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8/7/2019 South African arms supplies to sub-Saharan Africa
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SOUTH AFRICAN ARMS
SUPPLIES TO SUB-SAHARANAFRICA
pieter d. wezeman*
SUMMARY
w Despite eforts by South
Arica’s well-developed arms
industry and its government to
position the country as a key
supplier o arms to Arican
countries, exports to sub-
Saharan Arican destinations
do not account or a significant
share o South Arican arms
exports. The driving orce o
South Arican arms exports to
sub-Saharan destinations
appears to be maximizingturnover or the industry and
earnings rom the sale o
surplus equipment.
Since the end o apartheid in
1994 South Arica has
developed export policies,
regulations and guidelines
aimed at preventing arms
exports that could uel conflict
or support human rights
abuses. However, doubts persist
about the unctioning o thissystem. Like other countries,
South Arica still allows
questionable arms transers to
zones o conflict and to
countries where arms are used
in human rights violations. In
general, South Arica’s export
policy seems to be mainly a
matter o abiding by United
Nations arms embargoes with
ew other restrictions.
A positive development in2010 is that, ater several years
o not publishing arms export
reports, South Arica has
returned to a level o public
transparency about its arms
export policy, which provides
some opportunities or
parliamentary and public
accountability. Hopeully,
recent changes in the legislation
will not mean a return to
opacity in reporting.
SIPRI Background Paper
January 2011
I. Introduction
S A j y y
A. I y A y y
y .
T SIPRI B P x S
A j -S
A y x .1 S II
S A A. S III x
v S A x. S IV -
x y S A v
A. S V f .
II. South African arms exports to sub-Saharan Africa
I , y -S A
y . T y -S y fi-
v S A , y
19 j 2005–2009.2 A
x, S A f y y q-
S A N D F (SANDF)
q. B SIPRI S A
Gv S A’ x -S
A y y’ x.
The volume of exports of major conventional arms
A SIPRI , 2000–2009 S A
x j v 14 -S
1 Sub-Saharan Arica is taken to be all the states o Arica other than A lgeria, Libya, Morocco,
Tunisia and Egypt.2 SIPRI Arms Transers Programme, ‘The suppliers and recipients o major conventional
weapons, 2005–2009’, SIPRI Yearbook 2010: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
(Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2010), table 7A.1.
* This paper is one o a series produced or the SIPRI Project on Monitoring Arms Flows to Arica
and Assessing the Practical Regional and National Challenges and Possibilities or a Relevant and
Functioning Arms Trade Treaty. The project is unded by the Swedish Ministr y or Foreign Afairs.
The other papers in this series look at arms supplies rom Israel and Ukraine and to Somalia andZimbabwe.
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2 sipri background paper
A A U (AU) ( 1). I
14 S A’ j x
, -S A (x S
A) y 0.2 S A.3 T,
S A x -S A y
’ . By S A
3 These percentages are based on SIPRI data on arms transers which reers to actual deliveries
o major conventional weapons. SIPRI uses a trend-indicator value (TIV) to compare the data ondeliveries o diferent weapons and to identiy general trends. TIVs give an indication only o the
Table 1. Transers o major conventional weapons by South Arica to sub-Saharan Arica, 2000 to 2009
The columns ‘Year(s) o deliveries’ and ‘No. delivered/produced’ reer to all deliveries since the beginning o the contract. Deals in
which the recipient was involved in the production o the weapon system are listed separately. The ‘Comments’ column includes
publicly reported inormation on the value o the deal. Inormation on the sources and methods used in the collection o the data,
and explanations o the conventions, abbreviations and acronyms, can be ound at <http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransers>.
The SIPRI Arms Transers Database is continuously updated as new inormation becomes available.
