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SPANISH LITERATURE
Sharmaine Manuel
Sheila Sembrano
Adelyn Gayondato
Gerald Bagarinao
Ava Mae Andrade
Part Two of Don Quixote is often regarded as the birth of modern literature, as it explores the concept of a character understanding that he is being written about
INTRODUCTION
Spain
was a sovereign state and member of European
Union
Located at South western Europe on Iberian
Peninsula
has about 1000 Spanish literature
- spanish includes number of works written by
spanish citezen living outside of spain during cil war
TROUBADOURS
people sang for the people in the village
square and nobility in castle and royal courts
entertained pilgrim
medieval lyric poet composing and singing in
Provencal in the 11th to 13th
centuries, especially on the theme of courtly
love.
TROUBADOURS
wrote and sang long poems, called epics
about Christian heroes
The epics were composed mainly in a poetic
style known as mester de juglaria (craft of
the troubadour).
EL CANTAR DEL MIO CID
(The Poem of the Cid) is the oldest Spanish
epic poem preserved
based on the true story of Rodrigo Díaz de
Vivar, known as El Cid capeador(the Lord
champion)
narrative work of the Spanish literature
written in a Romance language, and it was
composed around 1200.
'CANTAR DEL MIO CID'
• revolves around the topic of the restoration of lost honor.
division of the Cantar in three parts:
• In the first part, Cid is banished from Castile and leaves his daughters and wife at home to begin his military campaign to restore his honor.
• In the second part, Cid conquers Valencia and his daughters are wed to the Infants of Carrión, even though Cid doesn't trust them.
• In the third and last part, the Infants of Carrión leave Cid's daughters beaten in the middle of the country. He asks the King for a trial against the Infants and he wins. His daughters are promised then to the Infants of Navarre and Aragón.
WORKS OF CHIVALRY AND ROMANCE
Chivalric novels are all about the knight-errant adventured in order to
demonstrate their chivalry.
These works were immensely popular and mixed the themes of epic
heroism with figures from the reconquest.
One of the best works in 14th-century written down by Garci Rodriguez
de Montalvo in 1508 is Amadis de Gaula (Amadis of Gaul).
PASTORAL POETRY
It is about a depicted man and woman who retired to the country and
search for a simple life.
Spanish pastoral poets imitated the sonnet, tercet and other verse forms
often used in Italian pastoral works by Juan Boscan Almogaver and
Garcilaso de la Vega.
RELIGIOUS POETRY
Religious poetry gained intensity near the middle of the 16th
century, partly as a consequence of the Counter Reformation.
This writing expressed attitudes of spiritual devotion, the state of the
soul, and the desire to withdraw from the world.
Three Writters:
- Augustinian monk Luis Ponce de León
- Carmelite monk Juan de Yepes y lvarez
- Carmelite mystic Saint Teresa of Avila
LUIS PONCE DE LEON, O.E.S.A (Order of St. Augustine)
JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS)
Teresa of Ávila
LUIS PONCE DE LEO,O.E.S.A(ORDER OF ST.
AUGUSTINE)
(BELMONTE, CUENCA, 1527 – MADRIGAL DE LAS
ALTAS, CASTILE,SPAIN- 23 AUGUST 1591)
IMPRISONMENT
IN 1571 DOMINICAN PROFESSORS BARTOLOME DE
MEDINA AND CASTRO PUT FORTH SEVENTEEN
PROPOSITIONS TO THE INQUISITION DOCUMENTING FRAY
LUIS’ALLEGEDLY HERETICAL OPINIONS.
AT THE END OF 1576, THE TABLES TURNED, AND FRAY
LUIS WAS CLEARED OF ALL CHARGES AND RELEASED FROM
PRISON WITH AN ADMONISHMENT TO BE MORE CAREFUL
AND RESERVED IN HIS PUBLICATIONS AND SPEECH.
AS A WRITER
BETWEEN 1583 AND 1585 HE PUBLISHED THE THREE BOOKS OF HIS
CELEBRATED TREATISE, THE NAMES OF CHRIST, WHICH HE HAD WRITTEN IN
PRISON. IN 1583 ALSO APPEARED THE MOST POPULAR OF HIS PROSE
WORKS, THE PERFECT WIFE.
