South Ossetia: Internal Conflict or Russian Imperialism?

8/3/2019 South Ossetia: Internal Conflict or Russian Imperialism?

1/13

Hj}o~j`l Igjclhi} g~

^uyyh`j Hevo~h`lhye7

]geex [* [hlygj

E[C 00496 0>4>?

='9'>668


2/13

]bo A~oelhj moyhkjom }bhy {`~* ]bhy y}`}oeoj} c~ge Kog~kh`j v~oyhmoj} Ehabohl Y`à`ybshllh hj bhy lo}}o~ }g }bo

[`ll Y}~oo} Dgu~j`l {gulm yooe }g oji`vyul`}o Kog~kh`j yoj}heoj} }g{`~my ehlh}`~x ì}hgj nx }bo ûyyh`j

Como~`}hgj hj }bo yov`~`}hy} `~o`y gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm @nab`th`* Bg{oso~, }bhy igjclhi} hy ng~jo gc eu}u`l mhy}~uy}

`jm igjclhi}hjk il`hey ~o ibhjk euib cu~}bo~ nìa hj }heo }b`j }bo oy}`nlhybeoj} gc }bo A~oelhj* H} hy }bo cgiuy gc

}bhy v`vo~ }g n~hoclx orèhjo }bo bhy}g~hi`l igj}or} gc }bhy igjclhi}, hjsoy}hk`}o }bo ì}hgjy gc }bo Ygsho} _jhgj `jm

}bo uyyh`j Como~`}hgj, y h}y yuiioyyg~ y}`}o, jm }bo gu}lgga cg~ ~oyglu}hgj gc }bhy igjclhi}*

YOI]HGJ 04 @ BHY]G^HI @JM O]BJHI LGGA @] KOG^KH@*

@y eoj}hgjom `ngso, }bo igjclhi} iu~~oj}lx vl`xhjk gu} hj Kog~kh` hy ehllojjh` hj }bo eàhjk* Gjo gc }bo e`dg~

vghj}y gc igj}oj}hgj hy }bo m`}o gc `~~hs`l cg~ ng}b }bo Gyyo}h`j `jm @nab`t vogvlo* O}bjhi Kog~kh`jy il`he }boh~

`jioy}g~y yo}}lom }bhy `~o` lgjk nocg~o }bo Gyyo}h`jy g~ @nab`t* [bhlo }bhy {gulm yooe }~hsh`l }g `j @eo~hi`j

orèhjhjk }bo hyyuo, h} bglmy k~o`} hevg~}`jio {boj sho{om hj }bo igj}or} gc {b`} {`y oyyoj}h`llx j o}bjhi {`~*

Bhy}g~x lhy}y }b`} }bo @nab`t vogvlo ì}u`llx yo}}lom }bo `~o` hj v~obhy}g~hi }heoy `jm b`m ` jueno~ gc

kgso~jeoj}y hjilumhjk ` coum`l v~hjihv`lh}x gc }bo ujhchom

Kog~kh`j y}`}o*

]bo Gyyo}h`jy il`he moyioj} c~ge ` jge`mhi }~hno

ajg{j `y }bo @l`jy {bgyo yo}}loeoj} hj }bo `~o` m`}oy

}g }bo l`}o NI `jm o`~lx @M o~`* Hj igj}~`y}, }bo

Kog~kh`jy il`he }b`} }boyo }{g k~guvy ièo euib l`}o~,

}bgukb ` m`}o b`y joso~ nooj y}`}om* [bhlo }bo Gyyo}h`j

vogvlo il`he yo}}loeoj} so~x o`~lx, }bo~o hy jg ~oig~mom

bhy}g~x gc }bo oy}`nlhybeoj} gc ` ygso~ohkj y}`}o g~

kgso~jeoj}`l y}~ui}u~o uj}hl so~x ~oioj}lx*

Hc }bo }bog~x }b`} }bo Kog~kh`j vogvlo yo}}lom }bhy `~o`

nocg~o }bo @nab`th` g~ Gyyo}h`jy {o~o }g no v~gsojig~~oi}, }bhy {gulm yo~hguylx mhyiguj} oh}bo~ yov`~`}hy}

k~guvy il`he }g ygso~ohkj}x gso~ }boh~ ~oyvoi}hso

}o~~h}g~hoy*

[boj lggahjk `} }bo e`v `ngso "Chku~o 0(, gjo i`j yoo

}b`}, cg~ }bo egy} v`~}, }bo o}bjhi k~guvy gc Kog~kh` `~o ilo`~lx mochjom* Hc }bhy e`v {o~o }g no or}ojmom ì~gyy

}bo jg~}b%ioj}~`l v`~} gc Kog~kh` hj}g }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj, h} {gulm ybg{ }b`} }bo `~o` gc Gyyo}h`j vogvloy hj

Ygu}b Gyyo}h` b`so `j `legy} eh~~g~om k~guv gj }bo jg~}b yhmo gc }bo Iùi`yuy Eguj}`hjy* ]bo~o `~o }b~oo

co`}u~oy gc }bhy e`v {bhib bolv }g cuol }bo igjclhi}* Ch~y}, `} }bo c`~ {oy}o~j }hv gc }bo @nab`t `~o`, }bo~o hy `

vgiao} gc o}bjhi ûyyh`jy* Yoigjm, hj }bo o`y}o~j `~o` gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` il`heom }o~~h}g~x hy `j `~o` gc o}bjhi

Kog~kh`jy* Chj`llx, }bo~o hy ` k~guv gc Gyyo}h`j vogvlo hj }bo ioj}~`l ~okhgj gc }bo Kog~kh`j }o~~h}g~x*

]bo ~o`ygjhjk {bx }{g gc }boyo }b~oo `~o`y `~o hj igjclhi} hy ilo`~* Hj }bo igj}or} gc {b`} {`y `j o}bjhi {`~, `j

ojil`so gc }bo gvvgyhjk o}bjhi k~guv yu~o }g no ` }~gunlo yvg}* Bg{oso~, }boyo }{g `~o`y v`lo hj igev`~hygj }g

}bo vgiao} gc ûyyh`jy `} }bo omko gc @nab`th`* H} hy }bo ûyyh`j hjcluojio `jm ih}htoj~x gc }bhy iguj}~x {bhib b`y

}u~jom {b`} {gulm jg~e`llx no j hj}o~j`l igjclhi} hj}g j hj}o~j`}hgj`l hjihmoj}*

Chku~o 04 Mochjom o}bjhi k~guvy hjyhmo gc Kog~kh`*

E`v c~ge y}~`}cg~*ige


3/13

Eo}~gvglh}`j Y}`}o4@ y}`}o c~ge {bhib `

}o~~h}g~x cg~eo~lx hjig~vg~`}om {h}bhj h}y

`mehjhy}~`}hso ng~mo~y b`y yov`~`}om `jm

c~ge {bhib }bhy }o~~h}g~x yooay hjmovojmojio*

Ygu~io4 Igjihlh`}hgj oygu~ioy

YOI]HGJ >4 YGSHO] KOG^KH@ @JM ]BO C@LL GC ]BO YGSHO] _JHGJ*

]bo oj}h~o}x gc }bo eo}~gvglh}`j y}`}o gc Kog~kh` {`y gjio ajg{j

`y }bo Kog~kh`j YY * ]bhy y}`}o {`y hjig~vg~`}om hj}g }bo Ygsho}_jhgj {boj }bo Eojybosha kgso~jeoj} {`y moco`}om nx }bo ôm

@~ex hj 08>0* _vgj }bo g~mo~y gc Dgyoc Y}`lhj, ` j }hso Kog~kh`j,

}bo `~o` gc @nab`th` {`y ib`jkom hj}g `j @u}gjgeguy YY^ {bhib

{`y kgso~jom sh` }~o`}x c~ge ]nhlhyh, }bo i`vh}`l gc Kog~kh`* Gc

igu~yo, }bhy moyhkj`}hgj {`y yuvo~cluguy noiùyo `ll igj}~gl {h}bhj }bo Ygsho} _jhgj {`y bolm nx }bo vglh}nu~g hj

Egyig{* ]bo `~o` gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` {`y moil ~om `j ù}gjgeguy gnl`y}, g~ v~gshjio {h}bhj }bo Kog~kh`j YY^*

]bo hmo` gc }bo ù}gjgeguy gnl`y} {`y e`hjlx }h}ul`~ muo }g }bo cì} }b`} jg ù}gjgeguy kgso~jeoj} {`y oso~

oy}`nlhybom, nu} h} mhm ch~elx vl`j} }bo hmo` gc hjmovojmojio c~ge Kog~kh` hj }bo ehjmy gc ng}b Gyyo}h`jy `jm

@nab`t*

]bhy `~~`jkoeoj} bolm uj}hl }bo l`y} m`xy gc }bo Ygsho} _jhgj* ]bo ch~y} ì}y gc }bo hjmovojmojio egsoeoj} ièo

gj @v~hl 8, 0828 {boj ` l`~ko hjmovojmojio ~`llx {`y bolm hj ]nhlhyh* ]bo ~`llx {`y puhialx i~uybom nx Ygsho} }~ggvy,

nu} }bhy mhm jg} pu`yb i`lly cg~ hjmovojmojio* [bhlo }bo~o {o~o gjkghjk yah~ehyboy no}{ooj Ygsho} Kog~kh`j