Recipient
No.
ordered
Weapon
designation
Weapon
description
Year o
order/
licence
Year(s)
o deliveries
No.
delivered/
produced Comments
Arican Union (60) Mamba APC/ISV (2005) 2006 60 For AU/AMIS
peacekeepers in Darur;
Mamba-3 version
Arican Union (68) Casspir APC/ISV (2007) 2008 68 Ex-South Arican;
modernized
beore delivery; or
peacekeepers in Sudan
Burkina Faso 6 GILA APC/ISV (2009) 2009 6 For police; financed by
Canada; or Burkina Faso
peacekeepers in Darur
Cameroon (1) MB-
326K/L
Ground attack
aircrat
(2001) 2002 1 Ex-South Arican;
Impala-2 (MB-326K)
version
Djibouti 9 Casspir APC/ISV 2000 2000 (9) Ex-South Arican;
modernized beore
delivery
Gabon (6) Mirage
F-1A
FGA aircrat 2006 2006-2008 (6) Ex-South Arican;
modernized beore
delivery; Mirage F-1AZversion
Ghana (39) Ratel-20 IFV (2003) 2003-2004 39 Ex-South Arican; incl 24
Ratel-90 version
Ghana 4 Casspir APC/ISV (2005) 2005 4 Ex-South Arican;
Rinkhals ambulance
version
Guinea (10) Mamba APC/ISV (2003) 2003 10
Mali (5) RG-31 Nyala APC/ISV (2002) 2002 5
Mozambique 5 Casspir APC/ISV 2000 2000 5 Ex-South Ar ican; or
police; aid
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south arican arms supplies to sub-sahara n arica 3
j U S, 40 S
A x 2000–2009.
The financial value of exports of arms
T S A Gv
x y q v fi
volume o international arms tra nsers and not o the actual financial values o such transers. For a
description o the TIV and its calculation see SIPRI Arms Tra nsers Programme website at <http:// www.sipri.org/databases/armstransers/background>.
Table 1 continued.
Recipient
No.
ordered
Weapon
designation
Weapon
description
Year o
order/
licence
Year(s)
o deliveries
No.
delivered/
produced Comments
Mozambique (16) Casspir APC/ISV (2003) 2003 16 Ex-South Arican, incl 5or police
Rwanda (20) RG-31
Nyala
APC/ISV (2005) 2006 20
Rwanda (35) Ratel-90 IFV/AFSV (2007) 2007 35 Ex-South Arican; incl 20
Ratel-60 version
Senegal (8) Casspir APC/ISV (2004) 2005-2006 8 Ex-South Arican
Senegal (47) AML-60/90 Armoured car (2005) 2006 47 Ex-South Arican;
AML-90 (Eland-90)
version
Senegal 12 GILA APC/ISV (2009) 2009 12 For police; financed by
Canada; or peacekeepersin Darur
Swaziland 7 RG-31
Nyala
APC/ISV (1999) 2001 7 For police
Swaziland 3 SA-316B
Alouette-3
Light
helicopter
2000 2000 3 Ex-South Arican; aid;
possibly modernized
beore delivery
Tanzania (5) Casspir APC/ISV (2008) 2009 (5) Second-hand; supplier
uncertain; financed by
USA or peacekeeping
Uganda 15 RG-31
Nyala
APC/ISV 1998 2002 15
Uganda (5) Mamba APC/ISV (2003) 2004 5
Uganda 31 Bufel APC/ISV (2004) 2005 31 Ex-South Arican
Uganda 6 GILA APC/ISV (2009) 2009 6 For police; financed by
Canada; or peacekeepers
in Darur
Zambia 1 Rhino APC/ISV (2004) 2005 1 Ex-South Arican
( ) = uncertain data or SIPRI estimate; AFSV = armoured fire support vehicle; APC = armoured personnel carrier; FGA = fighter/
ground attack; IFV = inantry fighting vehicle; ISV = internal security vehicle; Ex-South Arican = South A rican National Deence
Force (SANDF) surplus equipment.
Source: SIPRI Arms Transers Database, <http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransers/>.
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4 sipri background paper
fi v.4 A v
, y,
4 These figures include all categories o goods and services controlled under South Arican arms
export regulations, including demining equipment and riot control products. For a more detailed
description o these goods and services see South Arican National Conventional Arms Control
Committee, ‘South Arican export statistics or conventional arms 2000–2002’, <http://www.
sipri.org/research/armaments/transers/transparency/national_reports>. A list o the published
reports is maintained on the SIPRI website at <http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/trans-ers/transparency/national_reports>.
Table 2. The financial value o South Arican arms exports according to the South Arican Government, 2000–2009
Figures are in thousands o South Arican rands at current prices. The data are agg regates o values or deliveries o items in cate-
gories A, B, C, G (related to military equipment) in the South Arican Government’s arms export reporting system. Values related to
category D (non-lethal equipment) are excluded.
