Spatial DatabaseSpatial Database

Bryan DennieBryan DennieJian Huang Jian Huang Jianghong LiJianghong LiJudy MaysJudy Mays

GISC 6383 GIS Management & Implementation

IntroductionIntroduction

TraditionalDatabase

SpatialData

lat, long

x, y 123 E. Third St.

IntroductionIntroduction

ArcSDE

Domain Spatial Database Domain Spatial Database ProductProduct

IBM DB2 Spatial ExtenderIBM DB2 Spatial Extender

Spatial information, in Spatial information, in formats such as point, formats such as point, lines, and polygons, can lines, and polygons, can be analyzed, generated, be analyzed, generated, stored, accessed, and stored, accessed, and queried within IBM DB2.queried within IBM DB2.

The combination of The combination of spatial data with other, spatial data with other, more traditional type data, more traditional type data, adds another layer of adds another layer of intelligence to the intelligence to the database. database.

Spatial Extender

OpenGISSpatialQueries

SQLApplications

OtherApplications

VisualizationTool

IBM

Domain Spatial Database ProductDomain Spatial Database Product Oracle SpatialOracle Spatial

Oracle Spatial, an option for Oracle Spatial, an option for Oracle Database 10g EnterpriOracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition, includes advanced se Edition, includes advanced spatial capabilities to support spatial capabilities to support GIS applications, location-basGIS applications, location-based services, and enterprise sped services, and enterprise spatial information systems.atial information systems.

Oracle Spatial extends the corOracle Spatial extends the core location features included in e location features included in every Oracle database with Oevery Oracle database with Oracle Locator.racle Locator.

Oracle Spatial

OracleSpatialQueries

SQLApplications

OtherApplications

VisualizationTool

Oracle

Domain Spatial Database Domain Spatial Database ProductProduct

PostGIS with PostgreSQPostGIS with PostgreSQL DatabaseL Database adds geographic object suadds geographic object su

pport to PostgreSQL.pport to PostgreSQL. is an open source, object-is an open source, object-

relational database that rurelational database that runs from the serverns from the server

enables PostgreSQL to stenables PostgreSQL to store, relate, join, query, etcore, relate, join, query, etc… with spatial data.… with spatial data.

is capable of running on is capable of running on Windows, Linux, and Unix Windows, Linux, and Unix operating systems.operating systems.

PostGIS

OpenGISSpatialQueries

SQLApplications

OtherApplications

VisualizationTool

PostgreSQL

Domain Spatial Database Domain Spatial Database ProductProduct

ArcSDEArcSDE

ArcSDE is middleware – sArcSDE is middleware – server software product useerver software product used to augment the range of d to augment the range of data types to include spatidata types to include spatial data managed in a traditial data managed in a traditional RDBMS.onal RDBMS.

ArcSDE serves data to the ArcSDE serves data to the ArcGIS Desktop products ArcGIS Desktop products (ArcView, ArcEditor, and A(ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo) or to the Internet. UrcInfo) or to the Internet. Users perform any process tsers perform any process that ArcGIS Desktop suppohat ArcGIS Desktop supports, such as load, update, vrts, such as load, update, view, analyze, manage iew, analyze, manage

ComparisonComparison CostCost

Spatial DatabaseSpatial DatabaseProductProduct

CostCost

IBM DB2 spatial extenderIBM DB2 spatial extender For earlier versions of DB2, cost to add SpatialExtender $9,250 For earlier versions of DB2, cost to add SpatialExtender $9,250 Now included in DB2v8.1 & higher:Now included in DB2v8.1 & higher:IBM DB2 Personal Edition $461IBM DB2 Personal Edition $461IBM DB2 cost varies with number of licenses:IBM DB2 cost varies with number of licenses:Express Edition $4,874 to Enterprise Server Edition $33,125Express Edition $4,874 to Enterprise Server Edition $33,125

ArcSDEArcSDE Start from $10,000 for commercial versionStart from $10,000 for commercial version

Oracle SpatialOracle Spatial Enterprise Edition:Enterprise Edition: Named user license: $800Named user license: $800 Processor license: $40,000Processor license: $40,000Oracle Spatial:Oracle Spatial: Named user license: $200Named user license: $200 Processor license: $10,000Processor license: $10,000

PostgreSQL / PostGISPostgreSQL / PostGIS Refractions Research under the GNU General Public License developed PostGRefractions Research under the GNU General Public License developed PostGIS for open source, free to the public distribution. It and the PostgreSQL IS for open source, free to the public distribution. It and the PostgreSQL database are completely open-source and can be easily downloaded over tdatabase are completely open-source and can be easily downloaded over the internet for free.he internet for free.

