Southeast Asia Tourism Industry

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Southeast AsiaTRAVEL & TOURISM

A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITY

The 2003 Travel & Tourism Economic Research


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CHAIRMAN:Sir Ian ProsserChairmanSix Continents PLC

VICE CHAIRMEN:Donald CartyChairman, President & CEOAmerican Airlines

Jean-Marc EspaliouxChairman of Management Board

& CEOAccor S.A.

Andr JordanChairmanLusotur S.A.

Jonathan S. LinenVice ChairmanAmerican Express Company

Vincent A. WolfingtonChairmanCarey International, Inc.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:Peter ArmstrongPresident & CEO

Rocky Mountaineer Railtours

Stephen BollenbachPresident & CEOHilton Hotels Corporation

Club Mditerrane

Sebastin EscarrerVice ChairmanSol Meli

Edouard EttedguiManaging DirectorMandarin Oriental Hotel Group

Maurice FlanaganGroup Managing Director

Emirates

Bernard D. FrelatPresident & CEORail Europe Group, Inc.

Michael FrenzelChairmanTUI A.G

David HouseGroup President,Global Networkand Establishment ServicesAmerican Express Company

Richard R. KelleyChairmanOutrigger Enterprises, Inc

Geoffrey J.W. KentChairman & CEOAbercrombie & Kent

J.W. Marriott,Jr.Chairman & CEOMarriott International, Inc

David MichelsChief ExecutiveHilton Group

Curtis NelsonPresident and CEOCarlson Consumer Group

P.R.S. OberoiChief ExecutiveThe Oberoi Group

Henry SilvermanChairman & CEOCendant Corporation

Jonathan TischChairman & CEOLoews Hotels

Brett TollmanVice ChairmanThe Travel Corporation

GLOBAL MEMBERS:Akbar Al BakerCEO

Qatar Airways

Giovanni AngeliniCEO & Managing DirectorShangri-La Hotels & Resorts

David BabaiChairmanGullivers Travel Associates

Phil BakesChairman & CEOFAR&WIDE Travel Corporation

Ted BalestreriChairman & CEOCannery Row Company

Henrik BartlHead of Specialized PropertyFinanceAareal Bank AG

Gordon BethuneChairman of the Board & CEOContinental Airlines

Paul BlackneyPresident & CEOWorldspan

Richard BrownChairman & CEOEurostar Group

Regis Bulot

PresidentRelais & Chateaux

Marilyn Carlson NelsonChairman & CEOCarlson Companies, Inc

Alun CathcartDeputy ChairmanAvis Europe Plc

U.Gary CharlwoodFounder, Chairman & CEOUniglobe Travel (International)Inc.

Jennie ChuaPresident & COO

Raffles International Ltd.

David CliftonManaging Director, Europe &AsiaInterval International

Glen DavidsonSenior VP,Worldwide TravelInsurance & Related ServicesAmerican International GroupInc.

Dinesh DhamijaChairman & CEOebookers plc

Lloyd DorfmanChairman & Chief ExecutiveTravelex plc

Rod EddingtonChief ExecutiveBritish Airways plc

Manuel Fernando Esprito SantoPresidentGroup Espirito Santo

Sam GaleotosPresident & CEOGalileo International

Laurence GellerChairman & CEOStrategic Hotel Capital

Maurice H. GreenbergChairman & CEOAmerican International Group,Inc.

Philip HaanExecutive VP International,Sales & Information ServicesNorthwest Airlines

Anthony HarrisChief ExecutiveHilton International

Richard HelferChairman & CEORaffles International Ltd.

James HensleyPresidentAllied Europe

James HoganPresident and Chief ExecutiveGulf Air

Stephen HolmesChairman & CEO, HospitalityDivisionCendant Corporation

Raimund HoschPresident & CEOMesse Berlin GmbH

Dieter HuckesteinPresident, Hotel Operations,Owned & ManagedHilton Hotels Corporation

Xabier de IralaChairman & CEOIberia

Clive JacobsChairman & CEOHoliday Autos Group

Nuno Trigoso JordoPresident & CEO.Sonae Turismo Gestao Servicos

Sol KerznerChairmanKerzner International Ltd.

Nigel KnowlesManaging PartnerDLA

Craig KochPresident & CEOThe Hertz Corporation

Krishna KumarManaging DirectorThe Taj Group of Hotels

Hans Lerch

President & CEOKuoni Travel Holding Ltd.

Paolo MantegazzaPresident & CEOGlobus & Cosmos Inc

Manuel MartinPartnerCyberDodo Productions Ltd.

Paul McManusPresident & CEOThe Leading Hotels of the World

David MongeauVice PresidentCIBC World Markets

Alan MulallyPresident & CEOBoeing Commercial Airplanes

John M NoelPresident & CEOTravel Guard International

Tom NutleyChairmanReed Travel Exhibitions

Alan ParkerManaging DirectorWhitbread Hotel Company

Jean Gabriel PrsPresident & CEO

Mvenpick Hotels & Resorts

Dionsio PestanaChairmanGroup Pestana

Stefan PichlerChairman & CEOThomas Cook AG

Fernando PintoChief Executive OfficerTAP - Air Portugal

David RadcliffeChief ExecutiveHogg Robinson

Jay RasuloPresidentWalt Disney Parks & Resorts

Bonnie ReitzSenior VP, Marketing & SalesContinental Airlines

Kurt RitterPresident & CEORezidor SAS Hospitality

Peter RogersPresident & CEODiners Club International

Carl RudermanChairman

Universal Media

Bruno SchpferCEO & Managing DirectorMvenpick Group

Robert SelanderPresident & CEOMasterCard International

Per SetterbergCEOGlobal Refund Holdings A.B.

Eric SpeckExecutive Vice PresidentGroup President,TravelMarketing & DistributionSabre Holdings Corporation

Barry SternlichtChairman & CEOStarwood Hotels & ResortsWorldwide, Inc

Ron StringfellowExecutive ChairmanSouthern Sun Group

Lalit SuriChairman & Managing DirectorBharat Hotels Ltd.

Ian SwainChairman & CEOSwain Travel Services Inc

Kathleen TaylorPresident,Worldwide BusinessOperationsFour Seasons Hotels and Resorts

Jos Antonio TaznPresident & CEOAmadeus Global TravelDistribution

Jeffrey TofflerChairmanCoventry Partners

Mustafa TrkmenCEO & Managing DirectorEnternasyonal TourismInvestments, Inc.Yapi Kredi Bankof Turkey

Patrice VinetPartnerAccenture

Trevor de VriesDeputy Managing DirectorMondial Assistance S.A.

Jurgen WeberChairmanLufthansa German Airlines

Peter YesawichManaging Partner

Yesawich, Pepperdine, Brown &

Russel

HONORARY MEMBERS:Lord Marshall of KnightsbridgeChairmanBritish Airways plc

Sir Frank Moore,AOChairmanTaylor Byrne Tourism Group

Frank OlsonChairman of the BoardThe Hertz Corporation

Grard Plisson

Co-Chairman, Supervisory BoardAccor S.A.

Tommaso ZanzottoPresidentTZ Associates Ltd.

CHAIRMAN EMERITUS:James D. Robinson IIIGeneral PartnerRRE Ventures

IMMEDIATE PASTCHAIRMEN:Harvey GolubRetired Chairman & CEOAmerican Express Co.