}~ggvy `jm }bo @nab`t `jm Gyyo}h`jy, gu}~hkb} ~osgl} mhm jg} nokhj uj}hl `c}o~ }bo hjmovojmojio gc Kog~kh` gj @v~hl

8, 0880, }{g xo`~y }g }bo m`x `c}o~ }bo nokhjjhjk gc }bo hjmovojmojio egsoeoj}* Bg{oso~, hj }bo cloo}hjk m`xy gc

Ygsho} Kog~kh`, }{g hevg~}`j} osoj}y giiu~~om* Ch~y}, gj Moioeno~ 8, 0886, ujù}bg~htom ~okhgj`l oloi}hgjy {o~o

bolm hj Ygu}b Gyyo}h`, i~o`}hjk ` yov`~`}hy} kgso~jeoj} {bhib `legy} heeomh`}olx moil`~om }bo Ygu}b Gyyo}h`j

ôvunlhi, ` mo cì}g y}`}o hjyhmo gc Kog~kh`* ]{g m`xy l`}o~, hj gjo gc h}y l`y} ì}y, }bo Yuv~oeo Igujihl gc Kog~kh`

`nglhybom }bo u}gjgeguy gnl`y} gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm ybgg}hjk {`~ nok`j*

@} }bo gjyo} gc hjmovojmojio, }bo Kog~kh`j kgso~jeoj} mhm eào `j `}}oev} }g puoll }bo hjyu~~oi}hgj hj @nab`th`

nx oy}`nlhybhjk ` vg{o~ yb`~hjk `k~ooeoj} hj Yov}oeno~ 0880* ]bhy `k~ooeoj} i~o`}om ` ~okhgj`l v`~lhèoj} }b`}

i`j gjlx eào v~hjihv`l moihyhgjy hc }bo Kog~kh`j `jm @nab`t k~guvy gc movu}hoy igeo }g `j `k~ooeoj}* "IHVMM(

Mu~hjk }bhy }heo, Kog~kh` h}yolc coll hj}g igjclhi}* Gj D`ju`~x 3, 088>, }bo ch~y} c~oolx oloi}om V~oyhmoj} gc Kog~kh`,

Tsh`m Kèyàbu~mh`, {`y guy}om c~ge vg{o~ hj }bo ^gyo ôsglu}hgj* ]bhy yv`~aom ` ihshl {`~ {bhib ~`kom uj}hl

@ukuy} {boj cg~eo~ Ygsho} Cg~ohkj Ehjhy}o~ Omu`~m Ybos ~mj`mto {`y oloi}om bo`m gc y}`}o* [bhlo g~mo~ {`y

~oy}g~om hj ]nhlhyh, igjclhi} igj}hjuom hj }bo {oy}o~j v`~}y gc Kog~kh` uj}hl Jgsoeno~ 0889 {boj }bo l`y} gc

Kèyàbu~mh y yuvvg~}o~y {o~o moco`}om* Kèyàbu~mh` bheyolc {`y cgujm mo`m, muo }g oh}bo~ yuhihmo g~

eu~mo~ movojmhjk gj }bo ygu~io, hj Moioeno~ 0889*

[bhlo ihshl {`~ {`y kghjk gj hj }bo {oy}, ` jo{ c~gj} gvojom* @y gjo gc bhy ch~y} ì}y, Ybos ~mj`mto g~mo~om

Kog~kh`j }~ggvy hj}g @nab`th` hj @ukuy} 088>, gy}ojyhnlx }g v~g}oi} }bo ~`hl `jm bhkb{`xy gc }bo `~o`* ]bhy

yv`~aom chkb}hjk {h}b }bo @nab t yov`~`}hy} cg~ioy* ]bhy igjclhi} igj}hjuom uj}hl Yov}oeno~ 0889 {boj }boKog~kh`j }~ggvy {o~o moco`}om*

@} }bo yèo }heo }b`} }bo Kog~kh`j ehlh}`~x {`y moco`}om, ` v~gk~è gc o}bjhi ~oyo}}loeoj} nok`j hj @nab`th`*

@iig~mhjk }g }bo l`y} v~o%{`~ iojyuy "0828( }bo~o {o~o ?>?,666 vogvlo lhshjk hj }bo `~o`* Gc }boyo, gjlx 0;*?/

{o~o @nab`t* ]bo hmo` gc }bo @nab`th` vogvlo nohjk ` ehjg~h}x hj }boh~ g{j bgeol`jm {`y ujc`}bge`nlo* @y Mgs

Lxjib, {~h}hjk cg~ Hj}o~j`}hgj`l @cc`h~y hj >66>, y}`}om4 Gjo gc }bo cg~ioy m ~hshjk }bo @nab`t {`y ` co`~ gc }bo

or}hji}hgj gc @nab`t iul}u~o, `jm osoj}u`llx }bo @nab`t vogvlo* ]buy }bo ih}htojybhv gc }bo yolc%moil`~om @nab`t


4/13

y}`}o i`jjg} no `llg{om }g hjilumo }bo mhyvlìom Kog~kh`j vgvul`}hgj, `y }bhy {gulm lo`so }bo @nab`t gjio `k`hj

`y ye`ll ehjg~h}x hj }boh~ g{j ~okhgj* "292(*

Ygu}b Gyyo}h` puhialx cgllg{om yuh}* @iig~mhjk }g }bo 0828 iojyuy, }bo vgvul`}hgj gc Gyyo}h`jy hj Ygu}b Gyyo}h`

{`y 3?,666* ]bo e`dg~h}x gc o}bjhi Gyyo}h`jy {o~o ì}u`llx lhshjk hj }o~~h}g~h`l Kog~kh` "82,666(* ]bhy yèo iojyuy

ybg{y }b`} }bo vgvul`}hgj gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` gso~`ll {`y `vv~grhe`}olx 88,;66, gc {bhib >3,666 {o~o o}bjhi

Kog~kh`j* "HIK, ?(

Hj }boyo o}bjhi ~oyo}}loeoj}y, }bguy`jmy gc o}bjhi Kog~kh`jy {o~o oh}bo~ mhyvlìom g~ ahllom* ]bo ~oe`hjhjk

Kog~kh`jy `~o ~ov~oyoj}om hj chku~o 0* ]g v~osoj} }bo ~o}u~j gc }boyo ~ocukooy, e`jx gc }bo yu~vluy bgeoy loc} nx

}boyo vogvlo {o~o ~omuiom }g ihjmo~y* Gjo e`x `ya, hc }boyo o}bjhi k~guvy {o~o yg gu}jueno~om, bg{ {`y }bhy

ìigevlhybom7 Ygeo yibgl`~y `jm vglh}hi`l yihoj}hy}y gcco~ igjdoi}u~o gj }bhy, nu} egy} {hll osoj}u`llx vlìo nlèo

mh~oi}lx gj }bo uyyh`j Como~`}hgj*

C~ge }bo nokhjjhjk gc }bhy igjclhi}, }bo~o b`m nooj ~ueg~y gc ûyyh`j hjsglsoeoj}* ]boyo ~ueg~y {o~o v~gsoj

}~uo nx }{g osoj}y no}{ooj 088> `jm 088=* Ch~y}, ` io`yo%ch~o hj Ygu}b Gyyo}h` {`y oy}`nlhybom gj Dujo >=, 088>

{bhib {`y }g no egjh}g~om nx ` }~h%l`}o~`l voìoaoovhjk cg~io igevgyom gc ûyyh`j, Gyyo}h`j, `jm Kog~kh`j

}~ggvy* Cg~ }bo ch~y} }heo yhjio hjmovojmojio, ûyyh`j }~ggvy {o~o gcchih`llx giiuvxhjk Kog~kh`j }o~~h}g~x* Yoigjm,`jg}bo~ io`yo%ch~o {`y n~gao~om hj @nab`th * ]bhy io`yo%ch~o i`llom cg~ ` cg~io igevgyom gc IHY }~ggvy "`ll ûyyh`j(

{h}b _J e`jm`}o }g e`hj}`hj }bo voìo*

YOI]HGJ 94 ^_YYH@ ]^_LX OJ]O^Y ]BO C^@X*

Gjo gc }bo ch~y} yhkjy }b`} ûyyh` {`y vl`xhjk ng}b yhmoy gc }bhy igjclhi} ièo nocg~o }bo @nab`th` io`yo%ch~o* Hj }bhy

hjcèguy osoj}, ` Y_%>; ngeno~, v`~} gc ` ~`hm gj Yuabueh, {`y mg{jom nx Kog~kh`j cg~ioy gj E`~ib 08, 0889*