FRAY LUIS STOPPED FROM PUBLISHING HIS POEMS, WHICH WERE NOT
EDITED TILL 1631, WHEN QUEVEDO PRINTED THEM. THE CANON OF FRAY LUIS'S
POETRY, AS FIXED BY HISPANISTS, CONSISTS OF TWENTY-NINE POEMS. APART
FROM THOSE, HE WROTE MAINLY PROSE, MOST NOTABLY, THE NAMES OF CHRIST
AND THE PERFECT WIFE. HE ALSO TRANSLATED HORACE'S ODES INTO SPANISH.
MAJOR WORKS
LA PERFECTA CASADA (THE PERFECT WIFE)
IT ADVISES ALL YOUNG WOMEN ON THE PROPER BEHAVIOR AND
DUTIES OF A MARRIED WOMAN, BOTH IN REGARD TO HER HUSBAND AND HER
CHILDREN.
DE LOS NOMBRES DE CRISTO (THE NAMES OF CHRIST)
IT IS WRITTEN IN DIALOGUE FORM ABOUT THREE FRIENDS WHO DISCUSS
FOURTEEN OF THE SCRIPTURAL NAMES OF CHRIST.
CANTAR DE LOS CANTARES (TRANSLATION OF SONG OF SONGS)
IN 1561, HE BEGAN TRANSLATING THE SONG OF SONGS, A BOOK OF THE OLD
TESTAMENT, INTO SPANISH FOR HIS COUSIN, ISABEL OSORIO, A NUN WHO COULD
NOT READ THE LATIN TEXT, AND WROTE AN ACCOMPANYING COMMENTARY.
EXPOSICIÓN DEL LIBRO DE JOB (COMMENTARY ON THE BOOK OF JOB)
THE STORY TELLS OF JOB'S PATIENCE AND SUFFERING, AND ALSO SERVES AS A
CORRECTIONAL GUIDE TO MAN'S BEHAVIOR. IT IS WRITTEN IN BOTH VERSE AND
DIALOGUE, TO MAKE IT BOTH ENJOYABLE AND INFORMATIVE.
TWO OF HIS MOST WELL-KNOWN EXAMPLES: THE LIFE REMOVED AND ODE TO
SALINAS.
THE LIFE REMOVED
IN THE POEM THE LIFE REMOVED, FRAY LUIS, FOLLOWING THE BEATUS ILLE
THEME INTRODUCED BY HORACE, EXPOUNDS UPON THE NOTION OF CHOICE AND
ITS CONSEQUENCES.
ODE TO SALINAS
THEY FREQUENTLY SPOKE ABOUT ART AND POETRY, AND LISTENED TO MUSIC
TOGETHER. SALINAS WAS AN ORGANIST AND COMPOSER, WHO SHARED FRAY
LUIS'S BELIEF THAT MUSIC CAN MAKE ONE MORE RELIGIOUS, AND THAT IT
INSPIRES MAN TO CONTEMPLATE SPIRITUAL MATTERS.
JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS)
(24 JUNE 1542 — 14 DECEMBER 1591), BORN JUAN DE YEPES ALVAREZ, WAS A
MAJOR FIGURE OF THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION, A SPANISH MYSTIC, AND
CARMELITE FRIAR AND PRIEST.
ACHIEVEMENT
HE WAS A REFORMER OF THE CARMELITE ORDER AND IS
CONSIDERED, ALONG WITH SAINT TERESA OF ÁVILA, AS A FOUNDER OF THE
DISCALCED CARMELITES. HE IS ALSO KNOWN FOR HIS WRITINGS. BOTH HIS
POETRY AND HIS STUDIES ON THE GROWTH OF THE SOUL ARE CONSIDERED THE
SUMMIT OF MYSTICAL SPANISH LITERATURE AND ONE OF THE PEAKS OF ALL
SPANISH LITERATURE. HE WAS CANONIZED AS A SAINT IN 1726 BY POPE
BENEDICT XIII. HE IS ONE OF THE THIRTY-THREE DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH.
THE SPIRITUAL CANTICLE AND DARK NIGHT OF THE SOUL ARE WIDELY
CONSIDERED TO BE AMONG THE BEST POEMS EVER WRITTEN IN SPANISH, BOTH
FOR THEIR FORMAL STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW AND THEIR RICH SYMBOLISM AND
IMAGERY.