PRESIDENT:Jean-Claude Baumgarten

Correct as at 14 February 2003

2003 WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL

1-2 QUEEN VICTORIA TERRACE.SOVEREIGN COURT.LONDON E1W 3HA. UNITED KINGDOM

TEL: +44 (0) 870 727 9882 or + 44 (0) 207 481 8007 FAX: +44 (0) 870 728 9882 or + 44 (0) 207 488 1008 [email protected] www.wttc.org


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This 2003 report for Southeast Asia is the third set of

Tourism Satellite Accounting research that OxfordEconomic Forecasting (OEF) has prepared forWTTC. The first, commissioned in 2001, re-engineered the models previously developed duringthe 1990s. The second, prepared in 2002, held theresearch fairly static to provide a much-neededvariance analysis for September 11, used to quantifythe tragic events of the previous year. Now in 2003,WTTC has taken the opportunity of this thirditeration to significantly upgrade and enhance thequality, sophistication and precision of the TSAresearch. In fact, the improvements are so significant,we are tempted to categorize the 2003 research as theWTTC/OEF TSA 2.0

Beyond the enhancements itemized at the end of thisreport, this 2003 research updates the historical results,estimates the current performance of Southeast AsiasTravel & Tourism, and provides short and long-termforecasts based on the most recent national andinternational data sources and econometric modelsdeveloped by Oxford Econometric Forecasting.

The message from this report is clear. In 2003,

Southeast Asias Travel & Tourism Industry isexpected to generate 2.6 per cent of GDP and6,664,020 jobs, while the broader Travel & TourismEconomy is expected to total 6.7 per cent of GDPand 18,285,300 jobs. Looking ahead, the forecast forTravel & Tourism Demand is expected to total 8.0per cent real growth in 2003, and 7.1 per cent realgrowth per annum between 2004 and 2013.

This WTTC research quantifies and documents theTravel & Tourism economics for Southeast Asia, thefirst step towards addressing mission-critical issues suchas tourism management, tourism marketing andpromotion, tourism infrastructure, taxation, aviation

policy and much more.

We hope that by raising awareness of previousperformance, current conditions and the, as yetunrealized, potential of Travel & Tourism inSoutheast Asia, this report will act as a catalyst,encouraging industry and government to continue towork together to create the conditions necessary torealize the industrys true promise.

As always, this new TSA research quantifies all aspectsof Travel & Tourism demand, from personalconsumption to business purchases, capital investment,government spending and exports. It then translatesthis information into economic concepts ofproduction, such as gross domestic product andemployment, which can be compared with otherindustries and the economy as a whole to providecredible statistical information that will assist in policyand business decision processes.

The War Scenario

The possibility of a war in Iraq has caused WTTC/Oxfordto re-assess this 2003 TSA research. The base casepresented in this report reflects the assumption of nowar or quick, decisive, and contained military action. The"War Scenario" on Page 18 illustrates the impact vis--visthe base case assuming a drawn-out, less decisive,uncontained military action.

Jean-Claude Baumgarten Sir Ian Prosser

President, World Travel & Tourism Council Chairman, World Travel & Tourism Council

Chairman, Six Continents Hotels & Resorts PLC

With the Chief Executives of more than one hundred of the worlds leading companies inmembership,WTTChas auniquemandate andoverviewon allmatters related to success inTravel&Tourism.

THE WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL (WTTC) IS THE BUSINESS LEADERSFORUM FOR TRAVEL & TOURISM, WORKING WITH GOVERNMENTS TO RAISEAWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WORLDS LARGEST GENERATOR OFWEALTH AND JOBS.


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CONTENTSTRAVEL & TOURISM A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITY

ECONOMIC IMPACT ________________________________________________________________________________4

GROWTH__________________________________________________________________________________________________5

TRAVEL & TOURISM SATELLITE ACCOUNT

TOURISM SATELLITE ACCOUNTING______________________________________________________________________________6

WTTCS APPROACH TO TSA RESEARCH__________________________________________________________________________ 7

TSA CONCEPTS & STRUCTURE____________________________________________________________________________________8

TRAVEL & TOURISMS ECONOMIC IMPACT ______________________________________________________________________10

TSA CHARTS_____________________________________________________________________________________________________12

RANKING AND RANGE __________________________________________________________________________________________14

CONTRIBUTION AND GROWTH_________________________________________________________________________________15

SATELLITE ACCOUNT TABLES____________________________________________________________________________________16

THE WAR SCENARIO

OVERVIEW______________________________________________________________________________________________________18

ANALYSIS & SUMMARY __________________________________________________________________________________________20

THE COMPETITIVENESS MONITOR_______________________________________________________22

APPENDIXWTTC / OEF TSA RESEARCH: THE 2003 UPDATE__________________________________________________________________24

2003/2002 VARIANCE CHARTS____________________________________________________________________________________27

Use of Material is Authorized, Provided Source is Acknowledged


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US$ 32.2

US$ 83.9

US$ 43.4

US$

22.3

US$ 3.4

4

billion of Exports, services & merchandise.or 7.8 percent of total Exports.

billion of Capital Investment.or 9.9 per cent of totalinvestment.

billion of Government Expenditures.or 4.9 per centshare.

ECONOMIC IMPACTIN 2003, SOUTHEAST ASIA'S TRAVEL & TOURISM IS EXPECTED TOGENERATE US$120.1 BILLION OF ECNOMIC ACTIVITY (TOTAL DEMAND).

THE INDUSTRY'S DIRECT IMPACT INCLUDES:

billion ..of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) equivalentto 6.7 per cent of total GDP.

HOWEVER, SINCE TRAVEL & TOURISM TOUCHES ALL SECTORS OF THEECONOMY, ITS REAL IMPACT IS EVEN GREATER. SOUTHEAST ASIA'STRAVEL &TOURISM ECONOMY DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLYACCOUNTS FOR:

18,285,300

billion ..of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) equivalentto 2.6 per cent of total GDP.

jobs.representing 2.8 per cent of total Employment.

jobs.representing 7.6 per cent of total Employment.

6,664,020


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8.0%

2.3%

0.3%

7.1%6.4%

3.9%

8.0%

6.6%

3.9%5

US$ 73.6 billion in 2013 for the industry directly and to US$194.6billion for the Travel & Tourism Economy overall.

.in terms of Government Expenditures to US$6.5 billion in 2013.

.in Travel & Tourism Employment, to 9,718,550 jobs directly in theindustry, and 3.8 per cent to 26,608,800 jobs in the Travel & TourismEconomy overall in 2012.

.in total Travel & Tourism Demand to US$293.8 billion in 2013.

.in Visitor Exports, rising to US$77.3 billion by 2013.

.in terms of Capital Investment, increasing to US$52.4 billion in2013.

OVER THE NEXT TEN YEARS,SOUTHEAST ASIA'S TRAVEL&TOURISM IS EXPECTED TO ACHIEVE ANNUALIZED REAL GROWTH(REAL DECLINE) OF:

.in Travel & Tourism Industry GDP to US$32.2 billion for theindustry directly and 4.7 per cent to US$ 83.9 billion for the Travel &Tourism Economy overall (direct and indirect expenditures).

GROWTHIN 2003, TRAVEL & TOURISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA IS FORECAST TOSEE REAL GROWTH (REAL DECLINE) OF:

.in Travel & Tourism Industry Employment (direct impact only), to6,664,020 jobs, and 2.3 per cent to 18,285,300 jobs in the Travel &Tourism Economy overall (direct and indirect).

.in total Travel & Tourism Demand to US$120.1 billion.


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TRAVEL & TOURISMSATELLITE ACCOUNTTOURISM SATELLITE ACCOUNTING

THIS REPORT FOLLOWS THE CONCEPT OF SATELLITE ACCOUNTINGDEFINED IN THE TOURISM SATELLITE ACCOUNT: RECOMMENDEDMETHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK (TSA:RMF), AND DEVELOPED UNDERTHE AUSPICES OF THE WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION.

