Srilanka 1

7/27/2019 Srilanka 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/srilanka-1 1/97



EpnTIRbeTssirIlg,a

Tm¬lø;

cahVna

GnuraZbur;

siKiriya bUelanaruv;

mhi n Þel

nUvar;rtnbur;

h< al´

kULM úbU



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es[vePA:ne:HBum¬rYcehIy es[vePAmaneQµ aHenAxageRkamenH x\ u MRBHkruNa Gatµ aPaB:ne:H Bum¬rYcehIy KW ?1Ç “BuTÆb|vti þ” CaRbvti þrbsRBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆ nigRBHsav&kxøH> . e:HBum¬enAézá 11 erac ExmaX BÇsÇ 2547 RtÚvnigézáTI 16

Ex kumÖ; KÇsÇ 2004 .2Ç “smzkmµd ð an” GZib|ayGMBIGarmµN ¾smzkmµd ð an 40 . e:HBum¬enAézá 1 ekIt Exkt þ ik BÇsÇ 2548 RtÚvnigézáTI 12

Exvici äka KÇsÇ 2004 .3Ç “Rbvt þ isa®s þénRBHBuTÆsasnaenARbeTs«N Ð a” . e:HBum¬enAézáTI 16 ExkBa ¦ a KÇsÇ 2006 .4Ç “RbCM usarniTan” e:HBum¬enAézá 11 ekIt ExmaX BÇsÇ 2555 RtÚvnigézáTI 3 ExkumÖ; KÇsÇ 2012 .

5Ç “elakta” maneRcInPaK CaniTanmanKtiZm( .6Ç “RBHGPiZmµseg¡b” e:HBum¬enAézá 1 ekIt ExbusS BÇsÇ 2556 RtÚvnigézáTI 12 Exmkra KÇsÇ 2013 .7Ç “BuTÆCymg<lKaza 8 bT” e:HBum¬enAézá 1 ekIt ExbusS BÇsÇ 2556 RtÚvnigézáTI 12 Exmkra KÇsÇ 2013 .8Ç “RBHBuTÆsasnaenARbeTssirIlg, a” enAxVHzvikaminTan:ne:HBum¬eT .



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GarmÖkzax\ ú MRBHkruNaGatµ aPaByleXIjza RbeTssirIlg, aCaekaHmYytUcenAkN þ almhasmuRT cugbMputénCm¬ ÚTV Ib manRbvt þ iKYrosikSa

CaBiesskñ úgRBHBuTÆsasnaon&yza CakMNb´RTBüpø ÚvbJ ¦ a eZV IoBuTÆbris&TnwkKuNminGacbMePøc:n eRJHCaRbeTssMxanbMputkñ úgcMeNamRbeTsEdlkanRBHBuTÆsasnadUcKñ a eRJHkEnøgenaHZø abéZV Isg< aynaer[ber[gRBHZm(vin&y CakEnøgktRtacarnUvRBHKm¬ IrGd ðkzavin&y Gd ðkzaRBHsURt nigGd ðkzaRBHGPiZmµ nigKm¬ IrepSg>eT[tCaeRcIn suTÆEtCaKm¬ IrsMxan> KWPaKeRcInRBHBuTÆeXasacarü:nrcna edIm|IoBiPBelak:ndwgrhUtmkdl´sBVézáenH KWecjmkBIRbeTssirIlg, aenHTaMgGs´ .

mü ageT[t RbeTsenHmanvtæ úCaTIsk, ar;sMxan> KYroekItsTÆ aRCHzø acMeJHBuTÆbris&TEdl:neTAdl´ dUcCaRBHcg, ÚmEkv edImRBHmhaeJZiRBwkS manGayu 2430 qñ aM nigsñ amRBHBuTÆ:TCaedIm .l.

eRJHehtuenH eTIbeZV Iox\ ú MRBHkruNaGatµ aPaB manviriy;ósSah ¾xMRbwgERbgRsavRCav er[ber[g nigERbsRmÜledIm|IoBuTÆbris&T:nGan yldwgBIRbvt þ iRbeTssirIlg, aenHza CaRbeTsmanKuNRbeyaCn ¾dl´BYkeyIgb uNÑ a RbsinebIminmanRbeTssirIlg, aeT

enaH RBHBuTÆsasnak*mindwgeTACay¨ agNaEdr .x\ ú MRBHkruNaGatµ aPaBsg ¹ wmza karsreesrRbvt þ iRBHBuTÆsasnaenARbeTssirIlg, aenH nwg:nCaRbeyaCn ¾dl´GñksikSa nigCa

karCYypSBVpSaynUvRBHBuTÆsasna o:nTUlMTUlayer[grhUteTA .sUmoRBHBuTÆsasnarIkcMerInruger]gGskalCayUrGEgVg nigsUmoBuTÆbris&TTaMgLay RbRBwt þtamkñ úgRBHBuTÆsasna EdlCa

sasnaRbRBwt þeTAedIm|Io:nnUvesckIsuxsn þ iPaB .

es[vePAenH PaKeRcInx\ ú MRBHkruNaGatµ aPaB :nERbecjBIes[vePARBHvieTseJZiKuN ‘vÇbÇ vIryueTÆ a’ sresrkalBI BÇsÇ2545 . x\ ú MRBHkruNaGatµ aPaB :nRsavRCavykmkbEnæmkñ úger]genaH>xøH nigbEnæmeRkABIenaHxøHeT[tEdlenAxVHxat nigEzmrUbPaBTaMgGs´ TaMgenHedIm|IogayRsYlkñ úgkarsikSao:nTUlMTUlay .

eZV IenAvt þrsµ IsamK< I ézá 5 erac ExBisax BÇsÇ 2557RtUvnigézáTI 29 ExósPa KÇsÇ 2013

elakRKÚ enA saxn GK<eteCa





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matika

er]g TMB&r - sirIlg, aEdndIénGriyZm( 1- munRbvt þ isa®s þ 2- er]geRBg 3- daknamtamKm¬ Ir 4- RkugkULú MbU 6- smaKmmhaeJZi 7- Kg< aramRBHviharkN þ alTwk 9- biN Ð:t 3 eBl 9- sala«sSrPaB 10- RBHBuTÆGvukn; 12- klüaNIraCviTüal&y 12

- RBHmanRBHPaKRTges þ

cyageTAsirIlg, a 15- sñ amRBHBuTÆ:T 16- er]gsiri:T; 18- BuTÆsasnaézáGaTitü 21- nikaynana 22- RBHsg ¹niger]gneya:y 24- Tenølg, avib|eyaK 25



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- sYnmrkténfansYK( 26- Rbvt þ iRBHTn þZatu ‘cg, ÚmEkv’ 28- buNüEhRBHTn þZatu ‘cg, ÚmEkv’ 31- süamvgSénlg, a 32- rUgPñ MGaluvihar 33- sø wkEtqá ajénAnUvar; 35- vt þTm¬ úlø; 35- eZV Isg< ayna 36- bfmsg< aynaenAsirIlg, a 37

- kMeNItRBHéRtbidk 38- karvivD¿n ¾énsg< ayna 38- RbTIbénvisuTÆ imK< 41- RBHBuTÆeXas;cUlekaHlg, a 43- vt þsiKiriya 46- TIlansigØ:TenAeCIgPñ MsiKiriya 49- sux > k*ekIts®g< am 50

- viharRBHsiv; 53- zU:ramvihar 54- viharvt þ þTaek 55- tivg,vihar 57- ót þraram 58- GnuraZRKam 59- edImRBHmhaeJZi 60





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sirIlg,aEdndIénGriyZm(

²Gayu bvr;³ enHCaJkürakTakénCnCatisirIlg, a beB© ajsemøgCaPasasigØl RBmTaMgjjwmoGñkEdl:nmkTsSna dUcJküeyIgza ²sYs þ I³ CaJkümg<ledIm|IrakTakKñ amundMbUg .BiPBelakenH manEpndIZMTUlMTUlay CaTIGaRs&yénstVmanCIvitTaMgLayeRcInBUCsasn ¾ KYrocabGarmµN ¾ nigKYrosikSa

eyIgCastVmYyRbePTEdr :nrsenAkñ úgBYkstVTaMgenaH dUecñHeyIgKYrEtsikSaodwg CakarcMeNjkñ úgCIvitrbséyIg . karykcit þ Tukdakkñ úgkarsikSa karcgdwg CakUnesaedIm|IcakebIkeTArkesck þ Isux eRJHCIvitCakareZV IdMeNIr ÉragkayCaTIGaRs&yRCkekanb ueNÑ aH .

RbeTssirIlg, a dUcCazµmYydM uenAkñ úgmhasmuRT TwkmanBN(mrktenACM uvij eZV IoeyIgdwger]gravepSg>kñ úgRBHBuTÆsasna eRJHRbCaCnsirIlg, amanRBHBuTÆsasnaCasm|t þ i manvt þRbtibt þ iCaCIvit manJküeRb[nRbedACaviBa ¦ aN mansemøgmn þCaePøg manectiytUcZMsRmabvasesck þ IcMerInnigkarcuHexSay manKm¬ IrBuTÆsasnaCablø &g,rd ðZmµnuBa ¦ manRBHsg ¹CaPñ ak´garkñ úgsasna EdleBjeTAedayKuNPaB KuNZm( nigkarecHdwg KYroekItsTÆ aRCHzø aénBuTÆbris&T .

tamRbvt þ isa®s þBIbUraNza CnCatisirIlg, aman 2 epABgS KW ?1Ç mkBIBUCnaK KWBYkbUCaBs´ kalBYkGaey(ncUleTAGaRs&yenARbeTs«N Ð a

enaH BUCBgSnaK:neTArYmKñ aCaeRcIn enAPaKxagekIténekaHenaH mYyPaKeT[t eTAenArYm

Kñ aPaKxageCIgénekaH eTIbehAPUmiPaKenaHza“

naKTIb;”

ERbza ekaHnaK . sm&yRBH:TviC&y bfmkSRtsirIlg, ayageTAdlTIenaH eZV IoBYknaKexSayGMNac ehIyRtÚvelbenATIbMput BYkenHÉg luHrYmpSMnigBYkGaey(n eTIbkø aymkCaB YksigØl; .

2Ç mkBIBUCBgSyk¡ KWBYkbUCayk¡ ßBYkRdavieD[n ßehAzamilk¡; CaGñkman«TÆ iBleRcInCagBYknaK :nGaRs&yenArayTUeTATaMgekaH ehIyenArYmrsĆamYyBYkGaey(n ehIyk*kø ayeTACaBYksigØl; dUcCaBYknaKenaHEdr .

er]geRBg:nsresrTakTgnigyk¡za manGñkCYjdUrnaMKñ acuHsMeBAeZV IdMeNIreTAnaK



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ekaHlg, a sMeBAlicenAEk|rekaHenaH RtÚvBYkrakS&scab´briePaKCaGahareRcInmkehIy .BYkGaey(n BYknaKnigBYkyk¡ :ncUlrYmKñ aCaBYkEtmYy enArYmKñ arhUtmkdl´

sBVézáenH .

RbeTssirIlg, aCaekaHtUck*BitEmn b¨ uEn þmin:neZV IoelakGñkEdleZV IdMeNIreTATsSnaGssg ¹ wmeLIy manEteZV IoGñkTaMgenaHmanesck þ IrIkrayRtLbmkvij ehIyk*Cabcit þGaeLaHGal&yminePøceLIy CakMérCIvitrbsélakGñkEdl:neTATsSnap Þ al´ eRJHmanZmµCatiex[vx© IRssbMRBgKYroCabcit þ CaBiessmanvb|Zm(d*lÁ eTaHCaCnCatienHmanBN(sm|úrexµ ACageyIgbn þ ick*eday b¨ uEn þBYkeKmannisS&y karRbRBwt þ karrsénA nigkareKarBkñ úgBuTÆsasnadUceyIgsm&yCag 700 qñ aMknøgmk KWeRcInoTanrkSasIl mansTÆ asURtmn þzV aybg< MRBHCakic©RbcaMézá .

RbeTssirIlg, amanép ÞdI 65Ç610 KILÚEm¨Rtkaer¨ . vasBIxageCIgeTATlnigxagt|Úgman 434 KILÚEm¨Rt . vas´BIxagekIteTATlnigxaglicman 225 KILÚEm¨Rt enAPaKxagt|ÚgénRbeTs«N Ð acmá ay 48 KILÚEm¨Rtb¨ ueNÑ aH .

RbeTssirIlg, abc© úb|nñ ‘BÇsÇ 2556’ RbCaCnmancMnYn 20 lan 9 Esnnak GtItkalknøgmk RbeTssirIlg, a:nCYbRbTHTuk¡evTnay¨ aglV IgCUrctbMput edaykardeN þ ImTwkdI nigGMNacd*TaruN Ðkmµ .

munRbvt þ isa®s þ

sm&yyUrGEgVgmkehIy ßehAzasm&ymunRbvt þ isa®s þ eKsnñ id ð anza mnusSsirIlg, a:nCab´sacQamBUCBgSmkBIyk¡namza ravn; ‘Tsk&N ð ’ CakSRtRKbRKgRkuglg, amkyUrehIy . kñ úges[vePArbshiN Ð Ú:nsresrza kSRténRkuglg, aenHmansirS‘k|al’ 10 manRBHhs þ 20 man#TÆ iGMNacxø aMgBUEkNas´ . kñ úgKm¬ IrramayN; :nsresrcgRkger]gramekr þ œmans®g< amb®g, ab

ravn;yk¡ ßTsk&N ð



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ravnyk¡y¨ agBis þ arza RBH:TGeyaZüa ßRBH:TGU )d ‘oude ’ manOrsnamza ram :nGPieskCamYynignagsIta eRkaymkRtÚvnireTsecjBInKr ehIyeTAenARbeTs«N Ð aEb¨kkN þ al . ézámYy TaMgBIrRBHGg<es þcyageTARbJtéRB yk¡ravn; sEm þg#TÆ iehIydeN þ ImnagsItanaMeTAenARkuglg, a RBH:Tram:nelIkT&BedIm|IeTAvaynKrlg, a deN þ ImnagsItamkvij edaykarKaMRTBICnCaeRcIn

ehIyoTahansMxanmñ ak´ KWhnumanqøgeTARkuglg, a TIbMputk*cabyk¡ravn;RBmTaMgbrivarRbharCIvitTaMgGs´ ehIynaMnagsItaRtLb mkRbeTs«N Ð a:nseRmctambMNg .

er]geRBg

CnCati«N Ð ayl´za BYkxø ÜnCabBUCBgSmkBIRBHmnu CnCatiCb unyl´za BYkxø ÜnCakUnRBHGaTitü CnCatilg, ayl´za BYkxø Ünman

BUCBgSCabsacQammkBIRBH:TviC&y CaOrsénRBH:TsIhhnu es þcnKrsigØburI . kñ úgBgSavtarrbsRbeTssirIlg, a 2 k|alKWmhavgSnigculøvgS:nsEm þgodwgza kSRténGaNacRkebgklmanRBHraCinICaes þcRsImkBIEdnkalig< manRBHnamza yamavtI manZItamYyGg<RTgRBHnamza sub|aeTvI . eRkaymk eharaRbcaMRBHraCvaMg:nTayza buRtImanCIvitminsUvlÁtamEbbbTxt þ iyRbéBNI RBHraCbitaRTgRKbRKgbuRtIenaHedaylÁ edIm|IminoRtÚvtameharaTay . ézámYy RBHraCaeZV IoRBHZItaTasRBHT&y RBHnagk*lYcrtecjBIvaMgeZV IdMeNIreTACamYyBYkQµ Üj EdlkMBugeZV IdMeNIreTAEdnmKZ; . luHeZV IdMeNIreTAdlEdnsal; manstVetad*ZM mYy mkeZV IoGn þraydlBYkQµ Üjsø ab´Gs´ enAslEtRBHraCZItab¨ ueNÑ aH stVetaeTIbnaMRBHraCZItaeTArYmrskñ úgrUgPñ M ehIymanbuRtnigZItarYm 2 RBHGg< Gg<bgnamza sIhBahu Gg<bÁ ÚnnamsIhsIvlI . luHGg<bgmanCnµ ayu 12 qñ aM eBlenaHstVetaminenA

sIhJhulIm þ aynigbÁ ÚnRtLbeTAenAvaMgCamYyes þcta cMENketaRtLbmkvijminCYbRbBnÆnigkUntUc eTIbeZV IdMeNIreTAtamPø amEdr:nxaMmnusSsø abĆaeRcInnak´ eZV Ioek þ ARkhaydlCneRcIn CnTaMgenaHnaMKñ aeTATUlRBHraCa RBHraCanKrkalig<:nRbkas nigorgV an´ y ageBjcit þ dl´buK<lNaEdlGacsmø ab´stVetaenaH:n b¨ uEn þminmanbuK<lNamñ ak´h) ansmø abétaenaHeLIy eRkABIkUnRbusnamsIhBahuTTYlb ueNÑ aH eTaHCaRBHmataRTg´hamy¨ agNak*eday k*mins þ abÉdr sIhJhuRbvacabZñ Ú:nehIy k*eZV IdMeNIreTAéRBsal;enaHPø am .

stVetaeXIjkUnmkvijeRtkGrNas´ ehIyedIreTArkkUn luHetaedIreTACit kUnRbusk*:jćMkN þ aledImRTÚgsø abéTA ehIykat k|alykeTAedIm|ITukCanimit þrUbénBUCBgSrbsstVeta .



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dUecñHCnCatisirIlg, a eTIbykrUbstVetamkdakkñ úgTgCati .ebItamKm¬ IrmhavgS ‘Mahavamsa ’ eJlza luHsem þc

taTivg<tehIy sIhJhumansiTÆ iRKbRKgraCsm|t þ i b uEn þ

RBHraCkumarminRtÚvkar eTIbelIkraCsm|t þ izV aymatan igbitaciJ© wm ÉRBHGg<nigbÁ ÚnsIhsIvlInaMKñ aeTAeZV InKrzµ IeT[tmaneQµ aHza sigØburI ehIyk*er[bkarKñ amanOrsnamzakumarviC&y nigkumarsumiRt . eRkaymk RBHraCkumarviC&ymankarRbRBwt þminsUvlÁ eZV IoGñkRsukek þ ARkhayCanic© RbCa-CnZujRTan´ RBH:TsIhJhueXIjza nwgciJ© awmteTAeT[tBM u:nehIy eTIbcabRBHkumarviC&yekareksaJkkN þ alehIynaMcuHTUknireTseTAkñ úgsmuRT TUkenaHk*GEN þtmkdlékaHlg, a .

ézáEdlRBHkumares þcyagdleqñrsmuRT eBlenaHRBHmanRBHPaKRTgk*briniBV andMNalKñ a munnwgbriniBV anRTg´RtaseTAkan eTvtanigmnusSza ²mñ alsk,eTvraC Zm(rbs´tzaKtnwgRbtis ð ankñ úgekaHlg, a ézáenHRBHraCkumarGg<c|grbsRBH:TsIhJhu :neLIgekaHRBmTaMgbrivar 700 nak´ ehIyk*RKgraCükñ úgekaHenaH GñkcUrkarJrRBHraCkumar RBmTaMgbrivarenaHpgcuH³ .

daknamtamKm¬ Ir Rbvt þ id*yUrGEgVgmkehIy RbeTssirIlg, amanmhakSRtRKb´RKg GnuraZbur;CaraCZanICit 1Ç000 qñ aM RtÚvrukranBIsRtÚvxag

eRkApg sRtÚvxagkñ úgpg deNI þmyksm|t þ iKñ aÉgrvagvgSjatipg Zø ab´Zø ak eTAkñ úgkN þ ab´édénBYkTmiLpg sUm|IRbeTscin RbeTsPUma k*Zø abélIkT&BmkvayRbeTsenHEdr eTaHCay¨ agNak*eday CnCatisirIlg, ak*rkSaRBHBuTÆsasnamk:n EdlKYrosresIrsUm|IeQµ aHza lg, ak*rkSa:nmkdlsBVézáenH .

TgĆatisirIlg, a



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RbeTssirIlg, a CaRbeTscas´mYykñ úgelak eQµ aHenHeKZø ab´s< al´Zø abéhAmkyUrehIytamkalsm&y dUcCabN þ aGñkR:C\ dwgPasa:lIZø ab´s< aléQµ aHCaeRcIny ag dUcCaÇÇÇ

-lg, aTV Ib k*KWekaHlg, aenaHÉg .-sigØTV Ib ßsIhlTI Vb Jküza sIhl; ERbzaraCsIh ¾ ßeta .munnwgmkCasIhl; maner]gmkza ‘er]genHTakTgKñ aniger]geRBgTMB&rTI3’ mankSRtmYyGg<enARsukvg,; Ednebgkl ZIta

rbs´RBHGg<manRBHKP(ePø aH CabuRtmYyGg< ZItamYyGg< buRtnigZItaTaMgBIrGg<enaHmanrUbragJkkN þ almnusS JkkN þ alraCsIh ¾ eRkaymkraCbuRtenaH:ner[bkarnigKñ a manbuRtrUbragCamnusS EtmanédeCIgZM>dUcCaeCIgraCsIh ¾ eTIbtaMgnamza sIhJhu . luHsIhJhumanv&ycMerInehIy :nsmø ab´bita ‘bitaCaeta’ ehIyeTAtaMgGaNacRkzµ IenARbeTs«N Ð a :ner[bkarnigbÁ ÚnRsIeQµ aHsIhsIvlI manbuRtmYyGg<nam viC&y eRkaymkkumarviC&yRtUvnireTstamTUk ehIymkeLIgekaHlg, a . luHkumarviC&ymkdl´ ekaH

lg, a :nmker[bkarnigGñkRsukEdlmanBUCBgSCayk¡ :nmehsIenHÉgCakmø aMgb®g, abyk¡ ehIyk*RKbRKgekaHlg, a taMgCakSRtGg<dMbUgénekaHlg, a ehIykSRtGg<enH CaBUCBgSCabsacQammkBIbuBVburs KWraCsIh ¾ eTIbehAEdndIenaHza sIhlTV Ib .-tm¬bNÑ iTV Ib ERbza ²EdndIGñkman:TédRkhm³ KWeBlkumarviC&yenaHnaMbrivareTAdlekaHlg, a ehIyRbzablutCg<gÓnezIbdI

dIenAkEnøgenaHmanBN(Rkhm eZV Io:tédGñkTaMgenaHmanBN(RkhmeTAtamBN(dI ehIyehAeqñrsmuRTTisxaglicenaHza tm¬bNÑ i TV IbrhUtmk edayehtuenHÉg eTIbehAekaHTaMgmUlenaHza ekaHlg, a RbeTslg, ak*cabep þ IménRbvt þ isa®s þkñ úg BÇsÇ 1 enaHÉg .

-ÉBYkGÅru bnigBYkGasI u rhUtdl´TV IbdéT> Edler[nPasaGgeKøsnigPasa:raMg s< aléRcInKñ akñ úgeQµ aH sILn ‘SEALAND ’

eRkaymkJküenHk*kø ayeTACasILn ‘CEYLON ’ . Jküza sILn ‘CEYLON ’ :nehArhUtcbs®g< amelakelIkTI2 .-sIernDib ‘Serendib ’ CaPasa«sø am GñkeZV IdMeNIrtamTUkPaKeRcIneRbIJküenH sIernmkBIJküza sIhl; Dib KWTV Ib ßTIb; .-sirIlg, a ‘Sri Lanka ’ eQµ aHenHtaMgeLIgBI BÇsÇ 2515 eRkayBI:nTTYlÉkraCüBIGgéKøs 24 qñ aM Jküza sirIlg, a :n

n&yza “EdndIcMerInruger]g” b uEn þBYkeyIgehAzalg, amkCayUryarehIy . enAbc© úb|nñehAeQµ aHoeBjza saZarNrd ðsg<mniym-RbCaZibetyü .

-kñ úgKm¬ IrsasnvgSeJlza kalBIsm&yRBHBuTÆRTgRBHnamza kuk, úsenÆ a maneQµ aHza OCTV Ib .-sm&yRBHBuTÆRTgRBHnamza ekanaKmena eQµ aHza vrTV Ib .



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-sm&yRBHBuTÆRTgRBHnamza ksSb; maneQµ aHza mN ÐTI Vb .-BYkRkiknigBYkr¨ Um an´ ehAza ETbrU Ebn ‘TAPROBANE ’ Edlkø aymkBIJküza tm¬bNÑ ienaHÉg .-eGElm ‘Elam ’ eQµ aHenHCaPasaTmiL BYksIhl;k*Zø abéRbIJküza «lu KWehAkø aymkBIJküza sIhl;enaHÉg .

RkugkULú MbU

RkugkULú MbU CaRkugZMénRbeTssirIlg, a nigCasñ ÚlkN þ al mankarc MerInEpñkepSg> enAmatsmuRTTisxagliceq[gxagt|ÚgénekaHenaH . RbeTssirIlg, a:nTTYlÉkraCüzµ I KWputBI karRtÜtRtarbsGgéKøs kalenaHbN þ aRbeTsEdl

:nTTYlÉkraCüdUcKñ a mkRbCM uenARkugkULú MbU edIm|I ksagRbeTskñ úgEbkGasI u ehIyehARbeTsenHzakULM úbUEbøn “COLOMBO PLAN” .

enAbrievNCayRkugkULú MbUTaMgsgxag RtCakeTAedaymøb´dUgnigedImeQInana tamcieB© I amzñl´mantUbtUc> lkEpøeQIeRcInmux CaBiessmandUgKMnrZM> nigeck »zaCnCatisirIlg, acUlcit þpwkTwkdUgCMnYsTwkEt

m þg . tamcieJ© Imzñl´PaKeRcInmanedImeQIBN(ex[vRssbMRBg manedImdUgduHes Þ IrEtRKbkEnøg RbeTsenHKYrocg´rsénAeRcInNas´ . bc© úb|nñenH kULú MbU eRkABI Casñ ÚlkN þ alkñ úgkarRKbRKgehIy enAmankarlkdUrCamYyRbeTsepSg>d*sMxaneT[tpg .

RkugkULú MbU



- 7 -

smaKmmhaeJZi teTAenH nwgbgØ ajos< al´smaKmmhaeJZi CasmaKmsMxanmYy :npSBVpSayBuTÆsasnaenARbeTs«N Ð asm&yzµ IenH

beg, IteLIgeday GnaKarikZmµ:l CaGñkmanKuNcMeJHBuTÆsasnikCnCMnaneRkay KWsm&y 25 stvtS . GñkEdleTAEsVgbuNükñ úgEdnBuTÆPUmiRbeTs«N Ð a nwgeXIjskmµPaBrbssmaKmenH EdlCaGñkkarJróbtæmÖKaMRTRBHBuTÆsasna enAes Þ IrEtRKbkEnøgTaMgGs´ CaBiessenABuTÆKya sarnaz nigkusinara eZV IkaredIm|IRBHBuTÆsasnay¨ agGs´BIcit þ smKYrdlBuTÆbris&T Kb|IRCabCaBt(man .

smaKmmhaeJZi kMeNItenARbeTssirIlg, aenHÉg ehIyk*EbkEmksaxaecjeTAtamRkug nigniKmZM> . kñ úgRbeTs«N Ð amanes Þ IrEtRKbkEnøg

GñkEdlóbtæmÖKaMRTsMxan´ KWbuK<lenAsigØleQµ aH edvit CaeQµ aHtamkarniymsm&yGgeKøs eRkaymkeTIbpø aséQµ aHenaHmkCaZmµ:l eRJHelaklHbgp ÞHsEm|g zV ayxø ÜnóT Þ iscMeJHRBHBuTÆsasna eTIbehAza Gna-KarikZmµ:l . elakZmµ:l:npSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnarYmCamYyKñ anigs&k þ imYy GlKt; mankardwknaMmnusSocUlcit þkñ úgvb|Z(mrbs´xø Ün CMnYskarniymrbsBYkGgeKøs . elakBüayamrkedImTun edIm|IoRBHBuTÆ-sasnacMerIneLIgkñ úgRbeTs«N Ð am þgeT[t edaytaMgsmaKmmhaeJZienH

enA BÇsÇ 2448 kñ úgRkugkULú MbU .elakGnaKarikZmµ:l RtÚvkarksagvt þRBHBuTÆsasnaenABuTÆKyaRbeTs«N Ð a edIm|ICasñ ÚlkN þ alkñ úgkarpSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnakñ úgelak eRJHTIenaHCakEnøgRtasdwgénRBHsas þ a b uEn þenAbrievNenaHminGacedaHRsayecj eRJHmanBYkhiN Ð ÚRtkUlmhn þenAbrievNenaH RKbRKgmkrabryqñ aMehIy sUm|IelakGnaKarik-Zmµ:lesñ ITijk*eday BYkRJhµN ¾k*minRBmlkoEdr elakosm¬ &nÆmiRtCYyTakTgnigrd ð:lGgeKøs b uEn þGgéKøsk*minRBmo .eRkaymkelakGnaKarikZmµ:lrkedImTun:nRKbRKanehIy eTIbb þ wgkñ úgnamsmaKm RtÚveKkatk þ Iocaj´ tamPs þ útagza RJhµN ¾ mhn þmansiTÆ iRKbRKgbrievNRBHmhaeJZiBuTÆKyaenaH BYkRJhµN ¾:nTMnukbMrugnigeZV IbuNüedayKitza RBHsmNeKatmCaRBH-



- 8 -

narayN ¾ GvtarcuHmkCaRBHsmNeKatm enHCaviZIelbRBHBuTÆsasnarbsBYkhiN Ð Ú .luHelakGnaKarikZmµ:lcajk þ IenABuTÆKya elakk*minlHbgesck þ IBüa-

yamenaHeLIy elakeTAbeg, ItsmaKmenAsarnaz EdnJraNsI edIm|ItsU )rk

yut þ iZm( TIbMputrd ð:lsuxcit þEckdIo ehIyksagvt þzµ ImYykñ úgEdnRmwKTayv&nmaneQµ aHza ²mUlKnÆkudimhavihar³ eRkaymkelakGnaKarikZmµ:l :nbYsCaRBHPik¡ ú ehIyk*mrN;PaBkñ úgvt þenaHÉg .

eRkaymk smaKmmhaeJaZiEbrmkeRbIviZIenArYmKñ aCamiRt RJhµN ¾mhn þ k*EckdIoenAEk|rectiyRtasdwg ehIyksagTIsñ ak´GaRs&yrbsBYkEsVgbuNü nigBRgIksaxaeTAtamRkug ßext þZM>es Þ IrEtRKbkEnøgkñ úgRbeTs«N Ð aehIybJ¢ Ú anPik¡ úBIRbeTssirIlg, a Edlcb´karGbrM 2 qñ aMehIy luH:n 3 qñ aM eTIbpø as´Kñ aeZV Ikarm þg . smaKmenHeZV Ikar:nplCaTIeBjcit þ BYkbreTsk*eTAsñ ak´GaRs&y:nminerIsCnCati ßvNÑ;eLIy .

eRkaymk smaKm:nsresres[vePARbcaMExCaPasaGgeKøs ehIypSBV pSayTUeTAkñ úgBiPBelak nigbJ¢ ÚnPik¡ úeTAenARbeTsGgeKøs GaLIm¨g´ Gaemriknigbeg, ItsmaKmyuvBuTÆ ik; edIm|IpSBVpSayBuTÆsasnadlyuvCn RBmTaMgksagsalabeRg[nkñ úgRBHBuTÆsasnaeT[tpg .

Pik¡ úGnaKarikZmµ:l CnCatisirIlg, aelIktMekIgx¬sŃas´ eRJHelaklHbg´p ÞHsEm|g RTBüsm|t þ i eRbIeBlCit 30 qñ aM edIm|IpSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnarhUtmkdlsBVézáenH TIbMputelakk*mrN;PaBkñ úgEdndIBuTÆPUmi . munnwgmrN;PaB elak:neZV Isc© aZid ð anza ²sUmoekItCazµ Ikñ úgRtkUlRJhµN ¾ enARbeTs«N Ð a 25 CatieT[t edIm|IRsavRCavnigpSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnao:nseRmcCasæ aBr³ .