[boj }bo vl`jo {`y hjyvoi}om nx _J egjh}g~y, h} {`y cgujm }g b`so }bo lhso~x gc }bo ûyyh`j @h~ Cg~io `jm {`y, hj

cì}, vhlg}om nx uyyh`j E`dg~*

]bhy {`y gjlx }bo nokhjjhjk gc ûyyh`j ì}hgjy, ng}b gvoj `jm il`jmoy}hjo, `k`hjy} Kog~kh`* Hj }bo ehm%0886y, }boûyyh`j Como~`}hgj nok`j puho}lx mhy}~hnu}hjk ûyyh`j v`yyvg~}y }g Ygu}b Gyyo}h`jy `jm }boj or}ojmom }bo yèo

v~gk~è }g @nab`th` hj >669* "Iu}}y, >88( ]bo occoi} gc }bhy hy }g e`juc i}u~o ûyyh`j ih}htojy hj }bo `~o`y* ]boyo

jo{lx ehj}om ih}htojy `~o oj}h}lom }g }bo yèo ~hkb}y `jm ~oyvgjyhnhlh}hoy gc }bgyo lhshjk {h}bhj }bo ûyyh`j

Como~`}hgj* Hj oh}bo~ ~oyvgjyo g~ yuvvg~} gc }bhy ì}hgj, lokhyl`}hgj {`y v`yyom }b~gukb }bo kgso~jeoj}y gc ng}b

@nab`th` `jm Ygu}b Gyyo}h` }g `llg{ cg~ mu`l ûyyh`j `jm mgeoy}hi ih }htojybhv* Hj `jg}bo~ `cc~gj} }g Kog~kh`jy

lhshjk hj }boyo `~o`y, jg yuib `llg{`jioy {o~o e`mo cg~ mu l Kog~kh`j ih}htojybhv* Yhjio }bo l`{y gc Kog~kh` `~o

jg} ~oigkjhtom hjyhmo }boyo }o~~h}g~hoy, `jm ih}htojybhv hy gjlx gcco~om }g o}bjhi @nab`t `jm Gyyo}h`jy, }boyo

vogvloy ~o occoi}hsolx loc} {h}bgu} iguj}~x*

Gjio }boyo l`{y {o~o hj occoi} `jm }bo io`yo%ch~oy "hjilumhjk l`}o~ uvm`}oy( ib`jkom }boyo ybgg}hjk {`~y hj}g

l`~kolx c~gtoj igjclhi}y, @nab`th` jm Ygu}b Gyyo}h` {o~o v~heom cg~ `yyhehl`}hgj hj}g uyyh`*

YOI]HGJ =4 ]BO E@ÎB ]G [@^

[h}b }bo Gyyo}h`j `jm @nab`t `~o`y ~ol`}hsolx puho}, Kog~kh` }u~jom }g oy}`nlhybhjk i~omhnhlh}x cg~ h}yolc `y `

eoeno~ gc }bo hj}o~j`}hgj`l igeeujh}x* ]bo ch~y} y}ov hj }bhy {`y }g gvoj ` mh`lgk {h}b [oy}o~j Ou~gvo* ]boyo

}`lay }b~gukbgu} }bo 0886y iulehj`}om {h}b }bo `meh}}`jio gc Kog~kh` hj}g }bo Igujihl gc Ou~gvo hj @v~hl 0888*

]bo Igujihl gc Ou~gvo hy igevgyom gc =; Ou~gvo`j eoeno~ y}`}oy {h}b g}bo~ j`}hgjy yuib `y }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy `y


5/13

gnyo~so~y* @iig~mhjk }g }boh~ g{j {onyh}o, }bo Igujihl gc Ou~gvo yooay }g mosolgv }b~gukbgu} Ou~gvo igeegj

`jm moegi~`}hi v~hjihvloy n`yom gj }bo Ou~gvo`j Igjsoj}hgj gj Bue`j ^hkb}y `jm g}bo~ ~oco~ojio }or}y gj }bo

v~g}oi}hgj gc hjmhshmu`ly* [bhlo }bo oj}~x gc Kog~kh` io~}`hjlx k`so }bo j`}hgj i~omhnhlh}x, h} `lyg `jko~om }boh~

cg~eo~ e`y}o~, }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj, {bg b`m oj}o~om }bo g~k`jht`}hgj = xo`~y nocg~o, il`hehjk }b`} }boh~

eoeno~ybhv ~ov~oyoj}om }bo oj}h~o}x gc }bo Igeegj{o`l}b gc Hjmovojmoj} Y}`}oy "IHY( ` igjcomo~ìx gc }bo

ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj `jm cg~eo~ Ygsho} y`}ollh}oy egmolom `c}o~ }bo N~h}hyb Igeegj{o`l}b oy}`nlhybom `c}o~ }boigll`vyo gc }bo Ygsho} _jhgj* ]bo aox mhcco~ojio no}{ooj }boyo }{g oj}h}hoy {`y }b`} Egyig{ y}hll yooeom }g

nolhoso h}yolc hj igj}~gl gc h}y cg~eo~ y`}ollh}oy* ]bhy {`y y}`}om puh}o ilo`~lx nx }bo ûyyh`j Como~ }hgj {boj }box

il`heom }bo IHY }g no h}y yvbo~o gc igj}~gl* ]bhy il`he b`y nooj ~odoi}om nx egy} gc }bo y`}ollh}oy, }bgukb }bo

ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj b`y cu~}bo~ y}`}om }b`} }box b`so }bo ~hkb} }g mocojm }bhy yvbo~o, ehlh}`~hlx hc joioyy`~x*

]bo jor} }b~oo xo`~y {o~o ~ol`}hsolx puho}, y`so cg~ ygeo yah~ehyboy hjyhmo gc @nab`th` hj {bhib Iboiboj chkb}o~y,

cloohjk }bo {`~ hj }boh~ g{j bgeol`jm, dghjom {h}b ` k~guv gc Kog~kh`j v`~èhlh}`~x }~ggvy* ]bhy n~hoc vo~hgm gc

ehlh}`~x ì}hgj hy puhialx ojmom {h}b }bo moco`} gc }bo Kog~kh`j'Iboiboj }~ggvy `} }bo b`jmy gc @nab`t yglmho~y*

Gjo g}bo~ {g~lm osoj} {bhib {hll oj}o~ hj}g }bhy igjclhi} {`y }bo }o~~g~hy} `}}ìay gc Yov}oeno~ 00, >660 uvgj yh}oy

hj Jo{ Xg~a `jm [`ybhjk}gj* ]bhy iùyom }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy kgso~jeoj} }g moil`~o ` klgn`l {`~ gj }o~~g~ `jm

nokhj }~`hj `jm opuhv v~gk~èy hj e`jx iguj}~hoy* ]bhy v~gk~è nok`j hj Kog~kh` hj @v~hl >66>*

Yggj `c}o~ }bo hjiov}hgj gc }bo }~`hj `jm opuhv v~gk~è hj Kog~kh`, }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj {`y puhia }g ~oyvgjm*

[bhlo }bo @eo~hi`jy {o~o iguj}hjk gj }bo Kog~kh`jy `y `llhoy `k`hjy} }o~~g~, }boj V~oyhmoj} Sl`mheh~ Vu}hj

moil`~om }b`} Kog~kh` {`y b`~ng~hjk }~ggvy yxev`}bo}hi }g Iboibjx` hj }bo V`jahyh Kg~ko, {bhib hy yh}u`}om gj }bo

ng~mo~ no}{ooj Kog~kh` `jm Iboibjx`* Gj Yov}oeno~ 00, >66>, V~oyhmoj} Vu}hj }b~o`}ojom }bo hjs`yhgj gc

Kog~kh` hc }boyo Iboiboj ~onoly {o~o jg} orvollom c~ge Kog~kh`* ]bo cgllg{hjk egj}b, Kog~kh nok`j `j `j}h%

}o~~g~hye gvo~`}hgj, hj v`~}h`l igjyg~} {h}b }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy ehlh}`~x, }g ilo`~ }bo `~o` gc V`jahyh Kg~ko `jm

~oy}g~o h} }g y}`}o igj}~gl* ]bo moil`~om ~o`ygjhjk nobhjm }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy hjsglsoeoj} {`y }bo nolhoc }b`} @l

P`hm` eoeno~y {o~o hj }bo kg~ko* H} hy y}hll ujilo`~ hc }bhy {`y hjmoom }~uo*

Kog~kh` igj}hjuom }g hji~o`yo h}y }hoy {h}b [oy}o~j Ou~gvo }b~gukb h}y Dujo >66= eoeno~ybhv hj }bo Ou~gvo`j

Johkbng~bggm V~gk~è* ]bhy v~gk~è hjilumoy oeo~khjk `jm loyyo~ mosolgvom j`}hgjy {bhib lho noxgjm }bong~mo~y gc }bo Ou~gvo`j _jhgj* @mehyyhgj hj}g }bhy v~gk~è oy}`nlhyboy ilgyo~ oigjgehi }hoy }g }bo O_ `jm hy yooj

nx ygeo y }bo ch~y} y}ov gc eoeno~ybhv hj}g }bo Ou~gvo`j _jhgj*

]bo hji~o`yom hjsglsoeoj} gc }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy `jm [oy}o~j Ou~gvo`j j`}hgjy hj Kog~kh` iùyom }bo kgso~jeoj}