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Angola – 620 756 – 25 000 – 14 948 – 4 997 450
Benin – – – – – – 9 297 765 – 771
Botswana 10 266 367 1 125 66 229 547 586 20 12 508 30 051
Burkina aso – – – – – – 6 168 4 656 – 34 579
Burundi – – – – – – – – 15 179 22 439
Cameroon 3 757 871 2 529 3 646 1 068 1 068 – – – –
Chad – – – – – – – – 15 234 2 000
DRC – – 912 – – – – – – 3 371
Congo – – – – – – – 1 501 – –
Djibouti 9 180 – – – – 2 877 405 – – –
Gabon – – – – – – 17 458 16 314 5 220 721Ghana – – – 29 120 17 922 400 – 811 45 25 036
Guinea – – – 12 516 – – – – – –
Côte d’Ivoire – – 5 639 2 866 – – – – – –
Kenya 141 8 005 8 284 1 184 630 13 298 – 358 – 55 739
Lesotho 281 – 143 236 58 744 3 661 345 3 330 1 578
Madagascar – – – – – – – – – 600
Malawi – – – – – – – – 14 530 –
Mali – – 13 377 – – – – – – –
Mauritania – – – – – – – – – 64
Mozambique 59 – 3 300 15 399 185 240 375 57 230 –
Namibia – – – – 768 64 – 9 538 – 5 264
Niger – – – – – – – – 7 600 –
Nigeria – 20 790 – 1 647 – 33 129 11 183 126 021 51 029 12 526
Rwanda – 6 095 – – 873 873 40 094 40 547 4 694 2 435
Senegal – – – – – 2 666 20 673 – 32 690 84 579
Somalia – – – – – – – 793 – 4 577
Sudan – – – – – – – 2 065 64 025 –
Swaziland 254 21 654 – 237 – – – – 2 070 12 461
Tanzania – – – – 416 1 408 – 6 296 11 246 9 394
Uganda – – 16 202 – 5 480 4 719 10 878 3 150 2 150 169 015
Zambia – – 24 089 60 335 – 6 435 36 350 11 036 18 920 32 141
Sources: National Conventional Arms Control Committee annual reports or the years 2002–2009, available at the SIPRI website
<http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/transers/transparency/national_reports>.
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south arican arms supplies to sub-sahara n arica 5
y . A S A-
Gv fi, 2000–2009 34.5
($5 ) y q x. O ,
1.7 ($241 ) 4.9 y x
-S A . T 2 v S
A x -S A .
South African arms production
B , S A y
1980 y v 80 000 .5 Mj
S A y v y’ -
, S A D Iy A,
13 646 y S A y 2007.6
Nv, S A y y
y v y A. I
y q, -
(SALW) y; ; -,
- -- ; v (UAV);
q;
v .7 A S A x-
v f v
v
.8
T S A y y
y. I y q-
, v
.9 F x,
S A y D S y SAAB -
A-109LUH S A I
y AW vy N .10 F-
, S A y y -
y. F x, S A v
G S .11 S A
vv y -
. F x, D vv ,
v U- Av US- L
.12
5 Batchelor, P. and Willett, S., SIPRI, Disarmament and Deence Industrial Adjustment in South
Arica (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 1998), pp. 128–30; and Heitman, H. R., ‘Building up
strength’, Jane’s Deence Weekly, 5 Dec. 2007, pp. 22–296 This is the most recent year or which a figure is available. Heitman (note 5); and South Arican
Aerospace, Maritime and Deence Industries Association (AMD), South Arican Deence Industry
Directory 2009–10, 11th edn (AMD: Centurion, 2009).7 South Arican Aerospace, Maritime and Deence Industries Association (note 5).8 SIPRI Arms Transers Database, <http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransers/>.9 Heitman (note 5)10 Jackson, P. (ed.), Jane’s All the World Aircrat 2010–2011 (Jane’s Inormation Group: Bracknell,
2010), p. 286; and Mueller, H., ‘Back in business!’, AirForces Monthly, Dec. 2010, p. 95.11 Campbell, K., ‘Black-owned deence firm wins its first order’, Engineering News, 6 Apr. 2007.