Pik¡ úGnaKarikZmµ:l



- 9 -

Kg<aramRBHviharkN þalTwk vt þKg< aram CamhaviharcasenAkN þ alTwk ehA

zaviharkN þ alTwk mankarEbgEckkEnøgsikSa manmhaviTüal&ypø Úvelakpg nigsikSakñ úgRBHBuTÆsa-snapg . viharenaHlÁKYroCabcit þ ehIymanvtæ ú bUraN nigvtæ úzµ I> manedImeJZiCaTIsk, ar;CaedIm .

biN Ð:t 3 eBl BuTÆsasnikxøHminEdlCYbRbTH k*ERskza GU )

elakenAÉNabiN Ð:t 3 eBl tamBitPik¡ úsg ¹enARbeTssirIlg, abiN Ð:t 3 eBlEmn KWeBlRBwkbiN Ð:tmØ ÚbGaharnMcMNI eBlézáelakbiN Ð:tePsC¢; edIm|IykmkrkSaeraK Etk*minEmner[gralézáeT rIÉeBllá acelakmkTTYleRK]gsk, ar; manp, aZUbeT[nCaedImGMBIjatiejam

NaEdlmansTÆ a EtKatĆabrvlkargar minsUvmaneBlmkvt þ :nOkaslÁk*RbeKnelakykmkbUCaRBHrtnRt&ykñ úgRBHvihar edIm|IoelakCYybUCaCMnYsxø Ün eRb[bdUcCaxø Ün:nbUCaRBHrtnRt&yenaHpgEdr .

vt þKg< aram

biN Ð:t



- 10 -

sala«sSrPaBsala«sSrPaB ksagedIm|ICaGnusSavrIy ¾ézáÉkraCüénRbeTssirIlg, a eRJHCatidéT:nmkRKbRKgEdndIenHrhUtdl 441

qñ aM kñ úgeBlCamYyKñ aenaH CnCatidéTk*pSBVpSaysasnaRKis þ RBmTaMgBRgwgnUvkarrksI uciJ© wmCIvittamEbbbTGgeKøseT[tpg maneRcInsasn ¾pø as´b þ ÚrKñ aRKb´RKg TIbMputenAslEtRbeTsGgeKøsRKbRKgmñ ak´Ég rhUtcbs®g< amelakelIkTI2 GgeKøsQb´RKb RKgehIy oRbeTssirIlg, amansirIPaBBIézáTI 4 ExkumÖ; BÇsÇ 2491 KÇsÇ 1948 eZV IoBYksigØlmanesrIPaBrhUtmk .silacarwkRbvt þ isa®s þ EdlCnCatisirIlg, aCYyKñ a

kMNt´ktćMNaMbTer[nd*exø acpSalV IgCUrct´ KWenAeRkamkarRKbRKgsasn ¾déT 441 qñ aMenaH KW ?BÇsÇ 2048-2200 enAeRkamkarRKbRKgén

RbeTsB&rTuyh< al´ ‘Portugal ’ 152 qñ aM .BÇsÇ 2210-2338 enAeRkamkarRKbRKgén

RbeTshULg´d ¾ ‘Holland ’ 128 qñ aM .BÇsÇ 2339-2491 enAeRkamkarRKbRKgén

RbeTsGgeKøs ‘English ’ 152 qñ aM .luH:nÉkraCüzµ I> CnCatisirIlg, aminsUvyldwgkñ úgkarRKbRKgEbbRbCaZibetyüb¨ unµ aneT eRJHRtÚveKRtÜtRtaGskald*yUrenaHÉg sUm|IGñkRKbRKgCMnYsRBHmhakSRtk*eTACaGgeKøsEdr :nrabGansasnaRKis þ CaBiessrcnasm¬ &nÆkñ úgrd ð:lenaH k*rab GansasnaRKis þes Þ IrEtRKbKñ a EzmTaMgmanrUbes þcGgeKøsenAkEnøgeZV Ikarrd ð aPi:lRKbkEnøgeT[tpg .

eTaHCasirIlg, a:nÉkraCümk 10 qñ aMehIyk*eday k*minTanmanc|abrd ðZmµnuBa ¦zµ IeLIy sasnak*:nTTYlÉkraCüpgEdr EtenAggwtggl´ eRJHrd ð aPi:lRtÚv«TÆ iBlénsasnaRKis þRKbsg,t´ edaykarorabGansasnarbsxø ÜneRcInCagBuTÆsasna viharRKis þksag:nRKbkEnøg EtRBHBuTÆsasnaminGacksagzµ I:neT eRJHxVHzvikaksag nigRtÚveb[teb[nBIsasnadéTpg .

sala«sSrPaB



- 11 -

manbTbJ ¦t þ ihamminobuK<lesø {ksMBtél]gdUcCaelaksg ¹ ebIGñkNaelµ IsRtÚvmaneTas b¨ uEn þk*enAmanbuK<lesø {ksMBt´ el]gedayxø ÜnÉg xusBIRBHvin&ybBa ¦t þ i ehIy:ntaMgCanikayrbsxø ÜneQµ aHza ²nikayvin&yvD¿n;³ ehIyk*eZV IdMeNIrTUeTA . ÉRbCaCnmin:nrabGanBuTÆsasna k*riHKntiHed[lRBHsg ¹bYsmun>edayRbkarepSg> eRBaHoGñkzµ I>EdlmindwgehIyeC]tam eZV Io

TnéxSaydlRBHsg ¹CaeRcIn Érd ð aPi:lmin:nykcit þTukdakkñ úgehtukarN ¾TaMgenHeLIy sUm|Ixusc|abRbeTsCatiénBYksigØlEdlBYkeKdwgTUeTAza buK<lTaMgenaHmanEpnkarbMpø icbMpø ajRBHBuTÆsasnaoTalÉt:nk*eday .RbeTssirIlg, aeTIbEt:nrd ð aPi:lzµ I eRkayBIkare:Heqñ ateRCIserIsTUeTAenAExemsa BÇsÇ 2499 KÇsÇ 1959 GñkeZV Ikar

CaCnCatisigØl naykrd ðm®n þ Izµ I KWelak:n´dara nayaek S.W.R.D. BANDARA NAYAKE

CaGñkdwknaMKN;rd ðm®n þ IeTAnms, arklüaNIectiy mñ ak´>Etgxø ÜnCaÉksN ð anBN(s EbbsigØl KWesø {ksarugBN(s JkGavédEvg manés|eq[gsµ am¡ ag s|zcMeJHRBHP®k þ RBHbdima ehIyk*RtLbmksPavij KN;rd ð aPi:lenHÉg EdlRbCaCnTukcit þy agmaM ßzaKN;rd ð aPi:lrbs´RBHsg ¹k*za:n eRJHKN;rd ð aPi:lenH RBHsg ¹CaGñkp© úgep þ ImeRCIserIsmk eTIbrabzaCaÉkraCüy¨ agbribUN(kñ úgGaNacRk nigBuTÆcRk .

elak:ndara nayaek Canaykrd ðm®n þ Imannaml|ITUeTAkñ úgBiPBelak manzV ImatBUEkNas´ elakCaRbZanbkS RtÚv:neRCIserIsBIKN;sg ¹pgEdr . eRkaymkmankarTasÉTgExVgKMnitKñ aEpñkneya:y eTIbRtÚveKeZV IXat ehIynagsirim aevaCa

Priya RtÚv:neRCIserIseZV ICanaykrd ð

m®n þ ICMnYs nagCanaykrd ðm®n þ IRsImundMbUgbgÁs´kñ úgelak :nRbkasBI

neya:yrbsxø Ünza ²saZarNrd ðsg<mniymRbCaZi-betyüsirIlg, a³ manneya:yepÁ {geqVgxø aMg CYjdUrCamYyEtRbeTskumµ úynis KWcinnigrusSI ú :nRbkasrwbGUsykRTBüÉkCnmkeZV ICarbsrd ð rd ð aPi:lEckGg,rnigs,redayminKitluy EtmnusSk*enAEtek þ ARkhay eRJHminGacEck:nRKbKñ a karEckGg,rmancMnYnkMNt´ eBlGsk* QbÉck GñkRkIRkeTATTYlminTank*Gt´:n eZV IoekItclacleLIg rd ð aPi:l:nb®g, aby agtwg

elak:ndara nayaek

nagsirim aeva



- 12 -

rwg eZV IomnusSsø ab´rabEsnnak´ RbCara®s þmincUlcit þneya:yrbsnagsirim aevaenHeT luHmankare:Heqñ ateRCIserIssPazµ I bkSdéTk*QñHeqñ at bkSrbsńagsirim aeva:neTAGg< úykñ úgsPaEtmñ ak´b ueNÑ aH .

RBHBuTÆGvukn;RBHBuTÆrUbRbzabQr manRBHP®k þeBj smCalk¡N;

rbsRBHBuTÆ RBHBuTÆGg<enHehAza RBHGvukn; ‘Avukana ’RbzabQry¨ agsÁ at Calk¡N;rbsRbeTssirIlg, a nigCaRBHBuTÆrUbGg<sMxan´ ksagenAeCIgPñ MedayRBHecAZatuesn kñ úgstvtSTI 11 mankMBs´ 13 EmRt manGayu 1000 qñ aM mkehIy . Jküza Gvukn; GñkCMnajxagPasaeJlza²karbriePaKdYgRBHGaTitü³ KWenAkEnøgenaHemIleXIjRBH-GaTitürHeLIglÁbMputenaHÉg .

klüaNIraCviTüal&y

vt þ

klüaNImank|acrcnalÁ> EdlsMxanbMputKWRBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆéneyIgZø abés þ

cyagmkTIenH kEnøgenHmanbUCnIyvtæ úsMxankñ úgBuTÆsasna enAXø atBIRkugkULu ú MbURbmaN 11 KILÚEm¨Rt PasaGñkRsukehAza eklniy; Rbtis ð anenAmat´TenøeklanI EdlhUrmkBI Pñ Msiri:T; Cavt þZMbMputkñ úgRkugkULú MbU .

bc© úb|nñRBHsg ¹kñ úgRbeTssirIlg, aEckCa 3 RbePTZM KW ?1Ç ramBa ¦nikay edImkMeNItmkBICatimn .2Ç süamnikay ß ó:lIvgS edImkMeNItmkBIRkugGyuZüa ‘RbeTséz ’ .3Ç Gmrburnikay kMeNItmkBIRbeTsPUma .

RBHGvukn;



- 13 -

vt þenHenAelITYlx¬s´ lÁKYroKyKn´ enAcMkN þ almanRBHectiyBN(s CM uvijmansil|;vtæ úepSg> dlézásIlmanBuTÆsas-nikCatisirIlg, aesø {kJk´smkRbtibt þ iZm( xøHGg< úyenAkñ úgZmµsPas þ ab´RBHZmµeTsna xøHk*emIles[vePAer]gkñ úg

CatkenAeRkammøbéQI EdlCasPaBKYroRCHzø a .sgxagCeN þ IreLIgeTAkñ úgRBHviharmanrUbcmø ak´ rUbenaHeKeXIjCaTUeTAkñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a ehAzakart ¾stUn ‘GUARD STONE ’ GñkyammatTV ar ßrUbcmø ak´matTV ar .

rUbcmø akénAnigmatTV arsm&ymun eZV ICarUbkÁmTwk:nn&yzaót þmsm|Úr ßehAza “bUrNxt;” bUrN; sm|Úrxt; kÁmßqñ aMg eKdak zU ehIyedayp, adéTß

p, adUg eBlmanmnusSedIrmk k*nwg:nTTYlnUvsirIsYs þ I KWesck þ I

sm|Úrruger]gBIsil|;bUrNxt;enaH sil|;enH:nTTYlmkBIGmravtI . eRkaymksil|;RbcaM-matTV ark*kø aymkCamnusSet] mnusSet]man 2 y¨ ag KWmnusSet]manmYklk¡N;dUcp, aQUkehAza

²bt

þTmniZi

³manmYkCarUbxügs&g¡ehAza

²sg¡niZi

³. GacarüxøHeJlza mnusSet]enHCabrivarrbskuevr RBHGaTieTBénkar

sm|Úrruger]g . édmnusSet]enaHkanzg´R:k´ mann&yza manminecHxVH .

eyIgnwgseg,teXIjza sil|;epSg>kñ úgsasna eTaHCamankarpø as´b þ ÚreTACarUbdéTk*eday Etk*minecallk¡N;edIm

Edr eRJHxø acmins&k þ isiTÆ dUecñHenAkEnøgxøH rUbcmø akĆarUbnaKmanbUrNxt; ehIymanmnusSet]Cabrivar .

vt þklüaNI

mnusSet

kart ¾stUn



- 14 -

enAxag>RBHviharmanedImeJZiZM manEmksaxaCamøb´RtCak´ eKbMe¶ykmkBIeJZiRtasdwgenARsukGnuraZbur; . BuTÆsasniklg, aykkÁmdakTwkeBj ehIyTUledIrRbTkSiNCM uvijedImeBaZi 3 CM u ehIyk* eRsacKleBaZienHer[gralézá eRJHeKmanCMen]za edIb|Io:nTTYlpllÁehIy

k*RtCakRtCM nigesck þ IcMerInkñ úgCIvit GñkxøHk*emIles[vePARBHsURt ßedIrTen ÞjZm( eZV IRbTkSiNCM uvijedImeJZiRBwkS .enAEk|redImeJZienaH manóe:szbUraN manRBHPik¡ úeyank; 25 Gg< nig

Pik¡ úExµr 8 Gg< mankarbYskñ úgviharkN þ alTwk vt þklüaNIksagBÇsÇ 1976 .karcUleTATsSnakñ úgvt þ eZV IoekItesck þ Isb|ayrIkraycit þ eRb[bdUc:n

eTAfansYK(dUecñ aHEdr . kñ úgviharmanRBHBuTÆrUbesyüaGg<ZM manmnusSeTAzV aybg< Mmindacry; enAkñ úgviharenaHmans þ ÚbbJ© úHRBHcg, ÚmEkvcmøg »zamanZatuRBH-Grhn þpg enAxagkñ úgviharenaHmanrUbKMnUrCaeRcIn dUcCa ?1Ç RBHecATn þburkumarnigGK<mehsIehmmala naMykRBHcg, ÚmEkvlakTukkñ úgpñ Üg

sk´ ehIyeZV IdMeNIrmkekaHlg, a .2Ç RBHsg ¹mit þ aezrI naMykedImeJZiRtasdwgenABuTÆKyamkekaHlg, a RBH:T

eTvanm|iytisSRTgcuHTwkTTYlRBHnag .3Ç RBHBuTÆeXasacarü TTYlKm¬ IrGd ðkzaPasasigØlGMBIsem þcRBHsg ¹raC

sirIlg, a .4Ç RBHecAkIrtisiriraCsigØl RTgEtgtaMgRBHEvlivid;srNg,r Casem þcsg ¹-raCRbeTssirIlg, a .

5Ç RBH:TeTvanm|iytisS RTgodMrIGUsng< &lkñ úgraCOTüanemXv&n munnigksagvihar .

6Ç RBHmhin Þetær RBmTaMgRBHsg ¹brivareZV IdMeNIreTARsukGnuraZbur; tamJküGaraZnarbsRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS .

edImeJZienAvt þklüaNI



- 15 -

RBHmanRBHPaKRTgyagmksirIlg,avt þklüaNImanectiyBN(senAKUKñ anigRBHvihar mankMBs´ 27 ERmt . tamKm¬ IrmhavgSnigs þ ÚbvgSsresredayRBHvacisS-

etær Pik¡ úlg, asm&yRBH:Tbrk,rmJhuTI1 eJlza kEnøgenHbB© ú aHrtnblø &g, CaTIRbzabénRBHmanRBHPaK . RBHectiyenaHmanlk¡N;rUbsCI dUcCaRBHs þ ÚbsaB© i aenARbeTs«N Ð aenaHEdr .tamRbvt þ ieJlza RBHmanRBHPaKRTges þcyagmkekaHlg, a 3 dg edIm|IeTsnaeR:sCnCatiet] KWBYknaKnigyk¡ GñkR:C\

snñ id ð anza BYkenaHrabGannaK ‘Bs´ ’ nigyk¡ mannisS&ykacsahavéRBépS eTIbRBHsas þ aes þcyagmkeR:s .elIkTI1 RBHmanRBHPaKRTgyagmkekaHlg, a eRkayBI:nRtasdwg 9 Ex RTges þcyageTAectiyRsukmhiyeg,na edIm|I

eR:syk¡ xN;enaHyk¡kMBugRbCM uKñ atamlTÆ icasrbs´xø ÜnenAsYnc|armhanaK luHeXIjRBHmanRBHPaKehIy es þcnaKmankarP\ ak´

epÁ IlrteKceTAGs´ RBHmanRBHPaKRTgRbTanRBHeksaosm&neTva EdleKeC]zaCaeTvtarkSaekaHlg, a sm&neTvak*ykRBHeksadakkñ úgRbGbEkvmrkt nigbB© ú aHenAkñ úgmhiygVrectiy Rsukmhiyeg,na .elIkTI2 RBHsas þ aRTg´Rtasdwg:n 5 RBHvsSa edaysarEtBYknaKenAnaKTIb; PaKxageCIgbMputénRbeTslg, avivaTdeN þ Im

blø &g, rvagnaKBUnignaKkµ Üy KWRBHraCkumacueLaTrraC CaOrsrbsRBHknid ð a Gagzablø &g,CarbsRBHGg< minGaccuHsRmugKñ a:neTIbeZV Is®g< amdeN þ Imbl& øg, c|aMgKñ atamkmø aMgrbs´xø Ün enAminRKbRKaneTIbEsVgrksm¬ &nÆmiRtmkCYyc|aMg R:kdzaTaMgBIrxagmanGñkKaMRTy agsnÆ wksnÆ ab´ rYmTaMgkSRténklüaNIpg kartsU )minmanGñkNacajQñH kalenaHmanGñkoeyablza oeTAnimn þRBHmanRBHPaKmkkatk þ IlÁCag RBHmanRBHPaKRTges þcyagmktamJkünimn þenaH RTgRbTanRBHZmµeTsnadwknaMoeXIjeTasénkarEbk

:k´samK< IKñ a RTgóeXIjKuNZm(énkarRBmeRB[gKñ a BYknaK:ns þ abéhIyCkcit þ TIbMputénRBHZmµeTsna naKBUnignaKkµ Üy:nseRmcesatabt þ ipl kµ ÜyelIkbl& øg,oBU BUk*elIkbl& øg,okµ Üy TIbMputBM umanbuK<lNamYyTTYl eTIbRBmeRB[gKñ azV aybl& øg,d*mantémøenaHdlRBHmanRBHPaK RBHsas þ aTTYlTuk b uEn þRBHGg<min:nykeTACm¬ ÚTV IbenaHeT RTgTukkñ úgvt þklüaNIenaHÉg .

elIkTI3 RBHsas þ aes þcyagmkRBHvsSaTI 8 eRkayBIRtasdwg RTges þcyagmkRBmTaMgPik¡ úsg ¹cMnYn 500 Gg< nimn þsMedAmkRsukeklanI tamJkünimn þrbs´kSRtmaénsik; kSRtGg<enH:nrYmeZV Is®g< amdeN þ Imbl& øg,enaHEdr :ncatGasn;y¨ agsÁ at KW enARtgEdlksagRBHectiyBN(senaHÉg . luHRBHmanRBHPaKes þcRTgyagRtLbvij kSRtRTgbBa¢ aoksagRBHectiyRtgTI RbzabenaH ehIybB© ú aHGasn;bl& øg,maskñ úgectiyenaHÉg .



- 16 -

kalenaH RBHsas þ aRTgýageTADIXrbI RsukGnuraZbur; kñ úgbrievNdaMedImeJZiRBwkS RBHectiysuvNÑmhalik ‘ruvNÑevlI ’ectiy zU:ramenAeRkayTIsæ anenaH sagmhaectiyedIm|ICaBuTÆ anusStiTaMgGs´ .

RbeTssirIlg, a EpñkBuTÆsasnvtæ ú :nRbtis ð anCaKU:rmIénRbeTs CaBiessRBHbrmsarIrikZatu nigRBHTn þZatudUcCa ?

1Ç RBHZatudgkaMbit bB© ú aHTukenAzU:ram .2Ç RBHbrmsarIrikZatu bB© ú aHTukkñ úgsuvNÑmalikectiy .3Ç RBHeksaZatu bB© ú aHTukkñ úgmhiyg,nectiy .4Ç RBHnladZatu ‘qÁ wgcieB© I am’ bB© ú aHTukkñ úgesruvavilectiy nigectiybB(tenAmhin Þel .5Ç RBHGd ðbrik¡ ar bB© ú aHTukkñ úglg, aramectiy .6Ç RBHTn þZatu enAvt þRBHcg, ÚmEkv RkugEXnDI .

sñamRBHBuTÆ:T:n»cas>niyayeRcInKñ aza ²ebIGñkNa:nzV aybg< MRBHBuTÆ:T:n 7 dg nwgminZø akńrk³ JküenHecjmkBIebHdUgGñkman

sTÆ aRCHzø akñ úgRBHrtn;Rt&y EdlmanmkyUrehIykñ úgebHdUgGñkkanBuTÆsasna . tRmabUraN:neJlza R R BHBuTÆ:TmanenAkñ úgmnusSelakenH 5 kEnøg KW ?

1Ç enAkMBUlPñ MsuvNÑKirIbBt( ‘suvNÑbBVet’ . 2Ç enAkMBUlPñ MsuvNÑmalI ‘suvNÑmaliek’ .

3Ç enAkMBUlPñ MsuvNÑekadsig¡r ‘sumnkUed’ .4Ç enAeyankmhanKr ‘eyankbuer’ .5Ç enAeqñrxSacmhanTI ‘nmµTanTiya’ .enAsirIlg, a manGñkCYbRbTHsñ amRBHBuTÆ:TRbtis ð an enAelIkMBUlPñ MsuvNÑ-



- 17 -

ekadsig¡r mankMBs´ 2 KILÚnig 250 EmRt eZV IdMeNIreLIgeTAeRbIeBl 6 em¨ ag edIrcuHmkvijk* 6 em¨ ag bc© úb|nñenHehAza kMBUlPñ M sumnkUd GñkRsuksirIlg, aehAkMBUlPñ MenHza sirI:T; . BuTÆsasnikCnehAPñ MenHza sirI:T; ‘Sri Pada ’ ßRBHBuTÆ:Ts&k þ isiTÆ i tRma:neBaltKñ aza RBHBuTÆZø abés þcyagmkkMBUlPñ MenH .

BYkhiN Ð ÚehAPñ MenHzasiv&nGTibz&m ‘Shivan Adipatham ’ ERbza karraMrIkrayrbsRBHsiv; BYkeKeC]za mansñ am:TrbsRBHsiv; enAelIPñ MenHEdr .BYkmus) ulm&n ‘«sø am’ :nGagza Pñ MenH

CakEnøgrbs´Gadams ¾ ‘Adam ’ :nRbzabsñ am:TTukmundMbUgbgÁs´kñ úgBiPBelakEdr .

GñkrabGansasnaRKis þ nikayr¨ Um&nkatU-lik ‘Roman Catholic ’ :neJlza sñ am:TEdlRbzabenAkMBUlPñ MenH Casñ am:Trbs esneTamas ¾ ‘St. Thomas ’ eKeC]za elakCabuK<lmñ ak´kñ úgcMnYn 12 nak´ CaGñkpSBVpSaysasnaRKis þmundMbUgbgÁs´ RBmTaMg:neTsnaeRb[nRbedARbCaCnkñ úgRbeTs«N Ð a PaKxagt|ÚgpgEdr .

kalBIedIm kMBUlPñ MenHmaneQµ aHza sm-nl; kn Þ; ‘Samanala Kanda ’ ERbza Pñ Mrbs´smn; eRJHeKeC]za munnwgRBHBuTÆsasnapSBVpSaymkdlRbeTssirIlg, aenH maneTvtamYyGg<eQµ aHza smn; CaeTvtamanysZMenAelIkMBUlPñ MenaH .

taMgBIstvtSTI 16 CaedImmk kMBUlPñ MenaHkø ayeTACaTIsæ ansMxanrbsGñkEsVgbuNükñ úgBuTÆsasna kSRtsirIlg, aCaeRcInGg< :nyagmkEsVgbuNüelIkMBUlPñ MenaH nigKm¬ IrmhavgSrbssirIlg, a :nniyaydlRBHBuTÆ:TelIkMBUlPñ MenaHEdr .

kalBIRBHmanRBHPaKes þcyagmkelIkTI3 RTgcUlnieraZsmabt þ ienAzU:ram ehIyes þcyageTArksmn;eTvta enAPñ MsumnkUd tamJküGaraZna nig:nRbzabsñ amRBHBuTÆ:TelIkMBUlPñ MenaH .

Pñ MsumnkUd



- 18 -

er]gsiri:T;tamtRmarbsRbeTssirIlg, a :ncarer]gravTakTgnigRBHBuTÆ:Tza CayUrmkehIymanbursBIrnakbgbÁ Ún bgRbuscUlcit þ

sikSanigbdibt þ iZm(kñ úgBuTÆsasna cMENkbÁ ÚnRbus:ner[bkarnig®s þ Imñ ak´ ®s þ IenaHminsUvlÁeT eRJHnageTARsLajbgézø b uEn þmin:nseRmctamR:zñ a . ézámYynageZV ICayMedaymaya®s þ I ehIyeTAR:bsV amIza bgézømkrMelaPnag sV amI:ns þ ab´JküenaHehIyekIteTas;hYgEhgeTIbeTArkbgRbus rIÉbgkMBugEtemIlKm¬ IrsuTÆ ibt þn;enAEk|rp ÞH bÁ Únmin:nniyayGV IeT ehIyk*cUleTAvayRBmTaMgkatéd kateCIgbgRbusoedknen[lenAkEnøgenaH bgRbusRtÚvbÁ ÚnRbuseZV ITaruN Ðkmµy agenaHk*eday :nR:bbÁ ÚnRbusza ²bgminxwgbÁ ÚneT EtsUmbÁ ÚnykRBHKm¬ IrenHdakelIedImRTÚgbgpg³ bÁ ÚnRbuseqø Iyza ²ykxø ÜnÉgeTA³ ehIyk*ec[secjeTA .

lMdabenaH man®s þ Iv&ycasmñ akécjeTArkós :nCYbbursenaHedknen[l manQamhUrrhameTIbcUleTACYy luHQam:t

hUrehIy k*naMbursenaHeTArkSaenAp ÞHrbsxø Ünedayesck

þ Iemt

þ a rhUtCasHes|Iy .ézámYymanmnusSvays<redIrRbkasza ²p, aenAsYnc|arrbsRBH:Tbt þ iya:teTAralyb´ buK<lNacabecarenaH:nnwgorgV an´

CaTIKabcit þ³ Gñkvays<reJlza ²GñkEdlemIlkarxusRtÚvsYnc|ar TahancabykmksYrcemø IyehIy Etk*min:nPs þ útagGV IeLIyRBH:Tbt þ iyaRTgtUcRBHT&yxø aMgNas´ eRJHp, aEdlRBHGg<eBjRBHT&y:teTAralyb´ c|asCamanmnusSlYcebHp, aenaHehIy³ .

burskMbutédeCIg:ns þ ab´JküenAkñ úgx ÞmrbsýayykGasa eTIbR:beTAGñkvays<renaHza ²sUmCYynaMx\ M úeTAKalRBHraCapgcuH³ RKbKñ a:ns þ ab´JküburskMbutk*esIccMGko eRJHmnusSmanédeCIglÁ> manGavuZenAnigédminGaccabecar:npg etImnusSkMbutédeCIgnigykGV IeTAcabecar EteTaHCay¨ agenaHk*eday Gñkvays<rRtÚvEtnaMbursenaHeTAKalRBHraCatambMNgrbs´Kat´ edIm|IkM u

omankMhusdl´xø Ün .burskMbutRkabbg< MTUlRBHraCaza ²bBiRtRBHsmµtieTB xM \ úRBHGg<sM ux ÞmmYyenAEk|rsYnp, aEdlmankø inRkGUbbMputkñ úgOTüan xM \ úRBH-Gg<nwgcabecaroTalEt:n³ .

esck þ IR:zñ arbs´burskMbut:nseRmcRKbRbkar KW:nx ÞmenAEk|rp, amø iHRkGUbBN(s ehIy:nemIlRBHKm¬ IrsuTÆ ibt þn;d*BIeraHenAeBlybeT[tpg GaneTAk*Xø aMcaMs þ abémIlERkgmanecarcUlmkebHp, a . eBlCitPø W bursenaHP\ ak´BIedkehIy»sUrsemøgesIcRBmTaMgmansemøgniyayza ²Gano»> BYkeyIgnwg:ns þ ab´pg ehIyCYyebIkTV aroxM \ ú x\ ú Mnwg:ncUleTAxagkñ úg³ burskMbuttbza²ebIkmin:neT eRJHxM \ ú«tmanédeCIgeT³ .



- 19 -

semøgEdlenAxageRkAR:bza ²enHCaCayés|rbsxM \ úykeTAbHxø ÜnrbsGñkcuH³ burskMbuteXIjCayés|huccUlmktamcenø aHeTIbxitkayeTAobHCayés|enaH RKanEt:nbHCayés|b¨ ueNÑ aHÉg édeCIgbursenaHk*mandUcedImvij bursenaHsb|ayrIkraycit þ Nas´ ehIyk*eRkakeLIgeTAebIkTV ar EtenAminTanElgCayés|BIédeT BYkeTBZItak*GEN þtcUlmkkñ úgx Þmrbs´Kat´ eTBRKbGg<éd

kanzasp, amø iHs EdlkatmkBIsYnp, aRBHraCabt þ iya b¨ uEn þeTBZItaEdlRtÚvburskMbutcabCayés|Tuk minGacerIbMrH:neTIbniyayedaysuPaBrabsaza ²emt þ aElgCayés|rbs´xM \ úpg³ bursenaHtbza ²xM\ úminElgeT luHRtaEtdwgzaehtuGV I:nCanagmklYcp, arbs´ RBHraCaralyb´³ eTBZItaeqø Iyza ²p, aeQIelIfansYK(sV itRseJnGsehIy eTIbcuHmkebHp, aenAmnusSelak edIm|IykeTAbUCasñ amRBHBuTÆ:TenAPñ Msm&nÉeNaH³ .

bursenaHsYreTBZItaza ²sñ amRBHBuTÆ:TenAÉNa/³ eTBZItatbza ²enARtgBYkstVemGMe¶ehIreTAehIyk*sø ab´Gs´³ bursenaHsM uonaMeTAemIl eTBZItaR:bza ²xM \ ú«tmaneBleT eRJHxM \ úRtÚveTAo:nmunPø W EtxM \ únwgR:bpø ÚvedaykarRBacp, aeZV ICapø Úv ehIyedIrtamp, aenaHeTA nwg:nCYbRBHBuTÆ:TenaHehIy³ .

RBwkeLIgbursenaHeTATUlRBHraCaoRTgRCab RBHraCaRTges þcyageTAtamp, aEdleTBZIta:nRJcTuk RBmTaMgmatabitanigGmatüraCbrivarTaMgLay manRbCaCnEhhmeZV IdMeNIrqøgkatvalERseTArhUtdleCIgPñ M ehIyk*eLIgeTAdlkMBUlPñ M EdlmankMBs´ 2 KILÚnig 250 Em¨Rt Etk*minlM:keRJHmanp, amø iHRJcTuk . luHCitPø Wk*eXIjsñ amRBHBuTÆ:T tamEdleTBZIta:nR:bRKbRbkar.sñ amRBH:TenaHmanzµdM uZM:MgTukedIm|IkarJrTwkePø {geRcaH eRJHenAkEnøgenaHmanePø {geRcIn RKbKñ aOnyksirSbHnigRBHBuTÆ:Tedayesck þ IeKarB ÉbursenaHk*:nrgV anĆaeRcInGMBIRBHraCa .

CnCatisirIlg, aRbkan´x¢ ab´za kareZV IdMeNIreTAzV aybg< MRBHBuTÆ:TCaer]gsMxanNas´ :nGanisgSeRcIn edaymanCMen]za RKb

Kñ aRtÚvEteZV IdMeNIreTAkEnøgenaH y agehacNaso:nm þ

gEdrkñ úgmYyCIvit GñkNamin:neTAzV aybg< MRBHBuTÆ:T GñkenaHGnNas´ .kEnøgsñ amRBHBuTÆ:TenaH PaKeRcIneZV IdMeNIreTAeBlyb´ rdUvEdleKeLIgeTAzV aybg< McabBIEx Zñ ÚeTArhUtdlézávisaxbUCa BüayameLIgeTAodlmunézárH edIm|ITTYlBnø WenAelIPñ MenaH luH:neXIjehIy RtLbeTAR:bkUnRbusRsIos þ ab´ nigEckkuslplbuNüoekItesck þ IRCHzø apg .

kMBUlPñ MsumnkUdenHehIy EdlCnCatisirIlg, aehAza siri:T; RtÚv:nBuTÆsasnikTTYls< alédayTUeTAza RBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆRTg Rbtis ð ansñ amRBH:TTukTIenH manPs þ útagkñ úgRbvt þ isa®s þtaMgBIsm&ybUraNmkemø H bu En þmanGñkkansasnadéT :nsresrdwknaM oeTAeKarBbUCakMBUlPñ MeQµ aH Gadams ¾BIk ‘Adams Peak ’ ERbza Pñ Mrbs´Gadams ¾ eZV IoBYkeyIgqálĆayUrmkehIy eRJHeQµ aHza



- 20 -

Gadams ¾enH CaeQµ aHEdlR:kdenAkñ úgKm¬ IrsasnayivrbsRKis þ :nn&yza bursdMbUgEdlRBHGaTieTBsageLIg . ebI:neTARbeTs«N Ð aTsSna:TvisÑ úEdnBuTÆKya manOkassYrBYkhiN Ð Úza ehtuGV IeTIbvisÑ úRbzabsñ am:TEtm¡ ag eKk*nwgR:bza RbzabTaMgBIrxag KW:TmYyRbzabenAEdnKya :TmYyeT[tRbzabenAsiri:T; KWeKsMedAdlPñ MsumnkUdenHEdr enHk*eZV IorwtEtZánéTAeT[t .

manes[vePA ²enHRbeTslg, a³ :nsresrza BYkxM \ ú:neTArn|úr;eBlkN þ alyb´ luH:neXIjBnø WGMBUlePø IgenAelIkMBUlPñ M RBHBuTÆ:Tk*elIkédsMBH BYkmusu )lm&nk*elIkédsMBHEdr mundMbUgKitza BYkmusu )lm&nTaMgenHpø as´sasnamkcUlkñ úgBuTÆsasnaehIy luH:nsYrGñkenaHehIyeKk*eqø Iyza CakEnøgn;bI Gadams ¾ RtÚvbJ¢ ÚnmkBIfansYK(cuHkñ úgTIenH ybenaHggwtNas´ n;bI

k*sURtmn þsM uBnø WBIRBHGaTieTB . dUecñHehIy:nCaeBlRBlwmRsag> BYkmusu )lm&nsURtmn þsM uBnø W enHCaehtuplrbs´sasnamYyeT[t sMEdgzaCam© as´ CasiTÆ irbs´Pñ MenHEdr .

dUecñH BYkmusu )lm&nk*eLIgeTAzV aybg< MenAkEnøgenH BYkRKis þk*R:b´za enHCasYnGI )edn RBH-GaTieTBeR:sRbTan oGadams ¾GaRs&yenAeRkayBI:neZV IxuscMeJHRBHGaTieTB eTIbbeN þjoeTAenATIdéT BYkRKis þk*zaCaTIkEnøgsk þ isiTÆ i rbséKEdr . rIÉBYkhiN Ð Úk*R:bza Casñ am:Trbs´visÑ úEdr . ehtuenHehIy:nCaeXIjmanBYk:raMg GgeKøs Cb¨ un «N Ð a naMKñ aRtsgeLIgeTAzV aybg< M mankarvays<r eRc[g kanTgédIrBJk BBUneTATaMgGs´Kñ a .

tamBitkMBUlPñ MenH Casñ amRBHBuTÆ:T eRJHRBHmanRBHPaKRTgýagmkRbzabsñ amTuk sMEdgdlkarRKbRKgTaMgekaH eRkaymkRbeTsCatimankarpø as´b þ ÚrkarRKbRKg musu )lm&nnigRKis þmanGMNac eTaHCaxuseBlKñ ak*eday Etk*GacelIktem, IgehIyób|t þ iksas þ arbs´xø ÜnoRbzabsñ am:Ta:ndUcKñ aEdr .