Over the last three decades, countries have estimated the economic impact of Travel &

Tourism through a range of measures using a variety of definitions and methodologies. Such

approaches have prevented meaningful comparisons among nations. Even for the same nation

over different periods of time, they have frustrated business and government attempts to draw

valid conclusions about the nature and course of Travel & Tourism demand in nationaleconomies.This regime has obscured the substantial, positive role the industry plays in national

economies and has thwarted business and government attempts to optimize economic

programmes and policies.

The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) recognized the dearth of crucial Travel

& Tourism intelligence from the time of its establishment in 1990 and it published the first

detailed estimates of world tourism's economic impact that same year.

Since then WTTC has worked to improve its methodologies and to encourage individual

countries to enhance their measurement and understanding of tourisms impact on their

national economies. Furthermore, in the spirit of joining forces to enhance world

comprehension of the role of Travel & Tourism in national economies,WTTC has strongly

supported the programmes of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) to improve tourism

statistics worldwide.

WTTCS RESEARCHWTTC and its economic consultants/research partners Oxford Economic Forecasting,(OEF), since 1999, and Global Insight (previously known as DRIWEFA), from 1990-1999,have developed and published research on the economic contribution of Travel & Tourism tothe world, regional and national economies.

Starting in 1990,WTTCs research team has been working to develop practical, real-world

models to illustrate Travel & Tourisms economic contribution based on the needs of private

sector leaders, public sector policy-makers and industry researchers, and on the interpretation

of the system of national accounts. The research is now firmly anchored in the international

standard for tourism satellite accounting that was developed by WTO, OECD and Eurostat,and approved by the United Nations Statistical Commission in 2000. It was launched at the

TSA Conference held in Vancouver in May 2001 and published as the Tourism Satellite

Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA:RMF) in 2001.

Since 1999, WTTC's research has assumed the conceptual framework of the UN-

approved standard with a number of discretionary extensions, and it combines the most

sophisticated economic modelling and forecasts available with the most up-to-date, publicly

available data to generate a comprehensive implementation of Travel & Tourism satellite

accounting.

The 2003 update of the WTTC TSA research is the third annual update undertaken for

WTTC by OEF. In carrying out the work, OEF has drawn extensively on the methodology

developed over the years by WTTC to develop TSAs as operational tools. However, it has

also taken the opportunity in a number of areas to review and enhance the modellingtechniques, assumptions used and data sources applied.

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WTTCS APPROACH TOTSA RESEARCHWTTC HAS ENDEAVOURED TO IMPLEMENT AND PRODUCE THE MOSTCOMPREHENSIVE TSA PROVIDED FOR WITHIN THE TSA:RMF, BYDEVELOPING THE NARROW CONCEPT OF THE TRAVEL & TOURISMINDUSTRY IN ADDITION TO THE BROADER CONCEPT OF THE TRAVEL &TOURISM ECONOMY.

WTTC advocates full implementation of the TSA as defined in the TSA:RMF in order to

achieve the highest level of benefits for industry and governments. These include:

A wealth of customer and consumer information on tourism-related purchases (before,during and after trips whether domestic or international, imported or exported as well

as services, durables and non-durables) that has never been identified until now; Comprehensive documentation and analysis of the full tourism-product service chain and

governments ability to deliver quality and timely service to visitors;

Linkages between Travel & Tourism and other sectors of the economy such as agricultureand manufacturing to illustrate the flow-through of spending;

Complete outlook for public works that benefit visitors and Travel & Tourism companiesin order to leverage public sector plans and priorities for growth;

Focused opportunities for domestic production, as well as incentives from the publicsector, to aid in the growth of businesses that help alleviate trade balance issues;

Demand- and supply-side information on employment that allows for human resourceplanning and development.

WTTC has worked towards developing a comprehensive TSA not because it is eager to

exaggerate the size of Travel & Tourisms impact, but because the information that can be

garnered from the exercise by governments and industry is crucial for making intelligent and

informed policy and business decisions. WTTC believes that history will document its

pioneering implementation of the simulated TSA as one of the most important turning points

for Travel & Tourisms long overdue economic recognition.

In the WTTC research, no country receives special treatment or favours. WTTC uses

internationally available data sources and the same scope of tourism satellite accounting for all

countries, as well as the same basic assumptions through the same system of models. WTTCs

TSA research utilizes a universal and internally consistent modelling framework and generates

harmonized results and forecasts for more than 160 countries around the world. Details of the

methodology used by WTTC/OEF in its TSA research are available on WTTC's website(www.wttc.org).

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(US$ billion, '000 of Jobs)

Personal Travel& Tourism

Business TravelGovernmentExpenditures

IndividualVisitor Exports

GovernmentExpenditures

Collective

CapitalInvestment

Exports(Non-Visitor)

40.4 7.0 1.0 26.0 2.3 20.2 12.9

Imports

24.1

19.6

Imports

31.0

Comp. Indirect TaxesOperatingSurplus -Subsidies

Depreciation

#N/A 3.7 #N/A #N/A

T&T IndustryEmployment

T&T EconomyEmployment

Property Taxes

6,642.5 17,868.7 25.9

Personal IncomeTaxes

Indirect TaxesCorporate

Taxes

4.2 9.4 3.5

8

TSA CONCEPTS

& STRUCTURE

Travel & Tourism Consumption

74.4

109.7

Travel & Tourism Demand

Travel & Tourism Economy SupplyT&T Industry

GDP (Indirect)

Travel & Tourism

Industry GDP(Direct Only)

Travel & Tourism Industry Supply

74.4

Travel & Tourism Economy Supply(Residual)

35.3

78.7

Travel & Tourism Taxes

17.1

30.8 109.7

Travel & TourismEconomy GDP

(Direct and Indirect)


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This Travel & Tourism Satellite Accounting research reflectsa comprehensive simulation of the new internationalstandard adopted by the United Nations following the EnzoPaci World Conference on the Economic Impact ofTourism (Nice, France, June 1999), twelve years of modeldevelopment and TSA experience by WTTC and OxfordEconomic Forecasting (OEF), and application of OEFs latestmacro-economic forecasts.

TSA Economic ConceptsThe Travel & Tourism Satellite Account is based on a

demand-side concept of economic activity, because theindustry does not produce or supply a homogeneous productor service like traditional industries (agriculture, electronics,steel, etc). Instead, Travel & Tourism is an industrial activitydefined by the diverse collection of products (durables andnon-durables) and services (transportation, accommodations,food and beverage, entertainment, government services, etc)that are delivered to visitors. There are two basic aggregatesof demand in the TSA:I Travel & Tourism Consumption represents the value of

products and services that have been consumed byvisitors. It is the basic demand-side aggregate used toconstruct an explicitly defined production-side industryequivalent for comparison with all other industries.Travel & Tourism Consumption includes: Personal Travel & Tourism, more formally known as

consumer expenditures, which captures spending byeconomy residents on traditional Travel & Tourismservices (lodging, transportation, entertainment, meals,financial services, etc) and goods (durable andnondurable) used for Travel & Tourism activities.

Business Travel by government and industry, whichmirrors Personal Travel & Tourisms spending ongoods and services (transportation, accommodation,meals, entertainment, etc), but represents intermediateinputs used in the course of business or governmentwork.

Government Expenditures (Individual) by agenciesand departments which provide visitor services such ascultural (art museums), recreational (national park) orclearance (immigration/ customs) to individualvisitors.

Visitor Exports, which include spending byinternational visitors on goods and services.

II Travel & Tourism Demandbuilds on Travel & Tourismconsumption to include Travel & Tourism products andservices associated with residual components of finaldemand. It is used to construct a broader economy-wide impact of Travel & Tourism. The residualelements of Travel & Tourism demand are: Government Expenditures (Collective) made by

agencies and departments associated with Travel &Tourism, but generally made on behalf of the

community at large, such as tourism promotion,aviation administration, security services and resortarea sanitation services.