ComparisonComparisonSpatial DatabaseSpatial DatabaseProductProduct

StandardsStandards

IBM DB2 spatial extenderIBM DB2 spatial extender Conforms to the ISO SQL/MM Spatial Standard and the OpenGConforms to the ISO SQL/MM Spatial Standard and the OpenGIS Consortium's (OGC's) Simple Feature Specification for IS Consortium's (OGC's) Simple Feature Specification for SQLSQL

ArcSDEArcSDE ArcSDE supports OpenGIS simple features and SQL statements.ArcSDE supports OpenGIS simple features and SQL statements.

Oracle SpatialOracle Spatial Oracle spatial implements the OpenGIS Consortium Simple FeaOracle spatial implements the OpenGIS Consortium Simple Features guidelines. Oracle is also committed to supporting thtures guidelines. Oracle is also committed to supporting the new OGC Geographic Markup Language (GML) as well e new OGC Geographic Markup Language (GML) as well as Open Location Service interfaces. as Open Location Service interfaces.

PostgreSQL / PostGISPostgreSQL / PostGIS Version 1.0 of PostGIS is currently under validation of the OpeVersion 1.0 of PostGIS is currently under validation of the Open GIS Consortium “Simple Features Specification for SQn GIS Consortium “Simple Features Specification for SQL” which defines standard GIS object types, the functions rL” which defines standard GIS object types, the functions required to manipulate them, and a set of metadata tables.equired to manipulate them, and a set of metadata tables.

StandardsStandards

ComparisonComparison GIS ApplicationGIS Application

Spatial Database Spatial Database ProductProduct

GIS ApplicationGIS Application

IBM DB2 IBM DB2 Spatial ExtenderSpatial Extender

In 2001 IBM and ESRI partnered and jointly developed the IBM DB2 Spatial Extender, which In 2001 IBM and ESRI partnered and jointly developed the IBM DB2 Spatial Extender, which incorporated geographic or spatial information with business and other data already residing in incorporated geographic or spatial information with business and other data already residing in an IBM Universal Database. Spatial data may be manipulated within the database by utilizing an IBM Universal Database. Spatial data may be manipulated within the database by utilizing spatial extender functions to return GIS information in tabular format. A separate visualization spatial extender functions to return GIS information in tabular format. A separate visualization tool is needed to see a graphic representation such as a map.tool is needed to see a graphic representation such as a map.

ArcSDEArcSDE ArcSDE is a server software product used to access massively large multiuser geographic databases stArcSDE is a server software product used to access massively large multiuser geographic databases stored in relational database management systems (RDBMSs).ored in relational database management systems (RDBMSs).

It is an integrated part of ArcGIS and a core element of any enterprise GIS solution. Its primary role is It is an integrated part of ArcGIS and a core element of any enterprise GIS solution. Its primary role is to act as the GIS gateway to spatial data stored in a RDBMS. to act as the GIS gateway to spatial data stored in a RDBMS.

ArcSDE provides a suite of services that enhance data management performance, extend the range of ArcSDE provides a suite of services that enhance data management performance, extend the range of data types that can be stored in a RDBMS, enable schema portability between RDBMSs, and offdata types that can be stored in a RDBMS, enable schema portability between RDBMSs, and offer configuration flexibility.er configuration flexibility.

Oracle SpatialOracle Spatial Oracle Spatial is an extension to Oracle9i that provides geometry storage, indexing, and spatial search Oracle Spatial is an extension to Oracle9i that provides geometry storage, indexing, and spatial search

functions. When used with Oracle9i Enterprise Edition, Oracle Spatial provides a standards-basefunctions. When used with Oracle9i Enterprise Edition, Oracle Spatial provides a standards-based data management solution for the delivery of GIS, Internet mapping, and mobile location-based data management solution for the delivery of GIS, Internet mapping, and mobile location-based services. It serves as a technology platform for managing an enterprisewide GIS or location-end services. It serves as a technology platform for managing an enterprisewide GIS or location-enabled e-business applications. abled e-business applications.

