Spanish review 1

8/8/2019 Spanish review 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spanish-review-1 1/22

Cassandra BalesSpanish 101 Review

Lesson 1

A = a J = jota (hota) R = ere Z= zeta

B = be (bay) K = ka RR = erreC = ce L = ele S = eseD = de M = eme T = te

E = e (ā) N = ene U = u (uh)F = efe Ñ = eñe V = veG = ge O = o W = doble ve

H = hache (ach…) P = pe (pay) X= equisI = i (ē) Q = cu Y = i griega

0 = cero 7 = siete 14 = catorce 21 = veintiuno1 = uno 8 = ocho 15 = quince 30 = treinta2 = dos 9 = nueve 16 = dieciséis3 = tres 10 = diez 17 = diecisiete

4 =

cuatro11 = once 18 = dieciocho

5 = cinco 12 = doce 19 = diecinueve6 = seis 13 = trece 20 = veinte



ColorsDays of the week

Months of the year

Seasons

Subject pronounssingular

yo I

tú you(familiar)

usted you (formal)él he

ella shepluralnosotros (-as) we

vosotros (-as) you(familiar)

ustedes you (formal)ellos they (masc.)ellas they (fem.)

yellow amarilloblue azul

green verdewhite blanco

purple moradoblack negro gray grisbrown marrónrose rosadored rojo

orange anaranjado

Monday lunesTuesday martes

Wednesda y miércoles

Thursday jueves Friday viernesSaturday sábadoSunday domingo

January enero February febrero

March marzo April abrilMay mayo

June junio July julio

August agostoSeptembe

r septiembre

October octubre November noviembre December diciembre

Spring la primaveraSumme

r el verano

Fall el otoñoWinter el invierno

Ser to be

singularsoy I ameres you are (fam.)

es he is; she is; you are (form.)pluralsomos we aresois you are (fam.)

son they are (masc. & fem); you are(form.)



Lesson 2

Cuarto = room (m) and quarter, fourth (adj.)Cuatro = four

Gender (see pg. 40-41 for more)-sión, -ción, -tad, & -dad : FEMININE-ma : MASCULINE

Plural (see pg. 42 for more)•

Add –s to words ending in a vowel and –es to words ending in a consonant• When a noun ends in –z , change the –z to c and add –es• When the plural is used to refer to two or more nouns of different genders, the masc.

form is used• NOTE: Some words lose an accent mark in the plural form, i.e. lección → lecciones

Negative Sentences (see pg. 52 for more info)• To make a sentence negative, simply placeno in front of verb• If answer to a question is negative, the wordno will appear twice:

at the beginning of the sentence and in front of verb

Interrogative Sentences (see pg. 52 for more info)• The subject may be placed at the beginning of the sentence, after

the verb, or at the end of the sentence. Second two options are better.• Questions that ask for information begin with an interrogative word, and

the verb, not the subject, is placed after the interrogative word.

Possesion withde (see pg. 54 for more info)

DEFINITE ARTICLEMasculine Feminine

Singular (the) el laPlural (the) los lasINDEFINITE ARTICLE

Masculine FeminineSingular (a, an) un unaPlural (some) uno unas

Numbers 31-10031 treinta y uno32 treinta y dons40 cuarenta

41 cuarenta y uno50 cincuenta53 cincuenta y tres60 sesenta68 sesenta y ocho70 setenta77 setenta y siete80 ochenta84 ochenta y cuatro90 noventa95 noventa y cinco

100 cien (ciento)



Telling time (see pg. 46-47 for more info)¿Qué hora es?What time is it?

• Es is withuna .• Son is used with all other hours.

• The feminine definite article is always used before the hour, since it refers tola hora .

• The hour is given first, then the minutes.• The equivalent of past or after is y.• The equivalent of to or till is menos . It isused with fractions of time up to half hour.• cuarto = quarter after

media = half after

Present indicative of regular –ar verbsSingular Plural

-o -amos-as -áis-a -an

Lesson 3

Possessive adjectivesSingular Plural English

mi mis mytu tus your (fam)

su sus your (form); his; her, its;

their

nuestro (-a) nuestros (-as)

our

vuestro (-a) vuestros (-as) your (fam)

Es la hour

y minute sSon la menos





The Personala (see pg. 83 for more info)• The prep.A is used in Spanish before a direct object referring to a specific person or persons.

