SRILANKA -WAR-CRIMES

8/8/2019 SRILANKA -WAR-CRIMES

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WAR CRIMES // PAGE 12010

WAR CRIMES

NghHf; Fw;wq;f


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jkpoh;fspd; murpaypy; ,d; W rpy nrhw;gpuNahfq;fs; gad; ghl; by; cs; sd. Xk; - ePq;fs; Clfq; fs; thapyhf mwpe; Jnfhz; bUf; Fk; Nghh;f;Fw;wq;fSf; Fk;>,dg; gLnfhiyfSf; Fk; vjpuhd rl; l eltbf; iffSk; >tprhuizfSkhFk; . cz; ikapy; ,it rhh; e;jtplaq; fis cw; W Nehf;fp> Muha;e;J mwpgth; fisj; jtpu> VidNahUf; F ,t; tplaq; fs; GhpahjitahfNtcs; sd. fhuzk; ,it Kw; W KOjhf rl; ltpaiy

ikag; gLj; jp cs; sikNaahFk; .Nghh;vd; gNj Fw; wk;. mg;gbahdhy; Nghh;f;Fw;wk;vd; gJahJ? xU ehL Nghh; Ghptjw;Ff; $l rl; ljpl; lq; fs; cs; sdth? mr; rl; lq; fs; ahit? rpwPyq; fh muRkPwpAs;s midj; Jyf Nghhpay; rl; l jpl; lq; fs; vit? vjd; mbg;gilapy; jkpoh;fs; tof; Ffisj; njhLj; Js; sdh; ? vd; w cq; fsJ midj; J tifahdtpdhf; fSf; Fk; Rtp]; midj; Jyfj; jkpo;g;ngz; fs; mikg; Gk;,ize; J> ,f; ifEhy; ClhffUj; Jj; njspthf; fk; mspf; fpd;wdh;.

midj; Jyf Fw; wtpay; ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; INuhg; gpakdpj chpik ePjpkd; wq; ;fspy; ,uz; L tof; Ffisj; jhf; fy; nra; j mDgtq; fspD}lhf ,f; ifE}iy midj; J

kf;fSk; thrpj; J njsptila Ntz; Lk; vd; gjw; fhfntspapLfpNwhk; .

,f; ifE}y; gw;wpa cq; fsJ Mf; fG+h;tkhd fUj; Jf; fisvjph;ghh;j;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;.

ed; wpRtp];


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War crimes are serious violations of the laws of war, alsoknown as International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Thisis the body of international law governing the conductof international and non international armed conflict.

Under the laws of war, certain violations are considered soserious as to give rise to individual criminal responsibility,both domestically and at the international level. Warcrimes typically include serious violations of the laws of war aimed at protecting persons who are not or are nolonger participating in the hostilities and of rules thatrestrict the means and methods of warfare.

NghH tpjpKiw my; yJ midj; Jyf kdpjhgpkhdr; rl; lj; jpw;F Kuzhf nraw; gLtNj Nghu; f;Fw;wq;fshFk; .NkYk; ehl; bw;Fs; Sk; > midj; Jyf uPjpapYk; MAjg; Nghuhl; lq; fs; njhlHghd midj; Jyfr; rl; lq; fs; vdyhk; . ,t; tpjpfspd; gb rpy kPwy; fs; kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhdit. mg; gb kPWgtu; fs; cs; SupYk; >midj; Jyf kl; lj; jpYk; mf;Fw;wq;fSf; F mth; fNsnghWg;ghfpd; wdu;. Nghhpy;


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What are crimes

against humanity?khDlj;Jf;F vjpuhd Fw;wq;fs; vit?

Under the Rome Statute, a crime against humanity isany of the following acts when committed as part of a

widespread or systematic attack directed against anycivilian population, with knowledge of the attack:

nghJkf; fisf; Fwpitj; J elj; jg; gLk; - gutyhfmy;yJ jpl; lkpl; L> njupe;J nfhz; Nl jhf; Fjy; > kdpjFyj; Jf; F vjpuhd Fw; wkhFk; . mitahtd:


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a. Murder; nfhiy.

b. Extermination; KOikahf mopj; njhopj; jy; .

c. Enslavement; mbikg; gLj; Jjy ;.

d. Deportation or forcible transfer of population; ehL flj; jy; my;yJ kf; fis type; J ntspNaw; Wjy ;.

e. Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical libertyin violation of fundamental rules of international law;midj; Jyfr; rl; lj; Jf; F Kuzhf rpiw nra; jy; .