Pñ MsumnkUd



- 21 -

ebIPñ MmYyenHmaneRcInsasna :non&yza CakEnøgsMxanrbs´xø Ünedayer[g>xø ÜndUecñH minEmnCakareXasnabbYlomkTsSnaCaeTscreT enHCanisS&y CamayaTrbsBYkeK minKYroer]gdUecñHekIteLIgeT tamBiteyIgCaBuTÆsasnik minEdleTAykkEnøgsasnadéTehIyGagzaCarbseyIgeT b¨ uEn þenARbeTs«N Ð amanmkehIy dUcCamUlKnÆkudirbsRBHmanRBHPaK nigenAevLúv&n

manpñ Úrexµ ackbénAkEnøgenaH Caer]gEdlBüayamnwgelbTuktamyuKtamsm&y er]gdUecñHBYkRJhµN ¾dUcCaqø ateBk GacelbBuTÆ-sasnaTukTaMgGsedaytRma ²PKvanburaN³ :nsresrza RBHBuTÆCaGvtarTI 9 rbsRBHnarayN ¾ ehIyminsUveBjcit þotMENgenHpg sUm|IenAPñ Msiri:T;k*zaCasñ am:TrbsvisÑ úEdr .

Zø ab´sYrPik¡ úsirIlg, a elakmanezrdIkaza CakarGagedayxø ÜnÉg BYkRKis þk*Gagza Gadams ¾Zø ab´mkRbzabsñ am:TTukenAkEnøgenH ehIytaMgeQµ aHzµ IkalRKis þRKbRKgRbeTslg, aza ²Gadams ¾BIk³ .

BuTÆsasnaézáGaTitü RbeTssirIlg, amaneRcInBUCsasn ¾layLMKñ a mYyRkum> mankarrabGannigbdibt þ ikñ úgsasnarbs´xø ÜnepSgKñ a RbCaCnRbus

RsITaMgelaksg ¹pgrab:nCag 20 lannak´ ‘kalBI BÇsÇ 2556’ ebItamsæ itiGñkrabGansasnaxusKñ adUecñH KW ?1Ç GñkkanBuTÆsasna 67Ç4 PaKry .2Ç GñkkansasnahiN Ð Ú 17Ç6 PaKry .3Ç GñkkansasnaRKis þ 7Ç7 PaKry .

4Ç Gñkkansasna«sø am 7Ç1 PaKry .BuTÆsasnakñ úgfan;CasasnaRbcaMCati manRbvt þ isa®s þCayUrGEgVgmkehIy RBHBuTÆsasnacUlcit þsn þ isux b uEn þRtÚvsasna

déTeb[teb[nrhUtmk eZV IoRBHsg ¹GñkdwknaMkñ úgsasnanaMKñ arkSaelIks Þ Üy pSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnaedaykardwknaMosmnwgbuK<lTIkEnøgnigv&y CaBiesskargarkñ úgneya:y RBHsg ¹:nCYybeRg[nyuvCnCMnaneRkaytamsalaer[n EdlCaRTBüsMxan´ edIm|IoyuvCnyldwgdléKalkarN ¾kñ úgBuTÆsasna . ézáGaTitü RBHsg ¹:nebIkbeRg[nEpñksasnadlyuvCnekIneLIg TaMgenHeRJHRbeTssirIlg, akñ úgrvag BÇsÇ 1428-1885 CayuKEdlRBHBuTÆsasnaZø akćuH enAkñ úgfan;minmaMTaM mkGMBI«TÆ iBlBYkGñkbreTs .



- 22 -

BlÉkehnrI stilGlkt ‘Col. Henri Steel Olcort ’ :nbeg, Itsalaer[nedIm|IbeRg[nkñ úgBuTÆsasnaézáGaTitü enAkñ úgkarer[bcMrbs´ smaKmyuvCnBuTÆ ik; Y.M.B.A. ‘Young Men Buddhist Association ’ én

RbeTssirIlg, a .nikaynana

eTaHCasirIlg, aCaRbeTstUc manmnusSCag 20 lannak´k*BitEmnb uEn þmanvt þRBHBuTÆsasnadléTA 6Ç200 vt þ TUeTATaMgRbeTs manRBHPik¡ ú nigsameNrRbmaN 26Ç000 Gg< PaKeRcInenAminTanmanrcnasm¬ &nÆeT

KWvt þrbs´buK<lNa buK<lenaHk*RKbRKgEbb«sSr; min:cmanzñ akélIRtÜtRta PaKeRcInRKbRKgenARtwmeRkamkardwknaMRBHóbC ¹ ay ¾ CamYyKñ a vt þenAkñ úgfan;CaÉkCn ßsmaKmtaMgeLIg manecAGZikarCam© as´RKbRKgbu eNÑ aH .dUecñH ebIecAGZikarGg<NamrN;PaB kmµsiTÆkarRKbRKgteTAk*Zø akéTAelITayaT dUcCakUnßkµ Üy ßsisSrbsécAGZikarenaH

b uEn þ:nkMNt´za RtÚv:ncMeJHPik¡ ú ßsameNrb ueNÑ aH eTIbeXIjza vt þxøHmansameNrCaecAGZikaremIlkarxusRtÚv RBHsg ¹EdlGaRs&yenACamYyk*RtÚvenAeRkamkarRKbRKgrbssameNrCaecAGZikarenaH KWxusBIRsukeyIg eRBaHmanrcnasm¬ &nÆkarRKbRKglÁ .

karrsenArbsRBHsg ¹dMbUg> k*manRkumßnikaynImYy> dUcCaRsukExµreyIgmanmhanikay Zmµyut þnikay luHmkdl´ BÇsÇ

2352 mankarkMNt´KuNsm|t þ iGñkbYsza CaGñkenAkñ úgvNÑ;eKaviK&m EdlCavNÑ;zñ ak´x¬s´ CabExSmkBImhakSRtb¨ ueNÑ aH KWminTTYlvNÑ;déT .

RkummYyeXIjza kareZV IdUecñ aHminRtwmRtÚvtamBuTÆb|Ba ¦t þ i eTIbCMTasnigsüamnikay . BÇsÇ 2345 sameNrGm¬Khbidiy;CavNÑ;slaKm; süamnikayEXnDIk*eKceTARbeTsPUma ehIybYsnigKN;sg ¹PUma RBmTaMgmiRtrbssameNr 5 Gg<eT[tbn Þ ab´mkk*RtLbRbeTssirIlg, avij ehIytaMgKN;sg ¹Gmr;bur;nikay RbkasdlGñkcgbYsocUlmkbYstamsTÆ a edayminerIsvNÑ;NamYyeT .

rIÉRBHezr;«n ÞsPavrBa ¦ aN eXIjkarpø as´b þ ÚrrbsKN;sg ¹ edaykarcattaMgnikaydUecñ aH eTIbeZV IdMeNIreTARbeTsPUma EteTA

RBHBuTÆsasna záGaTitü



- 23 -

TTYlTLIkmµnigKN;sg ¹mn rYcehIyk*RtLbmkRbeTssirIlg, avij ehIyRbkastaMgramBa ¦nikayCanikayTI3 .kalCaxageRkaymk süamvgSEdlCanikayZMCagnikayTaMgBIrenaH :nEbgEckkarRKbRKgCa 6 KN; KW ?1Ç KN;mløvt þ manPik¡ úKirimel þ Gann Þetær Camhanayk .2Ç KN;GsKiriy; manPik¡ úbli:n; qn Þ ann ÞetærCamhanayk .3Ç KN;kUet þmanPik¡ úlbUKam; lg, ann ÞetærCamhanayk .4Ç KN;klüaNI manPik¡ úG&lksSetat; eTvann Þetær Camhanayk .5Ç KN;GUr; manPik¡ úGUvarn; sirirtñetærCamhanayk .6Ç KN;GrBa ¦ ik; manPik¡ úvt þ úruvil; jaNann Þ;Camhanayk .TaMg 6 KN; mYyKN;>mansg ¹sPaer[bcMRKbRKgemIlkar

xusRtÚvkñ úgRkumrbsxø ÜnCa«sSr; EtGacrYmeZV Isg ¹kmµCamYyKñ a:n .RBHsg ¹sirIlg, amanRbéBNIxusBIRBHsg ¹ExµreyIgxøH RBHsg ¹ sirIlg, akan´qRtRKbGg< eTaHCaézáminsUvek þ AßePø {gminZø ak´k*eday TaMgenHeRJHebIelakminykqRteTACamYyeT RtÚvGñkRsukriHKntiHed[l dUcCaRBHsg ¹ExµreyIgmanRbéBNIkanzgýamdUecñ aHEdr .

RBHsg ¹sirIlg, aPaKeRcIncUlcit þqansø a CaBiessRBHezr;manv&ycMNas´ b uEn þmineXIjes þ aHTwkmatesaH RbEhlCaelakelbeTATaMgGs´ EtebI:rIRBHsg ¹lg, aminniymqan´ ‘Ck´ ’ GacmanxøHEdrEtenATI kM:Mg mineXIjmanmkKgQrqan´ ‘Ck´ ’ oeKeXIjeT eRJHó:skó:sikatwgrwgeRcIn ebIeXIjRBHsg ¹eZV IminRtÚvtamsmN;sarUb k* GacrkcgØ an´:nedaylM:kEdr .

RBHsg ¹sirIlg, amanRbéBNIkanqRt



- 24 -

RBHsg ¹ niger]gneya:y GacRCabehIyza RBHsg ¹sirIlg, aman«TÆ iBlkñ úgneya:yeRcIn

Nas´ GaceXIjRBHsg ¹nimn þedIrkanTgĆatinaMmuxk|ÜnRbCaCnCajwkjy eRJHeKminRbkanza neya:yCaer]gminKb|Iykcit þTukdak´ ßCaer]gminlÁenaHeT eRJHeKRbkanza RbeTsCatiCaer]gTaMgGsKñ a ehIyRBHsg ¹k*manclnakñ úgneya:ylÁmkrhUtEdr CaBiesssm&yEdlRtÚvkar«sSrPaB enAeBlCatidéTRKbRKg RBHsg ¹k*CaGñknaMmuxRbCaCneRkakeLIgsEm þgRbCamti eZV Iord ð aPi:leRkABuTÆsasnadkzyeTA:nEdr RBHsg ¹mansiTÆ ie:Heqñ ateRCIserIs nigmansiTÆ isµ &RKCaebk¡Cn edIm|IoRbCaCne:Heqñ atmkenAkñ úgsPa ebIeyIgemIleTAhakbI

dUcCaRBHsg ¹sirIlg, amanvin&yZUr b uEn þebIeyIgeTAenAkñ úgekaHenaHEtm þg eyIgnwgeXIjza elakeZV IedIm|I rkpø ÚvedaHRsaykñ úgCatisasnarbsxø Ün oputBIP&ybreTsQø anJnykGaNaniKm

nigBüayamelbBuTÆsasna KYrylćit þ

RBHsg ¹sirIlg, apgEdr . eyIgGacsmø wgemIlRbeTsPUma EdlmanehtukarN ¾R:kdc|asza RBHsg ¹k*manclnaecjmux kñ úgkarCYyomankarpø as´b þ Úrneya:yrd ð:lEdr er]gy¨ agenHZø ab´manmkehIy taMgBIRbeTsPUmaRtÚvkar«sSrPaB GgeKøsykRTws þ Ikñ úgneya-

:ymkoRBHsg ¹kñ úgfan;CaGñkdwknaMRbCaCn minGacykKm¬ IréRtbidkeTAlatRtdag ehIyGanoGgeKøss þ ab´:nenaHeT RBHsg ¹k*mankar

RBHsg ¹sirIlg, a:tukmµ

RBHsg ¹PUma:tukmµ

RBHsg ¹mansiTÆ ieZV Ineya:y



- 25 -

pø as´b þ ÚrskmµPaBxøH ehIymanclnakñ úgneya:yedaykarCMTasnigrd ð:l EdleXIjzaeZV IminRtwmRtÚvtamKnøgZm( RBHsg ¹k* CMTasedayxø ÜnÉg rd ð:leXIjzaminRsÜlk*cabkMhusRBHsg ¹GñkdwgnaM RBHsg ¹CaeRcInJnGg<kñ úgRkugragh< ÚnedIr:tukmµ TIbMputrd ð:lk*suxcit þehIyElgRBHsg ¹CaRbZanenaHmkvij .

kalenaH naykrd ðm®n þ IGU )nu RbkasbJÄbkarbeRg[nEpñkBuTÆsasnakñ úgsalaer[n eRJHmanbMNgosalaer[nCasaZarN;minTakTgnigsasnaNaTaMgGs´ TaMgenHeRJHza RbeTsPUmamanBYkkari unrabGansasnaRKis þeRcIn BYkcamPUmak*rabGansasnamusu )lm&neRcIn naykrd ðm®n þ IG) UnuR:zñ aomanyuti þZm( luHRbkasrYcehIyKN;sg ¹CaeRcInJnGg< mkRbCM uKñ aenAmuxvt þmhaZatu Cevdakg TIbMputrd ð:lk*suxcit þtamRKbRbkar .

tamBitsalaer[nKYrEtmankarbeRg[nviC¢ akñ úgBuTÆsasnamYycMENkEdr eRJHRBHBuTÆsasna CasasnaRbcaMCatirbs´xø Ün .kic©karEdlsMxanrbs´KN;sg ¹eyIg KWrkSa«sSrPaBnigrcnasm¬ &nÆrbs´xø Üno:nyWnyUr edIm|IoRBHsg ¹eRkay> mankar

Rbtibt þ itam .

Tenølg,avib|eyaK Tenøman«TÆ iBldl´RbCaCnsigØlman 2 KWTenømhaevliKg< a ‘MAHAVELIGANGA ’ nigTenøeklanI ‘KELANE GANGA ’ TenøenH

hUrkatRsukeklanIya ßetm¨ ak´ eyIgehAza klüaNI CaRsukbUraN taMgXø atBIsmuRT 10 KILÚEm¨Rt manRBHectiysk þ isiTÆ i eKeC]za RBHsas þ aRTgés þcyagmkRbzabenAvt þenH . TenøenH:neQµ aHmkBIRBH:TeklanItisS RKgraCükñ úgTIenHRbmaN BÇsÇ343 »zaRBHGg<manmehsIsÁ atNas´ sUm|IRBHGnuCrbs´RBHGg<k*lbRbtiB&TÆEdr luHesck þ IRsLajekIteLIgehIy eTIbTakTgKñ aCakarsmá at´ ézámYyRTgbnø MePTeZV ICaPik¡ únimn þlayLMeTACamYyPik¡ údéT cUleTATTYlPt þ aharehIyk*qankñ úgvaMg es þcEpndIbdibt þ i kic©TaMgenaH luHRBHmehsIyagmk Pik¡ úbnø Mk*daksMbuRtenAelIk þ ar kSRtIk*erIsykmkTt eBlenaHRBHraCaRTgcabcMNuc:n RTgormá as´xø aj´mYyx ÞHZM edIm|IcabPik¡ úbnø MenaHeTAec[nTaMgrs´ b uEn þPñ ak´garmin:ncabPik¡ úbnø MenaHeT eTAcabPik¡ údéTEdlCaRBHGrhn þykmkec[nTaMgrs´ Pik¡ úCaRBHGrhn þxø aj´minGaceZV Ioek þ AeT . plkmµenH:ndakeTas eZV IomhasmuRTekItrMeCIbrMCYl :nbkpatmkbHnigRcaMg e:ssMGatRTBüsm|t þ inigp ÞHsEm|gTaMgLay EdlenATTwgTiseTAkñ úgmhasmuRTTaMgGs´ . RBH:TeklanItisS:neXIjmhasmuRTekItxülBüúHminQbdUecñ aH eTIbRtassYresnaGmatü GmatüRkabTUlza RBHGg<RTgeZV IosmuRTBieraZ RBHraCaRTg



- 26 -

katRBHT&ybBa¢ ÚnbuRtIRBHnamvihara cuHTUkmasbEN þteTAtammhasmuRT minyUrb unµ ansmuRTk*sábéTA . TUkmasnaMRBHnagviharaeTATisxagt|Úg eTAek]genAEdnerahNaénekaHenaH GñkRsukkrin þ a:nRbTHTUkmasnig®s þ IsÁ atenaHehIy k*naMeTAzV ayRBHraCarbs´xø Ün

KWRBH:Tkavn þ isS RTgTTYleZV ICamehsI .

bc© úb|nñenH eKeZI VrUbRBHnagviharamhaeTvIenARsukkrin þ a enaHÉg manmnusSeTAeKarBbUCaeRcInKñ aenAeLIy . ehIymansYnc|armYyenAmuxeTsaPi:lRkugkULú MbU taMgeQµ aHsYnenaHza viharamhaeTvI edIm|ICaGnusSavrIy ¾cMeJHRBHnag Edl:nlHbgCIvitedIm|IRbeTsCati nigCaGñkokMeNItmharaCdl BYkeK KWRBH:TTud ðKaminIGP&y RBHbitaRKbRKgenAraCZanI GnuraZbur; EdlcajBYkTmiL . RBHraCOrsEdlekItBI

RBHnagviharamhaeTvI KW RBH:TTud ðKaminIGP&y Zø abélIkT&BeTAvayBYkTmiLrhUtCldMrIKñ a ehIyrMedaHCatiBIBYkTmiL:nTaMgRsug . kñ úgviharvt þklüaNI enAmanKMnUrKUrBIRbvt þ ienHCabenAnigCBa¢ aMg .

mhaevli CaTenømanbeN þ ayEvgqá aybMput :nhUrcUlsmuRTenAPaK¤sanénRbeTsbeN þ ayman 412 KILÚEm¨Rt luHdlrdUvePø {g xül´k*patmkBITisJy&Bü enAbrievNenHmanTwkCMnn´ eZV IoxUcxatdldMNaMdaMduH nigp ÞHsEm|gTaMgPUmi>Etm þg b uEn þTwkCMnnénAminyUr enAsgxagmatTenøenHmankarlM:kedayTwkCMnn´ eKTaMgLay:nehATenøenHza ²Ceylon ’ ssorrow³ KW dUcCaTenøhYghW enARbeTscinenaHEdr .

sYnmrkténfansYK( BIRkugkULú MbUeTAEXnDI tamdgpø Úvsmø wgeTAeXIjZmµCatilÁKYroKyKn´ maneRCaH GUr nig

éRBeQIex[vx© IduHtamzñ ak´énPñ M CaTIcabGarmµN ¾cMeJHGñkeTscr:nCYbRbTH . EXnDIBIedImehA

TenømhaevliKg< a

RBHnagviharamhaeTvI



- 27 -

za ²sirivD¿nanKr³ ß ²sigØXn ÐnKr³ GñkRsukehAza Xn Ð; sm&yGgeKøsRKbRKgk*ehAza Xn Ð; tamsemøgGgeKøsza EXnDi ßEXnDIenaHÉg .

EXnDImanPñ MCaeRcIn manTenøsabenAkN þ alPñ MTaMg

Lay manp ÞHsgtameCIgPñ MrhUtdl´kMBUl edImeQI Rss´bMRBg eBlybeXIjBnø WePø IgCazñ ak´>hakbIdUcCaeTBvimanénfansYK( . kSRtGg<dMbUgRKgraCünKrEXnDI KWRBH:TbN Ð it;brk,rmJhuTI1 ehIymkcMerInruger]gkñ úgsm&yRBH:TvimlZmµsuriy;TI2 RbmaN BÇsÇ 2228RBHGg<RTgyagRBHTn þZatu ‘RBHcg, ÚmEkv’ mkRbtis ð ankñ úgvt þsirIdalamalikav; .

RbeTssirIlg, amankSRtRKb´RKgbn þvgSmkrhUtdl BÇsÇ 2351 eTIbmkdl´RBH:TviRkumraCsigØ CakSRtcugeRkaybgÁs´ .

GaNacRkEXnDIsmKYrCanKryuTÆsa®s þ eRJHmanPñ MCaeRcInenACM uvij sRtÚvmingayvay:nedayRsÜleTeRkaymk GgeKøsk*vayRbeTssirIlg, a eBlenaH

RbeTsB&rTuyh< al´ ‘Portugal ’ k*man«TÆ iBlenAxagmatsmuRT minyUrb unµ anRbeTshULg´ ‘Holland ’ k*cUleTAEdr RbeTssirIlg, a:nBYtédKñ anigBYkhULg´ beN þjBYkB&rTuyh< alécjBIRbeTs EtTIbMputsirIlg, aEbreTAesBKbńigBYkGgeKøs ehIyvayBYkhULg´ GgéKøsvayBYkhULg´:nehIy k*RKbRKgekaHenaH:ny¨ agsb|ay .

nKrEXnDIcajGgéKøsTaMgRsug edaysarkSRtEXnDIGg<eRkaybMput KWRBH:TsiriviRkumraCsigØ; RTg´manRBHT&ykacsahaveZV IoGñkdéTmineBjcit þ eTIbeTAcUlrYmCamYyGgeKøs KitzaoGgeKøsRKbRKgekaHenHTaMgGslÁCag . karkacsahavéRBépSrbs kSRtGg<eRkayenH KWRBHGg<RTgmanTahanCitsñ iTÆmñ akéQµ aH «ehra b¨ Ura :nCYyts) UnigsRtÚvehIyeKceTAenAkñ úgéRBrhUt:nmkRKbRKgnKrEXnDIm þgeT[t RBHraCaminTukcit þ«ehra b¨ Ura eTIbbJ¢ ÚnelakoeTAemIlkarxusRtÚvRsuksa:rah< amuyva ‘Sabaragamuva ’

sirivD¿nanKr ßEXnDI



- 28 -

ehIycabRbBnÆkUneZV ICacMNabxµ aMgenAEXnDI mit þsMLajmñ ak´rbs´«ehra b¨ Ura RtÚvkSRtRbharCIvit «ehra b¨ UraKitsgswkCMnYsmit þ eTIbEbreTABwgGgeKøsCasmá at´ ehtukarN ¾TaMgenaHkSRtRTgRCab ehIyRTgbBa¢ aonaM«ehra b¨ UramkEXnDIvij b¨ uEn þ«ehrab¨ Uradwgxø ÜnehIyk*eTAcuHcUlCamYyGgeKøsEtm þgeTA RBHraCaeZV IGV Imin:n ehIymkeZV ITaruN ÐkmµnigRbBnÆkUnCMnYs KWykkUnmkkatk|alehIy

bg¡ Mom þ ayemIl rYcehIyykk|almkdakkñ úgt|albg¡ Mom þ ayykGERgmkbuk m þ aytUccit þyMTYjesakesArhUt:tsµ artI nagdwgxø ÜnehIyk*rtéTAelatTwkTenøsabEdlRBHraCaCIkenaHÉg .kareZV IrbsRBHraCaenH naMoxUckit þ iys xVHkarniyménBYksRtÚvnigRbCaCn . luHGgeKøselIkT&BcUlmk k*minmanGñkNa

CYyc|aMg GgeKøsk*cabkSRtGg<enHeTAXaMgenARbeTs«N Ð arhUtGsRBHCnµ . dUecñH RbBnÆkUnrbselak«ehra b¨ Ura Caer]gbHJl Twkcit þrbsBYksigØl . RBH:TsiriviRkumraCsigØ;RtÚvcabkalBI BÇsÇ 2358 ekaHlg, ak*Gs´vgSkSRteBlenaHÉg ehIyenAeRkamGMNacrbsGgéKøsrhUtcb´s®g< amelakelIkTI2 eTIb:nTTYlÉkraCü .

Rbvt þ iRBHTn þZatu ‘RBHcg, ÚmEkv’tamtRmasg< ItivgS:neJlza eRkayBI:nbUCaRBHbrmsBrbsRBHmanRBHPaK kñ úgnKrkusinaraenaHmk eTaNRJhµN ¾:n

EbgEckRBHbrmsarIrikZatueTAtamnKrepSg> 8 nKr ÉRBHbrmZatu KWRBHcg, ÚmEkvxageqVg Pik¡ úexmann Þ:nykBIQabnd ð anenaHmkehIyykeTAzV ayRBH:TRBhµTt þénnKrTn þbur; Ednkalig<; RbeTs«N Ð a .

sUmbB¢ aak´GMBIRBHTn þZatu ßRBHcg, ÚmEkvman 4 KW ?

1Ç RBHcg, ÚmEkvs þ aMxagelI enAKnÆraRs þ ‘KnÆ ar;’ .2Ç RBHcg, ÚmEkvs þ aMxageRkam enAnKrnaK .3Ç RBHcg, ÚmEkveqVgxagelI enAfantavt þ igS .4Ç RBHcg, ÚmEkveqVgxageRkam enAekaHlg, a .bc© úb|nñenH enARbeTscink*manRBHcg, ÚmEkvmYyGg<Edr edayPik¡ úhV aeh[n kalelakcarikeTAktehtuenARbeTs«N Ð a bc© úb|nñ

RBHcg, ÚmEkvGg<enH :nykeTARbtis ð anenARBHectiycUh) an vt þligkYgCW RkugebkaMg cin:nGagzamanmk 1Ç500 qñ aMehIy .



- 29 -

luHPik¡ úexmann Þ ykRBHbrmZatucg, ÚmEkveTAzV ayRBH:TRBhµTt þnKrTn þbur; RBHGg<RTg´mansTÆ aRCHzø ay agxø aMg :ner[bcMeRK]gsk, ar;CaeRcInzV ayCaBuTÆbUCa luHmkdlsm&yRBH:TKuhsIv; Rtgnigsm&yRBH:Tmhaesn;énnKrlg, a RBH:TKuhsIv;RTgminRCHzø anigRBHbrmZatuenaHeLIy b uEn þRTgTteXIj«TÆ anuPaBRBHTn þZatu:nsEm þg:diharü RTgk*manRBHT&yRCHzø ay agéRkElg .

eRkaymkmanswksRtÚvkñ úgnKr c|aMgkMBugEtCitnwgbraC&y RBH:TKuhsIv;RTg:rmÖkñ úgRBHT&yBIRBHcg, ÚmEkv xø acZø akéTAkñ úgkN þ ab´ édrbssRtUv eTIbmanRBHraCOg, aroRBHraCZItanamehmmala nigRBHsV amIrbs´ RBHnag EdlRtÚvCaRBHnt þ arbs´RBHraCaenaHpg ykRBHcg, ÚmEkveTAekaHlg, aehIyzV ayRBH:Tek[ttiemXvNÑ EdlRKgraCükñ úgnKrGnuraZbur;enaH edIm|IorYcputBI sRtÚv . kalenaH ZItaehmmalanigRBHsV amIrbs´RBHnag :nyagRBHcg, ÚmEkvedayviZIlYclak´ RTgbnø MeZV ICaRJhµN ¾ ehIyykRBHcg, ÚmEkvlakkñ úgpñ Ügsk rbsRBHnag . CakarlM:ky¨ agxø aMgkñ úg

karykRBHcg, ÚmEkvmk:n eRJHRtÚvqøgkatóbsK<eRcInkEnøg eTIbmkdl´RkugGnuraZbur;enH .

RBHcg, ÚmEkv k*:nRbtis ð ankñ úgRb-eTssirIlg, ataMgBIenaHrhUtmk kalebI pø as´b þ ÚrRkugßraCZanIm þg> RtÚvykRBH-cg, ÚmEkveTARbtis ð ankñ úgvt þTIRkug ßraC-ZanIenaH> . kñ úgBÇsÇ 2228-2250RBH:TvimlZmµsuriy;TI 2 :nyagRBHcg, ÚmEkvBIBluKammkRbtis ð anenAvt þ

RBHcg, ÚmEkvEXnDI rhUtmkdl´sBVézáenH .manGñkR:C\mñ akéQµ aHesÆ {neJZinn Þ;:nGZib|ayza kñ úgstvtSTI 20 BYkGWru bKW

B&rTuyh< al´ ‘Portugal ’ nig«s|aj ‘Espagne ’ naMyksasnaRKis þmkCamYy ebIvayRbeTs

ekad ðRBHcg,mEkv

RBHnagehmmala nigRBHsV amI



- 30 -

Na:nehIy k*oRbCaCnkñ úgRbeTsenaH>rabGanRKis þsasna B&rTuyh< alćUlmkvayRbeTssirIlg, aehIy RKbRKgCaysmuRTeRJHRbeTssirIlg, aeBlenaHEbkEjkKñ aCaBIrBYk RkumtUcxVHkmø aMgminGactsU )CamYym¡ ageT[t:n ehIyk*beg, Itc|abTarPasI uBI BuTÆsasnikeRcIneBk ebIGñkNarabGansasnaRKis þ eTIbmansiTÆ imin:cbg´PasI ueT eBlenaHmanRbCaCnsirIlg, acUlsasnaRKis þ

CaeRcIn

rYmTaMgRBH:TZmµ:l; kSRtnKrkULu ú MbUenaHpgEdr .luHRBHraCaGñkdwknaMBYksigØlcUlRKis þsasnaehIy RTgpø asńamRBHGg<Cazµ IeT[tza dYgyYg kalenaHB&rTuyh< al´manGMNacCag eTIbbBa¢ aoRBH:TdYgyYg RbKlRBHcg, ÚmEkvoRbZanGñkbYsRKis þsasnamñ ak´ b uEn þRBHraCaenaH:nykcg, ÚmEkvEkøgkø aymkoGñkbYsenaH ykRBHcg, ÚmEkvEkøgkø aymkdakkñ úgt|al´ ehIyykGERgbukohµténAcMeJHmuxRbCaCnsirIlg, a eRkABIenaHrd ð aPi:lB&rTuyh< al´:neZV ICaR:kkak´ edIm|IEckCaGnusSavrIy ¾eT[tpg xagmuxR:kkakdakrUbGñkEdleZV Ikar:nseRmcmñ ak´ énRbeTsB&rTuyh< al´ ehIy:ncarwkza ²GñkGPirkSsasnad*BitR:kd³ kakxageRkaydakrUbGñkbYsRKis þGg< úybukRBHcg, ÚmEkv .kalenaH sn þ::¨énRkugrU m:nep\ IsarmkGbGrsaTr eRJHsav&krbs´xø Ün GacjaMjIbUCnIyvtæ úrbsRBHBuTÆsasna:nseRmc .

dUecñH sUmBuTÆsasnikCnTaMgLayemt þ aKitdlP&yvibt þ ikñ úgsasnapg CaBiessBuTÆsasnaeyIg manmarmkyayIkMcater[grhUtmk sUm|IenAkN þ alekaHehIyk*eday k*minGacrYcputBIBYkmar:nEdr RBHBuTÆsasnaminEdleTArker]gGñkNaeLIy manEtRtÚveKmkrker]geyIg . sUmoBuTÆsasnikCnCYyKñ aEzrkSa edaynaMykRBHrtnRt&ymkTukkñ úgcit þo:nlÁ sikSao:nyl Rbtibt þ iocUldl´RBHZm( ehIyminKYrTukcit þmnusSlÁEtxageRkA cit þ:benAxagkñ úgenaHeLIy .

kareTAbUCaRBHcg, ÚmEkvenH manTaMgCnCatisirIlg, a nigCnCatibreTsCaeRcIn :nQrrgcaMOkascUleTAeKarBbUCaenAxagkñ úgb uEn þPñ ak´garmin:nebIkocUleTAdlkEnøgRBHcg, ÚmEkvenaHeT EtoeKarBbUCaenAxageRkACB¢ aMgvaMgnn Zø ab´sYrPñ ak´garenaHEdrza ehtu GV Ik*minebIkOkasoBYkeKcUleTAeKarBbUCadlkEnøgpg :nTTYlcemø Iyza manézáEdlebIkOkasoRbCaCnsirIlg, acUleTAnms, ary agCitEdr b¨ uEn þGñkbreTsebIebIkoemIl k*emIleTAdUecñ aHÉg minekItsTÆ aRCHzø aGV IeT ehIyGaceZV IoGn þraydlrbsÉdleyIgeKarBbUCaeT[tpg eRJHmanRbvt þ irYcmkehIyminGacbMePøc:n .



