sources of drug.ppt

7/25/2019 sources of drug.ppt

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Mr. Mehul G. Rana, Asst. Prof., SJTPC,Rajkot.

SOURCES OF DRUGS

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Drugs can be obtaine fro!"

1#Plant sources

$#%iological sources

Marine sources

'#Mineral sources

(#Tissue culture as source of rug

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Drugs from plant source


Traditional medicine is an evolutionary process as

communities and individuals continue to discover new

techniques to heal the aliment that can renovate into medical

practices.

Rig Veda,Atharvaveda(around 1200 BC), Charak Samhita

andSushruta Samhita(1000-500 BC) are the main classics

that give detailed descriptions o over !00 her"s.

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Drugs from plant source


#ore common plants have "een collected and preserved

in $ammu.

The her"arium now contains a"out 1%00 species and

1%&000 mounted sheets.

The plants on earth divided in a"out '00 amilies and

10&500 genera.

t least 100-150 species o medicinal plants are cultivatedand a"out '0-0 o them are the large scale ield crops.

They o"tain in a crude form

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s per *+,&Herbal Drugs is a part o plant or plant

which is not pressed other than drying and cutting.

rugs which are descri"ed in yurvedic "oos are called

Ayurvedic drugs.

Organized crude drugs consist o a cellular organism in

the orm o anatomical eatures. The simple medicines

prepared rom these drugs are Herbal teas, extracts,tinctures etc.

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Unorganized drugs do not have the morphological oranatomical organi/ation as such. These are the product

which come directly in the maret "ut their ultimate

sources remain the plant& animals or minerals.

These include products lie

plant exudates as gums& resin& oleogum resins.

Plant uices lie aloes&

dried etract o pale and "lac catechu& essential oils&

ied oils& ats and waes o"tained rom plant or

etracted rom plant.

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The drugs o"tained rom vegetable sources are

igitalis& inca& 2auwolia& Cinchona& loe ,piumetc.

,ther pharmacologically active drugs are cinchona-

quinine& raulia - reserpine& vinca - vin"lastin 3

vincristine.

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Biological sources of drugs


Fungi4 anti"iotics Algae4 agar 3 alginic acid

ic!ens And "osses4 has medicinal value

and ani#als4 gelatin& wool at& "ees wa& sources o

hormones& vitamins and sera.

Bacterio$!%ta4 anti"iotics& genetic engineering i.e.

production o human insulin and in the transormation o

higher plant cells "y incorporation o part o the o a"acterial plasmid into plant genome.

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Biological sources of drugs


"icrobial sources4 illed cultures o "acteria and viruses

used to prepare vaccines lie iphtheria& 6olio& Tetanus&

Typhoid& 2a"ies& +epatitis 4 B etc.


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Drugs from marine origin


"out ive lah species o marine organism have "een

reported rom the oceans and seas rom various parts o the

world.

The marine lora and animal world are a rich source o

"iologically active compounds.

large num"er o sometimes-toic meta"olites have "een

isolated and characteri/ed rom proto/oan& sponges&echinoderms& molluss& sea snaes and ishes.

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variety o compounds which possess nown or novel

pharmacological activities in mammals and have ehi"ited

antimicro"ial& antineoplastic& antiviral& anti"iotic& anti-inlammatory& prostaglandins& neurophysiological&

anticancer7cytotoic& en/yme inhi"itor and cardiovascular

agents.

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There are several well-nown marine products that have

"een in use or many years& such as cod and hali"ut liver

oils& spermaceti& protamine sulphate and seaweedpolysaccharides agar& Carrageenan and alginic acid& all o

these are generally nown.

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Drugs from minerals origin


The drugs rom mineral sources are 8ieselguhr& 9hila:it&

prepared chal& s"estos& Bentonite& Calamine& Talc etc.

&ieselgu!r4 used or the iltration o oils& ats& syrup etc.

C!al'4 adsor"ent and antacid!ilait4 general tonic and stimulant ( orms i.e. iron&

copper& silver and gold 9hila:it have "een reported in ancient

+indu literature)

the aphrodisiac 9hila:it o authentic quality is an important

ingredient o yurvedic preparations meant or

strengthening immuni/ing system o human "ody.

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Tissue cultures as source of drugs


Tissue culture is in itro cultiation of /lant cell or

tissue uner ase/tic an controlle eniron!entalconitions, in li0ui or an se!isoli, ell e2nenutrient !eiu! for the /rouction of /ri!ar3 anseconar3 !etabolites or to regenerate /lant.

Pri!ar3 !etabolites are substances that are iel3

istribute in nature, occurring in one for! oranother in irtuall3 all organis!s an are neeefor general groth an /h3siological eelo/!ent,because of their basic cell !etabolis!.

45a!/les are sugars, a!ino acis an fatt3 acis Seconar3 !etabolites are bios3ntheticall3 erie

fro! /ri!ar3 !etabolites but are !ore li!ite inistribution.

45a!/les are gl3cosies, alkalois, 6aonois,olatile oils, etc.

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PTC is use for bios3nthesis of seconar3!etabolites because the3 hae i!/ressiebiological actiities like anti!icrobial, antibiotic,

insecticial, hor!onal /ro/erties, 6aors,fragrances, colors, etc.

Most of the seconar3 !etabolites areaccu!ulate after certain age or !aturit3 of the

/lant. 7t is i8cult to increase the area uner/lantation an groth of the /lants takes its onti!e. To !eet the eer increasing e!an 9 eg.:incristine# the natural sources are not su8cient.

To oerco!e the all these hurles the inustr3re0uires alternatie !ethos of assure su//l3 ofunifor! !aterial throughout the 3ear. Plant tissueculture techni0ues o;er an e5cellent alternatie.

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Advantages of tissue culture:-


sus/ension culture $# Meriste! culture

4!br3o culture '# =ar3 culture

(#Anther culture )# Pollen culture1)


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The t3/e of e5/lant, hor!onal co!binations angroth conitions /la3 an i!/ortant role in!aintenance of cultures.

7!/ortance of tissue culture"1. Shikonin ? antibacterial action an use as 3e

$. Ginkolites ? increase bloo circulation

&. Ginsengosites ? Tonic

'. :incristine > :inblastine ? bloo cancer

(. Prouction of antibotics.

). Prouction of seconar3 !etabolitesCo"#oun$ Sour%e &'el$(

)*(Aj!alicine Catharanthus roseus (.-

%erberine alkalois Berberis wilsonae 1.+

Diosgenin Dioscorea deltoidea *.+

@icotine Nicotiana tabacum (.-

Ser/entine Catharanthus roseus $.$1*


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Genetic engineering of plants


Reco!binant D@A technolog3 inoles introuction of

foreign D@A into culture /lant cells to bring abouttheir genetic transfor!ation.This technolog3 has been successful in isolating large

a!ount of /ure genes that !ight be use to /roucebetter cro/s.

Genet'% en+'neer'n+ 'n "e$'%'nal #lant ree$'n+!1.Ra/i !ulti/lication of selecte /lants ia in itro

noe, shoot, ti/ an !eriste! culture

$.Prouction of /ol3/lois ia in itro chro!oso!es

oubling&.Creation of ne genetic ariabilit3

'. 7ntrouction of esirable single gene

(.Prouction of irus resistant /lants b3 gene transfer

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sources of drug.ppt