THE THIRD WORK, ASCENT OF MOUNT CARMEL IS A MORE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF
THE ASCETICAL ENDEAVOUR OF A SOUL LOOKING FOR PERFECT
UNION, GOD, AND THE MYSTICAL EVENTS HAPPENING ALONG THE WAY.
JOINING THE REFORM OF TERESA OF JESUS
JOHN WAS ORDAINED A PRIEST IN 1567, AND THEN INDICATED HIS
INTENT TO JOIN THE STRICT CARTHUSIAN ORDER, WHICH APPEALED TO HIM
BECAUSE OF ITS ENCOURAGEMENT OF SOLITARY AND SILENT CONTEMPLATION. A
JOURNEY FROM SALAMANCA TO MEDINA DEL CAMPO, PROBABLY IN SEPTEMBER
1567.
28 NOVEMBER 1568, THE MONASTERY,[16] WAS ESTABLISHED, AND ON
THAT SAME DAY JOHN CHANGED HIS NAME TO JOHN OF THE CROSS.
ONE DAY (1574 AND 1577), JOHN HAD A VISION OF THE CRUCIFIED
CHRIST, WHICH LED HIM TO CREATE HIS FAMOUS DRAWING OF CHRIST "FROM
ABOVE." . THIS DRAWING INSPIRED THE ARTIST SALVADOR DALI'S 1951
WORK, CHRIST OF SAINT JOHN OF THE CROSS.
IMPRISONMENT, WRITINGS, TORTURE, DEATH AND RECOGNITION
ON THE NIGHT OF 2 DECEMBER 1577, A GROUP OF CARMELITES
OPPOSED TO REFORM BROKE INTO JOHN’S DWELLING IN AVILA, AND TOOK HIM
PRISONER. JOHN WAS ACCUSED OF DISOBEYING THE ORDINANCES OF
PIACENZA. DESPITE JOHN'S ARGUMENT THAT HE HAD NOT DISOBEYED THE
ORDINANCES, HE RECEIVED A PUNISHMENT OF IMPRISONMENT.
THEY DECIDED TO DEMAND FROM THE POPE THEIR FORMAL
SEPARATION FROM THE REST OF THE CARMELITE ORDER. JOHN WAS APPOINTED
SUPERIOR OF EL CALVARIO, AN ISOLATED MONASTERY OF AROUND THIRTY
FRIARS IN THE MOUNTAINS ABOUT 6 MILES AWAY.
ON 22 JUNE 1580 POPE GREGORY XIII SIGNED A DECREE, TITLED PIA
CONSIDERATIONE, WHICH AUTHORISED A SEPARATION BETWEEN THE CALCED
AND DISCALCED CARMELITES.
DURING THIS IMPRISONMENT, HE COMPOSED A GREAT PART OF HIS
MOST FAMOUS POEM SPIRITUAL CANTICLE, AS WELL AS A FEW SHORTER POEMS
WHILE AT EL CALVARIO HE COMPOSED HIS FIRST VERSION OF HIS COMMENTARY
ON HIS POEM, THE SPIRITUAL CANTICLE, PERHAPS AT THE REQUEST OF THE
NUNS IN BEAS.
JOHN WAS REMOVED FROM HIS POST IN SEGOVIA, AND SENT BY DORIA
IN JUNE 1591 TO AN ISOLATED MONASTERY IN ANDALUSIA CALLED LA PEÑUELA.
THERE HE FELL ILL, AND TRAVELED TO THE MONASTERY AT ÚBEDA FOR
TREATMENT. HIS CONDITION WORSENED, HOWEVER, AND HE DIED THERE ON 14
DECEMBER 1591, OF ERYSIPELAS.[7]
VENERATION
HE WAS INITIALLY BURIED AT ÚBEDA, BUT, AT THE REQUEST OF THE
MONASTERY IN SEGOVIA, HIS BODY WAS SECRETLY MOVED THERE IN 1593.
THE SUPERIORS OF THE DISCALCED CARMELITES DECIDED THAT THE
MONASTERY AT ÚBEDA WOULD RECEIVE ONE LEG AND ONE ARM OF THE CORPSE
FROM
A HAND AND A LEG REMAIN VISIBLE IN A RELIQUARY AT THE ORATORY
OF SAN JUAN DE LA CRUZ IN ÚBEDA, A MONASTERY BUILT IN 1627 THOUGH
CONNECTED TO THE ORIGINAL DISCALCED MONASTERY IN THE TOWN FOUNDED
IN 1587.