- 31 -

buNüEhRBHTn þZatu ‘RBHcg, ÚmEkv’RbeTssirIlg, a RbCaCnmancit þemt þ aeRcIn GñkdwknaMRbeTs:nsresIrza eRJHmanRBHBuTÆsasnaCaTIBwgpø Úvcit þd*sMxan´ rvag

rd ð aPi:l RbCaCnnigRBHsg ¹ :nBYtédKñ aCaRtIPaKI manÉkPaBKñ a CaBiesskarsEm þgkic©kmµecjmkBIsasna edaymanRbéBNI pSMKñ anigRBHZm( Cakic©kmµd*lÁehIyKYrosresIrTaMgkñ úgnigeRkARbeTs .kic©karrbsCati hakbIdUcCaep\ IeTAelIRBHBuTÆsasnaTaMgGs´ mankic©kmµRbcaMqñ aMd*sMxan´ 2 y ag KWbuNüvisaxbUCanigbuNü

eb¨raëhra ßbuNüEhRBHTn þZatu er[gralqñ aMdl´ézávisaxbUCa RKbkEnøgrIkrayedaykarsURtsresIrRBHBuTÆKuN RBHZmµKuNnigRBHsg ¹KuN mankarraMelgsb|ayCaeRK]gRbkb RBmTaMgRb-dabtakEtgRbTIbeKamePø IgTUeTATaMgekaHlg, a .

buNüEdlsMxanmYyeT[t KWbuNüebraëhra eZV Ikñ úgExsIha

kBa ¦ a nigtula RKbvt þRtÚveZV I eRJHCaRbéBNId*mankit þ iysrbs´ RbeTsCati nigCamhakusleT[tpg . buNüebraëhra¨ ßbuNüEhRBHTn þZatu RbeTssirIlg, a:neZV IZMNas´ CaBiessEhRBH-cg, ÚmEkvenARkugEXnDI eZV IenAkñ úgExsIha manBYkbreTsCaeRcIneTATsSna mankEnøgocUleTAemIl ehIyRtÚvbgR:kticeRcIneTAtamTMen[mGñk

cUleTACitnigenAqá ay . k|ÜnEh

KYrocabGarmµN ¾ dMrI 10 RtÚveKRbdabtubEtgy¨ agsÁ at qñ aMxøHmandMrIdléTA 70 ß100 b¨ uEn þdMrIEdlCaJhn;tm,l RBHcg, ÚmEkv RtÚvRbdabtubEtgBiessCageK k|ÜnEhEvgGnø ay Ehrabém agk*enAminput manGñkraMexµ A> raMeqøqø aeTAtamePøg mansemøgkN þ wgmindacsUr mnusSTaMgLayyksMBt´mkRkalodMrIEdlmanRBHcg, ÚmEkvedIrCan´ sgxagpø ÚvmanmnusSkanRbTIbeRbgdUgGuCePø IgbMPø WeRJgRJt . »za munnwg

buNüEhRBHTn þZatu

sil|;RbéBNIsirIlg, a



- 32 -

EheKdaMedImeQIenAkEnøgeTvsæ anTaMg 4 kñ úgnKrsin edIm|IsM uoeTvtaCYykMcatóbsK<kñ úgkarEhenH . karEhRBHcg, ÚmEkvenHk|ÜndMrIEhnaMmuxedaymandMrItm,l´RBHcg, ÚmEkvCaRbmux tamedayk|ÜneTval&y 4 KW 1 nazeTval&y KWeTval&yRBHeJZistV 2 visÑ ú eTval&y KWeTval&yénCIvit 3 kt þvKameTval&y KWGaTieTBéns®g< am 4 bt þ inIeTval&y KWGaTieTBénRBhµcarü . eTval&yTaMg 4

:nnaMKñ amkrgćaMenAmuxvt þRBHcg, ÚmEkv luHdlem ag 8 k*cabep þ Imk|ÜntamlMdab´ . karEhRBHcg, ÚmEkvCabuNüqøg eZV IdléTA 15 ézá mYyézá>k*manviZIepSgKñ aeTAtamRbéBNI nigkareKarBrabGan . dlézácugeRkaybMputRbmaNem¨ ag 11 yb´ eTIbEheTAGaTahn-maruv;vihar edIm|Iokit þ iysdl´RBH:TkIrtisiriraCsigØl RBHGg<:nksagvt þRBHcg, ÚmEkv vt þenHk*CaTIbUCaRBHsBrbsRBHGg<pgÉk|ÜndéTk*RtLbeTAkEnøgeTval&yrbsxø Ünvij .

luHeBlCitPø W k|ÜnEheTval&yTaMgLay k*EheTAkMBg´Twkz;tm¬ I kñ úgTenømhaevliKg< aedIm|IeZV IBiZIkatTwk KWykdavrbsGaTieTBéns®g< am manPñ ak´garmñ ak´kandavehIykatTwkmanrgVg´mUl Pñ ak´gareTval&ydéT>k*ykqñ aMgmkdakTwkBIrgVg´mUlenaH eTATukkñ úgeTval&yrbs´xø Ün ebITwkenaHrIgsá ÜtJkkN þ alqñ aM Canimit þminsUvlÁ luH:nTwkehIyk*eTAvt þhiN Ð ÚeQµ aH KN;eTvIelavil eBlézá

Rtgk*eTAR:saTsn þ isux .

rUgPñ MGaluvihar EdndIenHeQµ aHmn Þel bc© úb|nñehAzaGaluvihar ‘Alu-Vihar a’ vt þRbtis ð anenAelIPñ MTab> xageRkayvt þmanrUg 5 kEnøg »zaCakEnøgRbCM uRBHsg ¹ 1Ç000 Gg< kaleZV Isg< ayna .

kal BÇsÇ 300 RbeTssirIlg, a:nTTYlBuTÆsasnamkBIRbeTs«N Ð a Casm&yRBH:TGesakmharaCRKbRKgkñ úgRbeTs«N Ð aenaH ehIymankSRtCYyóbtæmÖbn þKñ amktamlMdab´ KWtaMgBIsm&yRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS dlRBH:Tvd þKaminI kalenaHmankgT&BBYkeRkAsasna KWBYkTmiLelIkT&BmkBIRbeTs«N Ð aPaKxagt|Úg manembBa¢ akarT&B 7 nak´ cUlmkbukrukeb[teb[nBuTÆsasnik



- 33 -

oTTYlTuk¡evTna . kalenaHes þcEpndI:neP[sxø ÜneTAtaMgT&BkEnøgzµ Ikñ úgéRB 17 qñ aM RbeTsCatik*ekItTurÖ ikS edayP&yZmµCati RbCaCnGt:yRkhayTwk mnusSbriePaKsUm|IsacPik¡ ú sg ¹mrN;PaB Edlxø Ün:neKarBbUCa TaMgmnusSnig

stVsø abĆaeRcIn vt þGaramminmanGñkNaemIlkarxusRtÚvRBHsg ¹CaeRcIn RtÚveP[sxø ÜnqøgTwksmuRTeTARbeTs-«N Ð a RbeTslg, akalenaHr MeCIbrMCYlxø aMgNas´ eRJHkSRtTmiLBüayambMpø ajsasnadéTRKbévla . RBH-ezr;kñ úgRsukmYycMnYnZM:nRbCM uKñ aza RBHBuTÆsasnanwgvinasGsehIy eRJHminmankSRtCYyóbtæmÖ eTIbCYyKñ arYbrYmtRmabtRmaJküeRb[nRbedAEdlx© at´x© ay nigcar

RBHéRtbidko:nCasæ aBr ebIKµ anGñkNamanstibBa ¦ aTen ÞjcaM ßcarwkTukeTnwgsabsUnüminxaneLIy .RbZanPUmi:necjmuxCYyóbtæmÖ RBHezr;EdlmansIlnigmancMeNHdwgRbCM ueZV Isg< ayna edIm|IcarwkCaGkSrTuk

elIsø wkrwtCaPasasigØl enAGaluvihar ßGaelakviharenHÉg .enAxagelIPñ MenaHmanrUg EdlsMxanKYrocabGarmµN ¾ manrUbcmø ak´b unmnusSEmnETn sEm þgdlkarsamK< IZm(nigoeXIjdl

karcarwkRBHéRtbidk manbNÑ al&ysRmabTukKm¬ Ir Edl:ncarwkCaelIkdMbUg RBmTaMgsalaedIm|IsRmakmYyxñg .KYrosresIrRbCaCnsirIlg, axø aMgNas´ eRJH:nCYyrkSaRBHBuTÆsasnarhUtmkdlBYkeyIg RBmTaMg:nbuNüd*ZMeZg eday

:neZV IKuNUbkar;dlBuTÆsasnikkñ úgelakeT[tpg BYkeyIg:nCMJk´KuNCnCatisirIlg, aminGacbMePøc:n ebIeyIgminmanRbeTssirIlg, aeTenaH BuTÆsasnaeyIgk*mindwgeTACay¨ agem¨cEdr .

kñ úgvt þenH TaMgkMBUlPñ MmanrbsKYroCabćit þ suTÆEtCarbskñ úgBuTÆsasnaKYrocabGarmµN ¾eRcIny ag dUcCa ?1Ç kEnøgRBHraCaeTvanm|iytisS kSRtRTRTgnUvZm(énRbeTssirIlg, a dUcRBH:TGesakmharaCenaHEdr RTgykedImeJZimkBI GnuraZbur; CaedImkMeNItmkdaMkñ úgBuTÆstvtSTI 3 TukCaGnusSavrIy ¾ .

GaluviharZø abéZV Isg< ayna



- 34 -

2Ç kEnøgeZV Isg< aynaTI 5 :ncarwkKm¬ IrRBHéRtbidkelIsø wkrwtelIkdMbUg manRBHGrhn þ 1Ç000 Gg< rYmKñ abdibt þ ienATIenH .3Ç kEnøgRBHBuTÆeXasacarü CaGñkR:C\kñ úgBuTÆsasna nimn þeZV IdMeNIrmkedIm|IERbKm¬ IrRBHéRtbidk nigEtgKm¬ IrGd ðkza GZib|ay

RBHKm¬ IrenATIenHEdr .

sø wkEtqáajenAnUvar;sYnc|armYykEnøgehAza Hakgala enAnUvar;eGliya TIenHCaéRBeQI

RsukRtCak´ ßehAzasYnnagsIta »zaykSTsk&N ðlYcBRgtnagsItaBI RBHrammklakTukenATIenH . sYnsItaCaéRBlÁeqIt manedImkulabCaeRcInRbePT eBlecjp, aemIleTAeXIjeRBagRBatKYrorIkraysb|aycit þNas

GñkNacgeXIjsYnc|arenaH RtÚvCiHLaneLIgPñ Mtampø ÚvbtEbnkaceTAtamPñ M emIlmkxageRkameXIjeRCaHeRCA nigeXIjcMkarEtex[vRssbMRBg sø wkEtenAnUvar;eGliya eKzaEtzñ ak´lÁkñ úgelak . eBlRBwkkmµkrykk®n þkdak elIxñgedIm|IebHsø wkEtdak´ . CnCatisirIlg, arkSaéRBeQI:nlÁ GñkEdl

RsLajZmµCatimkrsénATIenHCacMnYneRcIn .

vt þTm¬ úlø;RbeTssirIlg, amanvt þenAkñ úgrUgPñ MCaeRcIn vt þraCmhavihar ‘Raja Maha Vihara ’ enA

Tm¬ úlø; qá ayBIPñ MsiKiriy;eTATisxagliceq[gxagt|Úg RbmaN 19 KILÚEm¨Rt vt þenHenAelIPñ Md*ZMkMBsĆag 100 Em¨Rt enAelIPñ MenHGacemIleXIjPñ MsiKiriy; . vt þenHRbkbedayrUgPñ M 5 rUg EdlZMbMputenAkñ úglMdabTI 4 KYrocab´GarmµN ¾ eRBaHtamBidanmanrUbPaBKYroTsSna manRBHBuTÆrUb 48 Gg< manTaMgrUbeTvtasm&n ‘Saman ’ EdlCaeTvta

sø wkEtqá ajénAnUvar;eGliya

vt þTm¬lø;



- 35 -

RbcaMEdndIsiri:T;CaedIm . rUbcmø akńigrUbPaBTaMgenHmanGayukñ úgstvtSTI 18 tamRbvt þ iénrUgPñ MTaMgLay kñ úgvt þenHRtÚvmnusSTaMgLayGaRs&yenA nigbN þ úHbN þ alvb|Zm(taMgBIstvtSTI 4 KWsm&yRBH:TvløKamJhu ‘Valagam-Bahu ’ RTgńaMRbCaCneP[sxø ÜnmkGaRs&yrUgPñ MenH kalRtÚvnireTsecjBIGnuraZbur;edayBYksRtÚv .

eZV Isg<aynakareZV Isg< ayna KWkarer[ber[gRBHZmµvin&y Zø ab´manmkehIy

3 dg kñ úgRbeTs«N Ð a KW ?elIkTI1 eRkayBIRBHsas þ abriniBV an:n 3 Ex eZV IenArUgPñ M

st þbNÑKuhar Pñ MevPar; brievNnKrraCRKwH EdnmKZ; manRBH-

mhaksSb;CaRbZansg ¹ RBH:TGCatistú þ RBHraCaEdnmKZ;CaGg<óbtæmÖ RBHGrhn þcUlrYmRbCM u 500 Gg< eRbIeBl 7 Ex eTIbcb´ sBVRKb´ .

elIkTI2 eRkayBIRBHsas þ abriniBV an:n 100 qñ aM eZV IenAvalukaram kñ úgnKrevsalI RBHsBVkamIezr;CaRbZansg ¹ RBH-:TkalaesakmharaCCaGg<óbtæmÖ RBHGrhn þcUlrYmRbCM u 700Gg< eRbIeBl 8 Ex eTIbcbsBVRKb´ .

elIkTI3 eRkayBIRBHsas þ abriniBV an:n 234 qñ aM eZV IenAGesakaram Rkug:dlibuRt RBHemaK<lø Ibut þ isSetærCaRbZansg ¹ RBH:TGesakmharaCCaGg<óbtæmÖ RBHGrhn þcUlrYmRbCM uTaMgGs´ 1000 Gg< eRbIeBl 10 Ex eTIbcbsBVRKb´ .

kareZV Isg< ayna



- 36 -

süamvgSkñ úgekaHlg,aRBHBuTÆsasnak*dUcCaCIvitmYyEdr mankarekIteLIg taMgenAehIyk*rltéTA KWminxusKñ anigCIvitrbsmnusSeyIgeT . RBHBuTÆ-

sasnakñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a CYnkalk*cMerInruger]g CYnkalk*Zø akćuH dUcCakarrIkcMerInkñ úgsm&yRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaC RBH:TeTvanm|iytisS eBlenaHRBHBuTÆsasnarIkcMerInxø aMg luHdlsm&yeRkaymkk*exSaykmø aMgeTAer]y > rhUtdl´ BÇsÇ 2048sm&yRBH:Tbrk,rmJhuénkUet :nebIkTV arTTYlGñkbreTsocUlmk CaBiessGgeKøsnigB&rTuyh< al´ ‘Portugal ’ ekaHlg, ak*EbkecjCa 3 GaNacRk KWGaNacRk c&hVna GaNacRkkUet nigGaNacRkEXnDI .

sm&yGsCatiGs´sasna GsEpndI KWsm&yénRBHraCaRKbRKgGaNacRkTaMg 3 :ndeN þ ImKñ aykC&yCMnHedayer[g>xø ÜnRbeTsB&rTuyh< al´RbkanzaCaGñkkN þ alEGGgćaMemIl minyUrb unµ ank*eTAcUlCamYynigRBH:TJhuénkUet edaymankaredaHdUrxagneya:y rhUtRBHraCapø as´sasna enHCaTisedArbsBYkB&rTuyh< alédIm|IykekaHlg, amkRKb´RKg ehIypSBVpSaysasnaRKis þ

nikayr¨ Um an´katUlik ehIybMpø icbMpø ajRBHBuTÆsasnanigsasnadéT rhUtdlGñkbYsRKis þykRBHcg, ÚmEkvmkbuk ehIye:HeTAkñ úgsmuRT RBHZm(Zø abÉtrugeracn ¾ k*eZV IoesAhµgcuHexSay enHCayuKcuHexSayénRBHBuTÆsasnaenARbeTssirIlg, ataMgBIenaHmk .RBHBuTÆsasnakMerIkeLIg:nenAsm&yRBH:TsirIviC&yraCsigØl kal BÇsÇ 2282-2290 RBHGg<RTgykRBHT&yTukdak

xø aMg eTIbbB¢ Ú anraCTUteTAsM uRBHsg ¹BIRbeTséz edIm|IbMbYskulbuRtsirIlg, a Etk*Gs´sg ¹ wm eRJHTUkEbkZø ayenAkN þ alpø Úv ehIyRBHGg<RTgRbQYn TIbMputk*Tivg<tenAeBlenaHeTA .

luHdlRBH:TkIrtisigØraCa RTgbJ¢ ÚnTUteTAsM uRBHsg ¹BIRbeTsézm þgeT[t kalenaHkSRténRkugGayuZüa RTgEtgtaMgnignimn þ Pik¡ úó:lIezr; RBmTaMgKN;ZmµTUtmkóbsm|TakulbuRtsirIlg, a . KN;ZmµTUtéz 25 Gg< manRBHezr;ó:lInigRBHezr;Griy-munICaRbZan GaRs&yTUkrbs´BYkhULg´ ecjBIRkugGayuZüakalBI BÇsÇ 2295 dlRTindUmalI kMBg´rbs´RbeTssirIlg, a eZV I dMeNIreRbIeBl 5 Ex 4 ézáeTIbdl´ .

Km¬ IrmhavgS:neJlza RBHezr;TaMgenaHnimn þeTAsñ akénAvt þbu:öramnigvt þEXnDI Pik¡ úsrNg,rGayu 55 qñ aM :nóbsm|TamundMbUg nig:nsæ abnaCasem þcsg ¹raCelIkdMbUg eRkaymk ó:lIezr;:nóbsm|TakulbuRt 700 Gg<nigsameNr 3Ç000 Gg< .

RbeTssirIlg, a manmhaviTüal&yBuTÆsasna ebIkTUlaydlGñkRtÚvkarsikSaman 2 kEnøg KWenAkULú MbUTaMgKU KWviTüal&ybrievN; nigviTüal&ylg, ar;brievN; viTüal&yTaMg 2 enH man#sEkvy agmaM l|Il|ajTUeTAkñ úgelak manGñksikSaBI«N Ð a PUma



- 37 -

éz en:l Cb¨ un cin GaLWm¨g´ GaemrikkaMg nigGgeKøs cUlsikSaPasa:lIsM®s, it sigØl nigBuTÆsasnaezrvaT .

bfmsg<aynaenAsirIlg,atamBgSavtasg< ItivgS:nGZib|ayza eRkayBI

RBHmanRBHPaKbriniBV an:n 238 qñ aM eZV Isg< aynaenAzU:rammhavihar manRBHGrhn þ 68 Gg< RBHmhin ÞetærCaRbZansg ¹ RBH:TeTvanm|iytisSCaGg<óbtæmÖk ¾ .

eRkayBIenaHmk BÇsÇ 454-466 sm&yRBH:Tvd þKaminIGP&y kSRtTI 9 RKbRKgGnuraZbur;mhanKr

dMbUgénRbeTssirIlg, a manvt þRbtibt þ iepSg>Kñ a KW ?-xagmhavihar rkSakarbdibt þ itamEdlmanmkehIy ehAza GñkGnurkSniym .

-cMENkm¡ ageT[t KWGP&yKirIvihar kanykkarEzmzy karse®g< aHCaeKal .

Rbvt þ isa®s þRtgenH:nniyayc|asza xagmha-vihar:nRbkanza BYkxø Üntwgrwgkñ úgZm(vin&y mankarmin

eBjcit þRBHPik¡ útisS eRJH:noTIsñ akńigóbkarRBH:Tvd þKaminIGP&y kalRTgeP[sxø ÜnEpñkneya:y 14 qñ aM rhUtmankmø aMgT&BvaybkdeN þ ImykraCsm|t þ iBIRBH:TTafiyTmiLmkvijehIyRKbRKgnKrGnuraZbur;tamedIm RBHPik¡ útisS;:nTakTgnigRBHraCaGg<enHrhUtmk .

KN;mhaviharmankarreg, {s mineBjcit þnigRBHPik¡ útisSza eTAsñ iTÆsñ alnigRKhsæeRcIneBk eTIbeZV IbBV aCnIykmµ KWbeN þjecjBIKN;sg ¹ tammtisg ¹PaKeRcIn . RBH:Tvd þKaminIGP&y RTgrlwkdlóbkarKuNrbs´RBHtisS; eTIbksagGP&yKirIzV ayGP&yKirIenAEdnGnuraZbur;enaHÉg . kalenaH RBHsg ¹kñ úgRbeTslg, ak*EbkKñ aCa 2 BYk edayehtudUceJlmkehIy .

vt þGP&yKirI



- 38 -

kMeNItRBHéRtbidk luHRBHsg ¹Zø abÉtÉkPaBKñ amkEbkCa 2 BYkdUecñH CaehtuokaryléXIjnigkarbdibt þ iepSgKñ a GñkEdllM:kkatk þ I mindwg

zaxagNaxus xagNaRtÚv KWRbCaCnCaBuTÆbris&TenaHÉg .edIm|IrkviZIEk nigkaryleXIjrbsRbCaCn RBH:Tvd þKaminIGP&y TTYlCaGñkóbtæmÖeZV Isg< aynaelIkTI 5 CaelIkTI 2 kñ úgekaHlg, a kal BÇsÇ 452 kEnøgxøHza BÇsÇ 433 edaymanRBHBuTÆ-Tt þetærCaRbZansg ¹ nigCaGñkecaTsYr RBHtisSmhaezr;CaGñkvisC¢namanRBHsg ¹rYmRbCM u 1Ç000 Gg< eZV I 1 qñ aMeTIbcbsBVRKb´ .

edIm|IomaMmYnCasæ aBr nigkarpSBVpSayTUeTAdlCneRcIn eTIbmankarcarwkCaGkSrsigØlelIsø wkrwt edIm|ITukokulbuRtCMnaneRkay:nsikSaer[nsURt Cakarbn þRBHBuTÆsasna .

kñ úgGg<RbCM uenaH mtiénRBHGrhn þyléXIjza teTAGnaKt stibBa ¦ anigkarcaMrbskulbuRtcuHexSaytamlMdab´ KWminGaccaMRBHéRtbidk:nc|aslaseT ebImin:ncarwkCatYGkSrTukeTenaH RBHBuTÆsasnaGacGn þraysabsUnüeTA JküeRb[nRbedAk*GacxusKnøgBIedIm .

kareZV Isg< aynaelIkenH CaRbeyaCn ¾d*ZMeZgNas´ eRJH:ncar

GkSr EdlCaJküeRb[nRbedArbsRBHsas þ aTukCaEbbc|abkñ úgRBHéRtbidk . sUm|IenAkñ úgRbeTsEdlrabGanRBHBuTÆsasnaezrvaTk*:nmkBIkareZV Isg< aynaelIkenHEdr .

karvivD¿n ¾énsg<aynakareZV Isg< aynamanmkeRcInelIkeRcInRKa nigCaeRcInRbeTs b¨ uEn þRbeTsnImYy> :nehAsg< aynamindUcKñ a EdlehAdUcKñ aKW

sg< aynaelIkTI 1-2-3 eZV Ikñ úgRbeTs«N Ð aEpñkxagezrvaT . srubkareZV Isg< aynamandUcteTAenH KW ?

carwkGkSrelIsø wkrwt

9



- 39 -

1Ç RbeTs«N Ð aeZV Isg< aynaénnikaysrvastivaTin eZV IenAkuN Ðlvihar nKrxln Þr; Ednksµ Ir; RbeTs«N Ð a RBH:TknisSkmharaCRTgóbtæmÖ kñ úgstvtSTI 5 Casg< aynaelIkTI 4 b uEn þRbeTsEdlkanBuTÆsasnaEpñkezrvaTTaMgGsminTTYls< al´ sg< aynaenaHeT zaminTakTgnigRBHéRtbidkrbsBYkxø Ün .

2Ç RbeTsPUma eZV Isg< aynaenAGaelakvihar zaeZV Isg< aynaelIkTI 4 dUcCaRbeTslg, a b uEn þkareZV Isg< aynaeRkay>mkénRbeTssirIlg, a PUmaminTTYls< al´ b uEn þPUmarabkareZV Isg< aynarbsxø Ün EdleZV IenAmN Ðel edaymanRBH:TmindugRTgóbtæmÖkal BÇsÇ 2414 ehIy:ncarwkRBHéRtbidkCabnigp Þ aMgzµEkv 729 p Þ aMg zaeZV Isg< aynaelIkTI 5 . PUmarabkareZV Isg< aynaenARbeTsrbs´xø Ün kal BÇsÇ 2497-2500 zasg< aynaelIkTI 6 ehIyTTYls< al´sg< aynazamanEt 6 dgb ueNÑ aH .

3Ç RbeTséz rabkareZV Isg< aynaenARbeTs«N Ð a 3 dg eZV Isg< aynaenARbeTs

sirIlg, a 4 dg KWeZV IenAzU:ram EdnGnuraZbur; kal BÇsÇ 236 zaCaelIkTI 4 . rab´ kareZV Isg< aynaenAGaelakviharRbeTssirIlg, a zasg< aynaelIkTI 5 KWkalRBHBuTÆ-eXasacarünimn þmkERbKm¬ IrRBHéRtbidk nigEtgGd ðkzaCaPasasigØlmkCaPasa:lI kal BÇsÇ 956 EtkEnøgxøHza BÇsÇ 953 zaCakareZV Isg< aynaelIkTI 6 nigkalRBH:Tbrk,rmJhuRTgeZV Ikal BÇsÇ 1587 rab´zaeZV Isg< aynaelIkTI 7 . zaeZV IenARbeTséz 2 dg KWeZV IenAext þeQ[gém¨ kal BÇsÇ 2020 sm&yRBH:TkWna zaeZV I sg< aynaelIkTI 8 . eZV Isg< aynaenAbwgkkkñ úgrC¢kalTI 1 zaCasg< aynaelIkTI 9 .rYmesck þ Iza RbeTsézzaeZV Isg< ayna 9 dg .

4Ç RbeTssirIlg, aTTYlzaeZV Isg< ayna 9 dg KWeZV IenARbeTs«N Ð a 3 dg eZV IenARbeTssirIlg, a 6 dg KW ?BÇsÇ 236 eZV Isg< aynaenAzU:ram RkugGnuraZbur; .BÇsÇ 452 eZV IenAGaluvihar Rkugm;t;el .BÇsÇ 956 eZV Isg< aynakalRBHBuTÆeXasacarünimn þmkERbKm¬ IrRBHéRtbidk .BÇsÇ 1696 eZV Isg< aynaenAb¨ Uelannabur; sm&yRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaC .

carwkRBH RtbidkCabnigp Þ aMgzµEkv

4



- 40 -

BÇsÇ 1757 eZV Isg< aynaenARkugTm¬ iy; kñ úgsm&yRBH:TviC&yJhuTI 3 .BÇsÇ 1809 eZV Isg< aynaenARkugTm¬ iy; sm&yRBH:TbN Ð itbrk,rmJhuTI 1 GñksagsirivD¿nanKr .karvivD¿n ¾énRBHBuTÆsasna RtÚv:nkMNt´kt´Rtakñ úgRbvt þ isa®s þ edayviZIeZV Isg< ayna :nnaMmkcuHer[gKñ aedIm|IoeXIjkar

RbRBwt þeTAénRBHBuTÆsasnakñ úgRbeTsnana nigsEm þgoeXIjza Galuviharmanesck þ IsMxan´ BuTÆsasnikKYrcaMTuk CakarrMlwkdl GñkR:C\sMxankñ úgRBHBuTÆsasna KWRBHBuTÆeXasacarüGñkrcnaGd ðkzaZmµbT EdleyIg:ns þ ab´:nsikSamkBI:lI GaluviharenaHÉg EdlplittRmabtRmaTaMgenaH .

teTAenHnwgGZib|ayBIsasnaRbcaMCatirbs´sirIlg, a EtsUmGZib|ayzyeRkaybn þ ic KWRtgBÇsÇ 234 kñ úgsm&yRBH:TGesakmharaC CabrmkSRtGg<dMbUg RTgelIktem, IgRBHBuTÆsasnaCasasnaRbcaMCati RTgmansTÆ acMeJHRBHBuTÆsasnad*ZMeZgrhUtRTgoRBHsg ¹smµtisImaCM uvijRBHraCvaMgrbs´RBHGg< edIm|IoRBHGg<fitenAkñ úgGanuPaBénRBHBuTÆsasna .

kareKarB karelIktem, IgRBHBuTÆsasna rhUtmkdl´BuTÆstvtSTI 14 eTaHCamineBjeljk*eday Etk*sEm þgoeXIjzakalknøgmk es þcEpndIRbeTssirIlg, a :nrab´GanRBHBuTÆsasnay¨ agsMxan´ . eRkaymkRbmaNBuTÆstvtSTI 16 rwtEtmanesck þ IsMxanxø aMgeLIg hakbIdUcCadakkRmitza buK<lNaCaes þcEpndI minRtwmEtCaBuTÆmamkCnb¨ ueNÑ aHeT b uEn þCaRBHeJZistVpgenHenAkñ úgTsSn;rbsRbCaCnRbeTssirIlg, a .

tBIRBH:TeTvanm|iytisSmk kSRtRKbRBHGg<RTgóbtæmÖRBHBuTÆsasnaedaylÁ RTgksagvihar mhaectiy sagesck þ I cMerInoRbeTsCatilg, a nigRBHBuTÆsasnaocMerIneLIg .

dl´sm&y BÇsÇ 250-975 mankarpø as´b þ Úrkñ úgRBHBuTÆsasna eRJH«TÆ iBlneya:yRbeTsCatimanTaMglÁ manTaMgGaRkk

layLMKñ a dUcCaRBH:TcUrnaK OrsrbsRBH:Tvd þKaminIGP&y RTgRbkasCasRtÚvnigRBHBuTÆsasna rhUtdlbBa¢ aodutvt þGaramecalTaMg 18 kEnøg eRJHesck þ IeRkaZzaRBHsg ¹minCYyRBHGg< kalRBHGg<eZV Ikark|tRBH:TcUnikmhatisS .kalRBH:TPatikaP&y BÇsÇ 581-609 RTgykRBHT&yCYykñ úgRBHBuTÆsasnaeRcIn :nzV aybrik¡ ardl´RBHsg ¹ nigeZV IBiZI

visaxbUCay¨ agZMdléTA 28 dg .kalRBH:TGamN ÐKamnI BÇsÇ 622-632 RTg´bBa ¦t þ i ²kudmamat³ kñ úgRbeTslg, atamRBHraCcriyarbsRBH:TGesak

mharaC eRkaymksm&yRBH:TkNrCanutisS BÇsÇ 632-635 RTgbBa¢ aonaMPik¡ úEdlRbRBwt þminlÁkñ úgZmµvin&yeTAe:Hkñ úgeRCaHectiybB(t 60 Gg< eRJHmankMhuskñ úgKN;sg ¹ kalenaHRBHraCaRTgCYykatk þ IoPik¡ ú 60 Gg<enaHxus Pik¡ úTaMgenaHminTTYl

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kMhus EzmTaMgmanEpnkareZV IXatRBHGg<eT[tpg eTIbRBHGg<vinicä &ydUecñ aH .Rbvt þ iRBHBuTÆsasnakñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a EdlnaMykmkoelakGñk:neXIjeRJHza RKby agTaMgGskñ úgelakenH suTÆEtZø ak´

eTAkñ úgc|abéRtl&k¡N ¾ KWmankarekIteLIg kartaMgenA ehIyk*rlteTA mancMerIn manvinasCaZmµta . eBlNaRBHmhakSRtCa

BuTÆsasnik RBHBuTÆsasnak*cMerIn eBlNaRBHmhakSRtpø as´b þ ÚredayGMNacneya:y RBHBuTÆsasnak*TnéxSaycuHeTAEdr .RbTIbénvisuTÆ imK<

sm&yRBH:Tmhanamkñ úg BÇsÇ 952-975 manGd ðkzacarüd*sMxanmYyGg<nimn þmkBIRbeTs«N Ð a KWRBHBuTÆeXasacarü elakekItenAeXasKam Ek|rEdnBuTÆKya RbeTs«N Ð a kñ úgstvtSTI 10 CabuRtrbsRJhµN ¾ bitaeQµ aH eksI mataeQµ aH eksinI elakmannamza ²eXaskumar³ GaRs&ynimit þézáekIt mnusSkñ úg

PUminaMKñ aeh) akeBa¢ {vedayesck þ IrIkray eTIbtaMgnamdUecñ aH .óruevlaesnaniKm mans Þ wgenrBa¢raCaEdnkMeNItrbsGñkR:C\ mankit þ iKuNkit þ inambn þKñ atamyuKtamsm&y taMgBICdil 3 nak´ bgbÁ Ún CaGacarübUCaePø Igk*enAEdnmKZ; kñ úgsm&yRBHmanRBH-PaKRTgEsVgrkemak¡Zm( 6 RBHvsSa ravrkmK<plniBV anTIbMputk* :nseRmcGmt;Zm(RtasdwgeRkamedImeJZiRBwkS kñ úgbrievNóruevlaesnaniKm ßehAzaBuTÆKya . CIvitrbsélakBuTÆeXa-sacarü cMerIneLIgkñ úgRbéBNIRJhµN ¾ elaksikSakñ úgéRtevTy agCMnaj ehIyqø attaMgBIekµg mankarTukcit þkñ úgcMeNHdwgrbs´ xø Ün eZV IdMeNIreTATaMgCm¬ ÚTV Ib RtÚvkaresvnanigGñkR:C\TaMgLayb uEn þeTAdlTINa smaKmNaCakEnøgl|Il|ajxagbBa ¦ a GñkR:C\TaMgenaHk*T&lbBa ¦ a minGacsn ÞnaeTAeT[t:neLIy bBaØ aEdleXaskumarsYr BM umanGñkNaedaHRsayrYc mhaCn:ntaMgnamza ²BuTÆeXas;³ mann&yza “GñkRbkasZm( ßmansemøgmkBI

RBHBuTÆeXasacarü

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RBHBuTÆ” CaPar;kñ úgkareRb[nRbedAGñkCMnaneRkay ehIy:nnamzaRBHBuTÆeXasacarütaMgBIenaHmk . ézámYy eXaskumardwgzabN Ð itmanenAkñ úgvt þBuTÆsasna eTIbeZV IdMeNIreTAvt þenaH RBHsg ¹kMBugbdibt þ iZm(eRcInryGg< manRBHervtmhaezr ßRBHsg ¹ehAza²RBHZmµeXasetær³ CaGZibtIsg ¹kñ úgvt þenaH . RBHervtmhaezrtamRbvt þ ieJlza CaRBHxINaRsB EbkZø aykñ úgbdismÖ iTa eXas-

kumar:ncUleTACYbehIyk*sn Þna :nsURtmn þmYybTeQµ aHza ²btBa¢lI³ manesck þ InigGtæn&yd*BIeraH karsn ÞnaenaHRBHervt;RCabza maNBenHmanbBa ¦ aRCaleRCANas´ eyIgKYrrkviZIpø as´b þ ÚrKMnitoTalEt:n eTIbmanezrdIkaeTAkanmaNBeXaskumarenaHza²GñkNaERsknu @H dUcCasemøgBEB³

eXaskumarsYrRBHezr;za ²elakdwgsemøgBEBpgß /³ RBHmhaezr;tbza ²eGI Gatµ adwg³ TIbMputmaNBk*sYrbBaØ aepSg> rYmTaMgKm¬ Ir«tihas; ‘Rbvt þ isa®s þ ’ RBHmhaezrk*eqø Iy:nTaMgGs´ eRJHRBHezr;sikSay¨ ag

CMnajkñ úgéRtevTmkBImunRsabehIy . RBHezr;manezrdIkaeTAkaneXaskumarza Gatµ aRtÚvGñksYrmkeRcInehIy «LÚvenHGatµ anwgsM u

sYrGñkEtmYybBaØ aeT eTIbRBHmhaezr;elIkbBaØ akñ úgcit þymk; énKm¬ IrRBHGPiZmµmksYrza ?ysS cit þÇ ób|C¢ti n niruCÄti tsS cit þÇ niruCÄisSti n ób|C¢ isSti ysS va bn cit þÇ niruCÄisSti n ób|C¢ isSti tsS cit þÇ ób|C¢ti n niruCÄti .