12 Cowan, G., ‘Antonov and Denel join orces in push or Arican MRO market’, IHS Jane’s,Farnborough International Airshow, Show news, 21 July 2010, <http://www.janes.com/events/
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6 sipri background paper
T S A x
y. I 2005–2007 x
y y 40–50 v
S A y.13 T y y
x ‘ f
- -NATO ’, v
‘- v A’
S A f
, v ( x 1).14 D
f, 2007–2009
v S A y v x
A 9 .15 T
y USA,
.16 D, - y
S A, 2009 y 50 ($6.7 -
) x v 1.23 ($165.8 )
-S A.17
Exports of surplus arms
T ,
S A 20 y -
x -
.18 T 1 j v x
exhibitions/arnborough2010/sections/daily/day3/antonov-and-denel-join-o.shtml>.13 South Arican Aerospace, Maritime and Deence Industries Association (note 6).14 South Arican Aerospace, Maritime and Deence Industries Association (AMD), ‘The industry
association o the South Arican deence-related industry (SADRI)’, Marketing brochure, [n.d.],
<http://www.amd.org.za/docs/amd-marketing-brochure-web.pd>; Campbell, K., ‘SA military-
vehicle servicing firm seeking out Arican niche’, Engineering News, 15 June 2007; and Krat, J.,
‘Military vehicle specialist gains strong oothold in Arica’,Engineering News, 17 Sep. 2010.15 Data received rom South Arican deence-related industr y, email with author, 21 Oct. 2010. It
is unclear rom the data i sub-Saharan Arica or the whole o Arica is included.16 SIPRI Arms Transers Database (note 8).17 Denel, Annual Report 2010 (Denel: Centurion, [n.d.]), p. 86.
18South Arican National Assembly, Deence Portolio Committee, ‘Excessive stock managementwithin the Department o Deence’, Restricted document, 26 Aug. 2003, ava ilable on the website o the
Box 1. The South Arican arms air
One particular way in which South Arica is involved in the flow o arms to Arica is the Arica Aerospace and Deence (AAD) air
that is organized every second year by the South Arican arms industry in cooperation with the government.a Although AAD is
small in comparison with similar airs in Europe and the Middle East, it is by ar the largest event o its kind in Arica.
At the air—the latest one took place in 2010—arms producing companies rom all over the world are given the opportunityto market a wide variety o arms to prospective buyers. Most South Arican arms producers present at the air try to interest
visitors, predominantly rom Arica, in their products. During the most recent AAD one South Arican company tried to show
its dedication to the Arican market by unveiling a new armoured vehicle with the name ‘Mbombe’, a mythical western Arican
warrior. Many oreign companies tried to interest the South Arican military, which is by ar the largest client or arms in sub-
Saharan Arica, in their products, but many o the weapons on display were more likely to attract the interest o other Arican
countries.
a See the website o the air at <http://www.aadexpo.co.za/l inks.ht m>. Other inormation is based on observations by the author during a visit
to AAD2010.
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south arican arms supplies to sub-sahara n arica 7
SANDF 2000–2009. I ,
v v A
SANDF . I ,
SANDF q y
A : 1999, 120 E/AML v
SANDF y B,
v xy 82 C 2007–2008.19
SALW y fl v A. I -
fi Fy 1999 S A Gv
y - -
12.7 . T
1997 U N Sy-G ,
, , y
.20 T 262 000
SALW SANDF Jy 2000. 21
Transit of arms through South Africa
T v A -
S A y. F, A 2008
D
v Z ( IV ). S,
Nv 2009 S A
D
y N K
v S A R C (Bv) v
UN x N K.22 Hv, -
v S A,
x , v
. Nv, S A v
j v y
, S A y fi
y .
Parliamentary Monitoring Group, <http://www.pmg.org.za/docs/2003/appendices/030826stock.