THE HEAD AND TORSO WAS RETAINED BY THE MONASTERY AT SEGOVIA.
THERE, THEY WERE VENERATED UNTIL 1647.
PROCEEDINGS TO BEATIFY JOHN BEGAN WITH THE GATHERING OF
INFORMATION ON HIS LIFE BETWEEN 1614 AND 1616, ALTHOUGH HE WAS ONLY
BEATIFIED IN 1675 BY POPE CLEMENT X, AND WAS CANONIZED BY BENEDICT XIII
IN 1726.
EDITIONS OF HIS WORKS
THE SPIRITUAL CANTICLE AND THE DARK NIGHT OF THE SOUL ARE
WIDELY CONSIDERED MASTERPIECES OF SPANISH POETRY, BOTH FOR THEIR
FORMAL STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW AND THEIR RICH SYMBOLISM AND IMAGERY..
THE POEM THE SPIRITUAL CANTICLE, IS AN ECLOGUE IN WHICH THE
BRIDE (REPRESENTING THE SOUL) SEARCHES FOR THE BRIDEGROOM
(REPRESENTING JESUS CHRIST), AND IS ANXIOUS AT HAVING LOST HIM; BOTH
ARE FILLED WITH JOY UPON REUNITING.
THE DARK NIGHT (FROM WHICH THE SPIRITUAL TERM TAKES ITS NAME)
NARRATES THE JOURNEY OF THE SOUL FROM HER BODILY HOME TO HER UNION
WITH GOD.
THE ASCENT OF MOUNT CARMEL IS A MORE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE
ASCETICAL ENDEAVOUR OF A SOUL LOOKING FOR PERFECT UNION, GOD, AND
THE MYSTICAL EVENTS HAPPENING ALONG THE WAY.
TERESA OF ÁVILA
SAINT TERESA OF JESUS, BAPTIZED AS TERESA SÁNCHEZ DE CEPEDA Y
AHUMADA, (MARCH 28, 1515 – OCTOBER 4, 1582)
HONORED IN ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH , LUTHERAN CHURCH , ANGLICAN
COMMUNION
BEATIFIED : APRIL 24, 1614, ROME BY POPE PAUL V
CANONIZED : MARCH 12, 1622, ROME BY POPE GREGORY XV
MAJOR SHRINE : CONVENT OF THE ANNUNCIATION, ALBA DE TORMES, SPAIN
FEAST : OCTOBER 15
ATTRIBUTES : HABIT OF THE DISCALCED CARMELITES, BOOK AND QUILL, ARROW-
PIERCED HEART
PATRONAGE : BODILY ILLS; HEADACHES; CHESS; LACEMAKERS; LACEWORKERS;
LOSS OF PARENTS; PEOPLE IN NEED OF GRACE; PEOPLE IN RELIGIOUS ORDERS;
PEOPLE RIDICULED FOR THEIR PIETY; POZEGA, CROATIA; SICK PEOPLE;
SICKNESS; SPAIN
ACTIVITIES AS REFORMER
AFTER SEVERAL YEARS HER PLEADINGS BY LETTER WITH KING PHILIP II
OF SPAIN SECURED RELIEF. AS A RESULT, IN 1579, THE PROCESSES BEFORE THE
INQUISITION AGAINST HER, GRACIAN, AND OTHERS WERE DROPPED, WHICH
ALLOWED THE REFORM TO CONTINUE.
(3 YRS OF HER LIFE), TERESA FOUNDED CONVENTS AT VILLANUEVA DE
LA JARA IN NORTHERN ANDALUSIA (1580), PALENCIA (1580), SORIA
(1581), BURGOS, AND GRANADA (1582). IN TOTAL SEVENTEEN CONVENTS, ALL
BUT ONE FOUNDED BY HER, AND AS MANY MEN'S CLOISTERS WERE DUE TO HER
REFORM ACTIVITY OF TWENTY YEARS.
SHE WROTE THE "AUTOBIOGRAPHY", "EL CAMINO DE PERFECCIÓN ", ―EL
CASTILLO INTERIOR",
"RELACIONES", ―CONCEPTOS DEL AMOR" ("CONCEPTS OF LOVE") AND
"EXCLAMACIONES"
THE KERNEL OF TERESA'S MYSTICAL THOUGHT THROUGHOUT ALL HER WRITINGS
IS THE ASCENT OF THE SOUL IN FOUR STAGES: MENTAL PRAYER, PRAYER OF
QUIET, DEVOTION OF UNION , DEVOTION OF ECSTASY OR RAPTURE.