Capital Investment by Travel & Tourism providers(the private sector) and government agencies (thepublic sector) to provide facilities, equipment andinfrastructure to visitors.

Exports (Non-Visitor)which include consumer goodssent abroad for ultimate sale to visitors (such asclothing, electronics or petrol) or capital goods sentabroad for use by industry service providers (such as

aircraft or cruise ships).By employing input/output modelling separately to

these two aggregates (Travel & Tourism Consumption andTravel & Tourism Demand), the Satellite Account is able toproduce two different and complementary aggregates ofTravel & Tourism Supply: the Travel & Tourism Industryand the Travel & Tourism Economy.The former capturesthe explicitly defined production-side industry equivalent,direct impact only, for comparison with all other industries,while the latter captures the broader economy-wide impact,direct and indirect, of Travel & Tourism.Through thisprocess, the Satellite Account is also able to determine thatportion of supply, which it Importsfrom abroad.

Next, the satellite account breaks down both aggregatesof supply (Industry and Economy) into the direct andindirect impacts ofGross Domestic Product (GDP), the maindescriptor of economic production, as well as the variouscomponents of GDP (Wages & Salaries, Indirect/TransactionTaxes, Operating Surplus, Depreciation and Subsidies).Beyond the regular TSA accounts, a separate analysis is alsoprovided of Personal Income Taxes paid by Travel &Tourism generated employment and Corporate and PropertyTaxespaid by Travel & Tourism companies. Finally, one ofthe most important elements of the Travel & TourismSatellite Account are the Employment results, which cannow be quantified for the basic Travel & Tourism Industryand the broader Travel & Tourism Economy.

T&T Industry Employment generally includes those jobs with face-to-face contact with visitors (airlines,hotels, car rental, restaurant, retail, entertainment, etc).

T&T Economy Employment includes T&T Industry

Employment plus those faceless jobs associated with:

Industry suppliers (airline caterers, laundry services,

food suppliers, wholesalers, accounting firms, etc).

Government agencies, manufacturing and

construction of capital goods and exported goods used

in Travel & Tourism.

Supplied commodities (steel producers, lumber, oil

production, etc).

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In Southeast Asia, Travel & Tourism's economic impact includes:

Total DemandTravel & Tourism is expected to generate US$120.1 billion of economicactivity (Total Demand) in year 2003, growing (nominal terms) to US$293.8billion by 2013. Travel & Tourism Demand is expected to grow by 7.1%

per annum, in real terms, between 2003 and 2013.

Gross Domestic Product - Travel & Tourism IndustryThe T&T Industry is expected to contribute 2.6 per cent to Gross DomesticProduct (GDP) in 2003 (US$32.2 billion), rising in nominal terms toUS$73.6 billion (2.9 per cent of total) by 2013.

Gross Domestic Product - Travel & Tourism EconomyThe T&T Economy contribution (percent of total) should rise from 6.7 per

cent (US$83.9 billion) to 7.8 per cent (US$194.6 billion) in this same period.

EmploymentIn 2003, T&T Economy employment is estimated at 18,285,300 jobs or 7.6per cent of total employment, which is 1 in every 13.2 jobs. By 2013, thisshould total 26,608,800 jobs, 8.6 per cent of total employment or 1 in every11.6 jobs. The 6,664,020 T&T Industry jobs account for 2.8 per cent oftotal employment in 2003 and are forecast at 9,718,550 jobs or 3.1 per centof the total b 2013.

Exports

Travel & Tourism is expected to generate 7.8 per cent of total exports(US$43.4 billion) in 2003, growing (nominal terms) to US$117.7 billion (7.9per cent of total) in 2013.

Capital InvestmentCapital investment is estimated at US$22.3 billion or 9.9 per cent of totalinvestment in year 2003. By 2013, this should reach US$52.4 billion or 10.8er cent of total.

10

TRAVEL & TOURISM'SECONOMIC IMPACTTRAVEL & TOURISM ENCOMPASSING TRANSPORT, ACCOMMODATION,CATERING, RECREATION AND SERVICES FOR VISITORS IS ONE OF THEWORLDS HIGHEST PRIORITY INDUSTRIES AND EMPLOYERS.


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2003 2013

Southeast Asia US$ bn % of Tot Growth1

US$ bn % of Tot Growth2

Personal Travel & Tourism 44.0 6.2 7.2 97.9 7.1 6.1

Business Travel 7.0 --- -1.5 19.3 --- 8.3

Government Expenditures 3.4 4.9 3.8 6.5 5.2 3.9

Capital Investment 22.3 9.9 9.5 52.4 10.8 6.6

Visitor Exports 28.3 5.1 7.2 77.3 5.2 8.0

Other Exports 15.0 2.7 15.2 40.3 2.7 7.8

Travel & Tourism Demand 120.1 --- 8.0 293.8 --- 7.1

T&T Industry GDP 32.2 2.6 2.3 73.6 2.9 6.4

T&T Economy GDP 83.9 6.7 4.7 194.6 7.8 6.6

T&T Industry Employment 6,664.0 2.8 0.3 9,718.6 3.1 3.9

T&T Economy Employment 18,285.3 7.6 2.3 26,608.8 8.6 3.8

12003 Real Growth Adjusted for Infl ation (Percent); 22004-2013 Annualized Real Growth Adjusted for Inflation (Percent); '000 of Jobs

2003 2013

Asia/Pacific US$ bn % of Tot Growth1


Personal Travel & Tourism 458.8 9.1 3.3 827.7 9.7 4.3

Business Travel 82.2 --- -0.3 148.4 --- 4.4

Government Expenditures 48.7 3.8 4.6 80.8 3.9 3.5

Capital Investment 175.0 7.8 5.8 375.4 9.0 5.7

Visitor Exports 91.0 4.0 5.3 258.6 3.9 8.5

Other Exports 91.4 4.0 14.0 266.7 4.0 9.2

Travel & Tourism Demand 947.2 --- 4.6 1,957.6 --- 5.5

T&T Industry GDP 265.2 3.0 1.7 459.1 3.0 3.8

T&T Economy GDP 758.5 8.6 3.3 1,430.1 9.2 4.6




2003 2013

World US$ bn % of Tot Growth1


Personal Travel & Tourism 2,136 9.9 2.2 3,862 10.8 3.7

Business Travel 489 --- 0.6 872 --- 3.7

Government Expenditures 224 3.9 2.8 378 4.1 3.0

Capital Investment 686 9.6 2.8 1,309 10.1 4.3

Visitor Exports 531 5.9 3.0 1,332 6.0 7.1

Other Exports 479 5.3 8.9 1,187 5.4 7.2

Travel & Tourism Demand 4,544 --- 2.9 8,940 --- 4.6

T&T Industry GDP 1,280 3.7 1.1 2,279 3.8 3.6

T&T Economy GDP 3,527 10.2 2.0 6,461 10.8 3.9




11

ASIA/PACIFIC ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS

SOUTHEAST ASIA ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS

WORLD ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS

Percent

of

Total

Category

Annualized

Real

Growth


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TSA CHARTS

Year 2003 SplitCumulative Real Growth

(%)1990 Constant US$ bn

'000 of JobsCumulative Real Growth

(%)T&T Economy Employment as

% of Total Employment

Light Blue Bar is T&T Industry Jobs; Light/Dark BlueCombination is T&T Economy Jobs

1990 Constant US$ bn Cumulative Real Growth%

T&T Economy GDP as% of Total GDP

Light Blue Bar is T&T Industry GDP; Light/Dark BlueCombination is T&T Economy GDP

