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Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 1
Organization Change and Development
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 2
Organizational Change and Development
• What is it?
• Why change?
• Resistance to change
• Force field analysis
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 3
OD Defined
• OD is an effort…• Planned• Organization-wide• Managed from the top, in order• To increase organizational effectiveness,
through• Planned interventions in organizational
processes, using behavioral-science knowledge
OD = shorthand for “Organization Change and Development”
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 4
The Change Process
Forces for changeManagement recognition of
need for change
Diagnosis of problem and
points of resistance
Consideration of alternatives
Selection of methods &
implementationEvaluation
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 5
Forces Driving Change: Internal and External
Technology
SocialTrends
The EconomyCompetition
WorkforceGlobalEvents
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 6
Attitude Toward Change
Desirable
• Accept change as inevitable
• Proactive
Not Desirable
• Feel threatened by change
• Reactive
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 7
Objects of Change
StructurePhysicalSetting
Technology People
Culture
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 8
Resistance to Change - Individual
Individual
Economic FactorsNeed for SecurityFear of the Unknown
Selective Information Processing
Force of Habit
Group Inertia
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 9
Resistance to Change - Group
Organizational
Threatto Expertise
LimitedFocus
of Change
Threat toExisting
Allocations
Threat toExisting
Relationships
StructuralInertia
Group Inertia
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 10
Overcoming Resistance
• Education and communication
• Negotiation
• Communication
• Facilitation and support
• Coercion
• Manipulation and cooptation
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 11
Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
Organizational Change
Lewin’s Three-Step Process
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 12
Unfreezing the Status QuoUnfreezing the Status QuoUnfreezing the Status QuoUnfreezing the Status Quo
Desired State
Status Quo
RestrainingForces
Driving Forces
Time
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 13
OD Tools and Interventions
• Survey and survey feedback
• Team building
• Diversity training
• Leadership development
• Organization restructuring
• Job redesign
• Adoption of new technologies
Spring 2007 Organization Change and Development 14
Change and Culture
• Is change possible?
• How long will it take?
• Does culture influence resistance?
• Does culture influence implementation?
• Does culture influence idea champions?