DON QUIXOTE
DE LA MANCHA
DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA
Fully entitled as The Ingenious
Gentleman Don Quixote of La
Mancha
Originally titled as El Ingenioso
hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha
A novel written by Miguel de
Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616)
Part I published in 1605
Part II published in 1615
Translated to English in 1885
by John Ormsby (1829-
1895)
Illustrated by Gustave Dore
(1832-1883)
It isn't just a story about a lunatic
who thinks a windmill is a giant.
Social
problems, history, mores, and
politics are interwoven into the
story. It is a perfect time capsule
of a period of time in Spain's
history.
Theme of the idealistic, insane
knight and the devoted, down to
earth squire to portray many
complex themes through a
plethora of unforgettable
incidents, tragic and comic, in a
blend of great variety and colour.
Cited as the first classic model of
the modern romance or novel, and
it has served as the prototype of the
comic novel.
Considered the most influential
work of literature from the Spanish
Golden Age and the entire Spanish
literary canon.
In a 2002 list of the best
books of all time, Don
Quixote was cited as the
"best literary work ever
written".
Setting:
On the plains of La
Mancha, specifically
the comarca of Campo de
Montiel.
CHARACTERS:
Alonso Quijano – a fifty year
old gentleman who goes insane
and decides to become a knight.
Sancho Panza– Don Quixote’s
neighbour and squire.
Rocinante – Don Quixote’s horse
CHARACTERS:
Dulcinea del Toboso – the new name
Quixote gives to a woman he once
loved named Aldonza Lorenzo, whom
he makes his lady love at the beginning
of his journey
PLOT:
PART 1
THE FIRST SALLY
Alonso Quijano, the protagonist of the
novel, is a retired country gentleman nearing
fifty years of age, living in an unnamed
section of La Mancha with his niece and
housekeeper. While mostly a rational man of
sound reason, his reading of books of
chivalry in excess has had a profound effect
on him, leading to the distortion of his
perception and the wavering of his mental
faculties. In essence, he believes every word
of these books of chivalry to be true
though, for the most part, the content of
these
books is clearly fiction. Otherwise, his wits
are intact. He decides to go out as a knight-
errant in search of adventure. He dons an old
suit of armour, renames himself "Don
Quixote de la Mancha," and names his
skinny horse "Rocinante". He designates a
neighboring farm girl as his lady
love, renaming her Dulcinea del
Toboso, while she knows nothing about this.
He sets out in the early morning and ends up at an
inn, which he believes to be a castle. He asks the
innkeeper, whom he thinks to be the lord of the castle, to
dub him a knight. He spends the night holding vigil over his
armor, where he becomes involved in a fight
with muleteers who try to remove his armor from the horse
trough so that they can water their mules. The innkeeper
then dubs him a knight to be rid of him, and sends him on
his way. Don Quixote next "frees" a young boy who is tied to
a tree and beaten by his master by making his master swear
on the chivalric code to treat the boy fairly. The boy's
beating is continued as soon as Quixote leaves. Don
Quixote has a run-in with traders from Toledo, who "insult"
the imaginary Dulcinea, one of whom severely beats Don
Quixote and leaves him on the side of the road. Don
Quixote is found and returned to his home by a neighboring
peasant.
THE SECOND SALLY
While Don Quixote is unconscious in his bed, his niece, the housekeeper, the parish curate, and the local barber secretly burn most of the books of chivalry, and seal up his library pretending that a magician has carried it off. After a short period of feigning health, Don Quixote approaches his neighbor, Sancho Panza, and asks him to be his squire, promising him governorship of an island. The uneducated Sancho agrees, and the pair sneak off in the early dawn. It is here that their series of famous adventures begin, starting with Don Quixote's attack on windmills that he believes to be ferocious giants. The two next encounter a group of friars accompanying a lady in a carriage.
. They are heavily cloaked, as is the lady, to protect themselves from the hot climate and dust on the road. Don Quixote takes the friars to be enchanters who hold the lady captive. He knocks a friar from his horse, and is immediately challenged by an armed Basque traveling with the company. As he has no shield, the Basque uses a pillow to protect himself, which saves him when Don Quixote strikes him. The combat ends with the lady leaving her carriage and demanding those traveling with her to "surrender" to Don Quixote.