f. Torture; defines as any act by which severe pain or suffering,whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a personfor such purposes as obtaining from him or a third personinformation or a confession, punishing him for an act he or athird person has committed or is suspected of having committed,or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for anyreason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain

or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with theconsent or acquiescence of a public official or other personacting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or sufferingarising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.xUtiu Ntz; Lnkd; Nw cly; > csuPjpahf fLikahfJd; GWj;Jjy; > mjd; %yk; mtuplNkh %d; whktuplNkhjfty; my;yJ xg; Gjy; thf; F%yk; ngWtJ> mtNuhmy;yJ ,d; ndhUtNuh nra; j my; yJ nra; jjhfre;Njfj; jpy; jz; bg;gJ> mr; RWj;jpNah fl; lhag; gLj; jpNah

my;yJ NtW topapNyh mth; fis Ntjidg; gLj; Jjy; >xU mjpfhhpNah my; yJ mtuJ J}z; Ljypdhy; nra; tJk; NuhkhGupapy;Vw;Wnfhz; l rl; lj; jpd; gb ( Rome statute )rpj;jputijahFk; . mNjNghy; rl; l eltbf; ifapdhy; Vw;glf; $ba Jd; gk; my;yJ NtjidAk; ,jDs; mlq; Fk;.

g. Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy,enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity; ghypay; td; Gzh; T> ghypay; Nehf;Fld; mbikg; gLj; Jjy; > fl;lha ghypay; njhopy; > type;Jfh;g;gkhf; Fjy; > fl;lha ,dtpUj; jpia Nkw; nfhs; sy; .


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h. Persecution against any identified able group or collectivist onpolitical, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender, orother grounds that are universally recognized as impermissibleunder international law, in connection with any act referred toin this paragraph or any other crime within the jurisdiction of the Court; murpay; > ,d> Njrpa fyhr; rhu> kj> ghy; my;yJNtW topapy; milahsk; fhzg; gl; l FOf; fSf; F vjpuhdml; ^opakhd mlf; FKiwfs; .

i. Enforced disappearance of persons; (tYf; fl; lhakhf) kf; fisfhzhky; Nghfr; nra; jy; .

j. The crime of apartheid; ,dNtw; Wikf; Fw;wk;.

k. Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causinggreat suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physicalhealth. Ntz; Lnkd; Nw kdpjj; jd; ikaw; w Kiwapy; cly; >cs MNuhf; fpaj; jpw; ;F ghupa Nrjk; Vw; ;gLj; Jjy; .


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Which violations of the

laws of war governingnon-international armedconflicts are war crimes?

The following acts committed against persons taking noactive part in the hostilities, including members of armedforces who have laid down their arms and those placedhors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention or anyother cause:

Nghu;eltbf; ifapy; jPtpu gq; Nfw;fhjtu; fs; > MAjq;fisf; iftpl; ltu; fs; my;yJ fhag; gl; Nlh> RftPdKw; NwhjLj; J itf; fg;gLtjhy; my;yJ NtW fhuzq; fSf; fhfNghu;eltbf; iffspy; gq;Nfw;fhjtu; fSf; F vjpuhd rpynraw; ghLfSk; Nghu;Fw;wq;fshFk; . mitahtd:

xU ehl;bw;Fs; MAjg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;


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i. Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds,injure, cruel treatment and torture; nfh^ukhf nraw; gl; L>capu;> clYf; F vjpuhd td; Kiwfs; - midj; Jtpjkhd nfhiyfs; > fhag;gLj; Jjy; > kw;Wk;rpj;jputij.

ii. Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particularhumiliating and degrading treatment; xUtupd; Rakhpahijia ,opT gLj; Jjy; Fwpg;ghf rpWikg; gLj; jp njhlh; e;J jPq; fpioj; jy; .

iii. Taking of hostages; gzaf; ifjpfis itj; jpUj; jy; .

iv. The passing of sentences and the carrying-out of executionswithout previous judgement pronounced by a regularlyconstituted court, affording all judicial guarantees which aregenerally recognized as vital; jFe; j Kiwapy; mikf; fg;glhjxU ePjpkd; wj;jhy; > chpa Kiwapy; tprhuizapd; wp>rk;ke;jg; gl; ltUf; F mtuJ Fw; wk; njhlh; ghd tpsf; fk; nfhLf; fhJ> jz; lid my; yJ kuz jz; lidvd; gdtw; iw toq; fp> mjid epiwNtw; WtJ.

v. Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian populationas such or against individual civilians not taking direct partin hostilities; nghJkf; fis Nehf; fp Ntz; Lnkd; Nwjpl; lkpl; Lj; jhf; Fjy; my;yJ Nghu; eltbf; iffspy; Neubahf nghUl; fs; kUj; Jtj; njhFjpfs; > Nghf;Ftuj; Jr; rhjdq; fs; > gzpahsh; fs; Nky; Ntz; Lnkd; Nwjpl; lkpl; Lj; jhf; Fjy; .

vii. Intentionally directing attacks against personnel, installations,material, units or vehicles involved in a humanitarian assistanceor peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the