}g nokhj igjyhmo~hjk `vvlhi`}hgj cg~ J@]G eoeno~ybhv* ]bhy, gc igu~yo, clo{ hj }bo cìo gc }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj

{bg `} ch~y} igjyhmo~om }bo IHY }g no ` moegi~`}hi yuiioyyg~ }g }bo [`~y`{ Vì}, `jm }boj l`}o~ `vvlhom cg~

eoeno~ybhv }g J@]G, gjlx }g no vglh}olx moilhjom* Kog~kh` gcchih`llx nok`j jokg}h`}hgjy cg~ oj}~x hj}g J@]G hj

Yov}oeno~ >663*

Mu~hjk }bo hj}o~sojhjk }{g xo`~y, ûyyh` igj}hjuom }g nuhlm ` ygih`l `jm ehlh}`~x v~oyojio hj Kog~kh`* Nx

oy}`nlhybhjk }~o`}hoy {h}b }bo kgso~jeoj}y gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm @nab`th`, ûyyh` nuhl} ` yo~hoy gc n`yoy `jm `lyg

hji~o`yom }~ggv v~oyojio ujmo~ }bo ~uyo gc voìoaoovhjk gvo~`}hgjy*

YOI]HGJ ?4 HJMOVOJMOJIO HY GJO ]BHJK, ÔIGKJH]HGJ HY P_H]O @JG]BO^*

]bo xo`~ >662 nok`j {h}b ` ybgia }g hj}o~j }hgj`l vglh}hiy* Gj Con~u`~x 0;, >662, }bo mo cì}g y}`}o gc Agygsg,

v`~} gc }bo eo}~gvglh}`j y} }o gc Yo~nh`, moil`~om hjmovojmojio* ]bhy ì}hgj ng~o y}~hahjk yhehl ~h}x }g }bo

yh}u`}hgj hj Kog~kh`, igjyhmo~hjk }b`} Yo~nh` {`y `jg}bo~ cg~eo~ Ygsho} y`}ollh}o `y v`~} gc }bo Ygih`lhy} Como~`l


6/13

ôvunlhi gc Xukgyl`sh * ]bo so~x jor} m`x, ; eoeno~y gc }bo _J ~oigkjhtom }bo kgso~jeoj} gc Agygsg `y

lokh}he`}o1 }boyo hjilumo }b~oo Yoiu~h}x Igujihl vo~e`joj} eoeno~y4 C~`jio, K~o`} N~h}`hj, `jm }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy*

Nx }bo ojm gc >662, }bo lhy} gc j`}hgjy {bhib b`m oy}`nlhybom cg~e`l ~ol`}hgjy {h}b Agygsg b`m k~g{j }g ?9 j`}hgjy*

]bo ~o`ygj cg~ }bhy ~oigkjh}hgj hy ilo`~* Agygsg ~ov~oyoj}om `j ojil`so gc vogvloy {bgyo hmoglgkx `lhkjom {h}b

}bo {oy}* Gj }bo g}bo~ b`jm, }bo ~oy} gc Yo~nh` kojo~`llx c sg~om }bo IHY `jm }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj* ]bhy

oy}`nlhybom noìbbo`m gc {oy}o~j moegi~ìx moov hjyhmo }bo IHY*

Gc igu~yo, }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj ~oyvgjmom {h}b soboeoj} v~g}oy}* Iu~~oj}lx, h} hy }bo gjlx eoeno~ gc }bo

_jh}om J`}hgjy Yoiu~h}x Igujihl {bhib b`y ~odoi}om }bo lokh}heìx gc Agygsg* ]bo gjlx g}bo~ jgj%yuvvg~}o~ hy }bo

Vogvloy Moegi~`}hi ovunlhi gc Ibhj`, {bhib b`y ~oe`hjom jou}~`l gj }bo yundoi}*

Euib lhao }bo `~o` mu~hjk }bo Iglm [`~, }bo iùiuyoy `~o yooj `y ygeo{b`} gc ` vglh}hi`l iboiao~ng`~m* [boj

Agygsg {`y ~oigkjhtom `jm oy}`nlhybom }hoy {h}b }bo {oy}, vglh}hi`l `j`lxy}y {o~o {`h}hjk {h}b n`h}om n~o`}b cg~

ûyyh` }g mo}o~ehjo h}y jor} egso*

@c}o~ }bo ~oigkjh}hgj gc Agygsg, }bo ~bo}g~hi hj ~ok`~my }g }bo cu}u~o gc yov`~`}hy} ~okhgjy hj }bo iùiuyoy

hji~o`yom* @c}o~ `legy} }{g moi`moy gc ng~mo~ {`~y, hllokh}he`}o kgso~jeoj}y, o}bjhi il`yboy, `jm vglh}hi`l

{~`jklhjk, }bo hjosh}`nlo giiu~~om* ]bo `~o`y gc @nab`th` `jm Ygu}b Gyyo}h` nok`j vo}h}hgjhjk }bo kgso~jeoj}y gc}bo {g~lm cg~ ~oigkjh}hgj jm lokh}heìx*

Yhjio }bhy i`ll cg~ ~oigkjh}hgj {`y yu~o }g yv`~a ` ~oyvgjyo c~ge ]nhlhyh, }bo mo cì}g kgso~jeoj}y gc ng}b `~o`y

}u~jom }g }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj cg~ bolv* ]bhy v~gev}om }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj }g nokhj egshjk k~gujm, `h~, `jm

j`s`l cg~ioy hj}g }bo `~o`y, `j ì} {bhib shgl`}om jg} gjlx hj}o~j`}hgj`l l`{, nu} `lyg }bo _J e`jm`}o {bhib }bo

ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj b`m yg y}~gjklx vo}h}hgjom cg~ hj }bo _jh}om J`}hgjy*

@y }bo ûyyh`j ehlh}`~x cg~}hchom h}y vgyh}hgjy hjyhmo gc h}y ygso~ohkj }o~~h}g~x, }bo kgso~jeoj} gc Kog~kh` nok`j

v~ov`~hjk h}y ~oyvgjyo* ]bhy ~oyvgjyo {`y }g no }bo }u~jhjk vghj} hj }bo bhy}g~x gc jg} gjlx Kog~kh`, nu} {gulm

~omuio }bo ~ol`}hgjy no}{ooj ûyyh` `jm }bo {oy} }g h}y lg{oy} vghj} yhjio }bo igll`vyo gc }bo Ygsho} _jhgj*

YOI]HGJ 34 ]BO @JY[O^ C^GE ]NLHYH*

@c}o~ ` co{ m`xy gc yah~ehyboy hj Ygu}b Gyyo}h`, }bo Kog~kh j ehlh}`~x i`llom ` ujhl`}o~`l io`yo%ch~o* Kog~kh`j

V~oyhmoj} Ehab`hl Y`à`ybshllh y}`}om }b`} bo {hybom }g mocuyo }bo yh}u`}hgj }b~gukb mh`lgk `jm jokg}h`}hgj*

Bg{oso~, {h}bhj 3 bgu~y, mu~hjk }bo gso~jhkb} bgu~y gc @ukuy} 2, >662, }bo Kog~kh`j ehlh}`~x egnhlhtom hj `j `ll%

gu} gccojyhso `k`hjy} }bo Ygu}b Gyyo}h`j i`vh}`l gc ]yabhjs`lh* Y`à`ybshllh il`heom }b`} }bhy ì}hgj {`y v~gev}om

nx }bo hj}ojyhchi`}hgj gc chkb}hjk `lgjk }bo Gyyo}h`j ng~mo~ `c}o~ }bo moil`~ }hgj gc ` io`yo%ch~o* ]g no orì}, bo

il`heom }b`} o}bjhi Kog~kh`j shll`koy, ng}b hj Gyyo}h` jm Kog~kh`, {o~o nohjk ybollom nx }bo uyyh`j ehlh}`~x*

Bg{oso~, }bhy {`y iguj}o~om nx }bo ûyyh`j kgso~jeoj}* Il`hey {o~o e`mo }b`} }bhy {`~ {`y ì}u`llx y}`~}om nx

]nhlhyh ujmo~ }bo g~mo~y gc }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy* @y y}`}om nx A`~l O* Eoxo~, ]g V~heo Ehjhy}o~ Sl`mheh~ Vu}hj, }bo

}~uo iulv~h}y {o~o egy} v~gn`nlx }bo @eo~hi`jy {bg ojigu~`kom Kog~kh`y ujv~gsgaom `}}ìa gj n~oà`{`x

Ygu}b Gyyo}h`* @y oshmojio, Vu}hj ih}oy }bo ilgyo }hoy no}{ooj Yoj }g~ Dgbj EiI`hj `jm Kog~kh`j V~oyhmoj}

Ehabohl Y`à`ybshllh, hevlxhjk }b`} }bo KGV bgvocul e`x b`so ~oialoyylx c`jjom }bo i~hyhy }g cu~}bo~ bhy g{j

oloi}hgj* "008(

Gc igu~yo, gj }bo g}bo~ yhmo gc }bo igjclhi}, }bo Kog~kh`j ehlh}`~x gcco~om }boh~ g{j ~o`ygjhjk* @k`hj }u~jhjk }g