12

TRAVEL & TOURISM DEMAND

TRAVEL & TOURISM EMPLOYMENT

TRAVEL & TOURISM GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

Personal T&T

Business T&T

Gov'tExpenditures

CapitalInvestment

Visitor Exports

Other Exports

0.0

5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20040

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1990 2000 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1990 2000 2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1990 2000 2010

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

6.5%

7.0%

7.5%

8.0%

8.5%

9.0%

9.5%

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012


15/32

1990 Constant US$ bnCumulative Real Growth

(%)% of Total Capital Investment

1990 Constant US$ bnCumulative Real Growth

(%)% of Total Personal Consumption

Light Blue Bar is Personal T&T; Dark Blue Bar is Business T&T

1990 Constant US$ bn Cumulative Real Growth%

% of Total Exports

Light Blue Bar is Visitor Exports; Dark Blue Bar is OtherExports

13

TRAVEL & TOURISM CAPITAL INVESTMENT

PERSONAL AND BUSINESS TRAVEL & TOURISM

TRAVEL & TOURISM EXPORTS

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1990 2000 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1990 2000 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1990 2000 2010

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012


16/32

RANKING AND RANGE

2003 2013

Southeast Asia Absolute Size Relative Size Growth1

Absolute Size Relative Size Growth2

Personal Travel & Tourism 5 8 3 5 9 3

Business Travel 7 --- 8 6 --- 2

Government Expenditures 8 3 5 8 4 3

Capital Investment 4 8 1 4 6 2

Visitor Exports 5 11 5 5 11 3

Other Exports 6 11 1 5 11 5

Travel & Tourism Demand 5 --- 2 5 --- 2

T&T Industry GDP 4 10 5 4 10 4

T&T Economy GDP 4 12 5 4 12 2

T&T Industry Employment 5 8 6 3 8 4

T&T Economy Employment 5 8 4 4 7 3

12003 Real Growth Adjusted for Inflation; 22004-2013 Annualized Real Growth Adjusted for Inflation

Total 161 Countries or 13 Regions (Largest/Highest/Best is Number 1; Smallest/Lowest/Worst is Number 161 or 13)

14

Year 2003 Country Rankings for Southeast Asia within World Countries List

Year 2003 % of Total Estimates for Southeast Asia within World Countries Range

Ten Year (2004-2013) Growth Estimates for Southeast Asia Within World Countries Range

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PersonalTravel

&Tourism

Government

Expenditures

Capital

Investment

VisitorExports

OtherExports

T&TIndustry

GDP

T&TEconomy

GDP

T&TIndustry

Employment

T&TEconomy

Employment

TSA Concepts

%

ofTotalCategory

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Persona

lTravel

&To

urism

BusinessTravel

Govern

ment

Expenditures

Capital

Investm

ent

VisitorExports

OtherE

xports

Travel&

Tourism

Demand

T&TIndustry

GD

P

T&TEconomy

GD

P

T&TIndustry

Employ

ment

T&TEconomy

Employment

TSA Concepts

Annualized%

RealGrowth


17/32

CONTRIBUTION AND GROWTH

Travel & Tourism Industry GDP Contribution and Growth - All Countries

Travel & Tourism Industry Employment Contribution and Growth - All Countries

Travel & Tourism Capital Investment Contribution and Growth - All Countries

Southeast Asia Data Point Indicated in Yellow and Red

15

0%

5%

10 %

15 %

20 %

25 %

30 %

35 %

40 %

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Annualized Real Growth (2003-2013)

%

ofTotalGDP(2003)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

-2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%


%

ofT

otalGDP

(2003)

High GrowthLow Contribution

High GrowthHigh Contribution

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

-4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%


%

ofTotalGDP(2003)

Low GrowthLow Contribution

Low GrowthHigh Contribution


High Growth

High Contribution

Low Growth

High Contribution


Low GrowthHigh Contribution

High GrowthHigh Contribution




18/32

SATELLITE ACCOUNT TABLES

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002E 2003E 2013P

Travel & Tourism - US$ billion

Personal Travel & Tourism 30.76 34.00 37.44 37.52 40.43 43.96 97.92

Business Travel & Tourism 6.22 7.54 8.40 7.09 6.98 6.98 19.34

Corporate 5.68 6.91 7.72 6.48 6.37 6.38 18.06

Government 0.54 0.63 0.69 0.61 0.60 0.60 1.28

Gov't Expenditures - Individual 0.65 0.80 0.86 0.87 0.99 1.04 1.96

Visitor Exports 24.05 28.01 29.98 26.74 26.01 28.34 77.35

Travel & Tourism Consumption 61.69 70.36 76.69 72.22 74.41 80.33 196.57

Gov't Expenditures - Collective 1.45 1.76 1.98 2.00 2.27 2.40 4.50

Capital Investment 18.48 17.99 19.68 18.72 20.17 22.30 52.42

Exports (Non-Visitor) 10.00 11.25 13.60 12.16 12.89 15.05 40.33

Travel & Tourism Demand 91.62 101.36 111.95 105.10 109.74 120.07 293.82

Travel & Tourism Industry Aggregates (Direct Impact Only)

Employment ('000) 7,599.36 7,364.25 7,372.10 7,125.03 6,642.51 6,664.02 9,718.55

Gross Domestic Product 25.14 29.50 31.23 29.91 30.77 32.23 73.64

Travel & Tourism Economy Aggregates (Direct and Indirect Impacts)

Employment ('000) 19,365.20 18,712.10 19,299.80 18,736.10 17,868.70 18,285.30 26,608.80


Travel & Tourism Accounts as % of National Accounts


Gov't Expenditures 4.49 4.69 4.82 4.74 4.88 4.93 5.17


Exports 8.71 9.22 8.69 8.61 8.15 7.83 7.94

T&T Imports 7.88 7.91 7.50 7.39 7.17 6.97 6.86


Employment 3.51 3.34 3.30 3.12 2.83 2.77 3.14Gross Domestic Product 3.47 3.31 3.09 2.79 2.61 2.56 2.94


Employment 8.94 8.49 8.63 8.20 7.61 7.59 8.59


Travel & Tourism Real Growth (per annum except 2012 = 10-year annualized)

Personal Travel & Tourism 5.73 -1.47 8.54 -0.32 1.34 7.18 6.11

Business Travel & Tourism 13.49 3.87 10.00 -10.85 -11.03 -1.51 8.27

Gov't Expenditures -10.59 8.62 8.64 6.82 5.67 3.75 3.94

Capital Investment -20.35 -12.55 7.62 -0.87 1.50 9.53 5.48

Visitor Exports 13.56 5.41 7.69 -4.51 -8.15 7.20 8.00

Other Exports 21.46 4.85 18.50 -5.00 1.23 15.22 6.51

Travel & Tourism Consumption 9.66 2.26 8.29 -3.34 -4.13 6.26 7.12

Travel & Tourism Demand 2.56 -0.35 9.42 -2.94 -2.25 7.98 7.06

16


19/32

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002E 2003E 2013P


Gross Domestic Product 11.60 3.45 4.32 -3.07 -5.67 2.26 6.44

Employment 24.00 -3.09 0.11 -3.35 -6.77 0.32 3.86

Travel & Tourism Economy Aggregates (Direct and Indirect Impact)

Gross Domestic Product 3.77 -0.71 7.52 -2.67 -3.58 4.66 6.55

Employment 12.94 -3.37 3.14 -2.92 -4.63 2.33 3.83

Travel & Tourism - US$ billion



Corporate 5.68 6.91 7.72 6.48 6.37 6.38 18.06

Government 0.54 0.63 0.69 0.61 0.60 0.60 1.28


Visitor Exports 24.05 28.01 29.98 26.74 26.01 28.34 77.35







Employment ('000) 7,599.36 7,364.25 7,372.10 7,125.03 6,642.51 6,664.02 9,718.55



Employment ('000) 19,365.20 18,712.10 19,299.80 18,736.10 17,868.70 18,285.30 26,608.80


Travel & Tourism - 1990 Constant US$ billionPersonal Travel & Tourism 25.50 25.13 27.27 27.18 27.55 29.52 53.36



Visitor Exports 25.30 26.67 28.73 27.43 25.19 27.01 58.09






Gross Domestic Product

Travel & Tourism Industry 23.34 24.14 25.19 24.41 23.03 23.55 43.87

Travel & Tourism Economy 61.39 60.96 65.54 63.79 61.50 64.37 121.22

17


20/32

THE WAR SCENARIOOVERVIEW

IN RECENT MONTHS THE RISK OF A MILITARY CONFLICT WITH IRAQAPPEARS TO HAVE INCREASED. THIS ANALYSIS ASSESSES THE POTENTIAL

IMPLICATIONS OF A PESSIMISTIC WAR SCENARIO AND THE IMPACT ONTRAVEL & TOURISM.