THE PASTORAL WANDERINGS
Sancho and Don Quixote go on, and fall in with a group of goatherds. Don Quixote tells Sancho and the goatherds about the "Golden Age" of man, reminiscent of both Ovidand the later Rousseau in which property does not exist, and men live in peace. The goatherds invite the Knight and Sancho to the funeral of Grisóstomo, once a student who left his studies to become a shepherd after reading Pastoral novels, seeking the shepherdess Marcela. At the funeral Marcela appears, delivering a long speech vindicating herself from the bitter verses written about her by Grisóstomo, claiming her own autonomy and freedom from expectations put on her by Pastoral clichés.
She disappears into the woods, and Don Quixote and Sancho follow. Ultimately giving up, the two stop and dismount by a pond to rest. Some Galicians arrive to water their ponies, and Rocinante (Don Quixote's horse) attempts to mate with the ponies. The Galicians hit Rocinante with clubs to dissuade him, which Don Quixote takes as a threat and runs to defend Rocinante. The Galicians beat Don Quixote and Sancholeaving them in great pain.
THE ADVENTURES
WITH CARDENIO AND
DOROTEA
After Don Quixote frees a group of galley
slaves, The Knight and Sancho wander into
the Sierra Morena, and there encounter the
dejected Cardenio. Cardenio relates the first part of
his story, in which he falls deeply in love with his
childhood friend Luscinda, and is hired as the
companion to the Duke's son, leading to his
friendship with the Duke's younger son, Don
Fernando. Cardenio confides in Don Fernando his
love for Luscinda and the delays in their
engagement, caused by Cardenio's desire to keep
with tradition. After reading Cardenio's poems
praising Luscinda, Don Fernando falls in love with
her. Don Quixote interrupts when Cardenio
suggests that his beloved may have become
unfaithful after the formulaic stories of spurned
In the course of their travels, the protagonists meet
innkeepers, prostitutes, goatherds, soldiers, priests,
escaped convicts, and scorned lovers. These
encounters are magnified by Don Quixote’s
imagination into chivalrous quests. Don Quixote’s
tendency to intervene violently in matters which do
not concern him, and his habit of not paying his
debts, result in many privations, injuries, and
humiliations (with Sancho often getting the worst of
it). Finally, Don Quixote is persuaded to return to
his home village. The author hints that there was a
third quest, but says that records of it have been
lost.
PART 2
THE THIRD SALLY
Although the two parts are now published as
a single work, Don Quixote, Part Two was a
sequel published ten years after the original
novel. While Part One was
mostly farcical, the second half is more
serious and philosophical about the theme of
deception.
As Part Two begins, it is assumed that the literate classes of Spain have all read the first part of the history of Don Quixote and his squire. Cervantes's meta-fictional device was to make even the characters in the story familiar with the publication of Part One, as well as with an actually published fraudulent Part Two. When strangers encounter the duo in person, they already know their famous history. A Duke and Duchess, and others, deceive Don Quixote for entertainment, setting forth a string of imagined adventures resulting in a series of practical jokes. Some of them are quite sadistic, and they put Don Quixote's sense of chivalry and his devotion to Dulcinea through many tests.
Even Sancho deceives him at one point. Pressured into finding Dulcinea, Sancho brings back three dirty and ragged peasant girls, and tells Don Quixote that they are Dulcinea and her ladies-in-waiting. When Don Quixote only sees the peasant girls, Sanchopretends that their derelict appearance results from an enchantment. Sancho later gets his comeuppance for this when, as part of one of the duke and duchess's pranks, the two are led to believe that the only method to release Dulcinea from her spell is for Sancho to give himself a surplus of three thousand lashes. Sancho naturally resists this course of action, leading to friction with his master. Under the duke's patronage, Sancho eventually gets a governorship, though it is false, and proves to be a wise and practical ruler; though this ends in humiliation as well.
Near the end, Don Quixote reluctantly sways towards sanity: an inn is just an inn, not a castle.
The lengthy untold "history" of Don Quixote's adventures in knight-errantry comes to a close after his battle with the Knight of the White Moon, in which we the readers find him conquered. Bound by the rules of chivalry, Don Quixote submits to prearranged terms that the vanquished is to obey the will of the conqueror, which in this case, is that Don Quixote is to lay down his arms and cease his acts of chivalry for the period of one year (a duration in which he may be cured of his madness). Defeated and dejected, he and Sancho start their journey home.