Eoxo~, Kog~kh`y mocojmo~y ~oso~yo }bhy yopuojio, `cch~ehjk }b`} }bo }~uo iulv~h}y `~o }bukkhyb Ygu}b Gyyo}h`j


7/13

ehlh}h`y, i}hjk hj iglluyhgj {h}b uyyh`, {bgyo eoeno~y v~oihvh}`}om }bo igjclhi} nx ch~hjk gj Kog~kh`j shll`ko~y jm

voìoaoovo~y gj @ukuy} 3 hj shgl`}hgj gc ` 088= ~ehy}hio k~ooeoj}* "008(

]bhy {`y jg} }bo gjlx i`yo gc igjclhi}hjk il`hey e`mo mu~hjk }bhy igjclhi}* Nocg~o }bo gjyo} gc ` ybgg}hjk {`~, }bo~o

{o~o `llok`}hgjy gc o}bjhi ilo`jyhjk nohjk i`~~hom gu} nx }bo Kog~kh`j ehlh}`~x* ]bhy o}bjhi ilo`jyhjk {`y

v~he`~hlx i`yu`l}hoy gc }bo yah~ehyboy {bhib v~oy`kom }bo `yyùl} gc @ukuy} 2* ]g m`}o, }bo~o b`y nooj jg gcchih`l

{g~m gj }boyo ib`~koy c~ge }bo ûyyh`j kgso~jeoj}1 bg{oso~, Ehab`hl Y`à`ybshllh mhm `mm~oyy h} hj `j gv%om

vhoio cg~ }bo Chj`jih`l ]heoy gc Lgjmgj gj @ukuy} >;, >662 * G}bo~ ûyyh`j lhoy b`so nooj monujaom* ]bo egy}

ok~okhguy {`y Egyig{y `nyu~m il`he gj }bo oso gc }bo hjs`yhgj }b`} Kog~kh` {`y igeeh}}hjk kojgihmo hj Ygu}b

Gyyo}h`, {h}b >,666 ihshlh j mo`}by* @ {ooa l`}o~ Egyig{ `meh}}om }b`} gjlx 099 vogvlo b`m mhom* ]boyo {o~o

gso~{bolehjklx ehlh} ~x i`yu`l}hoy `jm ièo `c}o~ }bo ûyyh`j hjs`yhgj* Nu} }bo kojgihmo il`he yo~som h}y kg`l* Hj

` eomh` o~` bujk~x cg~ igj}oj}, }bo nhk lho y}hll {g~ay*

Y`à`ybshllh `lyg }u~jom }boyo ib`~koy nìa gj Egyig{, y}`}hjk, Yhjio ûyyh`y hjs`yhgj, h}y cg~ioy b`so nooj

ilo`jyhjk Kog~kh`j shll`koy hj ng}b ~okhgjy hjilumhjk gu}yhmo }bo igjclhi} tgjo uyhjk `~ygj, ~`vo, `jm

oroiu}hgj*

]u~jhjk nìa }g }bo igjclhi} h}yolc, `y i`j no yooj c~ge }bo e`v ybg{j `y chku~o >, }bo `~o`y gc ng}b @nab`th` `jmYgu}b Gyyo}h` {o~o ì}u`llx hji~o`yom nx }bo

igjclhi}*

Hj }bhy e`v, }bo `~o` ybg{j hj `puè`~hjo hy

hjmhi`}hso gc }bo jo{ `~o`y `jjorom nx }bo

n~oà`{`x ~okhgjy* H} `lyg ybg{y }bo vuyb nx

}bo Kog~kh`j ehlh}`~x hj}g }bo `~o`y `jm }bo

gso~{bolehjk ~oyvgjyo nx }bo ûyyh`j

ehlh}`~x* ]bhy hjilumoy }bo ngenhjk gc }bo

Kog~kh`j i`vh}`l gc ]nhlhyh* ]bo egy} mè khjk

`yvoi} gc }bhy igjclhi} hy }bo ûyyh`j yohtu~o`jm `jjor`}hgj gc }bo vg~} gc Vg}h, ygu}b gc

@nab`th`*

@jg}bo~ co`}u~o gc jg}o hjilumom gj }bhy e`v

hy }bo `~o`y e`~aom hj ~om* ]boyo `~o`y {o~o

v`~} gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm @nab`th` {bhib

{o~o y}hll lgx l }g Kog~kh`* ]boyo `~o`y {o~o

gso~{boleom nx }bo uyyh`j ehlh}`~x jm }bo lgx`lhy}y ~o v~oyueom m~hsoj gu} g~ ahllom*

Gjo chj`l `~o` gc hj}o~oy} ybg{j gj }bhy e`v hy }bo `~o` gc @nab`th`* [bhlo }bo~o {`y ` ehjg~ j`s l ojk`koeoj}

hj }bo Nlìa Yo`, }bo~o hy jg ehlh}`~x ì}hgj }àoj nx Kog~kh gj l`jm* H} hy }bo~ocg~o hjco~~om }b`} }bo ì}hgjy gc }bo

@nab`t `jm ûyyh`j cg~ioy gj }bhy c~gj} hy `j ujv~gsgaom shgl`}hgj gc }bo j`}hgj`l ygso~ohkj}x gc Kog~kh`* ]bhy

`lgjo hy shgl`}hgj gc jueo~guy hj}o~j`}hgj`l l`{y jm }~o`}hoy, hjilumhjk }bo _J ib`~}o~ h}yolc*

Ioyy`}hgj gc bgy}hlh}hoy {`y so~x puhia hj igehjk* Gj @ukuy} 09, >662 ` voìo ìig~m {`y m~`c}om {h}b }bo

`yyhy}`jio gc C~ojib V~oyhmoj} Y`~agtx* ]bhy ybg~} mgiueoj} igj}`hjom l`jku ko {bhib4

0( ôi`llom Kog~kh`j }~ggvy }g }boh~ vgyh}hgjy bolm gj @ukuy} 2, >662* ]bo hyyuo {h}b }bhy yoi}hgj hy}b`} yoso~`l ujh}y gc Kog~kh`j }~ggvy {o~o ì}u`llx {h}bhj Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm @nab`th` `y

Chku~o >4 @ y}~`}okhi e`v gc }bo >662 igjclhi}*

Ygu~io4 I~o`}hgj gc @jm~oh Jìu*


8/13

voìoaoovhjk cg~ioy hj ìig~m`jio {h}b }bo 088= io yo%ch~o* ûyyh` ujhl`}o~`llx moil`~om }boyo

}~ggvy }g no }~`h}g~y `jm {gulm jg} `llg{ }boe hj}g }bo `~o`y*

>( ôi`llom ûyyh`j }~ggvy }g }bo vgyh}hgjy }box bolm nocg~o }bo igjclhi}* ]bo yoi}hgj kgoy gj }g y}`}o,Nocg~o `j hj}o~j`}hgj`l yglu}hgj hy {g~aom gu}, ûyyh`j voìoaoovo~y `~o }g }ào uv `j `mmh}hgj`l

yoiu~h}x ~glo* ]bo hyyuo {h}b }bhy yoi}hgj gc }bo ìig~m hy }b`} ûyyh` b`y hj}o~v~o}om }bhy `y è`jm`}o }g ~uj voìoaoovhjk gvo~`}hgjy `jx{bo~o {h}bhj }bo igjclhi} tgjo, }bhy `lyg hjilumoy

`~o`y hjyhmo gc Kog~kh`j }o~~h}g~x*

9( ]bo chj`l yoi}hgj gc }bhy mgiueoj} i`lly cg~ ]bo y}`~} gc `j hj}o~j`}hgj`l mhyiuyyhgj gso~ }bo cu}u~oy}`}uy gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm @nab`th`* ]bhy v`~`k~`vb {`y ì}u`llx }bo egy} bg}lx mon`}om yoi}hgj

gc }bo ìig~m* ]bo ûyyh`j kgso~jeoj} moe`jmom }b`} }bo y}`}uy gc }boyo }{g ~okhgjy no vu} gj }bo

}`nlo* ûyyh`j Cg~ohkj Ehjhy}o~ Yo~koh L`s~gs y}`}om, H} hy jg} vgyyhnlo }g ~oyglso }boyo hyyuoy gu}yhmo

}bo igj}or} gc }bo y}`}uy gc ng}b Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm @nab`th`*

% ]heoy gc Lgjmgj, @ukuy} 09, >662*[bhlo }bhy ìig~m mhm ojm }bo ehlh}`~x ì}hgjy gj ng}b yhmoy gc }bo igjclhi}, h} mhm khso ûyyh` `j gvojhjk h} b`m nooj

lggahjk cg~* Loyy }b`j }{g {ooay l`}o~, gj @ukuy} >3, >662, ûyyh`j V~oyhmoj} Meh}~x Eomsomos yhkjom ` moi~oo

ujhl`}o~`llx ~oigkjhthjk @nab`th` jm Ygu}b Gyyo}h` y j`}hgjy*

[boj v~oyyom cg~ `j orvl`j`}hgj `y }g {bx ûyyh` ibgyo }bhy }heo }g ~oigkjhto }bo `~o`y, Eomsomos ibgyo }g gcco~

bhy ~oyvgjyo hj }bo cg~e gc `j Gv%Om {bhib ~`j hj }bo Chj`jih`l ]heoy gc Lgjmgj gj @ukuy} >3, >662* Bo {~h}oy, ***

