğul kullanılmaz: twenty-year old girl şeklinde yazılır. Yirmi yaş dendiğinde ise: twenty years olur.IN TIME: Zamanı içerisindeON TIME: Tam zamanındaAT TIME: SometimePROVIDE stg. FOR sbd.PROVIDE sbd. WITH stg.IN FRONT OF + stg. :Ön kısımda (Dışardan)IN THE FRONT OF + stg. :Ön kısımda (İçeriden)

AGREE With sbd. - AGREE On stg.AGREE With sbd. On Sth.GIVE sbd. stg. GIVE stg. to sbd.FOR’un kullanım alanları (manası): 1- Although, even though, though, in spite of ve despite 2- , for = because 3- içinZaman konusunda bir işaret yoksa ifade Present’tir veya zayıf olasılıkla Perfect olabilir.TO’nun kullanım alanları (manası): 1- -e, -a 2- -mek, -mak (infinitive’deki kullanım) 3- -mek/mak için (in order to) 4- göre (according) to me/..

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SINCE’nin kullanım alanları (manası): 1- Because 2- For (den beri): Perfect tense/S. Present-bazan), since S. PastSense of Perception: I saw Ayşe crying. (Olay devam ediyor.) I saw Ayşe cry. (Olay bitmiş.)THAT FAR: O zamana kadar manasındadır ve S. Past ile kullanılır.YET’in kullanım alanları (manası): 1- The class hasn’t started yet. 2- The class is yet to start. (1 ve 2 aynı manadadır.) 3- The class was started. Yet, the teacher is absent.UNTIL: Eş zamanlı yapılan işler ifade edilir.BY THE TIME: Yapılan işlerde öncelik sonralık vardır.EVER SINCE = Since thenBUT cümlenin ya başında ya da sonunda bulunur.HOWEVER cümlenin her tarafında bulunabilir.HAD V3 / WOULD HAVE V3 kullanımı sadece IF’te bulunmaktadır.

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