ERbza ²cit þbuK<lNaekItenAminTanrlt´ cit þbuK<lenaHnwgrlt´ nwgminekItß/ ßzacit þrbs´buK<lNanwgrlt´ nwgminekIt cit þ

buK<lenaHekItenAminTanrlt ß /”

eXaskumar:ns þ ab´bBaØ akñ úgRBHGPiZmµ k*ggwtggl´tbmin:n eTIbRBmcajRBHezr; eXaskumarsYrRBHezr;za bBaØ aenHeQµ aHGV I/ RBHezr;tbza ²enHCaBuTÆmn þ³ eXaskumarRtÚvkaroRBHezr;beRg[nBuTÆmn þenaH b¨ uEn þRBHezr;manezrdIkaza minGacbeRg[n:neTeRkABIGñkenaHbYssin eTIbsmKYrer[nRBHBuTÆmn þenH eXaskumarehtuEtcger[nBuTÆmn þ eTIbsM ubBVC¢ anigóbsm|Takñ úgRBHBuTÆsasnakñ úgsMNakRBHervtmhaezrenaHÉg .

elak:nbYsedaykardwknaMrbsRBHervtetær luHbYsehIyelakósSah ¾sikSaBuTÆvcn;edayeKarB rhUtEbkZø aykñ úgRBHéRt-bidknigGd ðkza :nR:rBÆEtgGd ðkzaRBHGPiZmµeQµ aH Gd ðkzasalinI nigGd ðkzadéTeT[t . eBlRBHBuTÆeXas;enAkñ úgsMNak

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RBHervt þmhaezrCaGacarü elak:nEtgKm¬ IrmundMbUgbgÁs´ KWKm¬ IrjaeNÑ aT&y nigKm¬ IrGd ðsalinI CaGd ðkzaKm¬ IrZmµsg<NIkñ úgRBHGPiZmµbidk kalenaHRBHervtetær:ndwknaMza ebIEtgGd ðkzaTaMgenH KYreZV IdMeNIreTAekaHlg, a eRJHkalenaHenARbeTs«N Ð amanEtRBHéRtbidkCaPasa:lIsuTÆ rIÉGd ðkzaTaMgLaymanenARbeTssirIlg, a CaPasasigØl edaymanRBHsarIbut þetær ‘minEmnRBH-

sarIbut þGK<sav&keT’ nigRBHmhin Þetær:nrcnaTuk .RBHBuTÆeXas;cUlekaHlg,a

RBHBuTÆeXas;eZV IdMeNIreTAekaHlg, akñ úgsm&yRBH:Tmhanam elak:neLIgsMeBAenATisxagt|ÚgénRbeTs«N Ð a RBmTaMgBYkQµ Üj »za ézáEdlRBHBuTÆeXas;ecjBIkMBg´énCm¬ ÚTV Ib ‘«N Ð a’ enaH sMeBArbsBuTÆTt þmhaezr CaCnCati«N Ð aeZV IdMeNIreTAERbKm¬ IrenAekaHlg, aenaHEdr :necjsMeBAeTAdMNalKñ a .

kalenaH mankarTTYlRBHBuTÆeXas;y¨ agGZikGZm ehIyelakcUlKal´sem þcRBHsg ¹raC eTIbeTAsRmakkñ úgvihar . elak:ns þ ab´Gd ðkzaPasasigØlkñ úgsMNakRBHsg ¹:l; nigvaT;RBHezr;TaMgLayrhUtcb´ ehIyk*srubza TaMgGsenHCaJkürbs RBHmanRBHPaK eTIbelaksM uKm¬ IrTaMgGsBICMnM usg ¹ edIm|IykeTArcnaGd ðkza . RBHsg ¹kñ úgTIRbCM uenAminTaneC]bBa ¦ arbsélakeTeTIbmansg ¹mtiRBmKñ aRbKló 2 KazaGMBIKm¬ IreTvtasMyut þ osakGZib|ayemIlsin Cakarsakl|gbBa ¦ a edaymanezrdIkaza²ebIelakGacsEm þgkñ úg 2 KazaenH:nR:kdehIy eTIbRbKlKm¬ IrdéToeT[t” . Kaza 2 bT Edl:nTTYlmkenaH dUcCaeRK]gvasoeRbIbBa ¦ ariHKit . KazadMbUgCabBaØ aEdleTvtabB¢ Ú anoeTvtamYyGg< eTATUlsYrRBHsas þ aenAJk´kN þ alGRZaRt manKazamYyXø aza ?

Gen þ aCda BhiCda Cday Cdita bCatMtM eKatm bucä ami eka «mM viCtey CdM

ERbza BYkstVmanbN þ ajkielsTaMgxageRkA TaMgxagkñ úg RtÚvéRBsñ ab´KWtNØ akanýkehIy bBiRtRBHeKatmd*cMerIn xM \ úRBHGg< sUmTUlsYrRBHGg<za buK<lNahñ @ nwgCRmHéRBsñ abénaH:n .

KazaTI2 CaKazaEdlRBHmanRBHPaKRtastbbBaØ anigeTvtaza ?

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sIel btid ð ay nera sbeJa ¦ a cit þ M bJa ¦Ja© PavyM GatabI nibeka Pik¡ ú esa «mM viCtey CdM

ERbza Pik¡ úGñkmanbBa ¦ ataMgenAkñ úgsIl GbrMcit þnigbBa ¦ aocMerIn manesck þ IBüayam manbBa ¦ arkSaxø Ün GñknwgCRmHéRBsñ ab´ ‘KW

tNØ a’ enaH:n .luHRBHBuTÆeXas;:nTTYlKaza 2 KazaBIKN;sg ¹enaHehIy eTIbcabep þ ImGZib|ayesck þ I k*:nseRmcCaKm¬ IrvisuTÆ imK< KW seg¡bRBHéRtbidkTaMgGscuHkñ úgsIl smaZi bBa ¦ a :nCaes[vePA 3 k|al . luHsresrcbehIy minTan:nzV ayKN;sg ¹ lg, apg RsabÉtc|abedImenaH:teTA eTIbelaksresrsaCazµ IeT[t b¨ uEn þk*:téTAeT[t elaksresres[vePAenaHdleTA 3 dgeTIbseRmc:n .

minyUrb unµ anmaneKnaMykes[vePAedImc|abEdl:tTaMg 2c|abenaHmkRbeKnelakvij enHCakarsakl|gbBa ¦ a1rbselakelaknaMKm¬ IrvisuTÆ imK<TaMg 3 c|abéTAzV ayKN;sg ¹lg, a luHKN;kmµkarsg ¹RtÜtTaMg 3 c|abenaHehIy mankarGs© arüxø aMgNas´ eRJHeXIjza TaMg 3 c|ab´ manGtæn&ydUcKñ aRKbý agTaMgGs´ «tmanxusRtgNaeLIy KN;sg ¹TaMgenaH:nzV aysB ÞsaZukarBrRKbGg< .

manJküeJlza RBHBuTÆeXas;enHCaRBHsI uGarüemRtIymk

ekIt eTIbRbKlKm¬ IrRBHéRtbidk RBmTaMgKm¬ IrGd ðkzaTaMgLay

zV aydlélakedayesck þ IrIkray .elak:neZV IdMeNIreTAedIm|IERbKm¬ IrRBHéRtbidk EdlCa

ZmµnuBa ¦rbsRBHBuTÆsasna bN þ aGd ðkzacarüTaMgLay elakERbRBHéRtbidk GZib|ay bMEbkesck þ IRBHZmµvin&y rabzaCakareZV I

1 eKeC]za maneTvtamksakl|gbBa ¦ arbsélak .

RBHBuTÆeXasacarüERbKm¬ Ir

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sg< aynaelIkTI 6 kñ úgBuTÆsasna GñksikSaEpñkxag:lIs< alélakRKbKñ a .manJkümYyenAkñ úges[vePABuTÆeXas;:nniyayza elaksresrKm¬ IrepSg>CaeRcIn kalelaksñ akénAelahR:saT GaKar

7 Can´ Ek|redImeJZinigmhavihar elakGaRs&yR:saTCaneRkam CanelICaTIGaRs&yrbsRBHmhaezr; EdlCMnajkñ úgKm¬ IrepSg>

eBlNaelakRtÚvkarsá at´ k*nimn þeTAGrBa ¦vasI éRBPñ MGaluviharCaRbcaM .kalRBHBuTÆeXasacarürcnaKm¬ IrnanatamRtÚvkarehIy eTIbrYbrYmtRmaCaKm¬ Ir:lIRBHéRtbidknigGd ðkza EdlsMKalzaRtwmRtÚvtameKalZm(kñ úgRBHBuTÆsasnamkdakm þ M ú ehIyEjkKm¬ IrNaEdleXIjzaminRtwmRtÚvmkTukm þ M ú ehIyoykeTAdutecal edIm|IkM uoGñksikSaCMnaneRkayylRcLM .

eTaHCaelak:ncakBIeyIgralKñ aeTA 1Ç500 Cagqñ aMehIyk*eday b¨ uEn þdrabNaKm¬ IrGd ðkzaenAman kit þ iys KuNnigekr¬ œeQµ aHBIeraHl|Irbsélak k*enAl|Ix Þrx Þ arTUeTATaMgBiPBelakdrabenaH . kñ úgbN þ aKm¬ IrGd ðkzaCagJkkN þ al suTÆEtCamt(kd*Gs© arükat´ ézøBM u:n elak:nrcnaTukCasm|t þ irbs´GnuCnCMnaneRkay dUcCaGd ðkzavin&yTaMgGs´ Gd ðkzaRBHsURtTaMgGs´ nigGd ðkza

RBHGPiZmµTaMgGs´ PaKeRcInRBHBuTÆeXasacarürcnaTaMgGs´ . Km¬ IrmundMbUgbMputEdlelakEtgenAsirIlg, a KWKm¬ IrvisuTÆ imK < :nGZib|aykñ úgsIl smaZi bBa ¦ ay agBis þ ar edayKaza 3 bTb¨ ueNÑ aH ehAzaeBRClÁÉkkñ úgelak KWKm¬ IrrbsézrvaTenHÉg .RBHBuTÆeXasacarü eZV IdMeNIreTAekaHlg, adUces þcraCsIh ¾ manGanuPaBxø aMgNas´ . luHnimn þeTAdlk*catkarERbsigØlGd ðkza

mkCaPasa:lI eRJHtamRbvt þ ieJlza RBHmhin ÞetærCaRBHGrhn þ OrsrbsRBH:TGesakmharaC naMmkBIRbeTs«N Ð a :nsresrCaPasasigØltamEbbedIm edIm|ICaRbeyaCn ¾dl´GñksikSaRBHBuTÆsasnakñ úgekaHlg, a . eRkaymk RBHBuTÆeXasacarüERbGd ðkzasigØlmkCaPasa:lI kñ úgstvtSTI 10 ehAza ²:lIGd ðkza³ plRbeyaCn ¾TaMgenH man«TÆ iBldl´menaseBa©tnaGñkkan BuTÆsasnakñ úgelakTaMgmUl .

Gd ðkzaEdlmanenAkñ úgRbeTssirIlg, aenaH KWmhaGd ðkza Gd ðkzabc©rIy; nigGd ðkzakurun Þ I RBHBuTÆeXasacarüERbGd ðkzakurun Þ I CaPasasigØlmkCaPasamKZ; ehIyrcnaKm¬ Irsmn þb|saTika EdlCaGd ðkzaRBHvin&ybidk tmkeTIbERbmhaGd ðkza ehIyrcnaGd ðkzaRBHsut þn þbidk KW ?

Gd ðkzaTIXnikay eQµ aH sumg<lvilasinI Gd ðkzamCÄimnikay eQµ aH bbJa©sUTnI

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Gd ðkzasMyut þnikay eQµ aH sartæbkasinI Gd ðkzaGg< út þrnikay eQµ aH menarzbUrNI

ehIyERbGd ðkzabc©rIy; nigrcnaGd ðkzaénRBHGPiZmµeQµ aHza Gd ðsalinI nigviPg<bkrN ¾eQµ aH semµ ahvienaTnI Gd ðkzaénbkrN ¾TaMg 5 eQµ aHbrmtæTIbnI rYcehIyeTIbnimn þRtLbRbeTs«N Ð a :nnaMtRmaepSg>rbselakEtgenaH CaRbeyaCn ¾dlĆnCati «N Ð aCaeRcIn eRkABIenH elak:nrcnaKm¬ IrdéTeT[t dUcCaGd ðkzaZmµbTCaedIm rYmesck þ IzaKm¬ IrEdleyIgsikSasBVézáenH CalTÆplrbs´RBHBuTÆeXasacarüPaKeRcIn .

RBHBuTÆeXas;munnwgRtLbeTA«N Ð avij elak:nsEm þgZmµkzaCaPasasM®s, wt enHcgÁ úloRBHsg ¹sirIlg, adwgza RBHBuTÆ-eXas;ecHTaMgPasasM®s, wteT[tpg minEmnecHcMeJHPasa:lIb ueNÑ aHeT . luHRBHGg<sEm þgRBHZmµeTsnacb´ :nTTYleRK]gsk, arbUCaRBHZm(cMnYneRcIn EtRBHGg<RbeKndlRBHsg ¹lg, aTaMgGs´ ehIyk*cUleTAzV aybg< MlaRBHsg ¹raC nigRBHmhaezrTaMg

Lay eTIbnimn þ

eLIgsMeBAeTACamYyBYkQµ Üj RtLbEdnBuTÆPUmi CaRsukkMeNItrbs´RBHGg<vij . luHRtLbdl´RbeTs«N Ð aehIyRBHGg<nimn þeTAzV aybg< MRBHóbCÄay ¾ KWRBHervtmhaezr TUlGMBIkarERbKm¬ Irer[ber[gRBHZmµvin&yedaybribUN( rYcehIyzV aybg< MlaecA

GZikaredIm|Inimn þeTArkejamRbus ejamRsIenAEdnKya . luHdlPUmiEdlZø ab´GaRs&yenA RBHGg<:nRCabza ejamTaMgBIreZV IkalkiriyaGsehIy eTIbnimn þeTAviharRBHmhaeJZiBuTÆKya CaTIsæ anRtas´dwgrbs´RBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆ RbKlkayzV ayCIviteZV Isk, arbUCaedImeJZiCanic©nirn þr ¾ .

luHRBHBuTÆeXasacarümrN;PaBehIy :nykGd ð iZaturbselak nigsagectiyTukenAEk|redImeJZiRtasdwg KWenATisxaglicénedImeJZienaHÉg .

vt þsiKiriyapø ÚveLIgeTAelIPñ MsiKiriy a CeN þ IreZV IGMBI«d ð x¬séhIyecat Etk*minlM:keRJHtampø ÚvmankEnøgsñ ak´tUc> manblø &g,eZV IGMBIzµd*ZM

TIenHCakEnøgRbzabrbs RBH:TksSb;nigmehsI edIm|ITtkarelgepSg> . bn Þ ab´BIkEnøgelgepSg>enaHmk eXIjrUgxagkñ úgtan TIenHkalBIedImCarUgRtgkatPñ MeTAm¡ ageT[t Capø ÚvkM:MgBYksRtÚv Etbc© úb|nñdI:k´kb´rUgenaHGsehIy enAslEtmatrUgCaPs þ útag

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47

b ueNÑ aH . enATisxaglicPñ MsiKiriya emIleTAeXIjRBHraCvaMgrbsRBH:TksSb; ‘1021-1039’ pñt´zµCanTI1 CaOTüan mkdl CanTI 5-6-7 Cap ÞHsMNakrbsBYknagsñ MénRBH:TksSb; b¨ uEn þsBVézáeyIgemIlminsUveXIjGV IeRkABIedImeQIduHeBjTaMgGs eRJHeBlevlavapø as´b þ ÚroeTACaZmµCatitamedImvij .

enAkN þ alPñ MenH kEnøgmYymanviciRtkrBIedImKUrrUbTuk rUbenHl|IenAkñ úgRbeTssirIlg, anigTUeTAkñ úgBiPBelak man 17 rUb Gayu eRcInCag 1Ç500 qñ aM «LÚvenHenAslrUblÁ> 6-7 rUbb ueNÑ aH rUbPaBTaMgenHeKehAza E®hVs, Ú ‘fresco ’ CarUbPaBEdlcasbMputkñ úgsm&yCamYyKñ anigrUbPaBGqn þ akñ úgRbeTs«N Ð a eKsnñ id ð anzaCasñ aédCamYyKñ a eZV IosiKiriyamaneQµ aHl|I oGñkeTscreTATsSnaCaeRcIn EtKYronwks þ ayeRJHrUbPaBTaMgenHRtÚvézá RtÚvePø {gnigxül´ eZV IovinashinehaceTAbn þ icm þg> nigBYkGñkrBisédKUrvasdakeQµ aHxø ÜnÉgxøH eQµ aHGñkdéTxøH eKdwg

eThñ @za viciRtkrEdleKmin:nGeBa¢ Ij min:nCYlenaHCaXatkeZV IovinaseTAvijeT .RkeLkemIlBIcmá ayeXIjdM uzµmYydM uZM x¬s´RtEdtputcugeQITaMgLay

Camt(kBiPBelakrabJn´qñ aMmkehIy Pñ MsiKiriya ßsI uhDIr&n<; kalBIedImRBH:TksSb;Zø abýkeZV ICaraCZanI 18 qñ aM R:saTraCvaMgksag 7 qñ aM .

siKiriyaCaGnusSavrIy ¾énes þccit þ:b eRJHRBH:TksSb;:neZV I XatRBHbitaedIm|IdeN þ ImraCblø &g, RBHbitaenaHRTgmansTÆ akñ úgBuTÆsasnaRTglubecalnUvc|abRbharCIvit EtraCOrsrbsRBHGg<CaGñkTuy(s luH:nraCsm|t þ iehIy RTgpø as´b þ ÚrraCZanImkksagenAelIkMBUlPñ MenH esB

esck þ Isux 18 qñ aM . eTaHCaOrsGktBa ¦ ÚenAelIPñ MkMBsémXk*eday k*eKcBIc|abkmµmin:nEdr RtÚvkumaremaK<lø anbÁ ÚneRkAmataelIkT&BmkBIRbeTs«N Ð a rMlMvimanes þccit þ:b KWRBH:TksSb;Tivg<tedaycugdavy¨ agGeNacGZm .

siKiriya CakEnøgTsSnad*sMxanrbsCnCatisirIlg, a bc© úb|nñPñ MenH eQµ aHdUcKñ anigeQµ aHPUmi cmá ayBIRkugkULú MbUeTATis¤sanRbmaN 180 KI LÚEm¨Rt GñkcUlemIlRtÚvbgviPaKTan edIm|ICYyTMnukbMrugOTüano:nlÁ .

Pñ MsiKiriya

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48

kEnøgenH PaKeRcIndwgmkBIGmt;niTan nigRBHraCaEdles þcyagmkRbTH :nCabRBHT&yehIyRtasza fansYK(rbsmnusSsiKiriyaminEmnCakEnøgTsSnarIkrayEtmü¨ ageT b uEn þkalRBHmanRBHPaKRTgbriniBV anehIy 277 qñ aM kalenaHRBH:TeTvanm|iy-tisSmharaCénRbeTssirIlg, a es þcyagmkTtkEnøgenH ehIyRTgtaMgnamPñ MenHza Pñ MraCsIh ¾ eRkaymkRbmaN BÇsÇ 440-

454 RBH:Tbu lhtæ;kSRtGg<TI 20 rbssirIlg, a RTg´ksagsalasRmabPavnaeT[tpg .sm&yRBH:TJhiy; CaRBHraCOrsénRBH:Tbu lhtæ; RTgksagsalaTansRmabPik¡ úsg ¹ rhUtdlsm&yRBH:Tklüb;BÇsÇ 1020 RTg´sagsIhKirIenHnigRBHraCvaMg luHRBHGg<Tivg<tehIy siKiriya:nzV aydl´RBHsg ¹eZV ICaGaram manRBHezr;GñkEtgKm¬ IrmhavgSCaRbZansg ¹kñ úgGaramenaH .

siKiriyaCaGaramd*sMxan´ manGñkykeTAERbCaPasarbsxø ÜneRcInsasn ¾ :neJldUcKñ aza enAkEnøgenHKµ anGV ITakTgnigRBH-BuTÆsasnaeT EtebIebIkemIlRbvt þ isa®s þrbssirIlg, anwgeXIjza TIenHCakEnøgRBHsasnad*sMxanmYyEdr . ebIemIlBIelIPñ MmkeRkam eXIjmnusStUc>b¨ unRsemac GñkksagR:saTenAelIPñ MenH KWRBH:TZatuesn RTgRKbRKgnKrGnuraZbur; RbmaN BÇsÇ

1020-1038 RTgmanbMNgsæ abnaRBHGg<oeTACaPartraCa CatMENgbgØ ajBiPBelakza RTgCaRBHraCamanGMNacelIEpndI .RBHGg<RTgminTan:nksagpg RKanEtrYbrYmzvikaedIm|IsagR:saTelIkMBUlPñ MenHb¨ ueNÑ aH RBHraCkumarksSb;RBHOrsrbs RBHGg< edayyleXIjza RBHGg<minmanOkasRKgraCü RTBüsm|t þ irbs´RBHmhakSRtk*nwgGseTA RBmTaMgraCbl& øg,Zø akéTAelI RBHraCkumaremaK<lø an RBHraCkumarksSb;k*eZV Ird ðRbhar :ncUleTAsM uraCsm|t þ iBIRBHbita obitaR:bkEnøgTukdakRTBüsm|t þ i RBH:TZatuesnRTgmanEtGagTwk nigGaramEdlksagrYcehIyTUeTATaMgRbeTsCamhasm|t þ i RBHOrsksSb;mineBjRBHT&yehIycabRBHraCbitaykeTAXM uXaMgenAPñ MsiKiriya ehIybUksI um¨g´t ¾kb´bitaTaMgrs´ eTIbsæ abnaRBHGg<CakSRt nigpø as´b þ ÚrRBHnKrGnuraZbur; mkenAsiKiriya .

ÉRBHraCkumaremaK<lø anCaRBHGnuC :neP[sxø ÜneTAenARbeTs«N Ð aPaKxagt|Úg ehIyrYbrYmkgkmø aMgelIkT&BRtLbmkeLamB&TÆvimanrbsksSb;elIkMBUlPñ MsiKiriya :ncabRBH:TksSb;RbharCIvit enAEk|rkEnøgEdlxø ÜnbUksI um¨g´t ¾kb´bitaTaMgrsénaHÉgxø ÜneZV Ikmµy agNa kmµk*oply agenaH .

kalsasnakñ úgsirIlg, acuHexSay siKiriyamhavihark*minmanGñkNaemIlkarxusRtÚv beN þ ayoedImeQInigesµ AduHTUeTATaMgGs´ kø ayeTACaT IGaRs&yrbs´BYkstVTaMgLay .

RbeTssirIlg, a manraCZanICaeKalZM> 4 kEnøg KW ?

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49

1Ç raCZanIGnuraZbur; BÇsÇ 106-1460 .2Ç raCZanIb¨ Uelannaruv; BÇsÇ 1560-1778 .3Ç raCZanIsirivD¿naburI ßEXnDI BÇsÇ 2140-2358 .

4Ç raCZanIC&yvD¿naburI ßkULú MbU .GnuraZbur;CaraCZanI b¨ Uelannaruv;CaraCZanITI2 KWb þ ÚrmkBIraCZanIGnuraZbur;enaHÉg .

TIlansigØ:TenAeCIgPñ MsiKiriyaTIland*ZMGacsRmak:nsb|ay munnwgeLIgeTAemIlR:saTenAelIkMBUlPñ MsiKiriya eXIjrUbcmø akéCIgraCsIh ¾ZM> RKanEt

RkckeCIgEvg 2 Em¨Rt 40 enAkEnøgenHemIleXIjPñ MenHTaMgGs´ eXIjdUcCaraCsIh ¾RkabenArvageCIgTaMgBIr CaCeN þ IreLIgeTAelI kMBUlPñ MsigØ:TenH ksagedIm|ICaTIsMNak rbs´Pñ ak´garGñkbMerIRBH:TksSb; RBmTaMgmehsI eBlybes þcyageTARbzabkñ úgR:saT minGnuBa ¦ atoGñkNaeTACamYyeT.

elIPñ MenH manrUbcmø ak´RBH:TksSb;eRkaymkRBH:TemaK<lø anRKgraCü RTg´

bBa¢ aovayEbk:kéhIye:HeTAkñ úgeRCaH .enAnwgp Þ aMgzµ:nsresrza enARtgdM uzµCablø &g,TIRbzabrbsRBH:TksSb; RBmTaMgmehsI edIm|ITteTAxageRkameBlRbCaCncUlKal´RBHGg< .

enAeCIgPñ MsiKiriya

- 50 -



50

sux>k*ekIts®g<am RbeTssirIlg, a:nsuxminyUrb unµ ank*ekItswks®g< am edayCnCatisigØlnigBYkTmiL maner]gkabsmø ab´Kñ aCaer]y>mk teTA

enHnwgGZib|ayRsavRCaveTAkñ úger]genHbn þ ic KWBYksigØlCaCnCatiedIm RbkanzaCam© as´RbeTs rabGanRBHBuTÆsasnarhUtmk KW taMgBIRBH:TviC&y rIÉBYkTmiLCaBYkeP[sxø ÜnmkBIRbeTs«N Ð aPaKxagt|Úg mkrukranBYksigØledayKitza nwgRKbRKgekaHlg, aRkumenHCaBYkkansasnadéTBIBuTÆsasna eRkABIcg´RKbRKgEpndIehIy :njaMjITwkcit þ KWeb[teb[nRBHBuTÆsasnarhUtmk .

eyIgs< al´BYkTmiLmkyUrehIy kñ úgnammnusSTuc©ritkacsahav ebImanGñkNamñ ak´RbRBwt þGaRkkkacsahavéRBépS k*ehAbuK<lenaHza TmiL .

luHRtÚvBYkTmiLmanKñ aeRcIn manGavuZlÁCag raCZanIb¨ Uelannaruv;GacmaneRKaHzñ ak´minticeLIy GñkRsukP\ aképÁ Il P&yxø acedkminsUvlk´ eRJHBYkTmiLenHÉg .

sm&yNamhakSRtmanGMNacxø aMg RbeTsCatik*:nsux sm&yNaGñkdwknaMTnéxSayminsUvmanGMNac BYkTmiLdUcCaRkumecarcaMemIlrkOkas ebI:nOkasehIyk*rukcUleZV Is®g< amKñ aPø am RbeTsZø ab´:nsuxeTACanaMKñ aekItTuk¡eRJHs®g< am . manehtu karN ¾y agenHrhUtmk luHmkdlyuKRBH:Tmhin ÞTI 5 RKgraCüBÇsÇ 1544 ekIts®g< amkñ úgRsukd*ZM eRJHkSRtminmanR:C\ akñ úgkarc|aMgenaHÉg Zø ak´mkelIRbCaCnTTYlkmµ .

BÇsÇ 2103 KÇsÇ 1560 BYkecaL;CaCatiTmiLelIkT&Bmkvay ehIyRKbRKgb¨ Uelannaruv;:nTaMgGs´ ehIyk*nireTskSRtecjeRkARbeTs kSRtGg<enaHk*eP[sxø ÜneTAenARbeTs«N Ð a RBmTaMgRBHOrsEdleTIbEtRbsUtminyUrb unµ an eRkaymkRBHOrs

rbs´RBH:Tmhin ÞTI 5 manv&ycMerInehIy k*beg, ItT&BcUleTAvaykMcatBYkTmiL manTaMgcajTaMgQñH Gsry;eBl 40 qñ aM .luHmkdl´ BÇsÇ 2142 KÇsÇ 1599 RBHraCkumarEdlCaemT&BvayBYkTmiLenaH :nbeN þjBYkTmiLecjBIEdnGnuraZbur;

nigb¨ Uelannaruv;:nseRmc ehIyRKbRKgraCsm|t þ irhUtmk RTgmanRBHnamza viC&yJhuTI1 .kñ úgBÇsÇ 2142-2196 KÇsÇ 1599-1653 RBHBuTÆsasnaRTuDeRTamy¨ agxø aMg sasnsæ anTaMgLayRBmTaMgsasnvtæ ú

manRBHBuTÆrUbCaedIm RtÚvBYkTmiLeZV IoGn þrayEbk:kex Þcx Þ IGs´ minxusGV IBInaln Þ aRtÚvdutenaHeT xVHRBHPik¡ úsg ¹ Pik¡ úsg ¹EdlmancMeNHdwgRCaleRCAkñ úgsasna k*naMKñ aeP[sxø ÜnGs´ rkRBHsg ¹Et 10 Gg<k*Bi:k RbCaCnk*ek þ ARkhay kalenaHRBHmhakSRtRTg´ bB¢ Ú anTUteTAsM uRBHsg ¹BIRbeTsPUma .

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51

eRkayBIRBH:TviC&yJhuTivg<tehIy EdndIlg, aEdlZø ab´RtCakRtCM k*eTACaek þ AKKukm þgeT[t Gsry;CaeRcInqñ aM manEtkSRtxVHKuNZm(RKbRKgRbeTs exSaykñ úgkarRKbRKg eZV Ioek þ ARkhaydlRbCara®s þrhUtmk .

RBHraCnt þ arbs´RBH:TviC&yJhu RTgGt´ZnńwgGñkdwknaMxVHcMeNHdwg Kµ ankarTTYlxusRtÚv mineZV Iesck þ IsuxoRbCaCn:n k*

eKcecjBIvaMgeTAenAerahn;CnbT ehIyBüayamrYbrYmkmø aMgBl luH:nT&BeXIjzaRKbRKanehIy eTIbcUleTAvaydeN þ ImGMNacehIykMcatRBHraCaenaHecjeTA RBHGg<RTgRCabnisS&yrbsRbCaCnlg, a:nlÁ ehIydasstiRbCaCnsigØloRsLajCati nig

ocarbursesI ubsmá at´ edayeZV ICaGñkTaypg CaGñklk´dUrpg GñkedIrZutg<pg CaeRKagkarrbsGñkCatiniym TIbMputk*RKbRKgRbeTs:nTaMgRsug edaymanneya:yEpñksasnanaMmux kgT&BtameRkay :nykQñHRBH:TJhu EdlRtÚvCaes þcGM ) u .