{oy}o~j iguj}~hoy ~uybom }g ~oigkjhto Agygsgy hllok`l moil`~`}hgj gc hjmovojmojio c~ge Yo~nh`* [o `~kuom

igjyhy}oj}lx }b`} hy {gulm no hevgyyhnlo, `c}o~ }b`}, }g }oll }bo @nab`th`jy `jm Gyyo}h`jy "`jm mgtojy gc g}bo~

k~guvy `~gujm }bo {g~lm( }b`} {b } {`y kggm cg~ }bo Agygsg @ln`jh`jy {`y jg} kggm cg~ }boe* Hj hj}o~j`}hgj`l

~ol`}hgjy, xgu i`jjg} b`so gjo ~ulo cg~ ygeo jm jg}bo~ ~ulo cg~ g}bo~y*

Hj }bo yèo Gv%Om, Eomsomos `lyg ~ovlhoy }g }bo il`hey gc Y`à`ybshllh {bhib ~`j }bo m`x nocg~o* Mhm bo nolhosoûyyh` {gulm y}`jm hmlx nx `y bo lùjibom `j `ll%gu} `yyùl} gj }bo yloovhjk ih}x gc ]yabhjs`lh, eu~mo~hjk bujm~omy

gc voìocul ihshlh`jy, egy} gc }boe ûyyh`j ih}htojy7 Mhm bo nolhoso ûyyh` {gu lm y}`jm nx `y bhy voìoaoovhjk

}~ggvy ch~om gj uyyh`j ige~`moy {h}b {bge }box {o~o yuvvgyom }g no v~osoj}hjk }~gunlo hj Ygu}b Gyyo}h`7

]bo~o hy gjo e`dg~ ~oso`l e`mo hj }bhy pug}o* ]b`} hy, }bo il`he }b`} egy} gc }boe $`~o! ûyyh`j Ih}htojy* Dumkhjk

c~ge }bo 0828 iojyuy ih}om o`~lho~ hj }bhy {g~a, }bo gjlx ~o`ygj egy} gc }bo vogvlo lhshjk hj Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `~o

ûyyh`j Ih}htojy {`y noiùyo }box {o~o khsoj }bhy y}`}uy nx }bo v`yyvg~} hyyu`jio yiboeo gc }bo 0886y* Hc }bhy b`m

jg} }àoj vlìo, }bo~o {gulm no lh}}lo }g jg ûyyh`j ih}htojy cg~ }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj }g v~g}oi}* Hj occoi},

Eomsomos ybg{om bhy b`jm hj ~ok`~my }g }bo eo}bgm }bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj {gulm uyo }g ìpuh~o jo{ `llhoy hj

}bo ~okhgj*

H} hy `lyg {g~}b eoj}hgjhjk }b`} }bhy b`y yhjio nooj mhyigso~om }g no v`~} gc ` vgyyhnlx l`~ko~ vl`j nx }bo ûyyh`j

Como~`}hgj, `y }bhy yèo v`yyvg~} hyyu`jio yiboeo hy iu~~oj}lx nohjk i`~~hom gu} hj v`~}y gc }bo _a~`hjo `jm

@ln`jh` {bhib ~o yxev`}bo}hi }g }bo uyyh`j Como~`}hgj jm hj gvvgyh}hgj }g y}~ojk}bojhjk }hoy {h}b }bo {oy}*

Kghjk nìa }g }bo Gv%Om nx Eomsomos, bo ilgyoy {h}b `j gu}~hkb} `}}ìa gj }bo kgso~jeoj} gc Y`à`ybshllh* H

yhjio~olx bgvo }b`} }bo Kog~kh`j vogvlo, }g {bge {o cool bhy}g~hi c~hojmybhv `jm yxev`}bx, {hll gjo m`x b`so

lo`mo~y }box moyo~so, {bg i`~o `ngu} }boh~ iguj}~x `jm {bg mosolgv eu}u`llx ~oyvoi}cul ~ol`}hgjy {h}b `ll }bo

vogvloy hj }bo Iùi`yuy* ûyyh` hy ~o`mx }g yuvvg~} }bo ìbhosoeoj} gc yuib ` kg`l*


9/13

[bhlo }bhy y}`}oeoj} igulm no igjyhmo~om nojhkj gj }bo yu~cìo, }bo l`y} yoj}ojio hy }bo {g~~hygeo vg~}hgj* ]bo

vb~`yo ûyyh` hy ~o`mx }g yuvvg~} }bo ìbhosoeoj} gc yuib ` kg`l hy puh}o gvoj }g hj}o~v~o}`}hgj* Mgoy }bhy eo`j

}b`} Egyig{ {gulm oy}`nlhyb c~hojmlx ~ol`}hgjy hj }bo osoj} gc ` kgso~jeoj}`l ybhc}, g~ mgoy h} mh~oi}lx i`ll uvgj

}bo Kog~kh`j vogvlo }g ~oegso }boh~ iu~~oj} kgso~jeoj} `jm hjy}`ll gjo eg~o `lhkjom {h}b Egyig{7 ]bhy

puoy}hgj hy xo} }g no `jy{o~om*

Gc igu~yo, {h}bhj ` e`}}o~ gc bgu~y, igjmoej`}hgj gc }bo ~oigkjh}hgj gc }boyo }{g `~o`y ièo c~ge ng}b }bo O_

`jm }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy* Hj cì}, }bo gjlx iguj}~x }g dghj ûyyh` hj }bo ~oigkjh}hgj gc @nab`th` `jm Ygu}b Gyyo}h` hy

Jhi`~`ku`, {bhib ~ov~oyoj}y ehjg~ nlhv gj }bo ~`m`~ gc hj}o~j`}hgj`l ~ol`}hgjy*

[~h}hjk hj [g~lm Vglhix Dgu~j`l, A`~l Eoxo~ ~oehjmy uy gc ` y}g~x }b`} b`y nooj `ll nu} gnlh}o~`}om c~ge }bo

@eo~hi`j bhy}g~x nggay* Bg{oso~, }bo ûyyh`jy "ègjky} g}bo~ k~guvy( b`so lggaom `} h} `y v~oiomoj} hj

yh}u`}hgjy yuib `y }boyo* Bo {~h}oy, [bhlo @eo~hi`jy duy}lx igjmoej Egyig{y ujhl`}o~`l ~ oigkjh}hgj gc

n~oà`{`x v~gshjioy lhao Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm @nab`th` `y ygso~ohkj oj}h}hoy, [`ybhjk}gj b`y uyom }bo yèo }ggl }g

cu~}bo~ h}y vo~iohsom sh} l hj}o~oy}y* Gj Jgsoeno~ 9, 086>, ` ye`ll ~osgl} {`y eguj}om hj V`jè` Ih}x duy} `y,

ighjihmoj}`llx, j`s`l cg~ioy gc }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy `vvo`~om gcc%ybg~o* [h}bhj m`xy, [`ybhjk}gj cg~e llx ~oigkjhtom

V`jè`y hjmovojmojio c~ge Igluenh`, }g {bhib h} b`m lgjk nolgjkom* [h}bhj ` cg~}jhkb}, ` }~o`}x e`}o~h`lhtom

ù}bg~hthjk }bo igjy}~ui}hgj gc ` V`jè` I`j`l, yhkjom nx Vbhlhvvo Nujù%S`~hll`, ` lgnnxhy} cg~ ` C~ojib i`j`l

igev`jx, {bg gso~jhkb} {`y ìi~omh}om `y V`jè`y ojsgx* "0>6(

[bhlo }bhy mgoy jg} `nyglso ûyyh` gc ~oyvgjyhnhlh}x cg~ h}y ì}hgjy, h} mgoy oy}`nlhyb }bo cì} }b`} }bo {oy} b`y

igeeh}}om yhehl`~ ì}y* Ygeo e`x y`x }b`} }bhy y}g~x hy jg} ~olos`j} muo }g h} nohjk gso~ ` ioj}u~x `kg, bg{oso~,

{boj lggahjk `} }bo }ggly `jm }ì}hiy uyom hj }bo kèo gc hj}o~j`}hgj`l vglh}hiy, b`so }box ~o`llx ib`jkom euib hj

}bo v`y} ioj}u~x7 C~ge ex gnyo~s`}hgjy, h} `vvo`~y }b`} gjlx }bo egmoy gc igeeujhi`}hgj b`so ib`jkom, }bo

~bo}g~hi yooey }g no puh}o y}`}hgj`~x*

YOI]HGJ ;4 @Ô ]BOYO @Ô@Y JG[ IG_J]^HOY7

[h}bhj 96 m`xy, }bo `~o`y gc Ygu}b Gyyo}h` `jm @nab`th` b`m kgjo c~ge c~gtoj igjclhi} tgjoy }g v`~}h`llx%~oigkjhtom j`}hgj%y} }oy* ]bo e`hj puoy}hgj hy, `~o }box }~ulx j`}hgj%y}`}oy7 ]bo ûyyh`j Como~`}hgj il hey }g uyo