PostgreSQL / PostGISPostgreSQL / PostGIS The software itself is a limited standalone GIS, but there are other open source applications that can The software itself is a limited standalone GIS, but there are other open source applications that can be downloaded to enhance it’s GIS capabilities.be downloaded to enhance it’s GIS capabilities.

ComparisonComparison Spatial Data TypeSpatial Data Type

Spatial Database Product

Spatial Data Type Graphic

IBM DB2 spatial extender

PointsPoints Lines PolygonsAbility to “subtype” these basic types

ArcSDE Support all the ESRIgeometry types

ComparisonComparison Spatial Data TypeSpatial Data Type

Spatial Database Product

Spatial Data Type Graphic

Oracle SpatialOracle Spatial

  

SDO_GEOMETRY – can support three SDO_GEOMETRY – can support three geometric primitive types:geometric primitive types:            PointsPoints..            Line Strings (can be linear, curved Line Strings (can be linear, curved or both)or both) Polygons Polygons

PostgreSQL / PostPostgreSQL / PostGISGIS

    Point, MultipointPoint, Multipoint                Line, MultilineLine, Multiline                Polygon,,Multipolygon,Polygon,,Multipolygon,                GeometrycollectionsGeometrycollections

Geometric TypesGeometric TypesPointPoint

PolygonPolygon Polygon Polygon with holewith hole

SelfSelf--crossingcrossingline strings line strings

ValidValid

SelfSelf--crossingcrossingpolygonspolygons

Not validNot valid

Line stringLine stringArc lineArc linestringstring

CompoundCompoundline stringline string

CompoundCompoundpolygonpolygon

OptimizedOptimizedpolygonspolygons

ComparisonComparison QueryQuery

Spatial Database Product Query Functions

IBM DB2 spatial extender

SQL access to spatial data SQL querying of spatial data

and/or joining of spatial data with conventional database or business data

80 built-in spatial data functions 8 geometry type constructor functions12 spatial data comparison functions20 geometric conversion functions40 geometric calculator functionsExamples: ST_LineString, ST_Intersects, ST_AsShape, ST_Area

ArcSDE The spatial query in ArcSDE and RDBMS client is implemented in the form of SQL statements.

Requests for data occur when actions like zooming in/out, querying rows in table, and displaying tabular or spatial data are performed. These types of requests are translated into SQL statements and passed to the RDBMS for processing.

All functions just depend on ArcGIS software, such as ArcMap

ComparisonComparison QueryQuery

Spatial Database Product

Query Functions

Oracle Spatial Oracle Spatial uses a two-tier process for querying spatial data.

The first part of the query selects candidate rows based only on their spatial index.

The second step of the query looks at each candidate and determines if it meets the query exactly.

This two-tier approach allows for quick querying by leveraging the spatial indexes.

Over 400 spatial functions, Oracle Spatial includes functions for length/area calculations, buffer, centroid, convexhull, geometry intersection, union. Such as:

 3 SDO_GEOMETRY object type method17spatial operators21 Geometry Function5 Spatial Aggregate Functions3 Coordinate System Transformation Functions40 Linear Referencing Functions6 Migration Procedures11 Tuning Functions and Procedures2 Utility Functions

PostgreSQL / PostGIS Spatial queries are performed the same way they are constructed in any other database query.

Management FunctionsAddGeometryColumn, DropGeometryColumn, SetSRIDRelate FunctionsDistance, Equals, Disjoint, Intersects, Touches, Crosses,

Within, Overlaps, Contains, Intersects, RelateProcessing FunctionsCentroid, Area, Length, PointOnSurface, Boundary, Buffe

r, ConvexHull, Intersection, Difference, GeomUnion, Envelope, IsSimple, IsClosed, IsRing, NumPoints, ExteriorRing, NumInteriorRings, EndPoint, StartPoint, GeometryType, X, Y, & Z.

ComparisonComparison Data LoadingData Loading

Spatial Database Product

Data Loading

IBM DB2 spatialextender

Spatial data may be imported into and exported from Spatial Extender through data exchange files. Two types are supported:

shapefiles and ESRI SDE transfer files. Also supported are industry standard data types: Well Known Binary (OGC WKB) andd We

ll Known Text (OGC WKT)

ArcSDE Raster data: ArcSDE supports the following formats: ERDAS IMAGINE, ERDAS(.lan & .gis), ERDAS Raw, GIF, BIL/BIP/BSQ, BMP, MrSID compressed images, JPEG, ADRG, PNG, ER Mapper, CIB, CADRG.