RBH:Tbrk,rmJhu RTgRKgraCükalRBH:TKCJhuTivg<tehIy edaymanneya:yyksasnanaMmux eRkaymkRTg:nTTYlkarsresIrza RBHraCaGg<sMxanrbs´sirIlg, apg .

ry;eBl 33 qñ aM EdlRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCRKgraCsm|t þ ienaH Rsukb¨ Uelannaruv;cMerIndl´kRmit RBHBuTÆsasnaRtÚv:n

TTYlemIlkarxusRtÚv óbtæmÖniger[bcMRBHZmµvin&yo:nlÁdUcedIm eRJHRTgTteXIjza RBHsg ¹CaeRcInEdlRbCaCneKarBrabGanedIm|IoRBHsg ¹cUldlRbCaCn:n RBHsg ¹RtÚvmansIlZm(lÁ eTIbRTgeZV Iesck þ IsamK< Ikñ úgRkumsg ¹Camun ehIyeZV Ineya:yyksasnaCaGñknaMmux eTIbRbeTsCatiruger]g:n .

kalenaH RTgGaraZnaRBHmhaksSbetær osñ akénAGaRsmóTum¬rKirIv&nmhavihar manEpnkarrYmKñ arvagGñkdwknaMRbCaCn nigGñkdwknaMsasna edImdMbUgRTgTteXIjcMNucsMxan´ KWBYkPik¡ úGlC¢ ICaeRcIn RbRBwt þeRkARBHZm(vin&yxVHkarÉkPaBKñ a eTIbRTgRbTansMBt´soPik¡ úTaMgenaHlasik¡ a . luHRTgCRmHRBHBuTÆsasnaobrisuTÆ nigsagÉkPaBkñ úgRkumsg ¹:nehIy k*mkdlcMNucZmµnuBa ¦rbs´ RBHsasna RTgomankareZV Isg< aynaRBHZmµvin&y KWCMnM uCRmHRBHéRtbidknigGd ðkza EdlmanTaMgPasasigØlnigPasamKZ;layLMKñ a oeTACaPasamKZ;TaMgGs´ RBmTaMgcarwkelIsø wkrwteT[tpg karer[ber[gRBHZmµvin&yelIkenH Casg< aynaelIkTI 7 énRBHBuTÆsasnaEpñkezrvaT sg< aynaelIkenHKWeZV Itamneya:yrbsRBH:TGesakmharaC dUecñHRBHBuTÆsasnaenARbeTsnanakñ úgbc© úb|nñenH minzaRBHéRtbidkßGd ðkzaEdleRbIkñ úgRbeTsExµr éz PUma lav suTÆEt:nmkBIkareZV Isg< aynasm&yRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCenHTaMgGs´ .

kalenaHkgT&BTmiLeRt[mcUlvaysirIlg, aCaer]y> RBHGg<RTgélIkT&BeTAvaykSRtTmiLkñ úgRbeTs«N Ð a ebIeRb[beZ[bRbeTssirIlg, anigRbeTs«N Ð a minGaceRb[beZ[b:neLIy eRJHxusKñ aqá aydUcCaRsemacnigdMrIdUecñ aH b uEn þRBH:Tbrk,rmmharaC

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RTgsEm þgoeXIjsñ aRBHhs þrbs´RBHGg< kgT&BrbsRBHGg<:nvay«N Ð aeZV IoxUcxaty¨ agtMNM ehIyrMedaHEdnmZura cabeQø IyswknigRTBüsm|t þ i ehIyRtLbRbeTssirIlg, a luHcabBYkeQø Iys®g< am:nehIy RTgbBa¢ aoCYsCulectiyeQµ aHsuvNÑmalikectiy edIm|ICakarsgbMNulEdlBYkTmiLeZV IoGn þraykalBImun nigCakarlubkMhwgedaykaroeZV IbuNüCMnYs . RTBüsm|t þ iEdl

rwbGUs:n ykmkksagRbeTsCati nigTMnukbMrugRBHBuTÆsasna RBHGg<CamhakSRtEdlRbCara®s þ

RsLajeRcIn eRJHRBHGg< RKbRKgedayZm( .RBHbrmrUbRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCTI1 RbzabCabnigdM uzµZM

kMBs´ 3 EmRt RBHhs þTaMgBIrRTgkanRBHéRtbidk EdlRBHGg< elIkdMekIgmkeZV ICaZmµnuBa ¦RKbRKgRbeTs ksagkñ úgstvtSTI 18KW 800 qñ aMknøgmkehIy . kñ úgbrievNenaHmanbUraNsæ ansl´ enAEt:kEbk . e:tKlviharCabNÑ al&yd*ZM EdlRBH:T

brk,rmJhumharaCksagsRmabTukRBHéRtbidk nigKm¬ IrepSg>kñ úgBuTÆsasna EdlRTgóbtæmÖkñ úgkareZV Isg< ayna . eRkABIKm¬ IrsMxan>ehIy RTgoGñkR:C\EdlCMnajkñ úgviC¢ aepSg> sresrtamstibBa ¦ arbs´xø Ün ehIyrYbrYmKm¬ IrTaMgenaHTukedIm|IgayRsÜlcMeJHRBHGg< eBlNaRTgRsavRCaver]gGV ImYy RTgk*ravrk:nTaneBlevla . sEm þgoeXIjza Km¬ IrRBHZm(eZV Iesck þ IcMerInEpñksasna

kñ úgRbeTslg, amkRbmaN 800 qñ aMknøgmk .sUmbBa¢ ak´za kalBIézáTI 19 ExósPa qñ aM 2009 rd ð aPi:lRbeTssirIlg, a dwknaMedayRbZanaZibtI RbkasC&yCMnHelIBYkTmiLeGElm manbMNgEbgEckTwkdIRbeTssirIlg, aza :nb®g, abGs´ ehIy Edlmanmkkñ úgkmø úg 3 TsvtSr ¾ .

RBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCTI1

mhi®n Þ a raCa:¨k´saevLúBil&y R:kpakaran

emdwknaMBYkTmiL RtÚvsmø ab´

- 53 -



viharRBHsiv;TIenHmanviharKrueTBRBHsiv; mankMBUlCam, údehAza sixr; Cavt þénsasnahiN Ð Ú KWRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCksagedIm|Io

RBHmehsIrbsRBHGg< CaGñkrabGansasnahiN Ð Ú:nbMeBjkusltamCMen]enaHpg .teTAenHnwgelIkyksasnaRJhµN ¾mkGZib|ayedayseg¡b edIm|IoTakTgKñ anigBuTÆsasna eTIbeXIj:nc|as´ .sasnaRJhµN ¾manRbvt þ iminsUveT[gTateT tamBit:ntaMgeLIgedaykarrYmpSMKMnitKñ arvagmilk¡;nigGaey(n RJhµN ¾:n

eJlza sasnaRJhµN ¾manmkyUrGEgVgehIy KWekItRBmp, ayRBHcn ÞnigRBHGaTitü .Km¬ IrsMxanrbs´RJhµN ¾za Cakarsresrrbsmha«sIBIGtItkal . PaKeRcInCaer]gmunRbvt þ isa®s þ kñ úgeBlenHnwgelIkyk

mkGZib|aycMeJHmunsm&yBuTÆkal edayEckCayuKsm&ydUcteTAenH KW ?sm&yRBHevTmunBuTÆsasnaRbmaN 1000-1500 qñ aM RBHevTekIteLIgtamlMdab´ cabep þ ImBI #eKVT RBHevTenHehAza sruti .sar;sMxanrbs´RBHevTmandUcteTAenHÇÇÇ #eKVT CakarRbmUlbTsURtsresIrkit þ iKuNrbs´RBHGaTieTB edIm|Iykcit þRBHGaTieTBenaH nigsM ueTvanuPaBoRKbRKgrkSaxø Ün

pg stVciJ© wmpg nigRKÜsarCaedImpg .yCuev(T CabTsURtnigkarRbkbBiZIkmµepSg> .samevT RbmUlbTsURtsRmabGgVrRBHGaTieTB kñ úgkareZV IBiZI

bUCayBa ¦ ßBiZIsmø ab´stV ße:HGaharnMEnkcUleTAkñ úgePø Ig zaCa

karbUCa .GazBVevT CaRBHevTekIteLIgCMnaneRkay edayykevTmn þEdlTakTgnigkmø aMg#TÆ iénevTTaMg 3 xagedImmkrYmKñ aCabTsURt edIm|I bM:t´Gn þrayepSg> .

mkBIsasnaRJhµN ¾enAsm&yeRkayenH RtÚvkarRbeyaCn ¾nigbRgÜbbRgÜmkñ úgsasna eTIbksagRBHRBhµeLIgmk ehIyR:bzaRBHRBhµCaGñkksagvtæ úTaMgBYg nigmnusS stV eTvta rYmTaMgRBHsiv;

BiZIbUCayBa ¦

- 54 -



RBHnarayN ¾pg edIm|IoeXIjza mnusSmanedImkMeNItCamYyKñ anigRBHRBhµ ehIyelIkfan;GaTieTB 3 Gg< omanfan;nigmuxgarepSgKñ adUecñH KWÇÇÇ

RBHRBhµCaGñkksag mkBIbrmazm&nCaGñkokMeNItvtæ úTaMgBYg .

RBHsiv; mundMbUg«tmaneQµ aHenAkñ úgKm¬ IrRBHevTeT KWmanfan;RtwmeTB CaZMenAPñ Méklas enAelIPñ MRBHsuemru CaeTBGñkeZV Ioelakvinas eTIbnaMKñ aeZV Ilig<mkbUCa tamBitsivlig<k*minEmnlig<rbs´siv;edayRtgEdr b¨ uEn þmkBIGñkrabGanRBHc&n Þ naMKñ aeZV IrUbRBHc&n ÞdakelIdM uzµ luHyUr>eTAk*kø ayeTACarUbsivlig<s&k þ isiTÆ i man#TÆ iGMNac CaCMen]rbsmnusSTaMgLay .

RBHvisÑ ú ßRBHnarayN ¾ CaGaTieTBkñ úgmhasmuRTmkBImun ehIy:nTTYlkarsresIresµ InigRBHRBhµ manmuxgarkñ úgkarkSaelakGaTieTBTaMg 3 Gg<enHehAza mUrti KWrYmRBHGaTieTBTaMg 3 Gg<enACamYyKñ aenaHÉg .

sUmbB© ab´RtwmenH edIm|IcgÁ úloeXIjcMNucénsasnaTaMgBIr KWBuTÆsasnanigsasnahiN Ð Ú eRJHmanTIkEnøgenACitKñ a karsagRBHGaTieTBTaMg 3 Gg<eLIgmkenaH eRJHmankarbdirUbsasnahiN Ð Úkñ úgBuTÆstvtSTI 6 sasnahiN Ð ÚZø akćuHy agxø aMg eTIbksagRBHGaTieTBeLIgmk eRb[bp Þ wmnigRBHrtnRt&y KWRBHRBhµCaGñkksag RBHsiv;GñkeZV Iovinas RBHnarayN ¾CaGñkrkSa ehAzaRtImUrtienaHÉg .

eRkaymkBYkRJhµN ¾Kity agem¨cmindwg :nCaeRC[tERCkcUlmkkñ úgBuTÆsasna edaynaMykRBHBuTÆrbseyIgcUlkñ úgCYrCamYyhiN Ð Ú ehIyzaRBHBuTÆCaGvtarmYyrbs´RBHnarayN ¾ ehAza BuTÆ avtar Cakarp þ ÜlBuTÆsasnaEtm þg dUecñHebIeyIg:ns þ abéhIyKYrEtRby&tñ ehIyBüayamelIktMekIgRBHbrmsas þ a CaRBHGrhn þsmµ asm¬ úTÆoRtEdteLIg kM uoeTAcUlCYrCamYyBYkTaMgenaHeLIy .

zU:ramvihar eTABIviharRBHsiv;ßehAoBIeraHbn þ icza eTval&y eTATisxageCIg kalBIedImkEnøgenaHTaMgGsĆabrievNBuTÆ avas . zU:ram

manTV arEtmYyb ueNÑ aH xagkñ úgminTUlayb¨ unµ aneT KWmanép ÞdIRbmaN 16 EmRtkaer¨ xagkñ úgbn Þb´manRBHBuTÆrUbTaMgRbzabKgńigRbzab Kg´Qrm¡ ag 4 Gg< enAcMkN þ almanEtblø &g, «tmanRBHBuTÆrUbeT . RBHBuTÆrUbkñ úgviharenH eZV IGMBIzµy aglÁ »zaenAkEnøgRBHBuTÆGg<ZM eKkbeBRCenATIenaH manesck þ ImYyXø akñ úgRbvt þ irbs´Pik¡ úhV aeh[n GñkcarwkeTAkñ úgRbeTs«N Ð a CaPik¡ úcinGg<dMbUgeZV IdMeNIreTARbeTs«N Ð a enAcugBuTÆstvtSTI 9 munelakzaMsaMcaMgeT[tpg eBlelakRtLbmkvij:ncUlekaHlg, atampø ÚvTUk ehIyeTAsRmakenA

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GP&yKirIvihar TIenaHÉg elak:nCYbnigRBHBuTÆeXasacarü EdleTAERbKm¬ IrGd ðkza Pik¡ úhV aeh[nelaksresrkñ úges[vePAktehtuzamanRBHBuTÆrUbmYyGg< EdlCnCatisirIlg, aeKarBrab´Ganxø aMg zaCavtæ ús&k þ i-siTÆ ikñ úgRbeTs eBlmYymanBYkecarcit þ:bcUleTAkñ úgvihar edIm|IlYc

eBRCenAnigóNÑ aelam ‘eramRbCM ucieB© I am’ énRBHBuTÆrUbs&k þ isiTÆGg<enaHb uEn þeBlecarlUkédeTAedIm|InwgekHykeBRC RBHBuTÆrUb:neZV I:diharü

GEN þteLIgputBIédecar ecarenaHCaGñkqø at:nniyayza ² »za kalRBH-Gg<enAbMeBj:rmICaRBHeJZistV sUm|IejIsQam sacsrés nigCIvitk*lHbgoCaTan:nEdr cuHenHCaRBHBuTÆbdimar ehtuGV IeTACahYgEhgeBRCmYyRKabenH³ . luHcbvacarbsecar RBHBuTÆrUbk*eQá akRBHsirSmkoecarecark*ekHykeBRCenaHeTAedIrlk´ manGñkcaMeBRCenaH:nehIyeJlza

eBRCenHCaRBHraCRTBürbsRBHraCa :nzV aybUCaRBHBuTÆrUb luHRCabdl RBHraCa eTIbRTgocabecarenaH . RBHraCaRtassYrcemø Iy RTgRCabzabursenaHmin:nlYceT EtRBHBuTÆrUbRbTano BYkGmatünaMKñ aeTAemIlkñ úgvihar eXIjRBHBuTÆrUbeQá akcuHmkEmn eTIbRtLbeTATUlRBHraCa RBHraCak*TijeBRCenaHvij ehIyykeTAdakkEnøgedIm rYcehIyRBHBuTÆrUbk*egIbeLIgvijCaRbRktI .

viharvt þ þTaek munnwgeLIgeTAemIlRBHectiy nigEbreTAemIlTisxageCIgeXIjviharZunkN þ almYy kalBIedImZø ab´tm,l´RBHcg, ÚmEkvmkehIy

munnwgykeTARbtis ð ankñ úgRBHectiy viharenHehAza ²K&tTaek³ ‘Gatdage ’ . vt þTaekenHmanesck þ IsMxanCagvt þTaekmYyeT[tEdlenAxagt|Úg viharenHmanlk¡N;mUl manblø &g,ZMenAkN þ alTaMg 4 Tis mancmø ak´RBHBuTÆrUbzµRbtis ð anenAEk|rmat´TV ar . RBHectiymUlenAkN þ alZø ab´tm,l´RBHcg, ÚmEkv EdlCavtæ úd*s&k þ isiTÆKUKñ anigRbeTssirIlg, a enAeCIgCeN þ IreLIgeTARBHectiy manzµdUcvgEx

zU:ram

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Jk´kN þ alsRmabCUteCIg cmøgmkBIRkugGnuraZbur; qø akĆarUbstV rUbcmø akénHmanTUeTA CaBiessEk|rTV arcUlvihar kñ úgrgVgénaH vg xageRkAqø ak´k|acrUbGN þ atePø Ig vgTIBIrqø ak´rUbhgSer[gKñ a vg´TI bIqø ak´rUbdMrI vg´TIbYnrUbesHt>Kñ a enAkN þ alCarUbp, aQUkrIk .

tamBitrUbcmø akénHCaRbsñ a eRJHbuBVbursksagGV ImYysuTÆEtmanGtæn&y nigeRK]gsMKalkñ úgkarvivD¿n ¾rbsRbeTskñ úgsm&yenaH> CaBiess karrIkcMerInpø Úvcit þKMnit ehIyksagGV ImYyk*manRbsñ aenATIenaHEdr . GñkEdlKiteXIjkñ úgRbsñ a:nsnñ id ð andUecñHzaÇÇÇ

²k|acrUbGN þ atePø Ig :nn&yza tNØ a 3 .

hgS :nn&yza sIl .dMrI :nn&yza Bl; KWkmø aMg .esH :nn&yza «TÆ i:TTaMg 4 .Ép, aQUk :nn&yza RBHniBV an .

:nn&yza GñkEdleZV IdMeNIreTARBHniBV anRtÚvqøgkatePø Ig KWesck þ ITuk¡ EdlekItBI«TÆ iBlénkielsnigtNØ a :nduteralstVelakoek þ AdUcePø IgsIlKWmanRbRktIesck þ IsÁ at esck þ Ier[brylÁ eRb[bdUcCahgSs . karQaneTArkGmt; RtÚvGaRs&yBl;Cakmø aMgdUcCadMrIsar :ndl«®n Þ Iy ¾ nigBl;eRb[bdUcCadMrI . karRbRBwt þZm(Canx¬s´minRtÚvxø acGavuZmar nigRtÚvGaRs&yel|}n énGaCaenyüTbTl´s®g< am óbmadUcesHrtdlĆ&yCMnH TisedAx¬s´bMputKWRBHniBV an CabrmsuxdUcCap, aQUkrIk .

BIvt þTaekmkbn þ ic k*eXIjsilacarwkenAminqá ayBITIenaHeBkeT CaKm¬ IrzµEvg 8 m¨ 10 TTwg 4 m¨ 25 eZV IenAmhin Þel EdnGnuraZbur; KWqá ayBITI silacarwk

vtTaek

- 57 -



enH 112 KILÚEm¨Rt edayesck þ IBüayamrbsRBH:TnisSg,;mlø; kSRtRKbRKgbUelannaruv;RTg´RtiHriHza JküeRb[nRbedAsMxan Nas´ CaRbeyaCn ¾dl´mhaCn eTIbodMrIGUsykmkTukenATIenH .

silacarwkd*ZMenH enAxag>manrUbcmø ak´rgVg´mUl manrUbstVepSg> xagelIcarwkedayGkSrsigØl pø ak:nsresrza ‘Great Book’ ²silacarwkzµd*ZMbMputkñ úgelak³ bn Þ ab´BIsilacarwkmkxagekIteq[gxageCIg manRBHectiybUraN manlk¡N;bYnRCugRtYtelIKñ a 7 Can´ ehAzast þmhaR:saT :nn&yza ectiy 7 CanenaHÉg .

RBHectiy 4 RCugeZV IGMBI«d ðbUksI um¨g´ CaectiyEbøk

bMputkñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a ehIymanenAEtbUelannaruv;enHb ueNÑ aH mK< úeTs:nGZib|ayza ectiyenHCasil|;rbs

RbeTsPUma .

tivg,vihar munnwgcUldl´vihareXIjRsHTwkbUraN manlk¡N;dUcp, aQUk

‘Lotus Pool ’ CaRsHrbs´BYknamu Wnkñ úgraCRtkUl munnwgcUleTAzV aybg< MRBHkñ úgtivg,vihar RtÚvCRmHragkayosÁ atsin ehIypø as´sMel[kbMJk´zµ Iomanreb[ber[bry enHCaRbéBNIrbs´GñksirIlg, a dUecñHCnCatisigØleTIb

st þmhaR:saT

RsHp, aQUk

- 58 -



esø {kJk´seTAvt þ eRJHeKylzaTIvt þCabuBa ¦ek¡t CakEnøgRbtibt þ iobrisuTÆsÁ at .tivg,viharCavb|Zm(RbeTs«N Ð aPaKxagt|Úg kñ úgviharmanRBHBuTÆrUb 1 Gg<kMBs´ 10 EmRt 50 EpñkxagelIdacdacGsehIy

enAslBIóracuHmk RbzabKg´QrehAza tirg,; manlk¡N;Ebøk 3 kEnøgKW kepÁ {g ceg,Hev[c nigRBHCg ¹ev[c .

viharenH ksagenAsm&yRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaC tamCBa¢ aMgKUrrUbPaBTakTgkñ úgCatk .ót þraram

vt þenHksagenAnigPñ MTab> TIenHZø abéZV Ivt þZMbMputkñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a manRBHsg ¹KgénA 5Ç000 Gg< sm&yenaHmanRBHBuTÆrUbqø ak´GMBIzµZM> 4 Gg< manlk¡N;epSg>Kñ adUecñH KW ?

RBHbdimasmaZi Rbzabkñ úgrUgzµ nigmanRBHBuTÆepSg> CaeRcIn .RBHbdimaRbzabKg´Qr nigmanRBHBuTÆesyüaZMEvg

manGayuenAcugstvtSTI 17 .rUbcmø ak´RBHBuTÆenAót þraram ßk&lviharenH sEm þgo

eXIjesck þ Iruger]génRBHsasnasm&ybrk,rmJhu RTgCamharaCeRb[bRBmeTAedaykarksagvtæ ú ksagcit þKMnitGaNacRknigsasnaKUKñ a RBHBuTÆrUbkñ úgviharzµenH RtÚv:n

eKztrUbykeTApSBVpSayTUeTAkñ úgBiPBelak

.RBHBuTÆrUbbeN þ ayman 12 EmRt 90 Cacmø ak´RBHBuTÆ rUbZMbMputkñ úgelakk*za:n .

CnCatisirIlg, amñ ak´:nniyayza kalBI 70 qñ aMknøgmk eBlenaHGgeKøsRKbRKgenAeLIy RbeTssirIlg, aCaekaHmanstVéRBGaRs&yenAeRcIn CaBiessdMrI:nRbTHnigBYkGgeKøsEdlcUlcit þbr:jstVeZV ICakILa dMrIenaHZMCag ót þraramßk&lvihar

- 59 -



RBHBuTÆesyüaenaHeTAeT[t GñkRsukyl´zaCadMrIRBHeJZistVmkbMeBj:rmI zV aykaróbd ð aknigrkSaRBHBuTÆrUbdUcBIsm&yBuTÆkalenaHEdr . luHBYkGgeKøseXIjdMrIrUbraglÁ Pø úklÁ BYkbr:jcg´:nPø úk BYkGñkRsukdwgehIyR:bedaymanbMNglÁza dMrIenHmkbMeBj:rmI EtBYkGgeKøsmins þ abéhIyR:bza nwg:joTalÉt:n . GgéKøstam:jdMrIenAk&lviharenaHCaeRcInézá b uEn þdMrI

minRBmecjmkesaH eTIbsYrsigØlmñ akénAkñ úgRkumenaHza ehtuGV IdMrIminecjmkesaH burssigØlR:bza dMrIenHmanbuNüNas´ :nTTYlkarJrBI:rmIrbs´RBHBuTÆrUb GgeKøsmankMhwgehIyniyayza ebIdUecñ aHsEm þgzaRBHedkenHmanevTmn þ ß/ dUecñHsak:jemIl ¾ nwgkarJrRKabkaMePø Ig:nßeT niyaycbk*elIkkMePø IgeLIg:jRBHesyüa semøg»lanéRB luH:tsemøgkMePø Ig 10 naTI dMrIk* e:lmky¨ agel]n ehIyykRbemaycabGgéKøsenaHe:keTAnigzµsø abénATIenaHÉg .

GnuraZRKam

BIRkugkULú MbU RkugZMénRbeTssirIlg, abc© úb|nñ eTATis¤sanRbmaN 207 KILÚEm¨Rt eTIbdlÉdnGnuraZbur; CaraCZanIdMbUgmanP&s þ útagkñ úgRbvt þ isa®s þ CakEnøgEdlRBHBuTÆsasnataMgmaMbn Þ ab´BIRbeTs«N Ð a .

kalRBHsas þ a RTgés þcyagmkRbeTssirIlg, aelIkTI 3 enaH tamKm¬ IrmhavgSGHGagza RBHsas þ aRTg´ yagmkCamYysav&k 500 Gg< RKbTIkEnøgTaMgGsEdlRBHGg<RTgyageTAdl´ eRkayBIRBHGg<RTgyagRtLb ehIy eKEtgksagRBHectiyTukeKarBbUCaCMnYsRBHGg< enATIenaH>RKbkEnøg kal BÇsÇ 1 ‘mYy’ RBH:TviC&yyagmkekaHlg, a :nb®g, abCnCatiedImehIyRKgraCüenAtm¬bNÑ iTV Ib eRkaymkRTgoGmatüEjkKñ aeTAksagnKrdéT buerahitmñ akéQµ aHóbtisS sagóbtisSRKamnigGmatüeQµ aHGnuraZ; sagnKrGnuraZRKam luHdl EdnGnuraZbur;

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sm&yRBH:TbN Ð úkaP&y eTIbsagnKrGnuraZRKamocMerInruger]gtamlMdab´ ehIytaMgCaraCZanIeQµ aHza GnuraZbur;raCZanI kñ úgBÇsÇ 105 munKÇsÇ 438 qñ aM .

mhanKrGnuraZbur; manRbvt þ isa®s þniger]gbUraNKYrocabGarmµN ¾ bc© úb|nñenHkø ayeTACakEnøg:kEbk dIZMTUlayman

R:saTraCvaMg RBHvihar RBHectiyCaeRcIn GayuCag 2Ç000 qñ aM eRJHraCZanIZø abénAkEnøgenHrabJn´qñ aM mankSRtRKbRKgtKñ aCagJn´Gg< . GnuraZbur;enH manectiyGg<ZM>CaeRcIn Edlmingay:neXIjkñ úgRbeTsdéTeT .

edImRBHmhaeJZi edImRBHmhaeJZienAemXv&n CnCatisirIlg, aeKarBbUCay¨ agéRkElg mkzV aybg< MGZid ð aner[gralézá dUcmanJkücgRkgza Gñk

kanBuTÆsasnaR:zñ aza kñ úgCIvitenHsUmo:neTAzV aybg< MsMevCnIyd ð anTaMg 4 kEnøg .GñkkansasnahiN Ð ÚR:zñ aza kñ úgCIvitenH sUmo:ngUtTwkTenøKg< ad*s&k þsiTÆ RkugJraNsI .CnCatisirIlg, akan´BuTÆsasnaR:zñ aza kñ úgCIvit

enH sUmo:neTAzV aybg< MedImRBHmhaeJZienAemX-v&nenH .

BIedImbrievNenH CaOTüanemXv&nrbsRBH:T

eTvanm|iytisS RTgRKbRKgEdnenHb¨ ueNÑ aH eRkaymkRBHnagsg ¹mit þ aezrI buRtIrbs´RBH:TGesakRTg RKbRKgGaNacRkCm¬ ÚTV IbykEmkeJZi EdlbMe¶mkBIedImeJZiRtasdwgBuTÆKya RbeTs«N Ð a mkzV ayRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS RTgdaMkñ úgsYnemXv&n kalBÇsÇ 126 brievNenHk*kø ayeTACaEpndIs&k þ isiTÆ ehIymanKuNtémøsRmabCIvitCnCatisirIlg, a taMgBI RBHmhaeJZienAemXv&n

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enaHmk . edImeJZienH minEmnCaTIsk, arcMeJHCnCatisirIlg, ab ueNÑ aHeT EtCaedImeJZiRtasdwgrbs´RBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆ eRJHCaEmkeJZiRtasdwg nigCaedImeJZis&k þ isiTÆénBuTÆbris&TTUeTATaMgBiPBelak CaBiessedImeJZibc© úb|nñenHmanGayu 2Ç430 ‘kñ úgBÇsÇ2556’ CaedImeQIEdlmanGayuEvgbMputkñ úgbN þ aedImeQITaMgLay CnCatisirIlg, arIkraysb|aycit þ«tóbma :nzñmrkSalÁbMput

bc© úb|nñmankMEBgB&TÆCM uvij 4 Can´ kñ úgTIdI 640 EmRtkaer¨ xagkñ úgCakMEBgzµ kMEBg«d ð

kMEBgsI um¨g´t ¾kMEBgEdk nigkMEBgmas lM:kkñ úgkarcUleTAodl´ kMEBgbeg< almasman 344 edIm RtUvsM uCakrNIBiessb¨ ueNÑ aHeTIbcUlkñ úg:n kMEBgTaMg 4 RtÚvcakesaTV ar

TaMgGs´ CnCatisirIlg, asURtmn þmindacsemøg RBmTaMgBYkbreTsdUcCaExµr :raMg Cb¨ un éz CaedIm . edImmhaeJZidaMx¬sĆagép ÞdI 9 htæ manPñ ak´garemIlkarxusRtÚv e:ssMGat eRsacTwkdakzñ aMCaRbcaM CaBiessRKÚeBTümancMeNHdwg CMnajEpñkedImeQI eRJHedImeQImanGayu 2Ç430 qñ aMehIyminxusGV IBImnusScasenaHeT RtÚvRtÜtRtaBinitüBIRKÚeBTüd*Citsñ iTÆbMput . edImeJZienaHmanEmk

EtmYy eKykssreRsabmasmkTl´ 4-5 edIm edIm|IminoEmkeJZienaHTncuHmkdldI ERkgeZV Io

Gn þraydledIm:n . CnCatisirIlg, aeRtkGrNas ebI:n»zaedImeJZienaHmanBnøkduHecjmk mankarsURtmn þeKarBbUCay¨ agGZikGZm eRJHeC]zaesck þ I cMerInlUtlas´énRBHmhaeJZi CakarcMerIndl´RBH-sasnapgEdr . edImmhaeJZienHtamRbvt þ i:neJlza man 3 Emk bc© úb|nñmanEmkEtmYy Emk 2eT[t:kehIy xø wmmanBN(dUcmas kEnøgxøHman

BN(sBRBus sBVézáenH eKykEmk:kenaHeTAtm,l´Tukkñ úgsarmn Þ Ir RkugGnuraZbur; . ehIyzµ I>enH‘BÇsÇ 2556’ »za edImeBaZienAemXv&n RkugGnura-Zbur;enH manBnøkzµ IduHecjmkmYyeT[t .

BnøkduHecjmkBIRBHmhaeJZienH manGñknaMykeTAdaMTaMgBiPBelakk*za:n .

RBHmhaeJZienAemXv&n

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Rbvt þ ieJZiRtasdwgenARbeTs«N ÐateTAenHnwgGZib|ayBIRbvt þ iedImeJZiRtasdwgenABuTÆKya RbeTs«N Ð a edIm|Io:nCM uKñ amin:clM:kRsavRCaveRcInkEnøg .

BuTÆKya CakEnøgRtasdwgénRBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆ 4 RBHGg<knøgmkehIy rYmTaMgRBHGriyemet þyüpgRtUvCa 5 RBHGg< KWRtasdwgenAkEnøgEtmYyenH .

RBHmanRBHPaKéneyIg RTgRtasdwgenAeRkamedImeJZiRBwkSenH . sBVézáenHCaedImTI 4 edImeJZiTaMg 4 enH :nduHbn þKñ amktamlMdab´ ehIyduHenAkEnøgdEdlenaH CakénøgEdlGñkkanBuTÆsasnaRKbCnCatiTUeTATaMgBiPBelak mkeKarBbUCataMgBIRBwkrhUtdlýb´ »sUrsemøgsURtZm(rgMeTAtamPasaénCnCatinimYy> EdlkanRBHBuTÆsasnadUcKñ a KYroekItsTÆ aRCHzø a . BuTÆKyaRtÚv:nbB© Ú aleTACamt(kelaktaMgBI BÇsÇ 2545 .

Rbvt þ iedImRBHmhaeJZiTI 1edImeJZienHCaKU:rmInigCashCatiénRBHeJZistV ekItRBmnigkar

RbsUtrbsRBHeJZistV tamRbvt þ ieJlza karekItRBmKñ anigRBHeJZistV man 7 y¨ ag KWRBHnagBim¬ a RBHGann Þ nayqnñ; kaLúTayI esHkN ðk;

kMNb´RTBüTaMg 4 nigedImeJZiRBwkSenH .edImRBHmhaeJZiTI1 enH CakEnøgRbzabRtasdwg RBHGg<:nTTYls|ÚvPø aMg 8 k þ ab´BIesatæ iyRJhµN ¾edIm|IRkalRbzab´ eBlCitPø WénézáeBjbUN(mI ExBisax ehIy:nRtasdwgCaRBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆ nigRTgRtasza CaedImeJZiCMnYsRBHGg< ebIbuK<lNa:nzV aybg< MeZV Isk, ar;edImeJZienH k*dUcCa:nzV aybg< MeZV Isk, ardl´RBHGg<Edr . eRkayBIRTgcUlRBHniBV anehIy Gñkman

RBHmhaeJZikEnøgRtasdwg

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sTÆ aRCHzø amkeKarBbUCaedImeJZienHer[gralézá RKbCnCatiEdlkanRBHBuTÆsasna .sm&yRBH:TGesakmharaC RBHGg<CaGñkóbtæmÖRBHBuTÆsasna eZV IoRBHsasnacMerInlUtlas´xø aMgNas´ RTgksagRBH-

ectiy 84Ç000 edIm|ITuksk, arbUCa RBHGg<lHbgesck þ Isuxp Þ al´RBHGg< RTgéZV Ikic©karraCkarrYcehIy RTgyagmkbdibt þ iZm(eRkam

edImeJZiRBwkSenH RTgminRtLbeTAraCvaMgCamuneT CaehtueZV IomehsInignagsñ MTaMgLay naMKñ aeRkaZRcENnnigedImmhaeJZi RBHmehsIGg<TI 4 rbs´RBH:TGesakmharaCRTgRBHnamza mhisun ÞrI ‘RBHnagtisyrkSit ’ :nbBa¢ aonagbMerIykzñ aMBis nigTwkek þ AeTAeRsacKl´RBHmhaeJZi eZV IoedImRBHmhaeJZisø abénATIbMput edImeJZisø abéRkayBIRBHsas þ aRTgbriniBV an:n 200 qñ aM RtÚvnigsm&yRBH:TGesakmharaC .

luHedImeJZisø abéhIy eZV IoRBH:TGesakmharaCRTgtUcRBHT&yekItTuk¡xø aMgNas´ eTIbRTgbBa¢ aomhatlikykTwkedaHeKa100 Zug eTAeRsacenAbrievNKlRBHmhaeJZisø abénaH ehIyRTgzV aybg< MRBmTaMgGZid ð anza “ebIedImeJZienHminecjBnøkmkeT

nwgmineRkakcakTIenHeLIy” . edayBuTÆ anuPaBnigRBHraCsTÆ ay agéRkElgenaH KYroGs© arü edImeJZik*duHBnøkeLIgmkzµ IenAkEnøgdEdlenaH enHCaBnøkeJZiTI 2 ehIymanGayutmkCaeRcInryqñ aM RBH:TGesakmharaCeRtkGrkñ úgRBHT&yxø aMgNas´ eTIbRTg bBa¢ aoeZV IkMEBgB&TÆCM uvijedImeJZiRBwkS edIm|IkarJrGn þraynwgekIteLIgdl´mhaeJZienHCazµ IeT[t .