}bo mochjh}hgj yo} cg~}b hj }bo Egj}oshmog Igjsoj}hgj gj ^hkb}y `jm Mu}hoy gc Y}`}oy, oy}`nlhybom hj 0899* ]bo

Egj}oshmog i~h}o~h` `~o }b`}, }g pu`lhcx `y ` y}`}o, `j oj}h}x euy} b`so "0( ` vo~e`joj} vgvul`}hgj1 ">( ` mochjom

}o~~h}g~x1 "9( kgso~jeoj}1 jm "=( }bo i`vìh}x }g oj}o~ hj}g ~ol`}hgjy {h}b g}bo~ y}`}oy* "Lxjib, 29?(

[bhlo @nab`th` `jm Ygu}b Gyyo}h` mg, hj cì}, eoo} }boyo pu`lhchi`}hgjy, }bo~o b`y nooj gjo hevg~}`j} pu`lhcho~

{bhib b`y nooj kojo~`llx iiov}om `y ` ~opuh~oeoj} cg~ y}`}uy `y ` j }hgj%y}`}o* ]b`} hy, }bo orhy}ojio gc `j

oigjgex* Gjo gc }bo ~opuh~oeoj}y cg~ ` cuji}hgj`l oigjgex hy hjc~`y}~ui}u~o* ]bhy hy `jy{o~om {h}b }bo cgllg{hjk

y}`}oeoj}, ]bo {`~ no}{ooj @nab`th` jm Kog~kh` hj 088>%= giiu~~om yglolx gj @nab`t }o~~h}g~x jm loc} }bo ~o`

mos`y}`}om, h}y hjc~`y}~ui}u~o moy}~gxom `jm jg{ i~uenlhjk, `jm h}y vgvul`}hgj e`~aom nx ` shihguy {`~ gc lgg}hjk

`jm vlujmo~* "Lxjib, 293( ]bo~o hy jg oshmojio }g iguj}o~ }bo hmo` }b`} }bo yh}u`}hgj hy l`~kolx }bo yèo hj Ygu}bGyyo}h` `y {oll*

@jg}bo~ yuee`~x gc }bo oigjgehi y}`}uy gc }boyo `~o`y `lyg igeoy c~ge Lxjib* ]bo mo cì}g y}`}oy `~o c`hlhjk*

]box b`so }bo hjy}h}u}hgj`l chr}u~oy gc y}`}obggm, nu} }box `~o jg} `nlo }g v~gshmo cg~ h}y yuny}`jio* ]bo {`~y gc }bo

o`~lx 0886y mos`y}`}om }boh~ oigjgehoy `jm orìo~n`}om }bo mhcchiul}hoy }b`} ~oyul}om c~ge }bo Ygsho} igll`vyo*

Yhjio }bo io`yoch~oy, lh}}lo v~gk~oyy b`y giiu~~om }g{`~my oigjgehi ~ocg~e* ]bo ojmu~hjk }b~o } gc {`~ b`y

igenhjom {h}b oigjgehi ehye`j`koeoj} }g ~oyul} hj bxvo~hjcl`}hgj, moegjo}htom oigjgehoy, }bo igll`vyo gc }bo


10/13

ygih`l yo~shioy, `jm }bo or}ojyhso i~hehj`lht`}hgj gc oigjgehi ì}hsh}x* ]boyo v~gnloey b`so nooj orìo~n`}om nx

}bo lok`l lheng hj {bhib `ll gc }boyo mo%cì}g y}`}oy orhy}* "2=0(

[h}b `ll gc }bhy hj ehjm, h} {gulm `vvo`~ }b`} @nab`th` `jm Ygu}b Gyyo}h` mg jg} eoo} }bo ~opuh~oeoj}y }g no

mooeom ` j }hgj%y}`}o* Cu~}bo~eg~o, `y y}`}om nx Lxjib, }bo oevh~hi`l pu`lhchi`}hgjy gc }bo mo cì}g y}`}o

i`jjg} eào h} lok`l g~ lokh}he`}o hj hj}o~j`}hgj`l ygiho}x* @y Vokk `~kuom, h} hy hllokh}he`}o jg e`}}o~ bg{

occoi}hso h} hy* "29?( ]bhy yglhmhchoy }bo vgyh}hgj }b`}, ~ok`~mloyy gc ~oigkjh}hgj v~gcco~om nx ûyyh` `jm Jhi`~`ku`,

@nab`th` jm Ygu}b Gyyo}h` ~o jg} hjmovojmoj} jm `~o y}hll v`~}y gc }bo j`}hgj gc Kog~kh`*

YOI]HGJ 24 @J@LXYHY GC ]BOYO @I]HGJY*

@y {h}b `jx igjclhi}, }bo ch~y} }g `j`lxto }bo ì}hgjy }àoj `~o }bo heeomh`}o v`~}hoy* Meh}~x Eomsomosy `j`lxyhy

b`y `l~o`mx nooj ih}om o`~lho~ hj }bhy {g~a* Jg{, {o ~o}u~j }g }bo {~h}hjk gc Ehab`hl Y`à ybshllh hj }bo Chj`jih`l

]heoy gc Lgjmgj* Bo {~h}oy, [b`} hy `} y}ào hj }bhy { ~7 Egy} gnshguylx, }bo cu}u~o gc ex iguj}~x hy `} y} }o*

]bo vogvlo gc Kog~kh` b`so yvgaoj {h}b ` lgum `jm ilo`~ sghio* ]box yoo }boh~ cu}u~o hj Ou~gvo* Kog~kh` hy `j

`jihoj} Ou~gvo`j j`}hgj, }hom }g Ou~gvo nx iul}u~o, ihshlht`}hgj, `jm s`luoy* Hj D`ju`~x, }b~oo hj cgu~ Kog~kh`jy

sg}om hj ` ~oco~ojmue }g yuvvg~} eoeno~ybhv hj J@]G* ]boyo `hey `~o jg} jokg}h`nlo1 jg{, {o `~o v`xhjk }bo

v~hio cg~ gu~ moegi~`}hi enh}hgjy* Bo kgoy gj }g y}`}o, Hc Kog~kh` c`lly, }bhy {hll `lyg eo`j }bo c`ll gc }bo [oy}

hj }bo oj}h~o cg~eo~ Ygsho} _jhgj `jm noxgjm* Lo`mo~y hj johkbng~hjk y}`}oy {bo}bo~ hj _a~`hjo, hj g}bo~

Iùi`yh`j y}`}oy, g~ hj Ioj}~`l @yh` {hll b`so }g igjyhmo~ {bo}bo~ }bo v~hio gc c~oomge `jm hjmovojmojio hy

hjmoom }gg bhkb*

]boyo `~o v~gcgujm }bgukb}y* Bg{oso~, uvgj ~o`mhjk }boe, gjo i`jjg} bolv nu} }bhja, ]bhy igulm b`so nooj

{~h}}oj mu~hjk }bo Iglm [`~7 @i}u`llx, ygeo yibgl ~y hj ng}b @eo~hi` `jm Ou~gvo nolhoso }bhy igulm no }bo ch~y}

v~grx {`~ hj ` jo{ Iglm [`~ no}{ooj J@]G `jm }bo IHY* Bg{oso~, }bhy hmo` hy iguj}o~om hj ` [`ybhjk}gj Vgy}

`~}hilo ig%{~h}}oj nx Boj~x Ahyyhjko~ `jm Kog~ko Ybul}t c~ge Gi}gno~ 2, >662, [h}b ` k~gyy mgeoy}hi v~gmui} loyy

}b`j gjo%yhr}b }b`} gc }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy "hj vu~ib`yhjk vg{o~ v`~h}x }o~ey( `jm ` mocojyo numko} yhkjhchi`j}lx

ye`llo~ }b`j }bgyo gc }bo Ou~gvo`j _jhgj `jm }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy, ûyyh` hy jg} {oll vlìom }g igjmui} `

yuvo~vg{o~ y}~ukklo* [b`}oso~ }boh~ ~bo}g~hi, ûyyh`j lo`mo~y ajg{ }bhy* [b`} }box b`so ygukb}, ygeo}heoy

ilueyhlx, hy ìiov}`jio `y opu`ly hj ` jo{ hj}o~j`}hgj`l yxy}oe ~`}bo~ }b`j `y lgyo~y gc ` Iglm [`~ }g {bge }o~ey

igulm no mhi}`}om* "@08(

@jg}bo~ sho{vghj} hj }bo c}o~e`}b gc }bhy igjclhi} hy gcco~om nx gyo Kg}}oegollo~, Mh~oi}g~ gc }bo Egyig{ Ioj}o~

gc }bo I`~jokho Ojmg{eoj} cg~ Hj}o~j`}hgj l Voìo* Hj bo~ vglhix n~hoc, ybo vu}y cg~}b }bo hmo` }b`} J@]G e`x no

}bo `kk~oyyg~ hj }bhy, hj}oj}hgj llx v~gsgahjk }bo ûyyh`j Como~ }hgj* Ybo {~h}oy, @ joso~%ojmhjk orv`jyhgj gc