IntroductionWhat happened last time we went to war with Iraq? In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait.This ultimately led to a military engagement, with UN forces led by the US driving the Iraqisout of Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm, which came to a successful conclusion in February1991.

During the course of those months, oil prices rose sharply, and a number of developedeconomies around the world slipped towards recession. But it is difficult to know how muchof the blame for that recession should be attached the Gulf War. The Gulf War itself had animpact on growth via three main channels:

Oil prices increased sharply. Equity prices fell sharply across most developed economies. Both business and consumer confidence were hit.

Certain sectors suffered particularly badly, including tourism and aviation. Somecommentators believe that the Gulf War tipped the already weak US economy into recession,while others believe that a recession or something close to a recession would have occurred inany case. The truth is it is impossible to identify the confidence effects that came from the GulfWar separately from other adverse effects at the time.

What might be the economic impact this time? The economic impact of renewedhostilities in the Gulf would come through the same three channels as above with a directeffect also from higher US and UK government defence spending to finance the War.

The distinction between the base case scenario presented throughout this TSA report andthis extraordinary War Scenario is essentially the length of time for which oil supplies (andtherefore prices) are disrupted. In the base case, the war is short and contained, with theimpact on long-term oil supplies minimal. In the second, pessimistic case, for whatever reason,oil supplies are substantially reduced into the medium or long term. In either scenario, themacroeconomic impact would almost certainly have a disproportionate effect on tourism andaviation sectors, as was the case during the last Gulf War.

Base Case:Diplomatic solution or victory after a short, contained war

Optimists will argue that a short, contained war could have a positive impact on growth.Whatever the outcome, higher government spending will boost growth in the short run. Asuccessful war would remove an important source of global uncertainty and insecurity (longterm as well as short term), and create new opportunities in a region that has stagnated for overa decade. Conceivably except in the very short term - it might even reduce oil prices.

Our base case essentially assumes there is little difference in terms of economic growthbetween a diplomatic solution and a contained war, since most of the negative effects expectedin the event of war are already happening - a loss of consumer confidence, investment

decisions being postponed, and so on. It is possible that war itself would generate a further lossof confidence towards international travel, and therefore that the knock-on effects on Travel &Tourism would be greater than on the economy as a whole. Even here, it is likely that thedifference between no war and a speedy contained war would not be that great.

18


21/32

Base Case Assumptions:

Quick, decisive victory or diplomatic solution No use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) against US troops, Israel or region No reduction in OPEC oil production/exports No challenges to Arab governments in region New Iraqi government installed and in control No damage to oil producing capacity in Iraq, or elsewhere

THE WAR SCENARIO:VICTORY, WITH REGIONAL DISRUPTION

Temporary spikes in oil prices have small effects on global growth. But the key longer-termrisk to the global economy deriving from any potential Iraqi conflict is that of sustaineddisruption to oil supplies. In addition, persistently higher oil prices, and an inconclusive orprolonged military engagement, would probably undermine confidence and equity markets bya larger amount and for a longer time than in the contained war scenario. In this scenario, weassume a further hit to consumer spending and investment in all developed economies,particularly marked in the second and third quarters of 2003. We would also expect a rapiddrop in world trade, hitting exports for the leading economies.

Taking all these factors into account, a disruptive war scenario could see both US and UKGDP fall by 1-2%. And some of the vulnerable economies would be in need of emergencyfunds, while even previously robust economies like China could also see growth dented in2003 and 2004. A major casualty could be Japan where the economy stays in recession from2002 to 2004. Among the smaller economies, the IMF and World Bank would need to beactive to help avoid defaults and serious dislocation effects.

In the event of a more disruptive war with some terrorist attacks outside the region, it islikely that the effects on Travel & Tourism will be more severe. Our scenario assumes that theloss of confidence in international travel that could be caused would lead to a further 6-7% lossof visitor exports around the world, rather than the modest recovery we expect in the morebenign case. As a result of this and weaker demand more generally from weaker world

growth, the scenario shows would TT industry output falling by 1_% this year before somerecovery next year.

War Scenario Assumptions:

Iraq attacks oil facilities in region, with limited damage but political and economic effects Iraq attacks Israel, US troops but not with WMD effective enough to trigger a major

response or have highly lethal effects Unexpected protracted Iraqi military resistance Limited Israeli intervention in war; rising political unrest in region Low level civil tensions and clashes in Iraq after military conflict over Some terrorist attacks on US interests

19


22/32

WAR SCENARIO ANALYSIS

Travel & Tourism Demand1990 Constant US$ bn

TRAVEL & TOURISM DEMAND

In 2003, the Southeast Asia base case TSA expects Travel & Tourism demand to

generate real term growth(loss) of 8.0 per cent over 2002 results. In contrast,the War Scenario forecasts a real term growth(loss) of 4.1 per cent for 2003.The difference, -3.9 per cent real loss for Southeast Asia Travel & Tourism, isthe additional negative impact associated with a inconclusive or prolongedmilitary engagement. In nominal terms, this War Scenario impact is expected tototal US$-4.4 billion. The area in red on the chart indicates the War Scenarioloss.

Travel & Tourism Visitor Exports1990 Constant US$ bn

TRAVEL & TOURISM EXPORTS

Visitor exports is usually the hardest hit component of Travel & Tourismdemand in periods of conflict, terrorism and political uncertainty. TheWTTC/OEF base case forecast for Southeast Asia's visitor export growth in2003 is 7.2 per cent over 2002 results. The War Scenario has restated SoutheastAsia's visitor export growth at -1.4 per cent, a decrease of -8.6 per cent or US$-2.3 billion vis--vis the base case forecast. War Scenario losses are indicated inred on the chart.

Travel & Tourism Industry GDP1990 Constant US$ bn

TRAVEL & TOURISM GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

A proper analysis of the War Scenario's potential impact must also isolate thelikely change to Travel & Tourism Industry GDP, since some elements of T&TDemand such as government expenditures and capital investment tend to lagcurrent events. Plus, history has shown that Travel & Tourism behavior andconsumption change during periods of conflict with domestic travel replacingsome portion of international travel. For Southeast Asia, Travel & TourismIndustry GDP is expected to decrease in the War Scenario by -4.7 per cent(US$-1.5 billion) vis--vis the base case. War Scenario losses are indicated inred on the chart.

Travel & Tourism Economy Empl.'000 of Jobs


Finally, Travel & Tourism economy employment, in its broadest sense, is themost comprehensive and personal gauge of war, conflict and terrorism on ourindustry. In 2003, Travel & Tourism economy employment in Southeast Asiais expected to total 18,285,300 jobs under our base case TSA research(diplomatic solution or victory after a short, contained war). Under the WarScenario (victory with regional disruption) the total jobs forecast is pegged at17,826,000. The difference, -459,300 lost jobs, is the negative employmentimpact in Southeast Asia associated with the War Scenario. War Scenario losses

are indicated in red on the chart.