Part Two of Don Quixote is often
regarded as the birth of modern
literature, as it explores the concept
of a character understanding that
he is being written about. This is a
theme much explored in writings of
the 20th Century.
Upon returning to his village, Don Quixote announces his plan to retire to the countryside and live the pastoral existence of shepherd, although his housekeeper, who has a more realistic view of the hard life of a shepherd, urges him to stay home and tend to his own affairs. Soon after, he retires to his bed with a deathly illness, possibly brought on by melancholy over his defeats and humiliations. One day, he awakes from a dream having fully recovered his sanity. Sancho tries to restore his faith, but Alonso Quixano, for that is his true name, can only renounce his previous existence and apologize for the harm he has caused. He dictates his will, which includes a provision that his niece will be disinherited if she marries a man who reads books of chivalry. After Alonso Quixano dies, the author emphasizes that there are no more adventures to relate, and that any further books about Don Quixote would be spurious.
LOPE DE VEGA
Full name: Félix Arturo Lope de Vega y Carpio (1562 –1635)
A Spanish playwright and poet
One of the greatest Spanish poets of his time
Nicknamed as "The Phoenix of Wits" and "Monster of Nature" (because of the sheer volume of his work) by Miguel de Cervantes
At least 80 of his plays are considered masterpieces
At the age of five he was already reading Spanish and Latin, by his tenth birthday he was translating Latin verse, and he wrote his first play when he was 12.
EXILE
He went into exile undaunted, in the
company of the 16-year-old Isabel de
Urbina, the daughter of a prominent advisor
at the court of Philip II, whom he was
subsequently forced to marry. A few weeks
after their marriage, however, Lope signed
up for another tour of duty with the Spanish
navy: this was the summer of 1588, and
the Armada was about to sail
against England.
Lope's luck again served him well, and his ship, the San Juan, was one of the few vessels to make it home to Spanish harbors in the aftermath of that failed expedition. Back in Spain, he settled in the city of Valencia to live out the remainder of exile and to recommence, as prolifically as ever, his career as a dramatist.
In 1590 he was appointed to serve as the secretary to the Duke of Alba, which required him to relocate to Toledo.
RETURN
In 1595, following Isabel's death in childbirth, he left the Duke's service and – eight years having passed – returned to Madrid. There were other love affairs and other scandals: Antonia Trillo de Armenta, who earned him another lawsuit, and Micaela de Luján, an illiterate but beautiful actress, who inspired a rich series of sonnets and rewarded him with four children. In 1598 he married Juana de Guardo, the daughter of a wealthy butcher. Nevertheless, his trysts with others – including Micaela –continued.
The 17th century were the years when Lope's literary output reached its peak. He was also employed as a secretary, but not without various additional duties, by the Duke of Sessa. Once that decade was over, however, his personal situation took a turn for the worse. His favoriteson, Carlos Félix (by Juana), died and, in 1612, Juana herself died in childbirth. Micaela also disappears from the history around this point. Deeply affected, Lope gathered his surviving children from both unions together under one roof.
His writing in the early 1610s also assumed heavier religious influences and, in 1614, he joined the priesthood.[2] The taking of holy orders did not, however, impede his romantic dalliances, although it is somewhat unclear what role his employeer the duke, fearful of losing his secretary, played in this by supplying him with various female companions. The most notable and lasting of his relationships during this time was with Marta de Nevares, who would remain with him until her death in 1632.
Further tragedies followed in 1635 with the
loss of Lope, his son by Micaela and a
worthy poet in his own right, in a shipwreck
off the coast of Venezuela, and the abduction
and subsequent abandonment of his beloved
youngest daughter Antonia. Lope de Vega
took to his bed and died of Scarlet fever, in
Madrid, on 27 August of that year.
WORKS
WORKS
Lope's nondramatic works begin with those published in Spain under the title Obras Sueltas (Madrid, 21 vols., 1776–79). The more important elements of this collection include the following:
La Arcadia (1598), a pastoral romance;
La Dragontea (1598), a fantastic history in verse of Sir Francis Drake's last expedition and death;
El Isidro (1599), a narrative of the life of Saint Isidore, patron saint of Madrid, composed in octosyllabic quintillas;
La Hermosura de Angélica (1602), in three books, is a quasi sequel to Ariosto's Orlando Furioso.