J@]G, puh}o oshmoj}lx, mgoy jg} `} }bhy }heo {g~a cg~ }bo ûyyh`jy* ]bo ûyyh`jy, hj cì}, `~o }b~o`}ojhjk }g

~oegnhlhto k`hjy} J@]G, {bhib ujmgoy }bo kggm iigevlhybom } }bo ojm gc }bo Iglm [`~ `jm eo~olx or}ojmy }bo

}{oj}ho}b%ioj}u~x Ou~gvo`j yoiu~h}x jhkb}e`~o hj}g }bo }{oj}x%ch~y}* ";(

@jg}bo~ eoeno~ gc }bo I`~jokho Ojmg{eoj} hj Egyig{ i`lly uvgj ûyyh` }g mocuyo }bhy yh}u`}hgj* Meh}~h ]~ojhjy}`}oy, ]bgyo hj uyyh` {bg {`j} }g ~ovlìo }bo egmo~jht`}hgj kojm` {h}b egnhlht`}hgj {hll joom }g igjyhmo~

~ovo`}hjk }bo Ygsho} _jhgjy }~`doi}g~x, nu} } c`y}o~ vìo `jm jg} joioyy`~hlx {h}b ygc} l`jmhjk* "9(

Igjyhmo~hjk }boyo sho{vghj}y gc }bo igjclhi} jm i}hgjy }àoj gj ng}b yhmoy, }bo gu}lgga cg~ ng}b Kog~kh` ûyyh`

`jm uyyh` [oy}o~j ~ol`}hgjy hy eummx* Hj igjiluyhgj gc }bhy {g~a, lo} uy }ào ` lgga `} ygeo gc }bo vgyyhnlo

gu}igeoy*


11/13

YOI]HGJ 84 @ LGGA ]G ]BO C_]_Ô @JM IGJIL_YHGJY*

Hj bhy `~}hilo cg~ Cg~ohkj @cc`h~y, Y}ovboj Yoy}`jgshib gcco~y }bo cgllg{hjk, ûyyh`j gcchih`ly `lyg hjyhy} }b`} }bo _*Y*

ehyyhlo mocojyo yxy}oe vl`jjom cg~ movlgxeoj} hj o`y}o~j Ou~gvo `c}o~ >60> hy, moyvh}o [`ybhjk}gjy moj h`ly,

moyhkjom }g jou}~`lhto ûyyh`y y}~`}okhi mo}o~~oj}* ]g }b{`~} }bhy, }box y`x, ûyyh` euy} movlgx juilo`~ cg~ioy }b`}

~oy}g~o h} }g ` vgyh}hgj gc ~gukb opu`lh}x {h}b }bo _jh}om Y}`}oy* J`}hgj`l yoiu~h}x Vu}hj `jm bhy yuiioyyg~ `yv~oyhmoj}, Meh}~x Eomsomos, b`so }àoj }g y`xhjk, hyjg} n`yom gj v~gehyoy* "0;(

[bhlo }bhy v`yy`ko e`x yooe cull gc klgge `jm mgge, h} mgoy gcco~ uv `j gvvg~}ujh}x }g jg} gjlx }bo _jh}om

Y}`}oy, nu} `ll }bo j`}hgjy gc }bo {g~lm* ]b`} hy, hc }boyo j`}hgjy }ào ~o`l i}hgj, }bo mhy}hji} vgyyhnhlh}x gc ~oy}g~hjk

~ol`}hgjy {h}b ûyyh` hy vgyyhnlo* ]bhy eo`jy }b } }bo hygl`}hgj gc ûyyh` euy} ojm* ]bhy `lyg eo`jy }b`} ehlh}`~x

ì}hgj ybgulm no }bo l`y} gv}hgj gj }bo lhy}* ]bo _jh}om Y}`}oy joomy }g }ào }bo lo`m hj gcco~hjk oigjgehi, ygih`l,

`jm iul}u~`l glhso n~`jiboy }g ûyyh`* ]bhy hy }bo noy} {`x }g v~osoj} }bo yv~o`m gc igjclhi} gu}yhmo gc Kog~kh`*

]bhy hmo` hy yuvvg~}om nx Yoy}`jgshib, {bg gcco~y }bo cgllg{hjk gvhjhgj, ônuhlmhjk Kog~kh` `jm ~onuhlmhjk `

vglhix }b`} khsoy vgy}5Ygsho} y}`}oy ` vlìo hj }bo [oy}o~j {g~lm euy} no }bo ch~y} g~mo~ gc nuyhjoyy cg~ }bo jor}

_*Y* `mehjhy}~`}hgj* ]bo~o hy jg g}bo~ {`x }g mo`l yo~hguylx {h}b }bo {~oia`ko i~o`}om nx ûyyh`j `kk~oyyhgj*

">6(

Yuvvg~} cg~ }bhy vl`j `lyg igeoy c~ge Eoxo~, {~h}hjk hj [g~lm Vglhix Dgu~j`l* Bo v~gcco~y, Ex g{j igjiluyhgj,

egmoy}lx soj}u~om, hy }b`} {b`} ` jo{ }oj`j} hj }bo [bh}o Bguyo joomy egy} }g iul}hs`}o hy ` i`vìh}x cg~

oev`}bx, {bhib oj}`hly eàhjk `j ì}hso occg~} }g yoo gu~yolsoy `jm gu~ hjy}h}u}hgjy `y g}bo~y yoo uy `jm }boe*

[h}b ~o`ygj, e`jx }bgukb}cul cg~ohkjo~y ~`jalo `} eg~`lhthjk loi}u~oy nx @eo~hi`jy, `jm gu~ ~olui}`jio }g

ìajg{lomko gu~ g{j yhjy jm nlujmo~y* "0>9%=(

]bo loyygj lo`~jom c~ge `j `j`lxyhy gc }bhy hyyuo hy yhevlx y}`}om, }b`} hy, gu~ g{j ~oioj} bhy}g~x b`y }ùkb} uy }b`}

}bo j`}hgj nuhlmhjk }oibjhpuoy mosolgvom nx }bo _*Y* `c}o~ [g~lm [`~ HH ~o jg} occoi}hso hj }bhy o~`* Hc }bo _*Y* b`m

i`~ocullx ~o}~o`}om c~ge ujhl`}o~`l j`}hgj nuhlmhjk, `y hj }bo i`yo gc Agygsg "]bo _*Y* {`y }bo ch~y} j`}hgj }g

~oigkjhto Agygsgy ygso~ohkj}x(, vo~b`vy eg~o ihshl yglu}hgj igulm b`so v~os`hlom*

ôi`llhjk Ehabohl Y`à`ybshllhy y}`}oeoj} c~ge }bo gvojhjk gc }bhy v`vo~, ]bo A~oelhj moyhkjom }bhy {`~,

vo~b`vy gjo m`x yggj }bo ~oyvgjyo igulm no hj }bo ojm, }bo [bh}o Bguyo ~oy}g~om ex j }hgj* @ll }b`} hy

joioyy`~x hy }bo uyo gc mhvlgeìx gso~ }b~o`}y jm ehlh}`~x i}hgj*


12/13

[GÂY IH]OM

N~oejo~, Ib`~loy* .Cull ]or} gc }bo Kog~kh` Voìo Vl`j % jm Gny}ìloy }g h}y Hevloeoj}`}hgj*. ]heoy QLgjmgjU 09

@uk* >662* ]heoy Gjlhjo* 09 @uk* >662* >8 E`~* >668

66=*

Kg}}oegollo~, gyo* uyyh`j%@eo~hi`j Yoiu~h}x ol`}hgjy @c}o~ Kog~kh`* Hyyuo n~hoc* Gi}gno~ om* Egyig{4 I`~jokho

Ojmg{eoj} cg~ Hj}o~j`}hgj`l Voìo, >662*

Ahyyhjko~, Boj~x @*, jm Kog~ko V* Ybul}t* .Nuhlmhjk gj Igeegj K~gujm [h}b uyyh`*. ]bo [`ybhjk}gj Vgy} 2 Gi}*

>6624 @08*

Lxjib, Mgs* .Yov`~`}hy} Y}`}oy jm vgy}%Ygsho} igjclhi}y*. Hj}o~j`}hgj`l @cc`h~y ;2 ">66>(4 290%=2*

Eomsomos, Mheh}~h* .[bx H b`m }g ~oigkjhyo Kog~kh`+y N~oà`{`x okhgjy*. Chj`jih`l ]heoy QLgjmgjU >3 @uk* >662*

Eoxo~, A`~l* .@c}o~ Kog~kh`4 Nìa ]g ]bo Cu}u~o*. [g~lm Vglhix Dgu~j`l >? ">662(4 008%>=*

Y`à`ybshlh, Ehaobhl* .]bo [`~ Hj Kog~kh` Hy @ [`~ Cg~ ]bo [oy}*. [`ll Y}~oo} Dgu~j`l "O`y}o~j Omh}hgj( QJo{ Xg~a,

JXU 00 @uk* >6624 @0?*

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Documents

South Ossetia: Internal Conflict or Russian Imperialism?