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7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010
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SPM4510 Design of InnovativeSystems in Energy & Industry
Gas transport / pipeline systems
Dr.ir. Gerard P.J. Dijkema
Faculty of Systems Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management.Department of Energy & Industry
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Gas transport system design
Last week: How to secure Dutch natural gas supply
Connect remote locations to the Dutch gas markets
Past: connect the Groningen field
Present: import previously stranded gas
(Otherwise) Stranded gas:
(huge) natural gas deposits at locations at aconsiderable distance from (sizable) markets
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Gas transport system economics
km0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
LNG
Pipeline6 bcm/year
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
S./
Mbtu
NB: These figures change as a function of technological progress, innovation energy prices, labour cost, material costs
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Design of pipeline transport systems
System elements:
Inlet stations measure and make gas suitable for transport
Pipelines cover distance: flow
Compressor stations cover distance: pressure
Control valves manipulate flow / pressure
Storage facilities provide temporary extra capacity
Distribution stations measure, reduce pressure
Gas routing / mixing / nitrogen addition quality manipulation
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Design of a transport systemfor gas or liquid
Realize liquid flow:
suction + pump + (process system, pipeline, control valves)
Realize gas flow:
suction + compressor + (process system, pipeline, control valves)
Typical pressure ratio per stage: P2/ P1 = 1.4
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Gas Compressors
Positive displacement
Dynamic Large volumes
Large pressure ratios
High efficiency
High reliability
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Centrifugal compressor
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htm
http://www.offshore-technology.com/contractors/pumps/man-turbo/man-turbo2.html
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htmhttp://www.offshore-technology.com/contractors/pumps/man-turbo/man-turbo2.htmlhttp://www.offshore-technology.com/contractors/pumps/man-turbo/man-turbo2.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htm7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010
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Centrifugal compressor
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htm http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htmhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htm7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010
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Dynamic compressors
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010
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Dynamic compressors
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010
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Centrifugal compressor basics
At each impeller speed:
Surge: minimum flow
Choke: maximum flow
Impeller speed
Minimum & maximum (mechanical,design)
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010
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Centrifugal compressor: surge
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010
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Real gas compressorCharacteristics
Blue: surge line
Orange: flow
At various impeller speeds
Green: Adiabatic efficiency
Cost: economy-of-scale
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Compressor stationsDesign parameters
Objective:
meet flow capacity
re-compression demand
Degrees-of-freedom:
Number of compressors reliability, flexibility
Pressure ratio (range) performance
Variable speed / capacity range
controllability, flexibility (Inter)cooling and recycle reliability
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Gas transport pipelines (1)
Starting point: usually a natural gas field
Available pressure: 70 - 200 bar
Pipe, diameter up to 56 (1.42m) in the Netherlands: max 48
Working pressure: up to to 200 bar in the Netherlands: 67 - 80 bar
Wall diameter for 67 bar:
18 4.55 mm24 5.95 mm
36 8.75 mm
48 11.70 mm
Material: Steel, with inner and outer coating.
Cost: Eur 1.5 2 million /kilometer
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Typical investment costEconomy-of-scale
[199x Million Dollars/ km]
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Effect of load factor on costs
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Buildup of gastransport net (2)
Compressor stations:
Compensate pressure loss for transport over longdistances:
Distance between stations: ca. 100 km.
Compression ratio: 1.3 - 1.4, no cooling.
Centrifugal compressors (mostly) or piston.
Propulsion: gasturbine (mostly), gas engine, electro motor.
Power rating: 10 - 200 MW.
Delivery Stations (End point and branches)
Reduce pressure (sometimes requires heating), measurement.
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Optimising design pressure
Cos
t
Pressure
Compression
Total
Pipeline
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Gas pipeline system design
System elements: pipelines, compressors, storage, controls Requirement: natural gas from A to B, min/max capacity, dynamics
Degrees-of-freedom
Pipeline routing; number of parallel pipelines; operating
& maximum pressure
Number and location of compression stations
Number, size and location of storage
Typically: network growth; system evolution
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Long distance gas-transportOptimal number of compressor stations
Propulsion
gas
2 3 n-1 n
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Qn-1 Qn
Q0
I0
I1
I2
In-2
In-1
In
Qn-2
I31
Propulsion
gas
Propulsion
gas
Propulsion
gas
Propulsion
gas
Qn / Qo =V n+1 . 100 %
Qn = capacity with n-stations
Qo = capacity with no stations
n = nr. of stations
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Transport capacity vs. Compressors
Number of
compressor-stations
01
2
3
4
Maximumtransport-capacity (%)
100141173200224
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Pressure drop - re-compression
?? implications for system flexibility?
?? when system capacity needs to be increased
?? related to system cost ?
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Safety and environment
Risk with gas transport.
Pipeline rupture
Possible causes.
Material- or welding errors.
Digging.
Corrosion.
Risk management.
Intensive checks of material and welding at construction.
Distance to other infrastructures and houses.
Corrosion prevention with good coating and kathode protection.
Pipeline flies (trajectory inspection).
Periodic inspection (internal and external), intelligent pig.- Online leak detection through monitoring and data reconciliation.
Methane Global Warming Potential (GWP) effect= 25 x CO2.
Minimise leakages.
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Gas-transport efficiency
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
LNG
Pipeline
50
60
70
80
90
Efficiency%
100
65
GTL
km
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European Gas Transport
http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/europe_oil_and_gas_pipelines_map.jpg
http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/europe_oil_and_gas_pipelines_map.jpghttp://www.theodora.com/pipelines/europe_oil_and_gas_pipelines_map.jpg7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010
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DELIVERED COST OF GAS TO GERMANY & SPAIN
Barcelona
$2.17Algeria
LNG
$2.32EgyptL
NG
$2.50YanbuLNG
$2.55 Trinidad LNG
$2.63Ang
olaLNG
$2.81Gulf-Europe
$2.87Gulf-Yanbu-LNG
Key
Pipeline LNG Regasification Terminal
$2
.17
Alg
eria
LNG
Tarifa
$1.13MEG-HassiR.
$1.32MEG-InSalah
$2.55Nig
eria
LNG
Waidhaus
$2.72Iraq-Europe
$3.11TransCaspian
$3.14Gulf-Iraq-Europe$3.29Gulf-
Jordan-Europe
$3.31Iran-Europe
$3.62BlueStream
$3.62Blu
eStrea
m
Emden
$2.75 Norway$2.23
Yam
al-E
urope
Frankfurt
an der Oder
Delivered Cost in $/mmbtu, constant 2000 prices
Assumed 10% IRR
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Local, Regional, National andInternational Linkages by Gas
Pipeline
Introduction
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