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United Nations, as long as they are entitled to the protectiongiven to civilians or civilian objects under the internationallaw of armed conflict; If; fpa ehLfs; rhrdg; gb kdpjNeag;gzpfs; my;yJ mikjp fhf; Fk; gzpfspy; tpQ;Qhdk; > jUk fhupaq; fs; njhlu; ghd fl; blq; fs; > tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj; Jtk; tha; e;jepidTr; rpd;dq; fs; > kUj;Jtkidfs; > Nehahspfs; >fhag; gl; Nlhu; $bapUf; Fk; ,lq; fisj; jpl; lkpl; Lj; jhf; Fjy; .

ix. Raiding a town or place, even when taken by assault; Nghupl;Lf; ifg; gw;wpa efuq; fisr; #iwahly; .

x. Committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forcedpregnancy,, enforced sterilization, and any other form of sexual violence also constituting a serious violation of article 3common to the four Geneva Conventions; ghypay; td; Gzh; T>ghypay; Nehf;Fld; mbikg; gLj; Jjy; > fl;lha ghypay; njhopy; > type;J fh; g;gkhf; Fjy; > fl;lha ,dtpUj; jpiaNkw;nfhs; sy; .

xi. Ordering the displacement of the civilian population for

reasons related to the conflict, unless the security of the civiliansinvolved or imperative military reasons so demand; nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg; gpw; ;F ghjpg; G Vw;glhj nghOJ my; yJnghJkf; fis Nghiuf; fhuzk; fhl; b ,lk; ngaur; nra; jy; .

xii. Killing or wounding treacherously a combatant adversary;Nghupy;


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xiii. Declaring that no quarter will be given; gpbgLgtu; fistpLtpf; f KbahJ vd mjpfhuG+h; tkhf mwptpj; jy; .

xiv. Subjecting persons who are in the power of another party tothe conflict to physical mutilation or to medical or scientificexperiments of any kind which are neither justified by themedical, dental or hospital treatment of the person concernednor carried out in his or her interest, and which cause deathto or seriously endanger the health of such person or persons;,d; ndhUtupd; mjpfhuj; Jf; F cl; gLgtu; fis>mtu; fsJ eyd; njhlu; gpy; ;yhj NtW fhuzq; fSf; fhfitj; jpa> tpQ;Qhd Ma; TfSf; F cl; gLj; JtJ>mtu; fspd; cly; cWg;Gf;fis Nrjkhf; Fjy; .

xv. Destroying or seizing the property of an adversary unlesssuch destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by thenecessities of the conflict; NghUf;F mtrpakpy; yhj NghJvjpupapd; cilikfis mgfupg; gJ my; yJ mopj; jy; .


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Enforced Disappearance is defined as the arrest, detention, abductionor any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the State or bypersons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, supportor acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge thedeprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereaboutsof the disappeared person, which place such a person outside theprotection of the law.

It should be noted that many States do not include in their criminalcodes a crime of enforced disappearance as such. In these States,enforced disappearances might be prosecuted as unlawful detention orarbitrary arrest and detention. It is thus important, when consideringthe scope of a proposed amnesty, to ensure that the proposed lawdoes not prevent States from punishing enforced disappearances by

including in the proposed amnesty crimes that appear to be ordinarycrimes but which in fact, under relevant national law, provide theprincipal basis for prosecuting the crime of enforced disappearance.

xU murhq; f mjpfhhp my; yJ murhq; fj; jpd; mDkjpAld; xUtiur; rpiwg; gLj; Jjy; > jLj; J itj; jy; > Ml;flj; jy; my;yJ NtW tpjj; jpy; xUtupd; Rje; jpuj; ijg; gwpj;jy; .mjd; gpd;> mij Vw; Wf;nfhs; s kWj; jy; my;yJ fhzhky; NghNdhH gw;wpa tpguj; ij kiwj; jy; . ,J (tYf; fl; lhakhf)

fhzhky; Nghfr; nra; jyhFk; . gy ehLfspd; Fw;wtpay; njhFg; gpy; ,jidr; NrHj;Jf; nfhs; stpy; iy. Mdhy; me;jehLfspy; ,jid rl; lj; jpw;F khwhf jLj; Jitj; jy; my;yJrl; l tuk; GfSf; F mg; ghw; ;gl; l ifJk; jLj; Jitg; Gk; vd; W tof; Fj; njhlu KbAk; . MfNt kd; dpg;G nfhLg; gJgw;wp MNyhrpf;Fk; NghJ - (tYf; fl; lhakhf) fhzhky; Nghfr;nra; jy; vd; w rl; lj; jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Muhag; glNtz; Lk;.

Enforced disappearance

(tYf;fl;lhakhf) fhzhkw;Nghfr; nra;jy;


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Additional Protocols of the Geneva Conventions: Articles that wereadded to the original text of this important convention that is the basisfor international humanitarian law; midj; Jyf kdpjhgpkhdrl; lj; jpw;fhd rl; l %yj; Jld; NrHj;Jf; nfhs; sg; gl; l,izg; Gf;fs; .

Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation formerly practiced inthe Republic of South Africa that involves political, legal, and economicdiscrimination against non-whites; jPz; lhik /,dNtw; Wik -njd; Mgpupf;f Fbaurpy; Kd; G eilKiwapy; ,Ue; j murpay; nghUshuhj rl; l mbg; gilapd; ghFghL.

Ariel area bombing or carpet bombing: A method of utilizingconventional shells from the air to bombard a large area of land.Because bombs are dropped from planes, it is nearly impossibleto distinguish between civilian and military targets; Mfhaj; jpy; ,Ue; J gue; j ,lj; jpy; Fz; L tPRjy; . tpkhdj; jpy; ,Ue; JtPrg;gLtjhy; nghJ kf; fSf; Fk; Nghupy; fhaq;fs; kw;Wk;r%f cl; fl; likg; GfSf; F Vw;glf; $ba ghjpg; Gfs; .

Chemical weapons: A chemical substance with toxic properties usedduring armed conflict to kill, injure, or incapacitate an enemy; NghHf;

Crimes of War:

Glossary of TermsNghHf;Fw;wk;: nrhw;fsQ;rpak;


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fhyj; jpy; vjpupia nfhy; y> fhag; gLj; j my; yJ tYtpof; fnra; a ghtpf; Fk; er;Rj;jd; ik cs; s ,urhadg; nghUl; fs; .

Civilian immunity: The protection from violence and persecutiongranted to civilians because of their status as civilian;"nghJkf; fs; " vd; w jFjpf; fhf mtu; fis td; Kiw kw; Wk; mlf; FKiw Mfpatw; wpy;,Ue; J ghJfhg; gJ.

Civilians: A group of people designated as non-combatants,and therefore afforded different protection under internationalhumanitarian law; Nghupy; fhy; gl; L my; yJthfdj; jpy; gl; L my; yJ tptrha MAjq; fspy; jl; Lg;gl; Lntbf; ff; $bait.

Collateral damage: Damage to civilian infrastructure or loss of civilianlife that is deemed necessary (and therefore legal) to succeed in war;nghJ kf; fspd; cl; fl; likg; GfSf; F Vw;glf; $ba ghjpg; Gfs; kw;Wk; kuzq; fs; Nghhpy;ntw; wp miltjw; F mtrpakhdnjd; W (mjdhy; rl; lg; gbahdnjd) fUjg; gLfpwJ.

Combatants: A category of persons during wartime who arerecognizable as members of an armed party to conflict. Separate rulesapply to combatants and civilians; NghHf; fhyj; jpy; rz; ilapy;


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MAjghzpfshy; gpbf;fg;gl; L - jkJ tpUg; gj; jpw;F khwhfkf;fs; jLj; J itf; fg;gLk; xU Kfhk; . mtu; fSila Rje; jpuk; khj; jpuk; gwpf;fg;gLtjpy; iy. ,q; F ghypay; ty; YwT>rpj;jputij> ,dg; gLnfhiyfSk; eilngwyhk; .Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane orDegrading Treatment or Punishment: A U.N. treaty to preventtorture. The convention requires states to take effective measuresto prevent torture within their borders, and forbids states to returnpeople to their home country if there is reason to believe they will betortured. UNCAT came into force in 1987; ,J rpj; jputijfisj; jtpHg; gjw;fhf Vw;gLj; jg; gl; l xg; ge;jk; . ,jd; gb rfyehLfSk; jkJ ehLfspy; rpj;jputijia jtpHg; gjw;fhdeltbf; ifnaLf; f Ntz; Lk;. mj; NjhL ntspehl; ltiumtu; fSila nrhe; j ehLfspy; > mk;kf;fs; rpj;jputijf; Fcs; shthHfs; vdj; njupe;jhy; mk;kf;fis jpUg; gp mDg; GtJjilnra; ag;gl; Ls; sJ. UNCAT vd; w mikg; G 1987 y; eilKiwf; F te; jJ.

Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of

Genocide (Genocide Convention): A U.N. treaty that defines andoutlaws genocide. Currently 137 countries have ratified the convention.All participating countries are required to prevent and punish actionsof genocide in war and peacetime. The convention entered into forcein 1951;,J ,d xopg; ig njspT gLj; Jk; xg;ge;jk; . ,JNt,d xopg; ig jil nra; fpd;wJ. ,g; NghJ 137 ehLfspy; ,jid Vw; Wf;nfhz; Ls; sdu; . ,jpy; gq;F gw;Wk; rfyehLfSk; ,d xopg; ig jtpHf; fTk; > Aj;j fhyj; jpYk; rkhjhdfhyj; jpYk; ,tw; iw jz; bf; f Ntz; Lnkd ,e; j xg; ge;jk;