20

0 . 0 0

5 . 0 0

1 0 . 0 0

1 5 . 0 0

2 0 . 0 0

2 5 . 0 0

3 0 . 0 0

3 5 . 0 0

2

001

2

002

2

003

2

004

8 0 . 0 0

8 5 . 0 0

9 0 . 0 0

9 5 . 0 0

1 0 0 . 0 0

1 0 5 . 0 0

1 1 0 . 0 0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

2 0 . 5 0

2 1 . 0 0

2 1 . 5 0

2 2 . 0 0

2 2 . 5 0

2 3 . 0 0

2 3 . 5 0

2 4 . 0 0

2 4 . 5 0

2 5 . 0 0

2 5 . 5 0

2 6 . 0 0

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

17,000.0

17,500.0

18,000.0

18,500.0

19,000.0

19,500.0

2001

2002

2003

2004


23/32

-3.9%

-8.6%

-4.7%

-459,300

21

.loss in total Travel & Tourism Visitor Exports.

WAR SCENARIO SUMMARY

.loss in total Travel & Tourism Industry GDP.

.loss in total Travel & Tourism Demand.

IN THE EVENT THAT THE SITUATION IN IRAQ ESCALATES INTO AN

INCONCLUSIVE OR PROLONGED MILITARY ENGAGEMENT CAUSINGDISRUPTION TO OIL SUPPLIES, UNDERMINING CONSUMER CONFIDENCEAND EQUITY MARKETS FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME, WE EXPECTTHE 2003 IMPACT ON TRAVEL & TOURISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA TO TOTAL:

.loss in total Travel & Tourism Economy jobs.

THIS ANALYSIS AND RECENT HISTORY HAS SHOWN THAT THETRAVEL & TOURISM INDUSTRY IS PARTICULARLY VULNERABLETO SEVERE BUSINESS DOWNTURNS DURING PERIODS OFTERRORISM, POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY AND MILITARYCONFLICT.

WTTC CALLS ON GOVERNMENT LEADERS AROUND THE WORLDTO RECOGNIZE THE SEVERE ECONOMIC AND EMPLOYMENTIMPACT EXPERIENCED BY TRAVEL & TOURSIM AND IMPLEMENT,WHEN NECESSARY AND APPROPRIATE, STRATEGIC POLICYMEASURES TO MITIGATE THE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ONTHE INDUSTRY AND NATIONAL ECONOMIES.


24/32

COMPETITIVENESS MONITORTHE WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS MONITOR TRACKS AWIDE RANGE OF INFORMATION, WHICH INDICATES TO WHAT EXTENT ACOUNTRY OFFERS A COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR TRAVEL &

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.The Competitiveness Monitor, launched in 2001, is based on a set of social and economic data that areavailable and comparable across countries. The Monitor is useful for governments, policy makers, Travel& Tourism companies, investors, academics and all other interested parties. The Monitor uses a trafficlight system to indicate the relative positions - rather than the absolute performance - of differentcountries. Green, amber and red lights indicate respectively, above average, average and below averageperformance. White is data not available.

PRICE COMPETITIVENESSTourism Price Competitiveness Index (TPCI) shows the tourism price index across countries where theindex value of '0' shows the least price competitive country and '100' represents the most pricecompetitive country. It is computed using the Hotel Price Index and Purchasing Power Parity Index.

HUMAN TOURISMThe International Human Tourism Index measures the achievement of human development in terms oftourism activity. The Travel & Tourism Sector takes account of people's influence in various areas oftourism activity. It includes indices that looks at the economic impact of Travel & Tourism demand,consumption, exports, imports, balance, personal and business travel and the numbers of arrivals anddepartures.

INFRASTRUCTUREInfrastructure Index shows the level of infrastructure development, combining the Road Index, theSanitation Index and the Water Access Index. The Railway Index is not included because of the limiteddata available. Index value of '0' represents the country with the least infrastructure while the value of'100' is for the country with the highest infrastructure. Source: The World Bank (2001), WorldDevelopment Indicators.

ENVIRONMENTThis indicates governments awareness towards environmental aspects of development usingpopulationdensity, CO2 emissions and the ratification of environmental treaties as appropriateindicators.. An index value of '0' shows the least environmentally friendly country and '100' is for themost environmentally friendly country.

TECHNOLOGYThis shows the advances in modern technological systems and infrastructure using data regardingtelephone mainlines, mobile phones, high technology exports and Internet hosts. An index value of '0'shows the least technologically advanced country and '100' is for the most technologically advancedcountry.

HUMAN RESOURCESHuman resources development is an important part of Travel & Tourism. Using data regarding lifeexpectancy, illiteracy rates, education, employment, population, training, skills and gender indicatorsthis shows the competitiveness of the quality of human resources in each country.

OPENNESSThese indices take into account tourism openness using data including: visa requirements, the extent towhich a country is open to international tourism, trade openness and taxes on international trade. Thisinformation has often been ignored in past research. It accords with the economic growth literaturefindings that a countrys openness to trade is a further significant determinant of growth.

SOCIALSocial Development is an important index that indicates a countrys development in social issues using

data from daily newspapers, personal computers, television sets and total crimes recorded.22


25/32

Southeast Asia Index Value Ranking

Price Competitiveness #N/A #N/A

Human Tourism #N/A #N/A

Infrastructure #N/A #N/A

Environment #N/A #N/A

Technology #N/A #N/A

Human Resources #N/A #N/A

Openness #N/A #N/A

Social #N/A #N/A

Index Value (Least Competitive is 0.0; Most Competitive is 100.0)

Ranking ( Most Competitive is Number 1; Least Competitive is Number 206)

23

Competitiveness Monitor 2003 - Southeast Asia

The relevant data are presented so that comparison across countries can be made. The value of each index rangesfrom 0 to 100 to show the level of performance of each country relative to other countries. An index value of 0represents the lowest achievement and 100 shows the highest achievement. The index values of 0 and 100 alsocorrespond to the minimum and maximum values of the actual data, so that the comparison of achievement is arelative comparison.

PercentofTotalCategory

1nualiz

dReal

rowth

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Price

Competitiveness

HumanTourism

Infrastructure

Environment

Technology

Human

Resources

Openness

Social

Least

........

Most

Competitive


26/32

WTTC/OEF TSA RESEARCHTHE 2003 UPDATETHIS YEARS RESEARCH BY OXFORD ECONOMIC FORECASTING ON

WTTCS SIMULATED TOURISM SATELLITE ACCOUNTS REPRESENTS AFURTHER SIGNIFICANT ADVANCE ON OUR EXISTING WORK.

Similar to previous years, data sources have been updated and a review of their use madewhere appropriate. This year however, our review has also enabled us to take a number ofareas of the work a stage further than before. We will be issuing an updated version of ourdetailed methodological paper in due course, setting out as always a full description of howthese simulated TSAs are produced. In the meantime, however, this note records the mostsignificant enhancements made to our existing methodology.


Perhaps the most obvious revision to last years simulated accounts is in our estimates of T&Temployment for those countries where this is based on the pool equation approach. Thedetailed methodology paper explains this approach in more detail, but the underlying principleis that for non-OECD countries, where we have not carried out specific country studies, weuse data derived from those countries that have been studied in detail to estimate therelationship between T&T variables we are interested in and other variables for which data orestimates are available for each country. In the case of T&T employment, the most importantdriver of our estimate is T&T GDP, but we have taken the opportunity provided by havingcompleted a number of additional country studies since this relationship was last estimated tolook again at the best way of using the T&T GDP figures to estimate the correspondingemployment.