Vector data: shape file, AutoCAD, coverage, tab file for MapInfo etc.

Oracle Spatial Writing SQL statement to create table & load data into the table directly. Convert Shape to SDO

1. Using shp2sdo to create load assistant files 2. Using sqlplus to create table 3. Using sqlldr to load the actual data into the tableOther data formats should be converted into shapefile before loading.

PostgreSQL / PostGIS Loading data can be done two ways. The first way is using the loader, which converts ESRI Shape files into SQL suitable for loa

ding in PostGIS/PostgreSQL. This is similar to importing data into an ESRI Geodatabase. The other way to get data into the database are converting the data to a text representation, th

en use traditional SQL data loading statements.

ComparisonComparison Other Other CriteriaCriteria

Spatial DatabaseProduct

Compatibility with GIS Applications Server Capability

IBM DB2 spatialextender

Supports visualization tools such as ESRI's ArcView GIS, ArcExplorer, ArcInfo, ArcView BusinessAnalyst as well as other vendors such as MapInfo.

To view graphic or map representation, a visualization tool must be used.

If deployed within DB2 edition with server capabilities.

But IBM recommends an architecture utilitizing ESRI’s ArcSDE for distributed computing.

ArcSDESince ArcSDE if a part of ESRI GIS software

fimaly, it supports all ESRI GIS software. At the same time, it support AutoCAD by Autodesk.

Serves spatial data to ArcGIS Desktop (ArcReader, ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo), to Internet clients through ArcIMS, and to applications developed with ArcGIS Engine and ArcGIS Server.

Oracle Spatial Oracle Spatial is an option for Oracle Enterprise Edition that provides advanced spatial features to support high-end GIS and LBS solutions.

Integration with Oracle9i Application Server

PostgreSQL / PostGIS Available GIS applications that can run PostGIS are uDig (User-friendly Desktop Internet GIS) and MapServer. Both are internet-web applications that can create, acquire, view, and modify spatial data.

PostgreSQL, an open source, object-relational database that is used in conjunction with PostGIS acts as the server. It is capable of running on Windows, Linux, and Unix operating systems.

Selection SummarySelection Summary Comparison Criteria:Comparison Criteria:

CostCost Standards metStandards met GIS applicationGIS application Spatial data types supportedSpatial data types supported Queries from the databaseQueries from the database Spatial functionsSpatial functions Data loadingData loading Compatibility with other GIS applicatioCompatibility with other GIS applicatio

nsns Server capabilityServer capability Ability to be stand alone or integration Ability to be stand alone or integration

with databasewith database

Databases Compared:Databases Compared: ArcSDEArcSDE PostGISPostGIS IBM DB2 Spatial ExtenderIBM DB2 Spatial Extender Oracle SpatialOracle Spatial

Retail selection based on customers and proximity to competitors.

Selection SummarySelection Summary PostGISPostGIS

Advantages: Advantages: FreeFree Easily downloadedEasily downloaded

Disadvantages: Disadvantages: ““You get what you pay for?”You get what you pay for?” Extremely Small MarketExtremely Small Market Few knowledgeable peopleFew knowledgeable people Limited Financial BackingLimited Financial Backing High Risk for LongevityHigh Risk for Longevity

ArcSDEArcSDE Advantages: Advantages:

Built by leading GIS vendor (ESRI)Built by leading GIS vendor (ESRI) Best GIS functionalityBest GIS functionality

Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Little/no functionality by itselfLittle/no functionality by itself Prices (up to $60,000 for complete system)Prices (up to $60,000 for complete system)

Selection SummarySelection Summary Oracle SpatialOracle Spatial

Advantages:Advantages: Capable for needs of companyCapable for needs of company Exactly what we’re looking forExactly what we’re looking for Leading database vendorLeading database vendor Ample support availableAmple support available

DisadvantageDisadvantage Prices (up to $50,000 for complete system)Prices (up to $50,000 for complete system)

IBM DB2 Spatial ExtenderIBM DB2 Spatial Extender Advantages:Advantages:

Capable for needs of companyCapable for needs of company Exactly what we’re looking forExactly what we’re looking for Leading database vendorLeading database vendor Ample support availableAmple support available Works with ArcExplorerWorks with ArcExplorer Price (free with $30,000 purchase of IBM DB2)Price (free with $30,000 purchase of IBM DB2)

$20,000 < ArcSDE system$20,000 < ArcSDE system $10,000 < Oracle system$10,000 < Oracle system

Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Limited GIS capability compared to ArcSDELimited GIS capability compared to ArcSDE

RecommendationRecommendation IBM DB2 Spatial ExtenderIBM DB2 Spatial Extender

Similar functionality of Oracle Spatial, while Similar functionality of Oracle Spatial, while being $20,000 less.being $20,000 less.