PLAYS Listed here are some of the better-known of Lope's plays:
El maestro de danzar (1594) (The Dancing Master)
El acero de Madrid (The Steel of Madrid)
El perro del Hortelano (The Gardener's Dog, a variation
of The Dog in the Manger fable)
La viuda valenciana (The Widow from Valencia)
Peribáñez y el comendador de Ocaña
Fuenteovejuna
El anzuelo de Fenisa (Fenisa's Hook)
El cordobés valeroso Pedro Carbonero
El mejor alcalde, el Rey (The Best Mayor, The King)
El Nuevo Mundo descubierto por Cristóbal Colón (The New
World Discovered by Christopher Columbus)
El caballero de Olmedo (The Knight of Olmedo)
La dama boba (The Stupid Lady; The Lady-Fool)
El amor enamorado
El castigo sin venganza (Justice Without Revenge)
Las bizarrías de Belisa
El mayordomo de la duquesa de Amalfi (The Duchess of Amalfi's Steward)
Lo Fingido Verdadero (What you Pretend Has Become Real)
El niño inocente de La Guardia (The Innocent Child of La Guardia)
OPERA
La selva sin amor (18 December 1627) (The
Lovelorn Forest), first
Spanish operetta / zarzuela
POEMS
La Dragontea (1598) ("Drake the Pirate")
El Isidro (1599) ("Isidro")
La hermosura de Angélica (1602) ("The Beauty of Angelica")
Rimas (1602) ("Rhymes")
Arte nuevo de hacer comedias (1609)
Jerusalén conquistada (1609)
Rimas sacras (1614)
La Filomena (1621)
La Circe (1624)
El laurel de Apolo (1630)
La Gatomaquia (1634)
Rimas humanas y divinas del licenciado
Tomé de Burguillos (1634)
PROSE FICTION
Arcadia (published 1598) (The
Arcadia), pastoral romance in
prose, interspersed with verse
El peregrino en su patria (published 1604)
(The Pilgrim in his Own Country), adaption of
Byzantine novels
La Dorotea (published 1632)
PEDRO CALDERÓN DE LA BARCA
Full name: Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño
A dramatist, poet and writer of the Spanish Golden Age.
Regarded as one of Spain's foremost dramatists and one of the finest playwrights of world literature.
Recognized as the foremost Spanish dramatist of the age after Lope de Vega’s death
A perfectionist who often revisited and reworked his plays, even long after they debuted.
Calderón wrote 120 "comedias", 80 "autos sacramentales" and 20 short comedic works called "entremeses".
Some of the most common themes of his plays were heavily influenced by his Jesuit education.
His themes tended to be complex and philosophical, and express complicated states of mind in a manner such as few playwrights have been able to do.
his plays usually show his vital pessimism, that is only softened by his rationalism and his faith in God; the anguish and distress usually found his oeuvre is better exemplified in one of his most famous plays, Life is a Dream
SELECTED PLAYS
Amor, honor y poder (Love, Honor and Power) (1623)
El sitio de Breda (The Siege of Breda) (1625)
La dama duende (The Phantom Lady) (1629)
Casa con dos puertas (The House with Two Doors) (1629)
La vida es sueño (Life is a Dream) (1629–1635)
El mayor encanto, amor (Love, the Greatest Enchantment) (1635)
Los tres mayores prodigios (The Three Greatest Wonders) (1636)
La devoción de la Cruz (Devotion to the Cross) (1637)
El mágico prodigioso (The Mighty Magician) (1637)
El médico de su honra (The Surgeon of his Honor) (1637)
El pintor de su deshonra (The Painter of His Dishonor) (1640s)
El alcalde de Zalamea (The Mayor of Zalamea) (1651)
Eco y Narciso (Eco and Narcissus) (1661)
La estatua de Prometeo (Prometheus' Statue)
El prodigio de Alemania (The Prodigy of Germany) (in collaboration with Antonio Coello)
AUTOS SACRAMENTALES (SACRAMENTAL
PLAYS)
La cena del rey Baltazar (The
Banquet of King Balthazar)
El Gran Teatro del mundo (The Great
Theater of the World)
El Gran Mercado del mundo (The
World is a Fair)