1951 Mk;Mz; L eilKiwf; F nfhz; Ltug; gl; lJ.Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC): A United Nationsconvention outlining the civil, political, economic, social and culturalrights of children. It entered into force in 1990. Most memberstates have ratified the CRC, although the U.S. is an exception;Foe; ijfspd; cupikf; fhd xg; ge;jk; . If; fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ,e; j xg; ge;jj; jpy; Foe; ijfspd; Fbapay; > murpay;>nghUshjhu> rKjha kw; Wk; gz; ghl; L chpikfs; gw;wpatplaq; fs; cs; slf; fg;gl; Ls; sd. ,e; j xg; ge;jk; 1990k; Mz; L eilKiwg; gLj; jg; gl; lJ. ,e; j xg; ge;jj; jpy; [f; fpa


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mnkupf;fhitj; jtpHj; ;J $Ljyhd cWg; Gupik muRfs; xg;Gjyspj; Js; sd.

Crimes of war: Acts which are illegal and punishable underinternational humanitarian law; midj; Jyf kdpj Nearl; lj; jpd; fPo;jz; bf; fg;gl Ntz; ba kw; Wk;rl; ltpNuhjkhdnray; fs; .

Deportation: The pressured or forced evacuation of civilians fromtheir home or home country to a foreign state; ehLflj; jy; -xU ehl; by; Fb cupik ngw; w kf;fis mtHfs; jha; ehl; by; ,Ue; J ntsp ehLfSf; F fl; lha ntspNaw; wk;nra; jy; .

Disappearances: A euphemism for politically motivated murders.Since those arranging for the disappearances are governmentofficials, perpetrators are rarely brought to justice; fhzhky; Nghfr; nra; jy; - murpay; Nehf;fj; Jld; nra; ag;gLk; nfhiyfNs,jw; F J}z; LjyhfTs; sJ. ,e; jr; nraiy mur mjpfhupfNsxOq; F nra; tjhy; > n[dpth> Rtp]; yhe; jpy; midj; Jyf kdpjNea rl; lj; jpd; ; juj; jpw;fika mikf; fg;gl; lJ. Nghupy;


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ifr; rhj; jplg; gl; lJ. Xf]; l; 2006 Kjy; 194 ehLfshy; ,e; jxg;ge;jk; xg;Gjyspf; fg;glLs; sJ.

Genocidaires: Persons who are responsible for planning orcommitting acts of genocide (French term); ,d mopg; G nray; fisnraw; gLj; JgtH my; yJ mjw; fhfj; jpl; lkpLgtH (gpnuQ; Rr; nrhy; ).

Hors de combat: A French term used in international law thattranslates as, out of the fight. It refers to soldiers who are incapableof performing their military function; midj; Jyfr; rl; lj; jpy; ghtpf; fg;gLk; xU gpnuQ;Rr; nrhy; . rz; ilapy; ,Ue; JntspNaw; wy;" - ,uhZt nraw; ghLfis nrayhw; w KbahjxU ,uhZt tPuiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.

Humanitarian aid: Food, water, and necessary supplies that arebrought to war-torn areas and countries by third parties, such asneutral countries or relief organizations which specialize in helpingcivilians during conflict; kdpj Nea cjtp - nghJ kf; fSf; FcjTtjw; fhf rpwg; ghd kdpj Nea cjtp mikg; Gf;fshy;

toq; fg;gLk; czT kw; Wk; jz; zPH Nghd; w mj; jpahtrpanghUl; fs; .

Humanitarian intervention: A term used to describe when a stateor group of states employs military force within another countrysterritory to protect civilians from atrocities, such as civil war, starvationor genocide; xU muNrh my; yJ mur FOf; fNsh mtHfsJ,uhZtg; gilfis> ,d; ndhU cs; ehl; Lg;NghUf;F>gl; bdp my; yJ ,d mopg; gpy; ,Ue; J kf; fisf; ghJfhf; f

me;j ehl; L vy; iyf; Fs; mDg; GtJ.International community: A political term used in internationalhumanitarian law to describe countries that are members of the UnitedNations or that are states parties to a treaty or convention; [f; fpaehLfs; rigapd; cWg;Gupik ngw; w my;yJ xg; ge;jj; jpd; fPo; cs; s ehLfis Fwpf; f> rHtNjr kdpjNear; rl; lj; jpy; ghtpf; fg;gLk; xU murpaw; nrhy; .

Internal conflict: A conflict between two factions within one state.Generally this categorization of a conflict delays international


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intervention and its treatment more nebulous under internationalhumanitarian law; cs; ehl; L Kuz; ghL - xU ehl; Lf;Fs; ,uz; L gFjpapdUf; fpilapy; cs; s Kuz; ghL.

International Court of Justice: The principal judicial organ of theUnited Nations. Located in The Hague, the Netherlands, it wasestablished in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations. [.ehtpd; ePjpj;Jiw rhHe; j mikg; G. nejHyhz; l; >j N`hf; " fpy; mike; Js; sJ. [.eh tpd; cupikr; rhrdj; jhy; 1945k;Mz; LA+d;khjk; fl; likf; fg;gl; lJ.