htm>. 19 Mampaey, L., Commerce d’armement triangulaire Belgique-France-Tchad : limites et lacunes de
la réglementation belge et européenne [Triangular arms trade between Belgium, France and Chad:
shortcomings and limits o Belgian and European legislat ion], Note d’analyse (Groupe de recherche
et d’inormation sur la paix et la sécurité/GRIP: Brussels, 14 Feb. 2008), <http://www.grip.org/r/
siteweb/dev.asp?N=simple&O=291&titre_page=NA_2008-02-14_FR_L-MAMPAEY>.20 United Nations, General Assembly, Report o the Panel o Governmental Experts on Small
Arms, A/52/298, 27 Aug. 1997.21 South Arican Department o International Relations and Cooperation, ‘Small arms non-
prolieration’, [n.d.], <http://www.da.gov.za/oreign/Multilateral/profiles/arms.htm>.22 South Arican National Assembly, Question 2633, answers to questions rom Mr D. J. Maynier,
[n.d.], Parliamentary Monitoring Group, <http://www.pmg.org.za/node/23057>; and United
Nations, Security Council, Report o the Panel o experts established pursuant to Resolution 1874,annex to S/2010/571, 5 Nov. 2010, p. 25.
Exports are essential for sustaining the
South African arms industry
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8 sipri background paper
III. South African arms export criteria and foreign policy
D , x v
vv v . S A
N C (ANC) 1994, S A
, , v x y y.
T y vv N Cv A C C-
(NCACC), -v
Box 2. Transparency in South Arican arms exports
Transparency is an essential element in acilitating the accountability o arms export policies. This was recognized in South
Arica in the late 1990s when new arms export control regulations were introduced. South Arican law determines that the
National Conventional Arms Control Committee (NCACC), which oversees the implementation o the country’s arms export
policy, must report to the United Nations Register o Conventional Arms (UNROCA).a
Since 1995 South Arica has reportedairly regularly to UNROCA.b Compared to other countries’ submissions to the UNROCA, the South Arican reports have been o
a relatively high standard, in part because o their specificity: they have included details about the actual type a nd designation o
equipment and the intended end-user. However, South Arica has never included background inormation about the import and
export o small arms and light weapons (SALW), as ormally requested by the UN General Assembly since December 2003. c In
2010 South Arica, or the first time, did not submit its report beore October.
In addition to, and separate rom, the UNROCA report, the NCACC is legally obliged to provide a parliamentary committee
with quarterly reports and the Parliament and the public with annual reports on arms exports.d The reports provide inormation
about the financial values o items exported in five general categories, but do not provide details about the actual types o equip-
ment involved and in most cases do not provide details about the intended end-user or end-use. This poses an obstacle or the use
o the inormation or understanding the potential impact o South Arican arms supplies.
Despite the obligation to report, during 2003 and 2006 no report was released. Only in 2007 was a report published about the
years 2003 and 2004.e Reports detailing transers in 2005 and 2006 were presented to the parliament but were blocked rom
public release. In 2009 the law was amended such that, when the new regulations come into orce, there will no longer be an
obligation to make the annual report publicly available.
In August 2009 the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) party criticized the NCACC or not disclosing inormation to the
Parliament and the public as required by law. In response, in a public parliamentary meeting, the NCACC chairman presented
general data about South Arican arm exports in 2008 but reused to provide details on specific deals.g Furthermore, members
o the ruling Arican National Congress stated that the DA was potentially guilty o releasing classified inormation and that
the individuals involved could ace up to 20 years in prison, although no action has taken place. Following the controversy, the
NCACC gave its first briefing to the Parliament since August 2005 and released a public report detailing arms exports rom South
Arica in 2008.h In March 2010 the report detailing arms exports in 2009 was, or the first time since 2002, released on time.i
a National Conventional Arms Control Amendment Act, Act no. 73 o 2008, assented to 14 Apr. 2009, Government Gazette (Pretoria), vol. 526,
no. 32136 (16 Apr. 2009).b United Nations Register o Conventional Arms, ‘Overall participation’, <http://unhq-appspub-01.un.org/UNODA/UN_REGISTER.ns>.c UN General Assembly Resolution 58/54, A/RES/58/54, 8 Jan. 2004. The texts o UN General Assembly resolutions are available at <http://
www.un.org/documents/resga.htm>.d National Conventional Arms Control Amendment Act, Act no. 41 o 2002, assented to 12 Feb. 2003, Government Gazette (Pretoria), vol. 452,
no. 24575 (20 Feb. 2003).e Lamb, G., ‘ISS Today: the transparency and accountability o South Arica’s arms trade’, Institute or Security Studies (ISS), Web news, 6 Aug.