No equivalent in English.• Not used whent the direct object is not a person• The verbtener generally doesn’t take the personala , even if the direct object is a person

Present ind. of venir tocome

vengo venimosvienes venísviene vienen



Lesson 4

Contractions (see pg. 107 for more info)

a + el = al

de + el = del

Present ind. of irregular verbsir, dar, and estar

Ir a + infinitive • Used to express future action. It is the equivalent to the English expressionto be going (to)

+ infinitiveir (conjugated) +a + infinitive

Expressions withtenertener (mucho) frío to be (very) cold tener (mucha) sed to be (very) thirsty

tener (mucha)hambre to be (very) hungry

tener (mucho) calor to be (very ) hot tener (mucho) sueño to be (very) sleepytener (mucha) prisa to be a (great) hurry

tener (mucho) miedo to be (quite) afraid, scared

tener cuidado to be careful tener razón to be right

no tener razón to be wrong

ir to go

voy vamos

vas vais

va van

dar to give

doy damos

das dais

da dan

estar to be

estoy estamos

estás estáis

está están

Present ind. of e:ie stem-changing verbs:preferir to prefer

prefiero preferimosprefieres preferísprefiere prefieren



tener … años de edad to be … years old

Lesson 5

Comparative forms (see pg. 132-133 for more info)

Comparsions of inequalitymás (more ) adj.,

adv.or

noun

quemenos (less )

Note:De is used instead of que before a numericalexpression or quantity or amount.

Superlativedefinitearticle

(noun)

más adj. de

menos

Note: The Spanishde translates to the Englishin after a superlative.

Present indicative of o:ue stem-changing verbs (pg. 135)poder to be able

puedo podemospuedes podéispuede pueden

Comparsions of equalitytan

(as )

adj. or

adverbcomo

Irregular comparative forms (pg. 134) Adjectiv

e Adver

bComparativ

e Superlative

bueno bien mejor el (la) mejormalo mal mal el (la) p eor

grande mayor el (la) mayorpequeño menor el (la) menor

Present Progessive (estar + gerundio ) (pg. 137)hablar comer escribir -ando -iendo -iendo

hablando comiendo escribiendo speaking eating writing

Yo estoy comiendo. I am eating.

Irregular present progressive forms (pg. 137) pedir :pidiendo dormir :durmiendodecir :diciendo traer :trayendoservir :sirviendo leer : leyendo



Note: In Spanish, the present progressive is never

used to indicate a future action. The present tenseis used in future expressions that would require the present progressive in English.Trabajo mañana. I’m working tomorrow.



Uses of estar (see pg. 140 for more info)expresses more transitory qualities, implies chance of changeIndicates place or location. Mi prima noestá aquí. ¿Está en el restaurante?Used to indicate condition. Mis amigosestán muy cansados.W/ personal reactions,, it describes what is perceivedthrough the senses.

El poncheestá muy sabroso.

Used in the present progressive tense. Yoestoy estudiando y Anaestá leyendo.

Weather expressions (see pg. 142 for more info)• To ask about the weather, say¿Qué tiempo hace? (What’s the weather like?)

Hace buen (mal) tiempo. (The weather is good [bad].)• Most weather words are proceded byhace : hace sol, hace frío, hace viento• Some weather words do not combine withhacer ; they are impersonal verbs only in the

infinitive, present participle, past participle, and third person sing. forms for all tenses

Lesson 6

Demonstrative adjectives (see pg. 160 for more info)Masculine Feminine EnglishSingular Plural Singular Plural

este estos esta estas this, theseese esos esa esas that, those

aquel aquellos aquella aquellasthat, those

(at a distance in space or time)

• The masc. and fem.demonstrative pronouns arethe same as thedemonstrative adjectives,except that they have awritten accent.

Uses of ser (see pg. 139 for more info)expresseswho or what subject isessentiallyBasic nature or character of person or thing, also

w/ expressions of that don’t use specific # of yearsAmandaes hermosa y muy inteligente.Es joven, peroes muy madura.

Used to denot nationality, origin, & profession Amandaes guatemalteca. Es de la ciudad de Guatemala.Es estudiante.

Used to indicate relationship or possession. Amandaes la sobrina del Sr. Alvarez.Used with expression of time and with dates. Son las cuatro y cuarto de la tarde.Used with events as the equivalent of taking

place.La fiestaes en la casa de Amanda.

Describes the material that things are made of. La mesaes de metal.

llover (o:ue) to rain Llueve. It rains.nevar (e:ie) to

snowNieva. It

snows.lluvia rainniebla fog

Demonstrative pronouns(see pg. 160 for more info)Masculine Feminine

Neuter EnglishSingular Plural Singular Pluraléste éstos ésta éstas esto this(one), these

ése ésos ésa ésas eso that(one),those

aquél aquéllos aquélla aquéllas aquellothat(one),

those(at a distance)



• Each demonstrative pronoun has a neuter form. The neuter forms, which do not change innumber or gender, are used to refer to situations, ideas, and nonspecific objects or things.