Clearly we would expect this relationship to depend on how expensive it is to employsomeone the cheaper labour is, the more workers are likely to be used to generate the sameamount of GDP. This relationship is very clear in the chart below, which plots these data forthe non-OECD countries, where detailed country studies have been carried out by WTTCand its partners.

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

0 500 1000 1500

LabourCosts(GDPp

erEmployee)1995US$'000

T&T Employment ('000) per US$ bn Output

T&T Employment and Labour Costs

However, the same is true of other industries as well, and if we look at the number ofworkers used to generate a given level of output in Travel & Tourism relative to the sameconcept for the economy as a whole, a rather different picture emerges. The chart belowcompares this relativity with an indicator of how advanced an economy is, measured here byGDP per employee.

24


27/32

BB

B

B

B

B

B

B

0

5

10

15

20

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

Lab

ourCosts(GDPperEmployee)1995US$'000

T&T Employment Share/GDP Share

Relative T&T Productivty and GDP

It is clear from these figures that for poorer economies, Travel & Tourism is relativelyproductive compared with the average across the whole economy (though clearly we wouldnot generally expect it to be productive relative to Travel & Tourism in richer economies,since cheaper labour will encourage relatively labour-intensive ways of delivering services).Conversely, for richer economies, Travel & Tourism has relatively lower productivity than theaverage across the whole economy. This is the relationship we have used to construct ourrevised estimates of T&T employment across different economies where we do not have moredetailed results on which to rely.

Business Travel

This year we have added additional information from balance of payments (BoP) statistics toenable us to refine our estimates of how much businesses spend on hotels. We continue to usedata on the number of hotel rooms, estimated room rates and occupancy rates, and surveys ofthe business share of the market, to estimate overall business spending in a country. As usual,new data has led to some of these assumptions being updated/amended, and we have lookedagain at estimated room rates to ensure they look consistent across countries. But the mainmethodological change we have made this year has been to incorporate BoP data to improveestimates of the extent to which spending by an individual countrys businesses differs fromspending by businesses on hotels within the individual country. Countries with detailed BoPstatistics for services record imports and exports of travel and the business share of these, so that

the net exports of travel attributable to businesses can be added to the estimated spendingwithin the country or vice versa. Where less detailed BoP statistics exist we have, as usual, hadto estimate certain elements of this calculation.

T&T Trade in Goods

Estimates of T&T trade in goods continue to be based on a detailed commodity breakdown oftrade as described in the main methodological report, we use the compilation of UnitedNations data put together by Statistics Canada to split imports and exports of goods into 18categories with varying importance for Travel & Tourism, and apply estimated T&T shares toeach of these. So, for example, the majority of imports and exports of aircraft are for T&Tpurposes, while imports and exports of cars are less T&T intensive since the majority of car

travel is for other purposes than business Travel & Tourism. This year we have enhanced ouruse of these T&T shares when looking at imports, to reflect how important overall T&Tdemand is within an economy. So for countries where tourism accounts for a large part ofaggregate demand in the economy, T&T is also assumed to account for a larger share of, forexample, imports of clothing and footwear than for an economy where T&T is of only minorimportance. To an extent, this differentiation is already allowed for in the use of thecommodity breakdown of trade combined with different shares for different commodities.But this years enhancement reflects the fact that in practice the commodity breakdown is notsufficiently detailed to pick up all the variation in import shares likely to result from thediffering importance of T&T demand in different countries.

25


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T&T Trade in Services

Any changes here are primarily a result of revised data sources. World Tourism Organizationdata on foreign tourism spending and receipts no longer covers spending on fares, whether thisconsists of a countrys residents buying air tickets on foreign airlines or foreign visitors buyingtickets from domestic airlines. Instead, the WTO data focus on residents spending on goodsand services while abroad, and foreign visitors spending on goods and services within thecountry in question. We continue to use these data from the WTO, but we havesupplemented them with data on fares spending from the detailed balance of payments statisticscollated by the IMF. In the majority of cases, this allows us to update the series previouslycollected by the WTO, but in some cases the IMF historical data does not appear consistentwith the data we previously used from the WTO. In these cases, our preference has been,wherever possible, to use IMF BoP statistics for the historical data as well, since this is thesource we expect at this stage to be using for these series in the future.

T&T Investment

Our primary methodology for estimating T&T investment for those non-OECD countrieswhere we have not carried out specific country studies is, as for employment, based on a poolequation linking T&T investment to overall investment in the economy and the importanceof tourism for the economy as a whole. This has not changed in our most recent work.However, our detailed study of the trade data has revealed one enhancement to this where wehave been able to incorporate specific data. This is derived from the data for imports ofaircraft, which generally have a high T&T content. Since the proportion of imported aircraft,which is assessed to be for T&T use, is deducted from T&T demand in arriving at ourestimates of T&T GDP, it is clearly appropriate to ensure the corresponding demand for thoseimports is also included in our estimate of T&T demand, and it is equally clear in the specificcase of aircraft that that demand is for investment. We have therefore improved our estimatesof T&T investment by adding a specific element to the pool equation estimates to reflect theT&T element of imported aircraft.

Coverage

The only changes to the coverage of the results this year are that we have added Croatia to thecountries included, as a result of a specific study carried out in the autumn, and that we haveredefined the local currency results for all the countries in the eurozone to reflect their use ofthe euro rather than individual local currencies. This latter change affects the level of some ofour estimates in constant 1990 dollars since the Eurostat national accounts data for thesecountries is calculated in 1995 prices and not all currencies moved against the dollar at thesame rate as the euro between 1990 and 1995.

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2003/2002 VARIANCE CHARTS

Personal Travel & Tourism1990 Constant US$ bn

Personal Travel & Tourism% of Total Consumption

Business Travel & Tourism1990 Constant US$ bn

Travel & Tourism Govt Expenditures1990 Constant US$ bn

Travel & Tourism Govt Expenditures% of Total Govt Expenditures

Travel & Tourism Visitor Exports

1990 Constant US$ bn

Travel & Tourism Exports

% of Total Exports

Travel & Tourism Consumption

1990 Constant US$ bn

Travel & Tourism Capital Investment1990 Constant US$ bn

Travel & Tourism Capital Investment% of Total Capital Investment

Travel & Tourism Demand1990 Constant US$ bn

OEF's Year 2003 Estimates OEF's Year 2002 Estimates

Solid Dark Blue Dashed Light Blue

27

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.505.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012


30/32

Travel & Tourism Industry GDP1990 Constant US$ bn

Travel & Tourism Industry GDP% of Total GDP

Travel & Tourism Economy GDP1990 Constant US$ bn

Travel & Tourism Economy GDP% of Total GDP

Travel & Tourism Industry Empl.'000 of Jobs

Travel & Tourism Industry Empl.% of Total Employment

Travel & Tourism Economy Empl.'000 of Jobs

Travel & Tourism Economy Empl.% of Total Employment

OEF's Year 2003 Estimates OEF's Year 2002 EstimatesSolid Dark Blue Dashed Light Blue

28

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.03.5

4.0

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.0

5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

2,000.00

4,000.00

6,000.00

8,000.00

10,000.00

12,000.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012


31/32

WTTC would like to express its sincere appreciation to the entire research and economics teamassociated with this 2003 Tourism Satellite Accounting Research

Oxford Economic Forecasting

Adrian Cooper, Managing DirectorAlan Wilson, Director of Consulting ServicesErik Britton, Director of Consulting Services

Simon Knapp, Senior EconomistKeith Edmonds, Senior Economist

The OEF Macroeconomic Forecasting and Technical Teams

World Travel & Tourism CouncilRichard Miller, Vice President, Research and Economics


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Documents

Southeast Asia Tourism Industry