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Section 1
The Rise of Dictators
Dictators took control of the governments of Italy, the Soviet Union, Germany, and Japan.
The Rise of Dictators, 1922–1933
Section 1
• In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party.
• Facismo:
• A single cord…
• binds the rods…
• to powerful ax
Italy
Section 1
• In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party.
− Fascism was an aggressive nationalistic movement that considered the nation more important than the individual.
− Once in office, Mussolini worked quickly to set up a dictatorship.
Italy
Italy Invades Ethiopia, 1935
Figure 3
Figure 1
Section 1
• After the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, established communist governments throughout the Russian Empire.
− In 1922 they renamed these territories the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
USSR (Russia)
Section 1
• By 1926, Joseph Stalin had become the new Soviet dictator.
− Family farms were combined and turned into collectives.
− Government takes over all industrial production in 5 year plans
− Between 8 and 10 million people died during Stalin’s rule (1926-1953), either through harsh working conditions, living conditions or political purges
USSR (Russia)
Figure 2
Section 1
• In Japan, difficult economic times helped undermine the political system.
• Japan’s high dependency on import of natural resources from other countries is exacerbated by the Great Depression.
• Military’s answer…… conquest!
• Emperor Hirohito as a demi-god …and tool for the military leadership
Imperial Japan
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Section 1
• Japan’s civilian government supported the nationalist policy of expanding the empire and appointed a military officer to serve as prime minister.
• Japanese military leaders and their civilian supporters argued that seizing Manchuria was the only way Japan could get the resources it needed.
Imperial Japan
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Section 1
• One of the new political parties in Germany was called the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party.
− The party was fanatical nationalists
− calling for Germany not to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles:
Nazi Germany
1) Germany could not have offensive army
2) Germany pay war reparations
3) Germany surrender territory
Section 1
• The Nazi were also anti-Semitic. Why did Hilter and the Nazi’s blamed the Jews for Germany’s plight….
− The Jews were an alien, minority people
− The Jews had been discriminated against for centuries throughout Europe: “the killers of Christ”
− There were a significant number of Jewish bankers profited from Germany’s failure in the WWI
−
Nazi Germany
Section 1
• After Adolf Hitler’s first plan to seize power in Germany failed, he focused on getting Nazis elected to the Reichstag.
− By 1932, the Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstag.
− The following year, the German president appointed Hitler as chancellor.
− In 1934, Hitler became president, giving himself the title of Der Führer.
Nazi Germany
Chapter Intro 3
The Holocaust
Big Idea: The Nazis believed Jews to be subhuman. They steadily increased their persecution of Jews and eventually set up death camps and tried to kill all the Jews in Europe.
Section 3
• During the Holocaust, the Nazis killed nearly 6 million European Jews.
− The Hebrew term for the Holocaust is Shoah, meaning “catastrophe.”
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
• Although the Nazis persecuted anyone who dared oppose them, as well as the disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, and Slavic peoples, they reserved their strongest hatred for the Jews.
Section 3
• After the Nazis took power, they quickly moved to deprive German Jews of many established rights.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
− In September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans.
− Soon, other rights, such as the ability to work in certain professions, were taken away as well.
Section 3
• On November 7, 1938, a young Jewish refugee named Herschel Grynszpan shot and killed a German diplomat in Paris.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
− In retaliation, Hitler ordered his minister of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, to stage attacks against the Jews that would seem like a spontaneous reaction to news of the murder.
Section 3
• The anti-Jewish violence that erupted throughout Germany and Austria that night came to be called Kristallnacht, or “night of broken glass.”
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
− Following the night of violence, the Gestapo arrested at least 20,000 wealthy Jews, releasing them only if they agreed to emigrate and surrender all their possessions.
Section 3
• Between 1933, when Hitler took power, and the start of World War II in 1939, some 350,000 Jews escaped Germany.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
− However, many Jews remained trapped in Nazi-dominated Europe.
Section 3
• Several factors limited Jewish immigration to the United States:
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
− Jews could not take more than about four dollars out of Germany, and American immigration laws forbade granting a visa to anyone “likely to become a public charge.”
− High unemployment rates in the 1930s made immigration unpopular.
− Some Americans were anti-Semitic.
Section 3
− The existing immigration policy allowed only 150,000 immigrants annually.
• At an international conference on refuges in 1938, several European countries, the United States, and Latin America stated their regret that they could not take in more of Germany’s Jews.
• The SS St. Louis, with 930 Jewish refugees on board, was denied permission to dock in Cuba or the United States and turned back to Europe.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Jews were deprived of the following rights EXCEPT
A. holding public office.
B. voting.
C. keeping their German-sounding names.
D. leaving the country.
Chapter Intro 2
World War II Begins
What steps led to war in Europe in the late 1930s?
Section 2
Path to War
European nations tried to prevent war by giving in to Adolf Hitler’s demands.
Section 2
• Europe’s leaders believed that a deal could be reached with Hitler and war could be avoided for three reasons:
− They wanted to avoid a repeat of the bloodshed of World War I.
− Some thought most of Hitler’s demand were reasonable.
− Many people assumed that the Nazis would be more interested in peace once they gained more territory.
Path to War (cont.)
Figure 6
Section 2
• In late 1937 Hitler called for the unification of all German-speaking people, including those in Austria and Czechoslovakia.
− Hitler sent troops into Austria in March 1938 and announced the Anschluss of Austria and Germany.
Path to War (cont.)
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935–1939
Section 2
• Hitler next announced German claims to the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population.
− At the Munich Conference, on September 29, 1938, Britain and France agreed to Hitler’s demands, a policy that came to be known as appeasement.
Path to War (cont.)
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935–1939
Section 2
• However, in March 1939 Germany sent troops into Czechoslovakia and divided the country.
− The Czech lands became a German protectorate.
Path to War (cont.)
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935–1939
• A month after the Munich Conference, Hitler demanded control of Danzig, a part of Poland.
− He also requested a highway and railroads across the Polish Corridor.
Section 2
• On March 31, 1939, Britain announced that if Poland went to war to defend its territory, Britain and France would come to its aid.
• Poland refused to give in to Germany’s demands.
• Germany and the USSR signed a nonaggression pact on August 23, 1939.
Path to War (cont.)
