SpeciatioSpeciation: How n: How

New New Species Species Form!Form!

April 5April 5

Warm-Up: How does a Warm-Up: How does a species form?species form?

Speciation:Speciation: formation of new formation of new species!species!

What is a What is a speciesspecies??

A group of similar A group of similar organisms that can organisms that can breed and produce breed and produce fertile offspring fertile offspring

✩FormatiFormation of on of New New SpeciesSpecies

Speciation begins Speciation begins with with divergencedivergence: : the accumulation of the accumulation of differences between differences between groups.groups.

Subspecies

Species: WolvesSpecies: WolvesKingdomKingdom: Animalia (Animals): Animalia (Animals)

PhylumPhylum: Chordata (Animals with notochords; A : Chordata (Animals with notochords; A flexible structure that forms the main support)flexible structure that forms the main support)    SubphylumSubphylum: Vertebrata (Animals with : Vertebrata (Animals with backbones)backbones)ClassClass: Mammalia (Chordates that produce milk : Mammalia (Chordates that produce milk via mammary glands)via mammary glands)    SubclassSubclass: Eutheria (Placental Mammals: : Eutheria (Placental Mammals: Mammals with a membranous organ that Mammals with a membranous organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy develops in female mammals during pregnancy which lines the uterine wall and partially which lines the uterine wall and partially enveloping the fetus)enveloping the fetus)OrderOrder: Carnivora (Meat eaters): Carnivora (Meat eaters)    SuborderSuborder: Caniforma (Canine-like carnivores): Caniforma (Canine-like carnivores)FamilyFamily: Canidae (See below): Canidae (See below)GenusGenus: Canis (Coyotes, dingos, domestic dogs, : Canis (Coyotes, dingos, domestic dogs, jackals, and Wolves)jackals, and Wolves)SpeciesSpecies: lupus (Gray Wolves): lupus (Gray Wolves)

The Arctic Wolf -The Arctic Wolf -subspeciessubspeciesCanis lupus Canis lupus

arctosarctos: The : The Arctic WolfArctic Wolf

HabitatHabitat: The : The arctic region of arctic region of North America.North America.

The Eastern Timber Wolf- The Eastern Timber Wolf- subspeciessubspecies

Canis lupus lycaonCanis lupus lycaon: : The Eastern Timber The Eastern Timber

WolfWolf

HabitatHabitat: Eastern : Eastern Canada and the Canada and the U.S. At one time U.S. At one time found as far south found as far south as Florida and west as Florida and west as Minnesota.as Minnesota.

Canis lupus arabsCanis lupus arabs: : The Arabian WolfThe Arabian WolfHabitatHabitat: The desert of : The desert of

Saudi Arabia.Saudi Arabia.CharacteristicsCharacteristics: The : The

Arabian Wolf is the Arabian Wolf is the smallest subspecies of smallest subspecies of Wolf, weighing 18 kg Wolf, weighing 18 kg (40 pounds) and (40 pounds) and standing 66 cm (26 standing 66 cm (26 inches) at the inches) at the shoulder. Their fur is shoulder. Their fur is short and of a pale short and of a pale beige color.beige color.

North AmericaNorth AmericaCanis lupus...Canis lupus...  1.   1. alces  2.   2. arctos  3.   3. baileyi  4.   4. beothucus  5.   5. bernardi  6.   6. columbianus  7.   7. crassodon  8.   8. fuscus  9.   9. hudsonicus10. 10. griseoalbus11. 11. irremotus

12. labradorius12. labradorius13. ligoni13. ligoni14. lycaon14. lycaon15. mackenzii15. mackenzii16. manningi16. manningi17. mogollonensis17. mogollonensis18. monstrablis18. monstrablis19. nubilus19. nubilus20. occidentalis20. occidentalis21. orion21. orion22. pambasileus22. pambasileus23. tundrarum23. tundrarum24. youngi 24. youngi

✩Forming Forming subspeciessubspecies

SubspeciesSubspecies: populations : populations of the same species that of the same species that differ genetically due to differ genetically due to adaptations to different adaptations to different living conditions.living conditions.

Arctic wolfArabian Wolf

Reproductive IsolationReproductive Isolation

When members of two When members of two populations cannot interbreed populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. and produce fertile offspring. Causes two separate gene Causes two separate gene pools. Occurs in 3 ways:pools. Occurs in 3 ways:

Behavioral IsolationBehavioral Isolation

Geographic IsolationGeographic Isolation

Temporal IsolationTemporal Isolation

✩ReproductiReproductive ve IsolationIsolation

Barriers to reproduction Barriers to reproduction usually prevent different usually prevent different species from breeding species from breeding with each other.with each other.

The time of peak mating activity varies between species of frogs

✩MaintainiMaintaining New ng New SpeciesSpecies

Barriers to matingBarriers to mating::

1.1. Geographically isolatedGeographically isolated

2.2. Reproduce at different Reproduce at different timestimes

3.3. Physical differences Physical differences prevent matingprevent mating

4.4. Not attractive to one Not attractive to one another.another.

5.5. Hybrid offspring may not be Hybrid offspring may not be fertile or suited to the fertile or suited to the environment of either environment of either parent.parent.

Behavioral IsolationBehavioral Isolation

When two populations are When two populations are capable of interbreeding capable of interbreeding but have differences in but have differences in courtship rituals (mating courtship rituals (mating dances) or other dances) or other reproductive strategies.reproductive strategies.

Behavioral Mating Behavioral Mating DanceDance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgnOQqLhrlw v=XgnOQqLhrlw

✩GeographiGeographic isolationc isolation

Two populations are Two populations are separated by geographic separated by geographic barriers like rivers, mountains barriers like rivers, mountains or bodies of water.or bodies of water.

Distinct flightless birds on different continents exemplify  diversification through geographic isolation

Geographic IsolationGeographic Isolation

Temporal IsolationTemporal Isolation- when two - when two or more populations reproduce or more populations reproduce

at different timesat different times

The time of peak mating activity varies between species of frogs

Evolution in Action: Evolution in Action: Salamanders in CaliforniaSalamanders in California

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/evolution-action-salamanders.html evolution-action-salamanders.html

A Step in A Step in Speciation:Speciation:Salamander Salamander Speciation Speciation LabLab