2007, <http://www.iss.co.za/pgcontent.php?UID=5063>. National Conventional Arms Control Amendment Act (note a); and South Arican Conventional Arms Control Directorate, ‘2008 national
conventional arms control commit tee (NCACC) annual report’, May 2009, p. 3.g South Arican Press Association, ‘Radebe silent on questionable arms deals’, Polity.org.za, 2 Sep. 2009, <http://www.polity.org.za/article/
radebe-silent-on-questionable-arms-deals-2009-09-02>.h South Arican National Conventional Arms Control Committee (NCACC), 2008 annual reports, 27 Aug. 2009, available on the SIPRI
website at <http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/transers/transparency/national_reports>. See also Parliamentary Monitoring Group,
‘National Conventional Arms Control Committee (NCACC) Introductory & Annual Report 2008 briefing’, 2 Sep. 2009, <http://www.pmg.org.
za/print/18065>.i Engelbrecht, L., ‘NCACC approves contracts worth R82.5 billion in 2009’, deenceWeb, 8 Apr. 2010, <http://www.deenceweb.co.za/index.
php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7455:1>.
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south arican arms supplies to sub-sahara n arica 11
v S A Gv -
C S A Z. I
y Z Gv
, y -
. T S A v v
, 3 fl ,
3224 , 31 1500 -
. T S A Gv’ -
, ‘W
y
.’36 W v
, S A j
v
y . F
Z ,
2009, y v
x 2
S A Z.37 I Jy 2009 S A Gv
Z
y.38
I 2010 S A Gv Fy
M 2009, 5000 fi q 2.3 -
($316 000) v S A M.39
T q v M
2009 M.40
T S A Gv y y -
x , v
x , S A y -
S A , x Z UN
. T y y
NCACC v S A
y ‘y’ , y
v UN
.41
Spiegel, S. J. and Le Billon, P., ‘China’s weapons trade: rom ships o shame to the ethics o global
resistance’, International Afairs, vol. 85, no. 2 (Mar. 2009), pp. 323–46.36 Du Plessis (note 35), p. 24.37 Maynier , D., ‘Arming dictators all over the world: National Conventional Arms Control
Committee in Crisis’, Public statement, 2 Aug. 2009, <http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.
htm?action=view-news-item&id=7065>.38 Kgosana, C., ‘Arms deal to Zim put on hold’, IOL, 15 Oct. 2009, <http://www.iol.co.za/news/
arica/arms-deal-to-zim-put-on-hold-1.461586?ot=inmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot#>, p. 7.39 South Arican National Assembly, Question 1515, May 2010, <http://www.pmg.org.za/
node/22034>.40 Maynier, M., ‘DA: Statement by David Maynier, Democratic Alliance shadow minister o
deence and military veterans, on the National Conventional Arms Control Committee,’ 9 Apr. 2010,
<http://www.polity.org.za/article/da-statement-by-david-maynier-democratic-alliance-shadow-
minister-o-deence-and-military-veterans-on-the-national-conventional-arms-control-comm-
ittee-09042010-2010-04-09>.
41 Naidoo, P., ‘Arms or rogues’, BusinessDay, 21 Aug. 2009, <http://www.businessday.co.za/ Articles/Content.aspx?id=99579>.
Weapons and military equipment can fuel
armed conflicts as well as contribute to
stability, for example when they are
supplied to peacekeeping forces
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south arican arms supplies to sub-sahara n arica 13
ABBREVIATIONS
AFSV fi v
AMISOM A U M S
ANC A N C
APC
AU A U
FGA fi/
IFV y fi v
ISV y v
LRA L’ R Ay
NATO N A Ty O
NCACC N Cv A C C
SALW
SANDF S A N D F
TIV - v
UAV v
UN U N
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14 sipri background paper
THE SIPRI ARMS TRANSFERS DATABASE
The data included in this act sheet is taken rom the SIPRI Arms Transers Database.
The database contains inormation on all transers o major conventional weapons rom
1950 to 2009.
SIPRI data on transers o major weapons are based on actual deliveries o major
conventional weapons defined by SIPRI as: aircrat, armoured vehicles, ships over
100 tonnes, guided weapons, larger radars and other sensors, artillery over 100-mm
calibre, missile and gun air-deence systems, and engines and turrets or selected larger
platorms.