Present indicative of e:i stem-changing verbs (see pg. 162)

servir to servesirvo servimossirves servissirve sirven

• Decir becomesdigo in first person singular • Conseguir becomesconsigo in first person singular • Seguir becomessigo in first person singular

See page 162 for a list of stem-changing verbs

Affirmative and Negative Expressions (see pg. 163 for more info) Affirmative Negative

algo something, anything nada nothing, not anything alguien someone, somebody,anyone

nadie nobody, no one, not anyone

alguno(-a), algún any, some ninguno(-a), ningún no, none, not any

a veces sometimesnunca, jamás never

siempre alwaystambién also, too tampoco neither, not either o or

ni … ni neither… nor o … o either … or

• Note:Alguno(-a) may be used in the plural forms, butninguno(-a) is not pluralized• Note: No is never used as an adjective• Alguno(-a) and ninguno(-a) drop the –o before a masc. sing. noun:algún niño, ningún niño ;

but alguna niña, ninguna niña• Spanish often uses double (or more) negatives, but there must be a negative in front of the ve

Irregular first-person forms (see pg. 165 for more info) [reg. in other forms]salir to go out salgo

hacer to do, make hagoponer to put, place pongotraer to bring traigoconducir to drive conduzcotraducir to translate traduzcoconocer to know, to be acquainted conozcocaber to fit quepover to see veo



saber to know sédecir to say digoconseguir to get, to obtain consigoseguir to follow, to continue sigo



Saber means (see pg. 166)To know something by heart Yo sé un poema de Rubén Darío.To know a fact Yo sé Rubén Darío es un poeta nicaragüense.To know how to dosomething

Yo sé bailar salsa.

Conocer means (see pg. 166)To be familiar or acquainted with a person Nosotrosconocemos a Ester Núñez.To be acquainted with a place Ellosconocen Honduras.To be acquainted with an artist or writer’swork

¿Túconoces poesía de Rubén Darío.

• Direct objects answer the questionwhom? or what? about what the subject is doing.• In Spanish, object pronouns are normally placed before a conjugated verb• In negative sentences, theno must precede the object pronoun• With an infinitive or present participle in progressive constructions the object pronoun may

either be attached or appear in front of verb phases•

Note: When a direct object pronoun is attached to a present participle (leyéndolo ), an accentmark is addedd to maintain the correct stress

Lesson 7

Indirect Object pronouns (see pg. 192 for more info)Singular Plural

me (to,for) me nos (to,for) uste (to,for) you os (to,for) you

le

(to,for) you

(to,for) him(to,for) her les

(to,for) you

(to,for)them

• An indirect object describesto whom or for whom an action is done. In Spanish, the indirectobject pronoun includes the meaningto or for . Any sentence with an indirect objectmust havethe pronoun, the noun is optional.

• Placed before the verb or attached to infinitve or present progressive verb phase• Note:Le and les sometimes require clarification, can use the prepositiona + noun or pronoun

Direct Object pronouns (see pg. 167 for more info)Singular Plural

me me nos uste you (fam) os you (fam)

lo you (form, masc)him, it (masc)

los you (form, masc)them (masc)

la you (form, fem)her, it (fem)

las you (form, fem)them (fem)





Constructions withgustar to like, to be pleasing to (see pg. 195 for more info)• Always used with an indirect object

Me gusta tu casa. I like your house.Your house is pleasing to me.

• Most commonly used in the third-person singular and plural.Gusta is used if the subject issingular or if followed by one or more infinitives.Gustan is used if the subject is plural. Theindirect object does not have a bearing on howgustar is conjugated.

• When usinggustar , the subject never begins the sentence (the indirect object is not subject). Ithe above examplecasa is the subject.

• Note: When what is liked is an activity,gustar is followed by the infinitive.• The person who does the liking is the indirect object.• Note: The wordsmucho and más (better ) immediately followgustar .• The prepositiona + noun or pronoun may be used to emphasize or specify the name of the

person referred to by the indirect object pronoun

Time expressions withhacer (see pg. 198 for more info)• English uses the present perfect progressive or the present perfect tense to express how longsomething has been going on.

I have been living here for twenty years.• Spanish used the following construction:

Hace + length of time I + que + verb (in present tense)Hace veinte años que vivo aquí.

Examples:¿Cuánto tiempo hace que Ud. Estudía español? How long have you been studying Spanish?Hace tres meses que estudio español. I have been studying Spanish for three months.

