Stage 10 VocabStage 10 Vocab1.1. controversiacontroversia2.2. rhetorrhetor3.3. docebatdocebat4.4. hanchanc5.5. meliores quammeliores quam6.6. minime!minime!7.7. sententiamsententiam8.8. argumentumargumentum9.9. barbarosbarbaros10.10. imperiumimperium11.11. pacempacem12.12. architectiarchitecti13.13. pontespontes14.14. ubiqueubique

1.1. debatedebate2.2. teacherteacher3.3. used to teachused to teach4.4. thisthis5.5. better thanbetter than6.6. no!no!7.7. opinion opinion 8.8. proofproof9.9. barbariansbarbarians10.10. empireempire11.11. peacepeace12.12. builders, architectsbuilders, architects13.13. bridgesbridges14.14. everywhereeverywhere

Stage 10 VocabStage 10 Vocab15.15. aedificamusaedificamus16.16. maior quammaior quam17.17. aliaealiae18.18. postremopostremo19.19. deidei20.20. dantdant21.21. deindedeinde22.22. surrexitsurrexit23.23. miserandimiserandi24.24. imitatoresimitatores25.25. auctoresauctores26.26. libroslibros27.27. legitislegitis28.28. riseruntriserunt

15.15. buildbuild16.16. greater than, bigger thangreater than, bigger than17.17. otherother18.18. lastlylastly19.19. godsgods20.20. givegive21.21. thenthen22.22. got upgot up23.23. pathetic, pitifulpathetic, pitiful24.24. imitatorsimitators25.25. creatorscreators26.26. booksbooks27.27. readread28.28. laughedlaughed

Stage 10 VocabStage 10 Vocab29.29. fratresfratres30.30. institorinstitor31.31. ad eosad eos32.32. felicesfelices33.33. quam!quam!34.34. da!da!35.35. dissentiebantdissentiebant36.36. stultissimistultissimi37.37. abiteabite38.38. retineoretineo39.39. abieruntabierunt40.40. in terramin terram

29.29. brothersbrothers30.30. pedlar, street vendorpedlar, street vendor31.31. to themto them32.32. luckylucky33.33. how!how!34.34. give!give!35.35. were arguingwere arguing36.36. very stupidvery stupid

37.37. go awaygo away 38.38. am keepingam keeping39.39. went awaywent away40.40. onto the groundonto the ground

Stage 10 VocabStage 10 Vocab

41.41. deiecitdeiecit

42.42. in piscinamin piscinam

43.43. venite huc!venite huc!

44.44. philosophusphilosophus

45.45. solussolus

46.46. vosne estis vosne estis contenti?contenti?

47.47. GraeculiGraeculi

48.48. artificesartifices

49.49. praemiumpraemium

50.50. susurravitsusurravit

41.41. threwthrew

42.42. into the fishpondinto the fishpond

43.43. come here!come here!

44.44. philosopherphilosopher

45.45. lonelylonely

46.46. are you satisfied?are you satisfied?

47.47. poor little Greekspoor little Greeks

48.48. artistsartists

49.49. profit, rewardprofit, reward

50.50. whispered, mutteredwhispered, muttered

Stage 10 VocabStage 10 Vocab51.51. AegyptiusAegyptius52.52. caupocaupo53.53. NeptunusNeptunus54.54. delevitdelevit55.55. antiquusantiquus56.56. in pyramidein pyramide57.57. clausitclausit58.58. eameam59.59. maritummaritum60.60. incendiumincendium61.61. ardebatardebat62.62. infelixinfelix63.63. amisitamisit

51.51. EgyptianEgyptian52.52. inn keeperinn keeper53.53. NeptuneNeptune54.54. has destroyedhas destroyed55.55. old, ancientold, ancient56.56. in a pyramidin a pyramid57.57. shut, closedshut, closed58.58. herher59.59. husbandhusband60.60. blaze, fireblaze, fire61.61. was on firewas on fire62.62. unluckyunlucky63.63. lostlost

Wish It Were Christmas TWish It Were Christmas Todayoday

Stage 10 GrammarStage 10 GrammarWe and YouWe and You

• nos laboramus

• vos laboratis

• We work.• You work

Notice that vos laboratis is the plural form. It is used when you refers to more

than one person.

You have now met the whole of the You have now met the whole of the present tense.present tense.

• (ego) porto• (tu) portas

• portat• (nos) portamus

• (vos) portatis

• portant

• I carry, I am carrying• you carry, you are

carrying• s/he carries• we carry, we are

carrying• you carry, you are

carrying• they carry, they are

carrying

Notice that Notice that nosnos and and vosvos are are not strictly necessary, since not strictly necessary, since the endings the endings –mus–mus and and –tis–tis

make it clear that we and you make it clear that we and you are being spoken aboutare being spoken about. The . The Romans generally used Romans generally used nosnos and and vosvos only for emphasis. only for emphasis.

ExamplesExamples• nos pugnamus

• vos dormitis

• dicimus.

• videmus.

• videtis.

• nuntiatis.

• We are fighting.

• You are sleeping.

• We speak.

• We see.

• You see.

• You announce.

The Latin for The Latin for we arewe are and and you you (plural) are(plural) are is as follows: is as follows:

• nos sumus iuvenes.• vos estis pictores.

• We are young men.• You are painters.

So the complete present tense of sum is:

(ego) sum I am

(tu) es you are (S)

est s/he is

(nos) sumus we are

(vos) estis you are (P)

sunt they are

Grammar Part IIGrammar Part IILook at the following sentences:Look at the following sentences:

• nos Romani sumus callidi.

• nos Romani sumus callidiores quam vos Graeci.

• nos Romani sumus fortes.

• nos Romani sumus fortiores quam vos Graeci.

• We Romans are clever.

• We Romans are cleverer than you Greeks.

• We Romans are brave.

• We Romans are braver than you Greeks.

The words in red, bold type The words in red, bold type are know as are know as comparativescomparatives. . They are used to compare They are used to compare two things or groups with two things or groups with

each other. In the example each other. In the example above, the Romans are above, the Romans are

comparing themselves with comparing themselves with the Greeks.the Greeks.

The following comparatives are The following comparatives are irregular:irregular:

• Nuceria est magna.• Roma est maior

quam Nuceria.• sententia tua est

bona.• sententia mea est

melior quam tua.

• Nuceria is large.• Rome is larger than

Nuceria.• Your opinion is good.

• My opinion is better than yours.

Example #1Example #1

• Pompeiani sunt stulti.

• The Pompeians are stupid.

• Nucerini sunt stultiores quam Pompeiani.

• The Nucerians are more stupid than the Pompeians.

Example #2Example #2

• Diodorus erat iratus.

• Diodorus was angry.

• sed Thrasymachus erat iratior quam Diodorus.

• But Thrasymachus was angrier than Diodorus.

Example #3Example #3

• mea villa est pulchra.

• My house is beautiful.

• sed tua villa est pulchrior quam mea.

• But your house is more beautiful than mine.

Example #4Example #4

• canis est magna.• The dog is large.• mea feles est maior quam canis.• My cat is larger than the dog.• cena est bona.• The dinner is good.• mea cena est melior quam tua. • My dinner is better than yours.