International Criminal Court (ICC): An independent, permanentcourt that tries persons accused of the most serious crimes of international concern, namely genocide, crimes against humanityand war crimes. The ICC is based on a treaty, joined by 104 countries.The ICC is a court of last resort. The jurisdiction and functioningof the ICC are governed by the Rome Statute; midj; JyfFw;wtpaypd; mbg;gilapy; NghHf; Fw;wq;fs; > kdpj,dj; Jf; F vjpuhd Fw; wq;fs; kw;Wk; ,d mopg; G Nghd;wfLikahd Fw; wq;fspy;


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epyf;fz; zp ntbfisj; jil nra; Ak; rHtNjr cld; ghL.,J xl; Nlhth xg; ge;j cld; ghL vd; Wk;$wg; gLfpwJ.

Landmines: An explosive device that is designed to be placed ontoor into the ground, and is triggered by the weight of a vehicle,person or animal. Anti-personnel landmines are prohibited byinternational law because they are nearly impossible to removeand have proven to be detrimental to civilian populations; epyf; fz; zpntbfs; - midj; Jyfj; jilr; rl; lj; jpw;F mika>epyf; fz; zpntbfis kdpjHfisf; nfhy; tjw; fhfNthmy;yJ fhag; gLj; Jtjw; fhfNth gad; gLj; JtJ jilnra; ag;gl; Ls; sJ. ,it kf; fSf; F jPq;F nra; af; $baitvd; gJ cWjpg; gLj; jg; gl; Ls; sJk; > ,tw; iw mfw; WtJfbdkhdJ vd; gJTNk jilf; Ff; fhuzkhFk; . Military objective: The object of an armed attack during wartime;NghHfhyj; jpy; MAjk; jhq; fpatHfshy; Fwp itj; Jjhf; fg;gLgtH.

Nuclear weapon: Any arm that derives its power from nuclear

reactions. Nuclear weapons are significantly more powerful thanconventional explosives. A single bomb is capable of destroyingan entire city and causing massive environmental damage; mZMAjk; - xU jdp mZ MAjk; (Fz; L)> xU efuj; ijNa Kw; WKOjhf mopf; Fk; ty; yik nfhz; lJ. kw; Wk; kpfg; ghupamstpy; Rw;Wr;#oiy rPuopf; ff; $baJ.

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW): The monitoring body of the Chemical Weapons Treaty whose

mission it is to implement the provisions of the treaty; ,urhadMAjj; jpw;fhd /MAj ghtidia jil nra; Ak;mikg; G.

Pillage: The siphoning off of food intended for civilians. It isconsidered a war crime in international conflict and a prohibited actin an internal conflict. nghJ kf; fSf; fhd nghUl; fis (czT)NghHf;fhyj; jpy; nfhs; isaply; ; midj; Jyf Kuz; ghLfspy; NghHf; Fw;wkhff; fUjg; gLfpwJ kw; Wk; cs; ehl; Lr; rz; ilapy; ; jilnra; ag;gl; Ls; sJ.


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Prisoner of war (POW): A person taken by or surrendering toenemy forces in wartime; NghHf;fhyj; jpy; vjpupfsplk; ruz; mile; jtHfs; my;yJ vjpupfshy; gpbj;Jr; nry; yg;gl; ltHfs; .

Rome Statute: Adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on1 July 2002, the statute established an independent permanentInternational Criminal Court in relation to the United Nationssystem, with jurisdiction over the most serious crimes of concernto the international community; NuhkGup rl; ;lk; - [.eh tpd; xOq; FKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; RahjPd epue; ju> midj; JyfFw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; > 17 A+iy 1998 md;Wgpd;gw;wg;gl; L> 1 A+iy 2002 md; W gpufldg; gLj; jg; gl; lNj,e; jr; rl; lk; MFk;. ,e; jr; rl; lj; jjpw;fika midj; Jyfr%fj; Jf; F ,lH tpistpf; ff; $ba kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhdFw;wq;fSf; F jPHg;G/epahak; toq; fg;gLk; .

Sovereignty: A territory that is completely independent and self-governed, existing as an independent state; muRupik my; yJ,iwahz; ik - xU gpuNjrk; /Ml; rpg; gFjp KOikahfjdpj; JtkhfTk; > jd; dhl; rp mbg;gilapYk; xU jdp

ehlhFjy; .Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners: Non-legally binding guidelines for international and domestic law thatestablished good practices in the treatment of prisoners and themanagement of prisons. The United Nations adopted the guidelineson August 30, 1955;mfjpfis ifahStjw; fhd Fiwe; jgl; rmbg;gil tpjpKiwfs; .

Starvation: An illegal tactic of war meant to induce surrender byblocking humanitarian aid and/or normal commerce to a city or state;NghHj;je; jpukhf> rl; lj; jpw;F Gwk;ghf kdpj Nea cjtpfisxU efuj; jpw;Nfh my; yJ ehl; bw;Nfh jilnra; tJ.