The inormation in the database is collected rom a wide variety o sources: news-
papers and other periodicals; annual reerence books; monographs; ocial national
and international documents; inormation rom industry; and blogs and other Internet
publications. The common criterion or all these sources is that they are open, that is,
published and available to the public.
The SIPRI Arms Transers Database is available online at <http://www.sipri.org/
databases/armstransers/>.
RECENT SIPRI PUBLICATIONS ON ARMS TRANSFERS
International transfers of combat aircraft, 2005–2009
By S T. W
SIPRI F S
SIPRI, Nv 2010
Arms flows and the conflict in Somalia
By P D. W
SIPRI B P
SIPRI, O 2010
Arms transfers to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: assessing the system of
arms transfer notifications, 2008–10
By M By P H
SIPRI B P
SIPRI, O 2010
The limitations of European Union reports on arms exports:
the case of Central Asia
By P H M By
SIPRI I P Sy . 2010/5
SIPRI, S 2010
End-user certificates: improving standards to prevent diversion
By Mark Bromley and Hugh Griths
SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security no. 2010/3
SIPRI, March 2010
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south arican arms supplies to sub-sahara n arica 15
OTHER RECENT SIPRI PUBLICATIONS
Chronology of armaments, disarmament and international security 2010
By N B
SIPRI F S
SIPRI, Jy 2011
Military spending and arms procurement in the Gulf states
By C S P D. W
SIPRI F S
SIPRI, O 2010
Governing the Bomb: Civilian Control and Democratic Accountability
of Nuclear Weapons
E y H B, B G H Hä
SIPRI/DCAF, O 2010
SIPRI Yearbook 2010: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
SIPRI/Ox, J 2010
New Foreign Policy Actors in China
SIPRI Py P . 26
By L J D Kx
SIPRI, S 2010
Controlling conflict resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
By R K
SIPRI Py B
SIPRI, Jy 2010
China and Nuclear Arms Control: Current Positions and Future Policies
SIPRI I P Sy . 2010/4
By B G
SIPRI, A 2010
China Prepares for an Ice-free Arctic
SIPRI I P Sy . 2010/2
By L J
SIPRI, M 2010
Demilitarizing mining areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo:
the case of northern Katanga Province
SIPRI I P Sy . 2010/1
By R K
SIPRI, Jy 2010
I SIPRI v <://../>.
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Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.sipri.org
SIPRI is an independent
international institute
dedicated to research intoconflict, armaments, arms
control and disarmament.
Established in 1966, SIPRI
provides data, analysis and
recommendations, based on
open sources, to policymakers,
researchers, media and the
interested public.
GOVERNING BOARD
Göran Lennmarker, Chairman
(Sweden)
Dr Dewi Fortuna Anwar
(Indonesia)
Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia)
Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi
(Algeria)
Jayantha Dhanapala
(Sri Lanka)
Ambassador Wolgang
Ischinger (Germany)
Proessor Mary Kaldor
(United Kingdom)The Director
DIRECTOR
Dr Bates Gill (United States)
CONTENTS
I. Introduction 1
II. South Arican arms exports to sub-Saharan Arica 1
The volume o exports o major conventional arms 1The financial value o exports o arms 2
South Arican arms production 4
Exports o surplus arms 6
Transit o arms through South Arica 7
III. South Arican arms export criteria and oreign policy 7
IV. The use o South Arican arms in sub-Saharan Arica 9
Arms and conflict 10
Arms and peacekeeping 11
V. Conclusions 12
Abbreviations 13
The SIPRI Arms Transers Database 14
Recent SIPRI publications on arms transers 15Other recent SIPRI publications 15
Box 1. The South Arican arms air 6
Box 2. Transparency in South Arican arms exports 8
Table 1. Transers o major conventional weapons by South Arica to 2
sub-Saharan Arica, 2000 to 2009
Table 2. The financial value o South Arican arms exports according to 4
the South Arican Government, 2000–2009
© SIPRI 2011
sipri background paper
SOUTH AFRICAN ARMSSUPPLIES TO SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICApieter d. wezeman
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Pieter D. Wezeman (Netherlands) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI Arms
Transers Programme. He rejoined SIPRI in 2006, having previously worked at the
institute rom 1994 to 2003. From 2003 to 2006 he was a Senior Analyst or the Dutch
Ministry o Deence in the field o prolieration o conventional and nuclear weapon
technology.