• Note: To ask how long something has been going on, use the expression¿Cuánto tiempohace que … ?

Preterit of regular verbs (see pg. 200 for more info)-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs

tomar to take comer to eat escribir to writed tomé comí escribí tomaste comiste escribistetomó comió escribiótomamos comimos escribimostomasteis comisteis comisteis

tomaron comieron escribieron

• **Verbs ending in –gar , -car , and –zar changeg to gu , c to qu , andz to c beforeé in the first- person singular of the preterit:pagar→pagué ; buscar→busqué ; empezar→empecé .

• **Certain –er and –ir verbs with the stem ending in a vowel changei to y in the third-personsingular and plural endings:leer→leyó , leyeron ; creer→creyó , creyeron .

• The first-person plural of –ar and –ir verbs is identical to the present tense forms.



• **Verbs of the –ar and –er groups that are stem-changing in the present indicative are regular in the preterit.

• Spanish has no equivalent fro the English worddid used as an auxiliary verb in questions andnegative sentences.



Ordinal numbers (see pg. 203 for more info)primero(-a) first sexto(-a) sixth

segundo(-a) second séptimo(-a) seventhtercero(-a) third octavo(-a) eighth

cuarto(-a) fourth noveno(-a) ninthquinto(-a) fifth décimo(-a) tenth

• Ordinal numbers agreee in gender and number with the nouns they modify• Ordinal numbers are seldom used after ten• Note: The ordinal numbersprimero and tercero drop the final –o before masc. sing. nouns.• Abbreviated 1°, 2°, 3°, etc. – primer and tercer abbreviated 1er and 3er .

Lesson 8

Direct and indirect object pronouns used together (see pg. 220 for more info)• When an indirect object pronoun and a direct object pronoun are used together, the indirect

object pronoun always comes first.• With an infinitive, the pronouns can either be placed before the conjugated verb or be attache

to the infinitive. With the present progressive, the pronouns can either be placed before theconjugated verb or be attached to the gerund. An accent mark is added to keep stress if attached.

• If both pronouns begin withl, the indirect object pronoun (le or les) is changed tose.• For clarification, it is sometimes necessary to adda él , a ella , a Ud. , a Uds. , a ellos , or a ellas.

Preterit of ser, ir, and dar

Preterit of e:i and o:u stem-changing verbs (see pg. 224 for more info)preferir to prefer dormir to sleep

preferí preferimos dormí dormimospreferiste preferisteis dormiste dormisteisprefirió prefirieron durmió durmieron

• Only –ir verbs stem-change in the preterit and then only in third-person sing. and plural.

ser to befui fuimos

fuiste fuisteis

fue fueron

ir to gofui fuimos

fuiste fuisteisfue fueron

dar to givedi dimos

diste disteis

dio dieron





• Some verbs have different meaning in the reflexive



Some uses of the definite article (see pg. 250 for more info)• The possessive adjective is often replaced by the definite article. An indirect object or reflex

pronouns usually indicates who the processor is. * This happens with parts of the body andarticles of clothing and personal belongings.

*Note: The number of the subject and verb generallly does not affect thenumber of the

thing possessed. Spanish uses the singular to indicate that each person has only one othe any particular object.• The definite article is used with abstract and generic nouns• Used with certain nouns, includingcárcel ( jail ), iglesia (church ), andescuela ( school ) when

they are preceded by a preposition• Remember that the definite article is also used with days of the week, when indicating titles i

indirect address, and when telling time.

Possessive pronouns (see pg. 252 for more information)Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine English

el mío la mía los míos las mías mineel tuyo la tuya los tuyos las tuyas yoursel suyo la suya los suyos las suyas yours,his,her

sel nuestro la

nuestralos nuestros las nuestras ours

el vuestro la vuestra los vuestros las vuestras yoursel suyo la suya los suyos las suyas yours, theirs

• Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the thing possessed.• Note: Definite article is often omitted when used with the verbser• Third-person may need to be clarified: definite article+ de + pronoun

Irregular preterits (see pg. 253 for more info)tener tuv-estar estuv- poder pud- poner pus-saber supe-hacer -c changes to – z

in 1st person

hic-

venir vin-querer quis-decir* dij-traer* traj-conducir* conduj-traducir* traduj-



* In these verbs the –i in –ieron is omittedThe preterit of hay (impersonal form of haber ) is hubo

Hace … meaning ago (see pg. 255 for more info)Hace + period of time + que (verb )Hace dos años que la conocí

Irregular preterit endings (pg. 253)-e -imos-iste -isteis-o -ieron



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Spanish review 1