Rbvt þ iedImRBHmhaeJZiTI 2

edImeJZiTI 2 enH KWedImeJZiEbkExñgecjmkBIedImTI 1 kalRBH:TGesakmharaC :npSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnaTUeTATaMgBiPBelak eTIbykedImeJZieTAdaMkñ úgRbeTsnana dUcCaRBHesaNetærnigRBHót þretær nimn þeTApSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnaenAsuvNÑPUmi CaedIm . RBHPik¡ únigRBHPik¡ únITaMgenaH :nykedImßEmkRBHmhaeJZieTAdaMenATIenaH> .

edImRBHmhaeJZiTI 2 enH RtÚveZV IoGn þraym þgeT[tkñ úgsm&yRBH:TbrNvrma RBHGg<RKbRKgenAEdnmKZ; RtÚvrukranedayRBH:Tsasg, a CaGñkrabGansasnahiN Ð Ú enAEdnebgkl RBH:Tsasg, aRTg´bBa¢ aokatédImeJZinigCIkrMelIg#sTaMgGs ehIyykkakGMeBAsá ÜtmkKr nigcakeRbgdutedImRBHmhaeJZi EdlmanGayu 871 ß 891 qñ aMosø abéTA . eRkayBIedImRBHmha-

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eJZisø ab´:n 7 ézá RBH:Tsasg, aRTg´manCmá WkÁ ÜtZø ak´QamRss> ehIyk*Tivg<tenABuTÆKyaenaHÉg . eBlenaH T&BRBH:TbrNvrmamkdl´TIenaHEdr ehIyvayT&BénEdnebgklo:kT&Bx© at´x© ayGséTA . RBH:TbrNvrmaRTg´bBa¢ aoRc:cýkTwkedaHBIemeKa 1Ç000 ehIyykeTAeRsacenAbrievNKlRBHmhaeJZiEdlRtÚvdutenaH eBlenaHRBH:TbrNvrmaRTgp Þ Mp, ab´muxeTAnig

dIRBmTaMgGZid ð anza “ebIedImeJZienHminduHBnøkmkeT nwgmineRkakcakTIenHeLIy” . eRkaymkBnøkRBHmhaeJZik*duHmkzµ IeT[t enAkEnøgdEdlenaHÉg enHCaBnøkRBHmhaeJZiTI 3 .

Rbvt þ iedImRBHmhaeJZiTI 3kñ úg BÇsÇ 2418 mannayBleTa es[ GaeLksaneDI KunnigEh)m ‘Sir Alexander Cunningham ’ CnCatiGgéKøs CaRbZanRtÜt

BinitüBuTÆsæ anenAeBlEdlGgéKøsRKbRKgRbeTs«N Ð a :nrkeXIjkEnøgRtasdwgénRBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆ ehIyeZV IdMeNIreTABuTÆKyaCaelIkTI 2 :neXIjedImRBHmhaeJZiRTuDeRTamy¨ agxø aMg RbCaCnhiN Ð ÚenAbrievNenaH :nkatEmkykeTAdut . luHdl´ BÇsÇ2421 ß 2423 :nekItxülBüúHsg ¹ra CaehtuoedImRBHmhaeJZieTAbHnigectiyBuTÆKya eZV IoedImRBHmhaeJZi:k´relIgeTATisxaglic ehIyk*sø abéTAÉg edImRBHmhaeJZiTI 3 enH manGayuRbmaN 1Ç258 ß 1Ç278 qñ aM .

Rbvt þ iedImRBHmhaeJZiTI 4edImRBHmhaeJZiTI 4 enArhUtmkdlbc© úb|nñenH CaBnøkduHecjmkBIedImTI 3 Edlsø ab´ eRkaymknay es[ GaeLksaneDI

KunnigEh)m ‘Sir Alexander Cunningham ’ CaGñkemIlkarxusRtÚv . BnøkduHmkenaHkñ úg BÇsÇ 2423 ehIyykBnøkmYyeT[teTAdaMenATisxageCIgénRBHectiy cmá ay 50 Em¨Rt bc© úb|nñedImRBHmhaeJZiTaMg 2 enArhUtdl´sBVézáenH manGayu 133 ‘BÇsÇ 2556’qñ aMehIy .

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RBHmhaeJZisMxanbc© úb|nñman 3 edIm 1Ç edImRBHmhaeJZienABuTÆKya rd ðb) iha RbeTs«N Ð a CakEnøgRtasdwgénRBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆ 4 RBHGg<knøgmkehIy bc© úb|nñCa

edImTI 4 CaBnøkduHecjBIedImRBHmhaeJZiTI 3 óbtæmÖedayelak es[ GaeLksaneDI KunnigEh)m ‘Sir Alexander Cunningham ’ CnCati GgéKøs BÇsÇ 2423 ehIyykBnøkmYyeT[teTAdaMenATisxageCIgRBHectiy cmá ay50 EmRt bc© úb|nñedImRBHmhaeJZiTaMg 2 enA

dl´sBVézáenH manGayu 133 ‘BÇsÇ 2556’qñ aM CaedImRBHmhaeJZisMxan´ nigs&k þsiTÆénBuTÆbris&TTaMgLayEdl:neKarBbUCa .

2Ç edImeJZiGann Þ enAvt þeCtBnmha-vihar CaedImeJZimundMbUg daMtaMgBIsm&yBuTÆkal enAmatTV arvt þRBHeCtBnmhavihar

Ednsavtæ I Cm¬ ÚTV Ib . edImeJZienH:nykRKabBIedImmhaeJZiRtasdwgenABuTÆKya mkdaM manesck þ IBis þ arza kalenaHRBHsas þ a

RTgRbzabenAvt þeCtBn CaGaramrbsGnazbiN Ð ikesd ð I . kalRBHsas þ aRTgćarikeTAkanCnbT edIm|Ise®g< aHdlévenyüstVenaHBYkGñkRkugsavtæ InaMKñ akanéRK]gRkGUb nigp, aeQICaedImeTAvt þeCtBn b¨ uEn þminmanTIkEnøgdéTbUCa eTIbykeRK]gsk, arbUCaenaHeTAdak

RBHmhaeJZiTI 4 kEnøgRtasdwg





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sirIlg, a’ eRkayBuTÆkal kñ úgsm&yénRBH:TGesakmharaC BuTÆstvtSTI 3 manRBHnagsg ¹mit þ aezrI CaRBHraCZItarbsRBH:TGesakmharaC nigCaPik¡ únIGg<eRkaybMputkñ úgRbvt þ i-sa®s þRBHBuTÆsasnaezrvaT RBHnag:nnaMRBHKm¬ Irkñ úg

BuTÆsasna eTApSBVpSayenARbeTssirIlg, aCaelIkdMbUg nignaMEmkmhaeJZi BIedImRtasdwgenABuTÆKyaRbeTs«N Ð amkRBmCamYy :neZV IdMeNIrmktamTUkehIyzV ayRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS edIm|IoRBHGg<daMenARsukGnuraZbur; RbeTssirIlg, a .

BuTÆbrs&TsirIlg, aTMnukbMrug emIlkarxusRtÚv

edaylÁrhUtmk sBVézáenHmanEmkEvg ehIyykCn Þl´rM uedaymassuTÆmkTl´ .minyUrb unµ anmkenH ‘BÇsÇ 2556’ »za RBHeJZi

enHmanBnøkduHmYymkeT[tehIy .

Pik¡ únIsg ¹ mit þaezrI RBHnagsg ¹mit þ aezrI :nykBnøkeJZiBImhaeJZiBuTÆKyamk ehIyzV ayRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS .

taMgBI BÇsÇ 230-287 Casm&yRBHBuTÆsasna cabep þ ImmkpSBVpSaykñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a edaykardwknaMrbsRBHmhin Þ RBH:TGesaknigRBHemaK<lø Ibut þ isSetær bBa¢ ÚnmkCaRBHZmµTUtRbcaMekaHlg, a RBHmhin ÞetæreZV IdMeNIrmkdl´kñ úgsm&yRBH:TeTva-nm|iytisS EdlCamit þsMLajénRBH:TGesakmharaC . RBH:TeTvanm|iytisSRTgRbkasza CasasnUbtæmÖk ¾ehIyRTgoGmatüeTAsM uRBHPik¡ únIsg ¹BIRBH:TGesak edIm|Ióbsm|Tadl®s þ ICnCatisirIlg, a nigRTgoykRBHmhaeJZimkCamYypg .

RBHmhaeJZienARsukGnuraZbur;

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kalenaH RBHnagGnulaeTvI bÁ ÚnézørbsRBH:TeTvanm|iytisSecjbYsCaPik¡ únI RBmTaMgbrivar 1Ç000Gg< CaelIkdMbUgkñ úgekaHlg, a . KYroEbøkNas´ eRJHtamRBHvin&y RTgGnuBa ¦ atobvt þ inImYyqñ aMbYs:nEt 1Gg< knøgeTAmYyqñ aMeT[teTIbbYs:n 1 Gg<eT[t tamPs þ útagénRbeTssirIlg, azabYs:n 1Ç000 Gg< . rIÉEmkRBHmhaeJZiEdlpSaMkñ úgepIgmasenaH RTgoykeTAdaMkñ úgRBHraCOTüanemXv&n .

kMeNItPik¡ únIsg ¹ munnwgGZib|ayGMBIkMeNItPik¡ únI sUmGZib|ayBI

nikaykñ úgBuTÆsasnabn þ icsin edIb|IEvkEjkoeXIjc|as´ KW ?

RBHBuTÆsasnaebIniyaydlnikayZM> sBVéz´ áenHman 2 KWezrvaT nigmhayan . ezrvaT:ndl RBH:lI Gd ðkza nigdIka rIÉmhayanmin:nTTYls< al´RBHéRtbidkrbsézrvaTeT dUecñHezrvaTnigmhayan minGaccUlKñ a:neLIy b uEn þnikayTaMgBIrmin:neZV IoTasćit þrvagKñ anigKñ aeT eRBaHnikayTaMgBIrk*mansacQamCabmkCamYyKñ a RKanÉtkarRbtibt þ iepSgKñ axøHb ueNÑ aH . kñ úgéRtbidk

nikayezrvaT:nniyayBInagPik¡ únI KWmanRtwmsm&yRBH:TGesakmharaC nigCabuRtIrbs´RBHGg<mannamzasg ¹mit þ aezrI R:kdCaPik¡ únIcugeRkaybgÁséhIy eRkaymkminR:kdzamanPik¡ únIeT[teLIy . Epñknikaymhayan eTaHCaPik¡ únI:nGsehIyk*eday EteRkaymkk*enAman®s þ ImkbYsCaPik¡ únIeT[t eRBaHnikaymhayanminTTYls< al´RBHéRtbidkezrvaTenaHÉg .

bc© úb|nñenH enAkñ úgRbeTsxøHEdlkanRBHBuTÆsasnanikayezrvaT dUcCaRbeTssirIlg, a nigRbeTsézCaedIm eXIjman®s þ IbYsCaPik¡ únIdUcmhayanenaHEdr Cakarxuskñ úgRBHéRtbidkezrvaT EdlzanagPik¡ únIGséTAehIy tamBiteyIgRtÚvEteKarBKm¬ IrezrvaTrbs eyIg minRtÚvGnuelameTAtameKeT ebIGñkNacgbYsCaPik¡ únI oeTAbYskñ úgsMNakmhayanenaHeTAk*minmanbBaØ aGV IeT .

RBHsg ¹mit þ aezrI

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teTAenHnwgGZib|ayGMBIkarbYsnagPik¡ únI KW ?karbYsPik¡ únIedImdMbUg KWRBHnagbCabtieKatmI RtÚvCam þ ayciB© w amrbs´RBHmanRBHPaK kalenaHRBHnageKatmIRBmTaMgRBHnag

sküanIcMnYn 500 :nsM uGnuBa ¦ atbYsBIRBHmanRBHPaK b¨ uEn þRTgminGnuBa ¦ at RBHnagTaMgenaH:nekarskesø {kJk´manePTdUcGñkbYsehIyk*eTAKalRBHsas þ aenAnKrevsalI edaymanviriy;ósSah ¾x¬s´ sUm|IRTnabeCIgk*minJkEdr .

kalenaH RBHGann ÞeXIjRBHnagTaMgenaH sYrdwgehIyk*TTYlJküRBHnagza nwgeTAsM uRBHsas þ ao®s þ I :nbYskñ úgRBHBuTÆsasna RBHGann Þk*BüayamTUlsM u edaymanehtuplepSg>eRcInRbkar RBHmanRBHPaKRTg´sEm þgza ebI®s þ IbYskñ úgZmµvin&yenH RBHsasnaminGactaMgenA:nyUreT dUcp ÞHEdlman®s þ IeRcInman

burstic ecarGacmanOkascUllYc:ngay b¨ uEn þ®s þ I k*GacseRmcmK<pl:ndUcbursEdr . RBHsas þ aminGnuBa ¦ ato®s þ IbYs:ngay>enaH eRJHRTgo®s þ ITaMgLay:nRCabza ePTGñkbYsrbs´xø Ün:nmkedaylM:kNas´ edIm|IonwkdlKuNtémøénePTrbsxø Ün KW xø ÜnRtÚvrkSao:nlÁ . luHRTgGnuBa ¦ atehIy RTgk* kMNt´KruZm( 8 Rbkaro®s þ IEdlsM ubYsCaPik¡ únIbdibt þ i

KruZm( 8 RbkarenaH KW ?1Ç Pik¡ únIbYs:n 100 qñ aMehIyk*eday RtÚvsEm þgKarv;dlPik¡ ú EdlbYskñ úgézáenaH .2Ç Pik¡ únIRtÚvcaMvsSakñ úgGavasEdlmanPik¡ ú .3Ç Pik¡ únIKb|IsYróe:sz nigs þ abÓvaTPik¡ úralknøHEx .4Ç Pik¡ únIcaMvsSaehIy RtÚvbvarNakñ úgsg ¹TaMg 2 KWPik¡ úsg ¹pg nigPik¡ únIsg ¹pg .5Ç Pik¡ únIRtÚvGabt þ isg ¹ aTiessehIy RtÚvRbRBwt þmant þknøHEx kñ úgsg ¹TaMg 2 .

karbYsPik¡ únIenAsirIlg, a

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6Ç Pik¡ únIRtÚvbYskñ úgsg ¹TaMg 2 .7Ç Pik¡ únIminRtÚveCrRbeTczaoPik¡ ú minzakrNINak*eday .8Ç Pik¡ únIminRtÚvRbedAPik¡ ú b uEn þoOkasPik¡ úRbedAvij .

Pik¡ únImanenAsm&yxagedImmCÄimeJZikal . edImdMbUgkarbYsminkMNtćMnYneT KWbYs:ntamsb|ay luHPik¡ únImancMnYneRcIndl´Jn´ bBaØ ak*ekIteRcIneLIg eRJHRtÚveKemIlgay eKeb[teb[n minRtÚveZV IdMeNIrEtmñ ak´Ég TaMgenHCakarlM:kdlPik¡ únIxø ÜnÉg eTIbmankartwgrwgkñ úgkarbYs . ®s þ ImanGayuenAticobYsCasameNrI luHmanGayuRKb 18 qñ aM obYsCanagsik¡mana RtÚvrkSasIl 6o:nbribUN( 2 qñ aM eTIbsg ¹GnuBa ¦ atobYsCaPik¡ únI ebInagsik¡manaRbRBwt þmin:neBjeljkñ úgsik¡ abT 6 RKb´kMNt´ 2 qñ aMeTRtÚvkMNtéBlzµ I 2 qñ aMeT[t eTIbsmµtiBIPik¡ únIsg ¹edayjt þ iTutiykmµvaca . nagmanóbCÄay ¾dUcCaPik¡ ú EtehAzabvt þ inI manvsSa12 vsSaeLIgeTA CaGñk:nTTYlsmµtiBIPik¡ úsg ¹oeZV ICabvt þ inI bvt þ inImYyGg<bYsoshCIvinI:n 2 qñ aMm þg ehIybYsm þg:nRtwmEt1 Gg<b ueNÑ aH edayehtuenHÉg eTIbeZV IoPik¡ únIcuHzyeTAtamlMdab´ eRkayBIRBHmanRBHPaKbriniBV anehIy Pik¡ únI:nmkR:kdenAeBleZV Isg< aynaelIkTI2 ehIyPik¡ únIEdleZV IKuNRbeyaCn ¾dl´RBHBuTÆsasnaenARbeTssirIlg, a KWRBHnagsg ¹mit þ aezrIenHÉg .

elahR:saTTIenHmanbUraNvtæ ú manssrzµtaMgCaCYr ebImin

eXIjGkSrR:bza elahR:saTeT k*minGacdwg:n

Edr ehIyk*nwgs þ ayenAeBleRkay eRJHelahR:-saTenHmaneQµ aHR:kdkñ úgKm¬ IrBuTÆsasnaCaeRcIn Ca

cMNucsMxanmYykñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a . elahR:saTmanssr 40 CYr kñ úgmYyCYr> man 40 edIm ssrTaMgGs´ 1Ç600 edIm GtItkalR:saTenHman 9Can´ manbn Þb´ 1Ç000 bn Þb´ RBH:TTud ðKaminIGP&yRbEhlCa eZV Ióe:szzV ayRBHsg ¹mhavihark*mindwg

elahR:saT

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dMbUlRbk«d ðeZV IGMBIs¬ an´Rkhm . R:saTenHCakEnøgsMxankñ úgRbvt þ isa®s þBuTÆsasna »zaR:saTEbbenHmanmineRcIneTenAkñ úgelakenH KW 1 R:saTrbsnagvisaxamhaó:sika sagenAvt þbu:öram nKrsavtæ I edIm|IzV ayRBHsas þ a man 2 Can´ 1Ç000 bn Þb´ 2 elahR:saTRkugGnuraZbur; enARbeTssirIlg, a RBH:TTud ðKaminIGP&y sagzV ayRBHsg ¹enAmhaviharkñ úg BÇsÇ 382 .

tRmamhavgSeJlza R:saTenHbYnRCugman 9 Can´ CaneRkamman 100 bn Þb´ kñ úgmYybn Þb´> Rbdabedayrtn;d*mantémø zV ayCalMenArbsRBHsg ¹EdlmancMeNHdwg . sm&yRBH:TmhanamRbmaN BÇsÇ 956 RBHBuTÆeXasacarürcnaKm¬ IvisuTÆ imK< ERbRBHéRtbidknigGd ðkzaBIPasasigØlmkCaPasamKZ; elakmksñ akénAkñ úgR:saTenHEdr . eRkaymk mankarpø as´GñkRKbRKgKWkSRtminEmnCaBuTÆbris&T elahR:saTk*RTuDeRTamcuH RtÚveKlHbgecal CaBiessBYkTmiLmanGMNack*dutecaleTA eRJHeXIjzaR:saTenH CaXø aMgrYbrYmKm¬ IrbsGñkR:C\TaMgLay sUm|IRBH:TsTÆ atisSsagmkzµ Ik*:nEt 5 Can´ luHdlBuTÆstvtSTI 16k*RtÚvduteT[t mkdlRtgenHeTIbBicarNaeXIjZm(EdlRBHsas þ aRTg´Rtasza RKby agCaGnic© M elahR:saT 9 Cany¨ ags, wmés, k*mankarEbk:kvinaseTA ZmµCatieZV IovinasminzaGV IeT EtmnusSBYkTmiLmkdutecal Gnic© a mnusSGñkksag mnusSk*GaRs&yenA

cuHehtuGV Ik*BYkTmiLmkdutecal elahR:saTCakEnøgkM:MgGavuZs®g< amy agenaHß/ .suvNÑmalikectiy

suvNÑmalikectiy GñkRsukehAeQµ aHeRcIny ag ehAzaruv&nevlisayectiy mhas þ Úbehm:lI rtñ:lI nigsuvNÑma-likectiy RBHmhakSRtGg<TI 14 énRbeTssirIlg, a KWRBH:T

Tud ðKamnIGP&y :nksagRbmaN BÇsÇ 422-466 manrUbdMrI 362 CakMEBgenACM uvij . ksagectiyenH:nyksilamkRkaleBjbrievNdITaMgGs´ vtæ úksagdéT> eRbIdMrIGUsmkBITIqá ay> .RBH:TTud ðKaminIGP&y :neZV Iswks®g< amCamYykSRtTmiL KWRBH-:TOLan luHRTgmanC&yCMnHehIyRTgoksagectiyenHTukCaGnusSavrIy ¾ ebIeyIgBicarNaoeRCAeTAeXIjza CaRBHemt þ ad*x¬g´

suvNÑmalikectiy

- 73 -



x¬s´énRBH:TTud ðKaminIGP&y eRJHRTgeXIjesck þ IsMxanéndMrI mancMENkeZV IoRbCaCnsirIlg, a:nesckI þsux luHrYcBI swks®g< amk*odMrIrYmksagbuNü:rmI KWeZV Ivt þeZV IectiyCamYypg Cakarokit þ iysdl´stVJhn; eTIbRTgbBa¢ aoqø ak´rUbdMrIb undMrIEmnETnenACM uvijRBHectiyTaMg 4 Tis .

EpñkxagelIRBHectiymanlk¡N;dUczUrp, a CaTIbB© ú aHRBHbrmsarIrikZatu EdlesaNut þrsameNrCaRBHGrhn þnimn þ eTAykmkBIEdnbeBa¢rikPBnaK BIézá 15 ekItExGasaZ rvagBuTÆskraC 422-466 RBHectiyenH:nTTYlkarCYsCulmuneZV IbuNüqøgBuTÆCyn þ I BÇsÇ 2500 enaHÉg .

vt þ«surumunI vt þ«surumunI ksagkñ úgsm&yRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS kalRTgeTIbEt:nTTYlRBHBuTÆsasnaBIRBHmhin Þetær naMBuTÆsasnaBI

Cm¬ ÚTV IbmkpSBVpSay nigCaTIsñ ak´rbssg ¹RkumdMbUg eTIbRTg RBHraCTanOTüanPaKxagt|ÚgCitrUgPñ MevsSKirICaGaram mundMbUg«surumunImansasaqansaZarN;eQµ aH mha:lI ksagRBmKñ a

CamYyRkugGnuraZbur; . bc© úb|nñenAqá ayBIRkugRbmaN 5 KILÚ Em¨Rt brievNvt þZMTUlay manRsHTwkenAcMkN þ alPñ Met] TisxaglicénmatRsHmanvihar manCeN þ Irzµ enAelIkMBUlPñ MmanRBHBuTÆ-:Tcmøg . enAkñ úgRBHviharmanRBHBuTÆesyüabeN þ ayRbmaN5 EmRt tamCBa¢ aMg:nsresrRbvt þ iRBHBuTÆsasnaRbkbrUbPaBKWsm&yRBHBuTÆsasnahUrcUlmkkñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a taMgBIedIm

rUbdMrI 362 CakMEBgRBHectiy

vt þ«surumunI



- 75 -



6Ç RBHsg ¹mankarRbRBwt þkñ úgCIvitgay> ehIyRbkbedayehtupl eZV IRbeyaCn ¾dl´GñkdéTEdlCaKMrUd*lÁ eTIbeZV IoRBHmha-kSRtnigRbCaCnmancit þRsLaj´ nigrkSaRBHsg ¹ .

7Ç KN;smN;TUtgayRsÜlkñ úgkarTakTgGñkRsuk eRJHPasaRsed[gKñ a RsÜlkñ úgkareTsnapSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasna .8Ç Zm(kñ úgRBHBuTÆsasna dwknaMCIvitnigkarrsenArbsGñkRsukomanesck þ Isux mansuPaBrabsa minmankarCMTasKñ a .enHCaehtu EdleZV IoRBHBuTÆsasnapSBVpSay:ny¨ agqab´rh&s enAkñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a .

mhin Þel teTAenHnwgnaMBuTÆsasnikCneLIgeTAelIPñ Mmhin Þel KWPñ MEdl

RBHmhin Þetærnimn þmkCanekaHenHCaelIkdMbUg ehIy:nCYbnigRBH:T

eTvanm|iytisSenATIenH CeN þ IreLIgBIedImman

1Ç840 kaM ehIymanGayuRbmaN 1Ç500 qñ aMksagedayRBH:TrztikGP&ykalBI BÇsÇ524- 554 BIEdnGnuraZbur;dlmhin Þel 12 KILÚEm¨Rt .

RBH:TGesakmharaCteTAenHnwgGZib|ayBIRbvt þ iRBH:TGesakmharaC eRJHBuTÆbris&TxøHminTandwgRbvt þ irbsRBHGg< ehIymankarqál´ b uEn þGñk

Edl:nsikSamkehIy eRcInEtniyayrMlwkdl´KuNrbsRBHGg<Caer]y> Rbvt þ iseg¡bmandUcteTAenH KWÇÇÇRBH:TGesakmharaC CaOrsRBH:TBin Þ úsar kñ úgraCvgSemariy; RKbRKgEdnmKZ; . RBH:TBin Þ úsarmanRBHmehsI 16 Gg< manOrs 101 Gg< RBH:TGesakCaOrsRBHnagZmµeTvI ßsuP®T Þ avtI manbÁ ÚnrYmRBHCnnIRBHnamza tisSraCkumar .

munnwgRTgeLIgesayraCsm|t þ ikñ úgEdnmKZ; RTgTTYltMENgCaóbraCRKbRKgmN Ðltk,sila ehIyk*pø aséTARKbRKgnKróeC¢nIEdnGvn þ I .

kalRBHGg<RKbRKgEdnGvn þ IenaHÉg RBH:TBin Þ úsarRTgRBHRbQYnCaTmán´ ehIyk*Gs´RBHCnµkñ úgeBleRkaymk . bN þ abg

Pñ MenAmhin Þel

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E i w i I I I I I



bÁ ÚneRkAmataEdlmanysCayuvraCkñ úgkalenaH KitnwgRKgraCsm|t þ ieTIbekItdeN þ ImKñ aeLIg TIbMputRBH:TGesakmharaCRTgTTYlC&yCMnH RTgRbharCIvitsumnraCkumar RBmTaMgRBHjatibgbÁ ÚneRkARBHCnnI 98 Gg<eT[t RTgyk:dlibuRtehIyRKbRKgraCsm|t þ i CakSRténvgSemariy;Gg<TI3 RTgRBHnamza RBH:TGesakmharaC . eRkayBIdeN þ ImykGMNac:n 4 qñ aM eTIbeZV IraCaPiesktamRbéBNI .

kalRBHGg<mantMENgCaóbraCRKgnKróeC¢nIenaH RTger[bGaJh ¾BiJh ¾nigZItarbsevTisa esd ð IEdnevTisKirInamza evTisa-mhaeTvI eKeC]zaRBHnagevTisamhaeTvIenH CasküvgSEdl:neP[sxø ÜnmkBIEdnsk,; . eRkaymkRBHnagk*RbsUtRBHOrsmYyGg<RBHnamza mhin Þkumar nigRBHZItamYyGg<RTgRBHnamza sg ¹mit þ a enARkugóeC¢nIenaHÉg .

luHRBH:TGesakmharaCRTgRKgraCüehIy RTgelIkT&BeTAvayyknKrepSg>dUcCaEl|gkILarbsRBHGg< RBmTaMgrYbrYmyktMbn´tUcZMCaeRcInmkrYmCaEdnmKZ; kSRtnKrepSg>naMKñ aekatxø acGanuPaBrbsRBHGg< minzaTINaßkEnøgNaEdlRBHGg<elIkT&BeTAvay nwgmanGñkNah) ants) UenaH KWKµ aneLIy eRJHehtudUecñ aHehIyeTIbRTgmanRBHnamza ²cN Ð aesak³ ERbza T&BGesak

kacsahav .eRkayBI:nraCaPieskehIy 8 Ex RBH:TGesakmharaCelIkT&BeTAvaynKrkalig<; edIm|IBRgIkGaNaext þeTAPaKxagt|ÚgénRbeTs s®g< amelIkenHeZV IoRbCaCnsø ab´rabEsn RtÚvcabCaeQø IyswkcMnYnmYyEsnR:Mmu Wnnak´ ‘150Ç000’ TTYlGn þrayBIehtu déTCaeRcIneT[t RBH:TGesakRTgecjeTAeZV Is®g< amedayRBHGg<Ég . kalenaHRBHGg<RTgyageTAtamsmrPUmi RTgTteXIjsaksBTahan sBsmN;RJhµN ¾ nigsBRbCaCnJseBjdI eZV IoRTgsMevKkñ úgRBHT&yy agxø aMg eTIbRTgRtiHriHza karEsVgrkkit þ iysedaykareZV Is®g< amenH minEmnCakit þ iysd*BitR:kdeT kalBIedImRTgRtiHriHza s®g< amCakILamYyEdr b¨ uEn þsPaBEdlR:kdkñ úgeBlenH :npø as´b þ ÚrRBHT&yrbs´RBHGg<Gs´rlIg ehIyRTgQbéZV Is®g< ameT[teTA .

eRkayBIelIkT&BRtLbmkBInKrkalig<;vij RTgZujRTanen]yNaykñ úgkareZV Is®g< am RTg´manRBHT&ylMOneTArkesck þ Isáb´ kñ úgsasna eTIbes þcyageTAs þ ab´Zm(eTsnakñ úgsMNakGacarünana eRJHkñ úgsm&yenaH EdnmKZ;manGacarüGñkbeRg[nEpñksasna4 sMNakKW 1 sMNakbdibt þ ikñ úgBuTÆsasna 2 sMNakénGñkTaynigevTmn þGaKm 3 sMNakrbsGaCIvk 4 sMNakBYkeCnsisSrbsmhavIr; . RBH:TGesakmharaCRTgyl´kñ úgRBHT&yza JküeRb[nRbedAkñ úgBuTÆsasnaCaZm(d*RbesIrCagsasnadéT.taMgBIenaHmkRTgRbkasza RBHGg<CasasnUbtæmÖk ¾ edayykJküeRb[nRbedAkñ úgRBHBuTÆsasna CaeKalkñ úgkarRKbRKg RBHraC-GaNacRk Etk*min:neb[teb[nsasnadéTEdr . eRkayBIRTgRbkasRBHGg<CaBuTÆmamk;:n 2 qñ aM RTgk*bYsCaPik¡ úkñ úgBuTÆ-

- 77 -BTsasnaGsry;eBlCag 2 qaM .



BuTÆsasnaGsry;eBlCag 2 qñ a .RBH:TGesakmharaC RTgmansTÆ aRCHzø akñ úgRBHBuTÆsasnaxø aMgNas´ RTgéRCIserIsKtiZm(mkCaeKalkñ úgkarRKbRKgRBH-

raCGaNacRk elIktem, IgRBHBuTÆsasnaCasasnaRbcaMCati RBmTaMgRbkasoGñkzñ akéRkam> ykCaZur;kñ úgkarbeRg[nRbCaCnotaMgenAkñ úgsmµ aTid ð i RTgbnÆ ÚrbnæyRbéBNIedImocUlKñ anigRBHZm(rbsRBHmanRBHPaK RTghamminoeb[teb[nstV ehIyksagpø Úv

zñl´ CIkRsHCasaZarN; RTgoRbCaCndaMedImeQICamøb´tampø Úv sagsalaqTan nigmn Þ IreBTüsRmabBüa:leraKdlmnusSnigstVtircä anCaedIm .kargarsMxanEdleZV IorwgmaMkñ úgRbeTspg nigCakarpSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnakñ úgsm&yrbs´RBHGg<pg KWkareZV Isg< ayna RTg

R:rBÆomankarRbCM usg ¹eZV Isg< aynaelIkTI3 enAGesakaram Edn:dlibuRt RBHGg<CasasnUbtæmÖk ¾ RBHemaK<lø Ibut þ isSetærCaRbZanRBHPik¡ úsg ¹cMnYn 1Ç000 Gg< suTÆEtPik¡ úEdlmancMeNHdwgEbkZø aykñ úgbdismÖ iTa CMnajkñ úgmuxviC¢ aBuTÆsasnaRKby ag eZV I 9 ExeTIbseRmcCasæ aBr . luHeZV Isg< aynarYcehIyRTgRtiHriHza teTAGnaKtRBHBuTÆsasnakñ úgCm¬ ÚTV IbnwgcuHexSay RTgmanbMNgykRBHZmµ

vin&yeTARbtis ð ankñ úgRbeTsnana eTIbRTgbBa¢ ÚnRBHezr;niggbrivarCaZmµTUt nimn þeTApSBVpSayBuTÆsasnaenATIepSg> 9 kEnøgKW ?1Ç RBHmCÄN þ iketær nimn þeTApSBVpSayoBYknaK:nrabGanRBHBuTÆsasna .2Ç RBHmhaezr; nimn þeTApSBVpSayenAEdnmhisSkmN Ðl KW enAdMbn´xagt|Úgéns Þ wgeKaTavrI EdlCaEdnémesabc© úb|nñenH .3Ç RBHrk¡ it þetær nimn þeTApSBVpSayenAvnvasIRbeTs KWEdnknr;xageCIg enATisGaeKñy ¾énRbeTs«N Ð a Km¬ IrmhavgSeJlza

manvt þdléTA 500 vt þ kñ úgEdndIenaH .4Ç RBHeyankZmµrk¡ ietær CaRBHGrhn þCnCatiRkIk nimn þeTApSBVpSayBuTÆsasnaenAGbrn þkCnbT eqñrsmuRT KWbmeby ¾kñ úg

bc© úb|nñenH .5Ç RBHmhaZmµrk¡ ietær nimn þeTApSBVpSayBuTÆsasnaenAmhard ðRbeTs KWGnÆrRbeTssBVézáenH .