Violence against civilians: Wartime acts that harm civilians or civilianinfrastructure; NghHf;fhyj; jpy; nghJ kf; fSf; F ,iof; fg;gLk; Jd; GWj;jy; fs; .


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fhyf; nfL: 15 December 2010

mDg; gNtz; ba Kftup [email protected]

xUtu; xU kpd; dQ; ry; kl; LNk mDg; gyhk; .

10 gf;fq; fSf; F Nkw;glhky; ,Uj; jy; Ntz; Lk;.

kpd;dQ; rypy; tprhuizapd; Njitia typAWj; jpAk; Nkyjpf jfty; Ntz; bd; cq; fis njhlu; Gnfhs; tjw; fhdtpguq; fSk; ,Uj; jy; Ntz; Lk;.

ePq;fs; tpUk;gpd; Nghuhy; ghjpf;fg;gl; NlhUf; Fk; kdpjcupikfSf; Fkhd eLtj; jpw;F xU gpujp mDg; Gtjw; fhdkpd;dQ; ry; [email protected].

Nkyjpf jfty; Ntz; bd;

tiyj; jsk; : cwvhr.org

njhiyNgrp: 416-628-1408

kpd;dQ; ry; : [email protected]

,yq;iff;fhd I.eh. epGzHFOTk;

kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; njhlHghd tprhuizAk;

fPo;cs; s jfty; fis Nghuhy; ghjpf;fg;gl; NlhUf; Fk; kdpjcupikfSf; Fkhd eLtk; (Center for War Victims and HumanRights CWVHR ) ntspapl; Ls; sJ. Njit fUjp ehq; fs; ,jid ,e; j ifE}ypy; ,izj; Js; Nshk; .


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,yq; iff; fhd I.eh. epGzu; FO vd; why; vd; d? ,e; jf; FO ,yq; ifapy; ele; j Nkhjypd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;wjhff; Fw;wk;rhl; lg; gLk; ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; >kdpjhgpkhdr; rl; l kPwy;fs; vd; gitf; fhd nghWg; Gg;gw;wpatplaq; fs; Fwpj;J I.eh.nrayhsu; ehafk; ghd; fP %d; mtu; fSf; F MNyhrid $Wtjw; fhf mikf; fg;gl; lkjpAiuQu; FOthFk; . ,jw; F toq; fg;gl; Ls; s mjpfhuk; MNyhrid toq; FtjhFk; ;. mJ ,yq; ifiaf; fl; Lg;gLj; jhJ.,e; jf; FOtpdu; ,yq; iff; Fs; Eiotjw; F ,yq; if muRmDkjp kWj; Js; sJ.

,e; j epGzu; FOtpy; a]; kpd; R+fh> khu;Rfp lU]; kd; >]; uptd; uw;du; MfpNahu; ,lk; ngWfpd; wdu;. jpUkjpR+fh Kd;G njd; dhgpupf;fhtpd; cz; ik> ey; ypzf; fMizf; FOtpy; cWg;gpduhfg; gzpGupe;jtu; . jpU.khu;Rfp,e; NjhNdrpaf; Fbaurpd; rl; lthsu; ehafkhf 1999-2001fhyg; gFjpapy; flikahw; wpatu; . ,tu; ,e; NjhNdrpahtpd; Njrpa kdpj cupik Mizf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue; jtu; ;.I.eh.tpd; ,U cz; ikfhz; nraw; ghl; bYk; gq;Fgw;wpatu; .Nguhrpupau; ]; uptd; uw;du; kprpfd; gy;fiyf; fof

rl; lg; gs; spapy; rl; lj; Jiwg; Nguhrpupauhf ,Ug; gtu; . ,e; j epGzu; FO Kjypy; 2010 A+d;22,y; epakpf;fg;gl; lJ.mJ jdJ gzpia 2010 nrg; nuk;gupy; Muk;gpj;jJ.nghJkf; fsplkpUe; J Kiwg; ghLfs; 2010 xf;Nuhgu; eLg; gFjpapy; Nfhug;gl; lJ. mjw; fhd KbTj; jpfjp 2010bnrk; gu; 15 MFk;. ,f; FOtpw; fhd ehd; Fkhjg; gjtpf; fhyk; 2011 rdtup eLg; gFjpapy; KbtilfpwJ.

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,e; jf; FOtpdu; ,yq; ifapy; ,lk; ngw;wjhff; Fw;wk; rhl; lg; gLk; VjhtJ rl; lkPwy;fspd; ,ay; Gfs; > mtw;wpd; msTfisf; ftdj; jpy; nfhz; L mtw; wpw;fhd nghWg; igj;


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jPu;khdpf; Fk; topKiwf; Nfw;gg; gpuNahfpf;ff; $baru;tNjrj; juhjuq; fs; > Xg;gPl;L mDgtq; fs; vd; gtw; iwMuha;tu; . ,e; jf; FO nrayhsu; ehafj; jpw;F MNyhridtoq; Ftjw; fhdJ. mJ tprhuiznra; Ak; my;yJcz; ikfhz; FOty; y."

