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SPECIATION formation of a new species
BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT population or group of populations
whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who cannot produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species
REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS impede 2 species from producing viable,
fertile hybrids
PREZYGOTIC impede mating or hinder fertilization of egg HABITAT
--different rare no chance habitats encounters to mate BEHAVIORAL
--signals and unique behaviors used to attract mates--Ex. fireflies--Ex. meadowlarks
PREZYGOTIC (cont.) TEMPORAL
--breed during different times of day, seasons, or years
MECHANICAL --anatomically incompatible--Ex. Flowering plants pollinated by insects or other animals
GAMETIC--gametes don’t fuse to form zygote--sperm may not be able to survive in female internal environment or specific molecules on coat of egg may prevent fusion
POSTZYGOTIC successful fertilization, but hybrid zygote
doesn’t develop into a viable, fertile adult REDUCED HYBRID VARIABILITY
--developing zygote may abort at some embryonic stage
REDUCED HYBRID FERTILITY --sterile offspring; meiosis doesn’t produce gametes--Ex. horse + donkey mule
HYBRID BREAKDOWN--1st generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but successive generations are sterile or feeble
MODES OF SPECIATION ALLOPATRIC
--allos = other --patria = homeland--speciation takes place in populations with geographically separate ranges--gene flow is interrupted due to this separation
MODES OF SPECIATION SYMPATRIC
--sym = together --patria = homeland--speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations
1. polyploid plants = result from accident in cell division
2. allopolyploid = contribution of 2 different species to polyploid hybrid
3. animals = best example is L. Victoria ciclids--fish have exploited food sources and other resources differently--nonrandom mating
Limitations of the BSC no way to check interbreeding of
extinct species like fossils, which use
morphological characteristics to distinguish species, existing species are classified based primarily on their appearance
cannot be applied to organisms that reproduce asexually
OTHER SPECIES CONCEPTSMORPHOLOGICAL appearance
ECOLOGICAL based on ecological niche (set of resources
used by a species) Ex. parasite defined by adaptations to hostPLURALISTIC factors important to identifying species varyGENEALOGICAL species is set of organisms with unique
genetic history(DNA, RNA, protein sequencing is basis)
islands are living laboratories for the study of speciation--flurries of allopatric speciation occur when groups stray
adaptive radiation = evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor
Gradualism traditional evolutionary trees have gradual
branching pattern--big changes occur by the accumulation of many small ones--however, gradual transitions are rarely seen in fossil forms--new forms appear suddenly--lack of connecting fossils confused Darwin
gaps can be partially explained by applying the allopatric model of speciation
Punctuated equilibrium species diverge in spurts of rapid change
(long periods of stasis punctuated by episodes of speciation)
“sudden” may be thousands of years in evolutionary time
paleontologists base theories almost entirely on external anatomy and skeletons(changes in internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior cannot be observed)
Speciation exists on the boundary between
microevolution (change in allele frequency) and macroevolution (cumulative change over millions of speciation events)
Most evolutionary novelties are modified versions of older structures examples of complex structures
evolving in increments complex eyes of various types
evolved from simpler ones exaptation = feature evolves in
one context, but becomes co-opted for another functionEx. light, honey-combed bones of birds
“Evolution is like modifying a machine while it’s running.”
Karl Liem interface between evolutionary biology and how organisms develop is termed “evo-devo”
many examples of slight genetic divergences leading to major morphological differences
Growth & development allometric growth = progression of
proportions through development heterochrony = evolutionary change in the
rate or timing of developmental events paedomorphosis = reproductive
development accelerates compared to somatic development, resulting in the mature stage of the organism retaining body features that were juvenile structures
homeotic genes = control placement and spatial organization of body parts