6Ç RBHmhark¡ it þetær nimn þeTApSBVpSayBuTÆsasnaenAeyankRbeTs KWenAEdnCnCatiRkIkRKbRKgkñ úgTV IbGasu IkN þ al xagelI RbeTsGI ur¨g´ eLIgeTArhUtdléTIrKIsæ an .

7Ç RBHmCÄimetærRBmTaMgRBHezr; 4 Gg<eT[tKW 1 RBHksSbeKat; 2 RBHmUlkeTv; 3 RBHTun ÞPisSr 4 RBHeTv; nimn þeTApSBV pSayBuTÆsasnaenAEk|rPñ MhimJn þ .

8Ç RBHesaNetærnigRBHót þretær nimn þeTApSBVpSayenAsuvNÑPUmi kalBIézá 2 ekIt Exkt þ ik BÇsÇ 235 .

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9Ç RBHmhin ÞetærRBmTaMgRBH«t þ iyetær RBHót þ iyetær RBHsm¬letær RBHPT Þsaletær nigsumnsameNr nimn þeTApSBVpSayenAekaHlg, a sm&yRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS .

manPs þ útagc|aslasza RBHmhin Þetærnimn þmkpSBVpSayBuTÆsasnaenAekaHlg, adMbUg KWPñ Mmhin Þel .

ectiybBt( mhin Þel CaeQµ aHEdlGñkRsukehAtamKñ amkyUr KWkø aymkBIJkü mhin=t;el mhin Þr CaRBHnamrbsRBHmhin Þetær ÉJküza

t;el CaPasaGñkRsuk ERbza Pñ M ebIERbykn&yza ²Pñ MEdlTakTgnigRBHmhin Þetær³ . enAelIPñ MenaHmanbrievN 21 Em¨Rt enAkñ úgectiybB(tmanRBHbrmsarIrikZatu nigRBHZatuRBHGrhn þ . Pñ MenHmanCeN þ IreLIg

1Ç694 kaM Pñ MenHx¬sĆageKenAm þ M úenaH kalBImuneKehAza ²misSkbB(t³ CakEnøgGñkbr:jstV . manbuNünk¡t þ #kSEdlCaRBHraCRbéBNI RBHraCaRTges þcyagecjBInKr RBmTaMgbrivarmkPñ MmisSkbB(tenHedaymanbMNgbr:jstVCakILa . luHRBHmhin Þetær:nTTYlbBa¢ aBIRBHezr;ehIy eTIbnaMykRBHZm(vin&ymkpSBVpSayenAekaHlg, a RBHmhin ÞetæreZV I dMeNIreRkayRBHezr;TaMgLay 7 Ex kñ úgbN þ aRBHezr;eTApSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasnaTaMg 9 pø ÚvenaH TaMgenHeRJHenAeBlenaH RBH:TmuXsIv;

kSRtsirIlg, aRTg´RBHCraPaB minGacpSBVpSayRBHBuTÆsasna:neTehIyRBHOrsrbsRBHGg<RTgRBHnamza eTvanm|iytisSk*enAkMeLaH .eRkaymkRBHraCkumar:nRKgsm|t þ i eTIbRBHmhin Þetærnimn þeTAekaHlg, a ehIyk*nimn þeTAPñ MmisSkbB(tenATisxagekIt kñ úgExeCs ð BÇsÇ 236 kEnøgEdlRBHmhin ÞetærcuHenaH manbeg< alB&TÆCM uvij mansñ am:TrbsRBHGrhn þR:kdCaPs þ útagrhUtmkdl´sBVézá .

Pñ MenAmhin Þel

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GñkR:C\RbTHnigGñkR:C\ enAbrievNdM uzµZM emIleXIjdUcCakMEBgzµ:MgBIeRkAGaceLIgeTA:n eRJHmanCeN þ IreLIgenATisxageCIg kEnøgenHeKsnñ id ð anza

CakEnøgEdlRBHmhin Þetær CYbCamYynigRBH:TeTvanm|iytisSRKadMbUg ehIy:nsn ÞnaKñ aEbbGñkR:C\CYbnigGñkR:C\ . kalRBHmhin Þetærnimn þcuHelIPñ MmisSkbB(tenH RBH:TeTvanm|iytisS es þck*yagmkTIenHEdr RBHmhin Þetærnimn þmkpSBVpSayRBHZmµvin&yÉRBHraCaes þcyagmkbr:jstVCakILa esck þ IbMNgrbs´buK<lTaMg 2 xusKñ aqá ay rvagbuNünig:b dUcemXnigdI .

RBHraCaeTvanm|iytisS kMBugePø ItePø InenAnigkILabr:jstV eBlenaHstVtUcZMk*eKcrtBIP&yedayer[g>xø Ün maneRbIsmYyrUbragsÁ atehIyZMrt´katmk RBH-raCaTteXIjehIyRTgeBjRBHT&yzanwg:jo:n RTgyag

tameTA eRbIsenaHk*rtćUleTA:Mgzµ ehIyk*:t´BITIenaHeTARBHraCaRTgtamdaneCIgeTA kñ úgxN;enaH RTg:n»semøgmanTwkdmd*BIeraHza ²tisS tisS³ RBHraCa»semøgenaHehIy RTg nwkqál´kñ úgRBHT&yza mnusSekItenAekaHenH manGñkNahñ @h) anehAeQµ aHGjza tisS tisS .

RBHraCaRTgyageTAtamsemøgehA eTIbCYbsmN;kM-eLaH esø {kJk´sMBtćas>sirSRtegalenHCaGñkNahñ @ CaPñ MenAmhin Þel

RBHmhin ÞetærnigRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS

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mnusSßeTvta h) anmkehAGjzatisS tisS pg .kalenaH RBHmhin ÞetæreJlza mñ almhabBiRt Gatµ aPaBCasmN;skübuRt Casav&krbs´RBHbrmsas þ a CaZmµraCamkBI

Cm¬ ÚTV IbedIm|ICYyse®g< aHRBHGg< . kñ úgkalenaHRBH:TeTvanm|iytisSeTIbEtGPiesk:n 1 Exb¨ ueNÑ aH eRJHmaneRK]gGPieskRBmTaMgeRK]gbNÑ akar nigkarzV ayRBHBrrbs´RBH:TGesakmharaCbBa¢ ÚnmkzV ayzµ I> RTgnwkdlKuNenaHminTanePøcpg nigRTgRCabzaRBHrtn;éRt:nekIteLIgehIy b uEn þRBHGg<minGacyleT luHRTgRBHsN þ ab´RBHezr;za Gatµ aCasmN; Casav&krbsRBHmanRBHPaKeTIbRTgRCabza RBHezr;Gg<enHÉg CabuBa ¦ek¡t þenAkñ úgRBHrtn;éRt dUecñHehIyRTgk*RbzabenATIenaH RtasRBHvacanigTTYlrak TakRBHezr;edaylÁ . luHRBHraCaRTgTteXIjPikú ¡ 6 Gg<eT[t eTIbRtassYrza GñkTaMgenHmkBIkalNa /

RBHezr;Ç mkRBmnigGatµ aPaB mhabBiRt .raCaÇ sBVézáenAkñ úgCm¬ ÚTV IbmanmnusSEbbenHeT[teT /RBHezr;Ç maneRcIn mhabBiRt sBVézáenHenACm¬ ÚTV Ibruger]geTAedaykasavB®s þ bribUN(edayPik¡ úsg ¹Casav&krbsRBHman

RBHPaK CaRBHGrhn þxINaRsBcbéRtviC¢ a man#TÆ iqø atkñ úgecetabriyBa ¦ aN .raCaÇ bBiRtelakm© as´d*cMerIn elakm© asńimn þmkpø ÚvNa /RBHezr;Ç mñ almhabBiRt Gatµ aPaBmin:nmkpø ÚvTwk ßpø ÚveKakeT .RBHraCaRTgRCabza RBHezr;nimn þmkpø ÚvGakas .

bBaØaRBHmhin Þetær

luHRBHmhin Þetærsn ÞnaCamYyRBH:TeTvanm|iytisSlµmsmKYr nigCaTIeBjRBHT&yrbs´RBHraCaehIy RBHezr;:nRtiHriHza KYrEtGatµ aGjsakl|gbBa ¦ aRBHraCaGg<enH zaetIRTgGacTTYlRBHZm(:nb¨ unµ an eTIbpø as´Gasn;ehIysYrbBaØ aBIedImsV aydUcteTAÇÇÇRBHezr;Ç mñ almhabBiRt enHCaedImGV I /raCaÇ enHCaedImsV ay .RBHezr;Ç mñ almhabBiRt eRkABIedImsV ayenH etImanedImsV aydéTeT[teT /raCaÇ manelakm© as´ manedImsV ayCaeRcIneT[t .

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I I é i I I I é I I I [



RBHezr;Ç eRkABIedImsV aydéT nigeRkABIedImeQIdéT etIenAmanedImGV IeT[teT /raCaÇ man KWedImsV aymYyenH elakm© as´ .luHcbkarsYrbBaØ ab ueNÑH RBHmhin Þetær:nzV aysB ÞsaZukarBrdlRBHraCazaCabN Ð it RBmTaMgsYrbBaØ abn þeTAeT[tÇÇÇRBHezr;Ç mñ almhabBiRt RBHjatirbsRBHGg<maneRcIneT /raCaÇ maneRcIn elakm© as´ .RBHezr;Ç mñ almhabBiRt eRkABIRBHjatiTaMgenaH etImanGñkdéTeT[teT mhabBiRt /raCaÇ manelakm© as´ GñkEdlminEmnCajatimaneRcInCagjatieTAeT[t elakm© as´ .RBHezr;Ç eRkABIRBHjati eRkABIGñkdéTEdlminEmnCajati etImanGñkNaeT[teT mhabBiRt /raCaÇ man KWx\ M úRBHkruNaenHÉg elakm© as´ .RBHezrÇ saZu mhabBiRteqø IyRtÚvehIy .

RKanEtsYrbBaØ ab ueNÑH RBHezr;:nRCabza RBHraCaRTgĆabN Ð itGacnwgdwgZm(:n RBHezr;k*sEm þgZm( ²cULhtæ ibeTabmsURt³ ‘mCÄimnikaymUlbNÑ ask ¾ ’ enHCaRBHZmµeTsnaelIkdMbUgkñ úgBuTÆsasna enAekaHlg, a .

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ectiyRB mhinetr



ectyRBHmhn Þetær enAkñ úgbrievNTIdI 3Ç480 EmRtkaer¨ KWkEnøgvt þGm¬talraCmhaviTüal&y CasMNaksg ¹ eRkayBIRBHmhin ÞetærcUlmkpSBV

pSayRBHBuTÆsasna taMgBICnµ ayu 32 vsSadl Cnµ ayu 80 RBHvsSaeTIbniBV an .

RBHmhin ÞetærniBV anehIy eTIbksagGm¬tæectiy‘Ambattha-cetiya ’ ERbzaectiyTYlsV ay edIm|IbB© ú aHRBHZatu ßGd ð iZaturbsRBHmhin Þetær CaGñkmanKuNéRkElgcMeJHRBHBuTÆsasna nigrMlwkKuNRBHGrhn þ TaMgLay CaGñklHbgzV ayCIvitbUCadlRBHsas þ a .

Gm¬tæectiy

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mhaesyüectiy



mhaesyüecty mhaesyüectiy ‘Mahaseya Pagoda ’ enAEk|rectiyRBHmhin ÞetærenaHEdr EtenAelITYlx¬sĆag enATisxagt|ÚgmanviharCabKñ a

eZV IoectiyminsUvRtEdteLIgb unµ aneT kñ úgviharenaHmanrUbGaTieTBeRcInGg< sni ñd ð anza sasnahiN Ð ÚmancMENkkñ úgTIenaHxøHEdr mYyPaKeT[tCaBuTÆsasna eRJHmanRBHBuTÆesyüa EpñkxagcugRBH:TmanRBHGann ÞKg´QryM manrUbRBHsarIrikZatuEdlnaMmkBICm¬ ÚTV IbkalRBH:TGesakmharaCeZV IbuNübUCaRBHZatu eRkayBIeZV Isg< aynaelIkTI3 .

mhaesyüectiy

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PaKrYm -RbeTssirIlg, a ‘Sri Lanka ’ beN þ ayBIxageCIgeTATlxagt|ÚgbMput 434 KILÚEm¨Rt nigTTwgman 225 KILÚEm¨Rt .

-bc© úb|nñRbeTssirIlg, amanRbCaCn 20 lan 9 Esnnak´ ‘BÇsÇ 2556’ rYmTaMgCnCatidéTpg .-Pñ MEdlx¬s´bMputkñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a KWPñ Mbidurutl;Kl; ‘Pidurutalagala ’ EdlmankMBs´ 2Ç524 EmRt enATisxageCIgénRsuknuvr;eGliy; ‘ Nuwara Eliya ’ .

-Rbvt þ isa®s þmundMbUg nigcasCageKénRbeTssirIlg, a kñ úgkalenaH:nR:kdkñ úgKm¬ IrmhavgS ‘Mahavamsa ’ CaKm¬ IrsMxanbMputrbs´sirIlg, a KUKñ anigKm¬ IrmYyeT[tenACMnanbn þmk KWKm¬ IrculøvgS ‘Culavamsa ’ :nrYbrYmelIkdMbUgkñ úgBuTÆstvtSTI 11 edayPik¡ ú sg ¹kñ úgRBHBuTÆsasna ‘Bhikkhus ’ eRcInGg< .

-buBVbursénRbeTssirIlg, a:nykZmµCatieZV ICaRbeyaCn ¾ CaR:C\ arbs´raCvgSbUraN sEm þgoeXIjc|askñ úgBuTÆstvtSTI

17 KWRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCTI 1 ‘Parakra-mabahu 1 ’ eRJHRTg´Rtasza ²minoTwksUm|ImYydMNk´hUrcUlkñ úgsmuRTeT ebImnusSenAmin:neRbIR:s³ .-s þ Úb ßCnCatisirIlg, aehAza TaeKab; ‘Dagaba ’ ßTaeKb; énGnuraZbur;nigKMnr:kEbkénraCvaMgenAelIPñ MsIKiriy; ‘Sigiriya ’ .-RsHTwkedaynayBl Gar ¾ EGl RBUeh[r ¾ ‘R.l. Brohier ’ kalBI BÇsÇ 2447 :nrkeXIjRsHTwkbUraN EdlmnusSCIkenA

GnuraZbur; ‘Anurabhaquea ’ nigenAext þPaKxageCIg ‘ Northern Province ’ mandl´ 11Ç200 kEnøg .-RsHTwkeQµ aHbrk,rmsmuRT ‘Parakrama Samudra ’ ßmhasmuRTrbsRBH:Tbrk,rm ksagedayRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCTI1

beN þ ayman 14Ç5 KILÚEm¨Rt kMBs´ 12 EmRt .-RBHBuTÆsasnahUrcUlmkpSBVpSaykñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a kñ úgBuTÆstvtSTI 3 rvagsm&yénRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS ‘Devana-

moiya Tissa ’ RTg´RKbRKgkñ úgsm&yRBH:TGesakmharaC ‘Asoka ’ CamharaCaGg<eRkaybMputehIy manGMNacbMputkñ úgvgSemariy;‘Mauriya ’ énRbeTs«N Ð a .

-GnuraZbur; CaEdndIbUraN manTIsæ annigvtæ úénBuTÆsasnaeRcIn dUcCas þ Úb ‘Stupa ’ ßPasasigØlehAza TaeKab; Cak|ac´ k|ÚrrcnamkBIRbeTs«N Ð aPaKxageCIg .

-RBHs þ ÚbGP&yKirI ‘Abhayagiri ’ :nksagBRgIkoZMeLIgkñ úgBuTÆstvtSTI 7 mankMBs´ 84 EmRt nigRBHs þ ÚbeCtvnaram

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M ´ 2 E ¨ Mg I g E Ć g i ¨ id I ´ i A I



‘Jetavanara-ma ’ kBs 120 EmRt RBHs þ ÚbTagBrGg<enH suTÆEtx¬sCagBramdT 3 rbseGhSb ‘Egypt ’ enARsukksa ‘Giza ’ tamBits þ ÚbeCtvnaram GacZMCageKkñ úgBiPBelak .

-Ednb¨ Uelannaruv; Edlkø ayeTACasñ ÚlkN þ alénvb|Zm(rbssigØl kñ úgBuTÆstvtSTI 17 .-sil|;sm&ymunRbvt þ isa®s þ ‘Prehistoric Art ’ GacEckCa 4 sm&y KW ?1Ç sil|;sm&yzµcas´ ‘Palaeolithic Age ’ RbmaN 500Ç000-15Ç000 qñ aMmkehIy .2Ç sil|;sm&yzµkN þ al ‘Mesolithic Age ’ RbmaN 15Ç000-8Ç000 qñ aMmkehIy .3Ç sil|;sm&yzµzµ I ‘ Neolithic Age ’ RbmaN 8Ç000-2Ç600 qñ aMmkehIy .4Ç sil|;sm&yelah; ‘Metal Age ’ RbmaN 2Ç600- 2Ç500 qñ aMmkehIy .-sil|;sm&yRbvt þ isa®s þ ‘Historical Art ’ KW ?

kÇ sil|;EbbGnuraZbur; ‘Anutadhapura ’ BÇsÇ 106-1560 .xÇ sil|;Ebbb¨ Uelannaruv; ‘Polonnaruwa ’ BÇsÇ 1560- 1778 .KÇ sil|;EbbTm¬eTNiy; yabvuv; nigkuruenKl; ‘Damdade-niyaYapavuva and Kurunegala ’ BÇsÇ 1778-1958 .XÇ sil|;EbbKaM:l; ßKaMeJl; ‘Gampala or Gampola ’ BÇsÇ 1884-1958 .gÇ sil|;EbbC&yvD¿nbur;ßkUtet ‘Jayavar-dhanapura or Kutte ’ BÇsÇ 1958-2140 .cÇ sil|;EbbsirivD¿nburI ßEXnDI ‘Sirivardhanapuri or Kendy ’ BÇsÇ 2140-2358 .

-CnPaKticehAza ykSa ‘Yakshas

’

nignaK ‘ Nagas

’

CaCnCatiPaKticEdlRbeTssirIlg, aCabĆMJk´buNüKuN nigokareKarBkñ úgfan;:neZV IKMrUkñ úgkarrsenAgay> nigeZV Ionwkdl´vizICIvitsm&yedImkñ úgekaHenaH KWsm&ymunRbvt þ isa®s þ .-Rbvt þ isa®s þTaMg 4 enH enAkñ úgvb|Zm( 2 eQµ aH KW ?1Ç vb|Zm(rtn;bur; ‘Ratanapu-ra Culture ’ .2Ç vb|Zm(BlaMgkUTa ‘Balangoda Culture ’ .-zU:ram ‘Thupatama ’ Cas þ ÚbcasCageKTaMgGskñ úgRbeTssirIlg, a zU:ramenHRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS nigRBHmhin ÞetærrYmKñ a

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g i p p dM g A g v I dI I I i dg M i g M ´



ksag kalRBHmhn ÞetærcUlmkpSBVpSayBuTÆsasnadbUg enAcugstvtST 3 edm|bB© ú aHRBHbrmsarrkZatudgkabtxags þ arbs RBHsas þ a KWsameNr:nykmkBIsMNakRBH:TGesakmharaC kñ úgeBlRBHBuTÆsasnaRbtis ð ankñ úgRbeTssirIlg, adMbUg .

-s þ Úbbruv&nevli ‘Rwanweli ’ ßmhas þ Úb ‘Great Pagoda ’ ßmhas þ Úb ‘Magathupa ’ ksagenAstvtSTI 4 edayRBH:TeTvanm|iy-tisS Cas þ ÚbZMbMputkñ úgGnuraZbur; tamRbvt þ isa®s þeJlza s þ ÚbenHRBH:TeTvanm|iytisS ksagkalRBHGg<bB© ab´s®g< amCamYyRBH:TEGlsra ‘Elsra ’ CakSRtTmiL RTgmanC&yCMnHehIyksagCaGnusSavrIy ¾ . CnCatisirIlg, aehAeQµ aHs þ ÚbepSgKñ ak*mandUcCaruv&nevlisyectiy ‘Ru w anweli-saya Cetiya’ mhas þ Úb ‘Great Pagoda’ ehm:lI ‘Hempali rtn;malI ‘Ratanamali ’nigsuvNÑmalikectiy ‘Suvanamalika Cetiya ’ CaedIm .

kMEBgEdlmandMrIZM>CaeRcInehIymaMTaMenAer[gKñ a dMrITaMgenaHp Þ úkRBHs þ ÚbenAelIxñg hakdUcCaGñkemIlkarxugRtÚvnigrkSay¨ aglÁ .-eCtvnaram ‘Jetavanarama ’ mankMBsĆag 120 Em¨Rt eRkayBICYsCulehIy s þ ÚbenHmankMBs´dl´ 152 EmRt manssrenA

kN þ al 113 Em¨Rt eZV IGMBI«d ðmankRmas´ 8 EmRt .

-s þ ÚbGP&yKirI ‘

Abhayagiri

’ enAbrievNvt þ

xageCIg ßót þ

rvihar ‘Uttaravihara

’ Cavt þ

ksagedayRBH:Tvd þ

KamnIGP&y‘Vattagamini ’ kalBIBÇsÇ 455 . s þ ÚbGP&yKirIksagedayRBH:TKCJhu .-mhin Þel ERbza Pñ Mrbs´RBHmhin Þetær kñ úgbrievNenaHmanPñ M 4 CakEnøgpSBVpSaydMbUg nigRbtis ð anRBHBuTÆsasnaenARbeTs

sirIlg, a kñ úg BÇsÇ 396 RBH:TeTvanm|iytisSRTgTTYlrabGanRBHBuTÆsasna nigRTgykBuTÆsasnaCasasnaRbcaMCatirbs RBHGg< RTgTTYlRBHZmµeTsnaBIRBHmhin ÞetærelIkdMbUgenATIenaHEdr .

kñ úgBuTÆstvtSTI 15 rd ð:l:necjc|abrkSabrievNPñ MTaMgenaH minosmø ab´stVéRB nigmanmnusSrabmu WnrabEsneZV IdMeNIreTATsSna CaBiessézáeBjbUN(mIExBisax ehAza b¨ UsUn ‘Poson ’ .

kMBUlPñ Ms&k þ isiTÆ imancMnYn 1Ç840 GayuminticCag 1Ç500 qñ aM

.s þ ÚbkN Ðk;ectiy ‘Kantaka Cetiya ’ ém¨hintel ksagkñ úgstvtSTI 4 kal BÇsÇ 2477 mankMBs´ 12 EmRt vasBIm¡ ageTAm¡ ag 130 EmRt .

-s þ ÚbGM:sæ al; ‘Ambasthala ’ ksagenAkEnøgEdlRBHmhin Þetær R:kdkaycMeJHRBH:TeTvanm|iytisSdMbUgbgÁs´ .-RBHmhaeJZi ‘Maha Bodhi ’ CaeKalsMxankñ úgRbvt þ isa®s þ EdlmanGayueRcInbMputkñ úgelak nigCaTIsk, ar;d*sMxanbMputén

BuTÆsasnik .

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9 C ´ wg 46 E ¨ ´ ´ ¨ g d ´ d ´



-elahR:saT ‘Brazen Palace or Lloha Prasada ’ man 9 Can TTg 46 EmRt man 1Ç000 bn Þb RKby agRbdabedayR:k nigzµmantémø ßrtn;mantémø dMbUlRbks¬ an´Rkhm eRJHehtuenH eTIbeQµ aHzaelahR:saT sagedayRBH:TTud ðKaminIGP&y .elahR:saTsBÆézáenH enAslEtssrzµenAJseBjTaMgbrievNR:saT man 1Ç600 edIm 40 CYr mYyCYr>man 40 edImCasMNl´GMBIkarCYsCulelIkeRkay edayRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCTI 1 enaHÉg .

-vt þRBHcg, ÚmEkv ‘Dalada Maligawa or Temple of The Tooth or Tooth-Relic Temple ’ Rbtis ð anRBHTn þZaturbs´RBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆ ßRBHcg, ÚmEkv ‘The Tooth-Relic ’ eRkayBIRBHnagehmmala ‘Hemmala ’ RBHraCZItarbsRBH:TKUhsiv; ‘Guhasiva ’ kSRténkalig< ‘Kalinga ’ kñ úgRbeTs«N Ð a :nnaMmkzV ayRBH:TsiriemXvNÑ RBHnagykRBHTn þZatuenaHlakkñ úgpñ ÜgRBHeksa ehIynaMmkRbeTssirIlg, a .

-viCyaram ‘Vijayarama ’ sil|;EbbGnuraZbur;cugeRkay Casil|;kñ úgRBHBuTÆsasnamhayan .-mnusSnaKkanqñ aMgTwksEm þgdlkarót þmsm|Úr ehAzabUrNkls; ßbUrNxt; ‘Purnaghata ’ .

«suruminiy; ‘Isurumuniya

’ sagstvtSTI 3 ehAza«sSirn; ‘Issirana

’ manrUbcmø ak´zµy agsÁ atnigmanekr þ œeQµ aHl|IbMputkñ úgGnuraZburH KWrUbPaBEdlmaneQµ aHza mnusSRsLaj´ ‘The Lovers ’ .

-Gvukn; ‘Avukana ’ manRBHBuTÆrUby agsMxan´ ksagenABuTÆstvtSTI 11 eKsnñ id ð anza GñksagKWRBH:TZatuesn RBHBuTÆrUbGg< enH mankMBs´ 13 EmRt kalmunRBHmanRBHPaKRTgRbzabenAmateRCaH ehIysagrUbtamEbbedIm kalBI 1Ç000 qñ aMmkehIy .Jküza Gvukn; :nn&yza karsI udYgRBHGaTitü eRJHRBHBuTÆrUbGg<enHRbtis ð anenAkñ úgtMENgd*lÁbMput KWeXIjRBHGaTitüeTIbEtnwgrHRBmTaMgenAXø atBIRsHTwkd*ZMeQµ aH klevv; ‘Kalawewa ’ CaRBHBuTÆrUbRbzabQr .

-klüaNIraCmhavihar ßeklaNIyraCmhavihar ‘Kekniya Raja Mahavihara ’ enAklüaNI ßeklaNIy; »zaTIenHCakEnøg

mYyenAkñ úgcMnYn 3 kEnøg kñ úgekaHsirIlg, a RBHsmµ asm¬ úTÆRTgoesck þ IsMxanCageK RTges þcyagmkkEnøgenHedayRBHGg<Ég .-s þ Úb ßTaeKab; enAvt þklüaNI kEnøgEdlRBHmanRBHPaKRTgRbzabtamkarGaraZnaBIes þcnaK ‘ Naga King ’ elIblø &g,eZV IedayeBRCnigt|Úg .

-TV ar:l qø akénAelIp Þ aMgzµtamCeN þ IrTaMgBIrxag edIm|IeLIgeTAbUraNsæ an kalBImunTV ar:leKqø akĆarUbzUrp, a ßqñ aMgTwk ßbUrNkls; ßbUrNxt; manp, aCaeRK]gsMKaldl´karót þmsm|Úr .

PaBviciRtkr :nRbdabtakEtgzµPñ MsIhKIrI ßsIhKiriy; :neZV IrYckñ úgrvagsm&yRBH:TksSb;TI 1 ‘Kassapa 1 ’ . Rbkbeday

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rbPaBmnsSRsITaMgGs´ 21 nak´ ®sITaMgenaHRbdabedayeBRCnigt|gCaeRcIn elIsirSRbdabedayeRK]gRbdab®sIyägl es{k



rUbPaBmnusSRsTagGs 21 nak ®s þ TagenaHRbdabedayeBRCngt|ÚgCaeRcn elsrSRbdabedayeRK]gRbdab®s þ y aglÁ esø {ksMBtćgk|inEvgRKbkeCIg ehAza sMBtéZaTI ‘Dhoti ’ eKsnñ id ð anza ®s þ ITaMgenaHenAfansYK( .

sil|;Ebbb¨ Uelannaruv;enH RBHBuTÆrUbEdleKniyaydlmindacBImat´ KWRBHBuTÆrUbZM :nqø akńigp Þ aMgzµd*ZM mancMnYn 4 Gg< enAk&lvihar ßGaramxageCIg ßót þraram RBHBuTÆrUbGg<enHRTgRbzabGg< úy 2 Gg< RTgbriniBV an 1 Gg< nigRTgRbzabQr 1 Gg< RBHBuTÆRbzabQrenaHeKsnñ id ð anza RBHGann Þ ‘Ananda ’ ßGacCaRBHBuTÆrUbbraTuk¡Tuk¡ it; ‘Para Dkkha Dukkhita ’ ßRBHBuTÆzV ayenRt .

-st þmhaR:saT ‘Satmahal Prasada ’ ksagtamEbbbTEdl:nkMNt´Tuk ßsagtamtRmasaRt; ‘Sastras ’ GacsagCasasnsæ ancmøgrUbPaBPñ MRBHsuemru edayman 7 zñ ak´ .

BuTÆstvtSTI 16-17 b¨ Uelanaruv;:neZV ICaraCZanIrbs´sirIlg, a ehIyruger]gedaysil|kmµénGnuraZbur; . 2 stvtSb ueNÑ aHmankSRtesayraCübn þKñ a 12 Gg< xusKñ anigGnuraZbur; KWmanraCZanIenA:nyUrdl´ 1Ç400 Cagqñ aM ehIymankSRtRKbRKgEt 123Gg<b ueNÑ aH .

-kEnøgRBHcg, ÚmEkv ‘Terrace of the Tooth-Relic

’ Rbtis ð anenAbrievNPaKkN

þ alénRsukbUraNb¨ Uelannaruv; .vdTaeK ‘Vatadage ’ CabUraNsæ anmanRBHs þ ÚbenAkN þ al CM uvijs þ ÚbenaHsagGaKarmUlehIymanssrenACM uvij snñ id ð anza

bUraNsæ anenH CarbsćasCageKkñ úgb¨ Uelannaruv; manGayutaMgBIstvtSTI 12 mkemø H . RBHBuTÆrUbqø akédayzµRbzabsmaZi Rbtis ð anenAxagmuxRBHs þ ÚbTaMg 4 Tis .

-Klb¨ Ut; ßGkSrzµ ‘Gal Pota ’ CasilacarwkEvg 8 EmRt TTwg 4Ç25 Em¨Rt Cazµ:nmkBIPñ Mmhin Þel .-evCy&n þR:saT ‘Vejayanta Pasada ’ Zø abýkeZV ICaRBHraCvaMgrbsRBH:Tbrk,rmJhu RTg´RBHraCTaneQµ aHtameQµ aHRBHraCvaMg

rbs´RBH«n Þ KWevCy&n þR:saT ßeBRCy&n þR:saT tamtRmaza R:saTenHman 7 Can´ b uEn þbc© úb|nñmanEt 3 Can´ .

-k&lvihar ‘Gal Vihara ’ Z ø ab´s< al´kñ úgnamzaót þraram ßGaramxageCIg ‘ Northern Shrine ’ rbs´RBH:Tbrk,rmJhu eQµ aHzµ IehAzak&lvihar KWviharzµ ßGaramzµ ‘Rock Shrine ’ kñ úgbrievNviharmanRBHBuTÆrUb 4 Gg< GayuenAcugBuTÆstvtSTI 17 .-viharb¨ UtKul ßehAzavt þxagt|Úg ‘Southern Monastery ’ CaGnusSavrIy ¾mYy TUeTAeRcInehAzaGñkR:C\ ßGñkbuNü ßza

GnusSavrIy ¾CarbsRBH:Tbrk,rmJhumharaCTI 1 .-vt þb¨ UtKulvihar ‘Potgul Vihara ’ vt þenHenAxagt|ÚgGnusSavrIy ¾GñkR:C\ ßGñkbuNüRbmaN 100 EmRt .-vt þRBHcg, ÚmEkv ‘Temple of the Tooth ’ ßTalTamaliKav; RBHcg, ÚmEkv:nykmkRbtis ð anenAEXnDIkñ úg BÇsÇ 2133 eday

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RBH:TvimlZmsriy;TI 1 :nsagvihar 2 Can´ enArhtdl´bcb|nenH . lHry; 3 CrGaymnsSeRkaymk RBH:Tnernrsig



RBH:TvmlZmµsury;T 1 :nsagvhar 2 Can enArhUtdlbc© úb|nñenH . luHry; 3 CYrGayumnusSeRkaymk RBH:Tnern ÞrsgØ :nsagvihar 2 Can´mYyxñgeT[t EdlR:kdkñ úgb© úb|nñenH kñ úgfan;rbsvt þkñ úg ‘Inner Temple ’ .

-sm&ysil|;sirIlg, a taMgBIsm&ymunRbvt þ isa®s þ rhUtmkdlbc© úb|nñenH KW ?

1Ç sil|;sm&ymunRbvt þ isa®s þ ‘Prehistoric Art

’ RbmaN 500Ç000-2Ç500 qñ aMmkehIy .2Ç sil|;sm&ymunRbvt þ isa®s þ ‘Historical Art ’ man 6 KW ?‘1’ sil|;Ebbsm&yGnuraZbur; ‘Anuradha-pura ’ BÇsÇ 106-1560 .‘2’ sil|;Ebbb¨ Uelannaruv; ‘Polonnaruwa ’ BÇsÇ 1560-1778 .‘3’ sil|;EbbTm¬eTNiy;yabvuv; nigkuruenKl; ‘Damdadeniya Yapavuva and Kurunegala ’ BÇsÇ 1778-884 .‘4’ sil|;EbbKm:l; ‘Gampala or Gampola ’ BÇsÇ 1778-1958 .

‘5’ sil|;EbbC&yvD¿nbur; ßkUtet ‘Jayavardhanapura or Kutte

’ BÇsÇ 1958-2140 .‘6’ sil|;EbbsinivD¿nburI ßEXnDI ‘Sirivardhanapuri or Kandy ’ BÇsÇ 2140-2358 .

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