,e; j I.eh. FOtpdUila> Kiwg; ghLfis rku; g;gpg;gjw;fhdNtz; LNfhs; > vd;gJ vd; d?I.eh. epGzu; FOtpdu; vtuplkpUe; Jk; jkJtprhuizf; Fupajhd Kiwg; ghLfisf; NfhupAs;sdu; .,jid kpd; dQ; ry; %yk; kl; LNk> 2010 bnrk; gu; 15e;jpfjpf; FKd; ghf mDg; gNtz; Lk;.

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Nkk;gLj; jyhk; vd; gjw;fhd rpghupRfis toq; fyhk; .I.eh.FOTf; fhd Kiwg; ghLfis vtu; mDg; gyhk; ?Kiwg; ghl; bw;fhd miog; gpy; mjw;fhd Fwpg; gpl;l tbtk; my;yJ NtW fLikahd epge; jidfs; vitAk; ,y; iy. mjpy; tpUk;Gk;vtUk; Nkw;Fwpj;j tplaq; fs; gw;wpa Kiwg; ghLfisg; gpd;tUkhW rku; g;gpf;fyhk; vdf; $wg; gl; Ls; sJ.mjhtJ jdpnahUtu; my;yJ Xu; mikg; G Mff; $baJ10 gf;fq; fs; nfhz; l Kiwg; ghl; bid 2010 bnrk; gu; 15k;

jpfjpf; FKd; ghf mDg; gNtz; Lk;. Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl; ljdpegu; fs; my;yJ ghjpf; fg;gl; ltu; fspd; cwtpdu; fs; Kiwg; ghLfisr; nra; ayhk; . ,yq; ifapy; kdpj cupikkPwy;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd; wd vd mwpe; j jdpg; gl; legu; fSk; Kiwg; ghLfis mDg; gyhk; . r%f mikg; Gfs; > Cu;r;rq; fq; fs; >khztu; mikg; Gfs; > rka mikg; Gfs; > kdpj cupikmikg; Gfs; Nghd;witAk; Kiwg; ghLfis mDg; gyhk; .

I.eh.FOtpw; F vg; gb Kiwg; ghLfis mDg; gyhk; ?ePq;fs; cq; fs; Kiwg; ghLfis [email protected] vd; w kpd;dQ; ry; Kftupf; F mDg; gyhk; . Clf mwpf; ifapy;


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epGzu; FOtpw; F mDg; gg;gLk; Kiwg; ghLfspd; ,ufrpaj; jd; ik Ngzg; gLk;" vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl; Ls; sJ.

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cupikfs; kPwg;gl; ld (nfhy; yg;gly; > CdKwy; >fhzhkw; Nghjy; > rpj;jputij nra; ag;gly; >jLj; Jitf; fg;gly; > ghypay; td; Kiwf; F cl; gly; > tPL>nrhj; Jfis ,oj; jy; ).

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Kf;fpakhd Kjw; gbahFk; . ghjpf; fg; gl; ltu; fSk; Vidajkpou;fSk; Njitahd jfty; fis mtu; fSf; F toq; fp jkJgq;fpidr; nra; aNtz; Lk;. ,f; FOtpdu; ,yq; iff; Fr; nry; yKbahJ vd; gjpdhy; ,J ekJ tpNrl flikahfpwJ.

vg;gb ehk; jkpo; mikg; GfisAk; > jdpegu; fisAk; >Kiwg; ghLfisr; nra; Ak;gb J}z; lyhk; ?jdpg; gl; l jkpo; kf;fSk; > jkpo;mikg; GfSk; Kiwg; ghLfisr; nra; jy; mtrpak; . jaTnra; J ,jid cq; fspd; Kf;fpakhd>Kjd; ikahd flik vdf; fUJq; fs; ! ,Jgw; wpa nra; jpfiskw;wtu; fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs; Sq; fs; .


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jkpouy; yhjtu; fspd; mikg; GfisAk; > jkpouy;yhjjdpegu; fisAk; Kiwg; ghLfis mDg; Gk; gb vg; gb ehk; J}z; lyhk; ?ePq;fs; > Kf;fpakhd khztu; mikg; Gfs; > njhopw;rq; fq; fs; >kdpj cupik mikg; Gfs; > vd;gdtw; iw Kiwg; ghLfismDg; Gk; gb J}z; lyhk; . cq; fspd; cs; Shuhl; rpkd; wcWg;gpdu;fs; > khfhzehlhSkd; w cWg;gpdu;fs; >kj; jpaehlhSkd; w cWg;gpdu;fs; Nghd;NwhiuAk; vOJk; gb Nfl; fyhk; .

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