Less functionality of ArcSDE system, but it is Less functionality of ArcSDE system, but it is also $15,000 less.also $15,000 less.

Upgradable to ArcSDE if ever neededUpgradable to ArcSDE if ever needed

ReferenceReference ArcSDEArcSDE

http://www.esri.com/software/http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcsde/index.htmlarcgis/arcsde/index.html

http://www.gisfusion.com/gis/http://www.gisfusion.com/gis/arcsde.cfmarcsde.cfm

http://www.esri.com/library/http://www.esri.com/library/brochures/pdfs/arcsde-server.pdfbrochures/pdfs/arcsde-server.pdf

Introduction ArcSDE Using ArcInfo, Introduction ArcSDE Using ArcInfo, ESRI training material.ESRI training material.

IBM DB2 Spatial ExtenderIBM DB2 Spatial Extender http://www.esri.com/partners/http://www.esri.com/partners/

alliances/ibm/index.htmlalliances/ibm/index.html ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/

data/spatial/DB2SEss2.pdfdata/spatial/DB2SEss2.pdf ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/

data/spatial/db2sb.pdfdata/spatial/db2sb.pdf ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/

data/pubs/brochures/spatial.pdfdata/pubs/brochures/spatial.pdf ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/ps/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/ps/

products/db2/info/vr8/pdf/letter/products/db2/info/vr8/pdf/letter/db2ire80.pdfdb2ire80.pdf

ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/data/spatial/warehous.pdfdata/spatial/warehous.pdf

ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/data/spatial/esri.pdfdata/spatial/esri.pdf

http://www.esri.com/partners/http://www.esri.com/partners/alliances/ibm/pdfs/alliances/ibm/pdfs/esri_ibm_flyer.pdfesri_ibm_flyer.pdf

http://www.esri.com/news/http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/winter0405articles/ibm-arcnews/winter0405articles/ibm-spatially.pdfspatially.pdf

http://www.esri.com/partners/http://www.esri.com/partners/alliances/ibm/pdfs/db2_ibm.pdfalliances/ibm/pdfs/db2_ibm.pdf

http://www.esri.com/partners/allianchttp://www.esri.com/partners/alliances/ibm/pdfs/ads_ibm-esri.pdfes/ibm/pdfs/ads_ibm-esri.pdf

http://www.esri.com/partners/http://www.esri.com/partners/alliances/ibm/pdfs/alliances/ibm/pdfs/ads_arcuser_enhanced.pdfads_arcuser_enhanced.pdf

http://www.esri.com/library/http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/gis-technology.pdfwhitepapers/pdfs/gis-technology.pdf

http://www.esri.com/library/http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/whitepapers/pdfs/idc_enterprise_apps_feb_2005.pdfidc_enterprise_apps_feb_2005.pdf

ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/data/spatial/esri2005/01.pdfdata/spatial/esri2005/01.pdf

http://www.opengeospatial.org/http://www.opengeospatial.org/docs/99-049.pdfdocs/99-049.pdf

Oracle SpatialOracle Spatial http://www.oracle.com/technology/http://www.oracle.com/technology/

products/spatial/index.htmlproducts/spatial/index.html http://www.oracle.com/technology/http://www.oracle.com/technology/

documentation/index.htmldocumentation/index.html http://www.gis.com/http://www.gis.com/

PostGISPostGIS http://postgis.refractions.nethttp://postgis.refractions.net http://www.freegis.org/database/http://www.freegis.org/database/

viewobj?obj=659viewobj?obj=659 http://www.geospatial-online.com/http://www.geospatial-online.com/

geospatialsolutions/article/geospatialsolutions/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=19932articleDetail.jsp?id=19932

http://http://www.paragoncorporation.com/www.paragoncorporation.com/ITConsumerGuide.aspx?ArticleID=1ITConsumerGuide.aspx?ArticleID=1