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Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology

Prescriber’s Guide

With the range of psychotropic drugs expanding and the usages of existing medications diversifying, we are pleased to present this very latest edition of what has become the indispensable formulary in psychopharmacology.

This new edition features 16 added new drugs, including six fresh-to-market critical new compounds, and several older drugs for which there are proven and useful applications. In addition, many important new indications are covered for existing drugs, as are updates to the profi les of the entire content and collection.

With its easy-to-use, template-driven navigation system, the Prescriber’s Guide combines evidence-based data with clinically informed advice to support everyone prescribing in the fi eld of mental health.

Stephen M. Stahl is Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, and Honorary Visiting Senior Fellow in Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge, UK. He has conducted various research projects awarded by the National Institute of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs, and the pharmaceutical industry. Author of more than 500 articles and chapters, Dr Stahl is also the author of the bestseller Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology .

FIFTH EDITION

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-67502-5 - Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Prescriber’s Guide: Fifth EditionStephen M. StahlFrontmatterMore information

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Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology

Prescriber’s Guide

FIFTH EDITION

Stephen M. Stahl

University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California

Editorial assistant

Meghan M. Grady

With illustrations by

Nancy Muntner






32 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10013-2473, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107675025

© Stephen M. Stahl 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2014

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005 Revised and updated edition published 2006 Third edition published 2009 Fourth edition published 2011 Fifth edition published 2014

Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Stahl, Stephen M., 1951– author. Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology : prescriber’s guide / Stephen M. Stahl ; editorial assistant, Meghan M. Grady ; with illustrations by Nancy Muntner. – Fifth edition.

p. ; cm. Essential psychopharmacology Prescriber’s guide Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-67502-5 (pbk.) I. Title. II. Title: Essential psychopharmacology. III. Title: Prescriber’s guide. [DNLM: 1. Psychotropic Drugs – pharmacology – Handbooks. 2. Drug Prescriptions – Handbooks. QV 39] RM315 616.89′18–dc23 2013049173

ISBN 978-1-107-67502-5 Paperback

Additional resources for this publication at www.stahlonline.org

Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information that is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors, and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

3rd printing 2015






v

Contents

Introduction ix

List of icons xiii

1 acamprosate 1 2 agomelatine 5 3 alprazolam 11 4 amisulpride 17 5 amitriptyline 25 6 amoxapine 33 7 amphetamine (d) 39 8 amphetamine (d,l) 45 9 aripiprazole 51

10 armodafi nil 59 11 asenapine 65 12 atomoxetine 71 13 benztropine 77 14 blonanserin 81 15 buprenorphine 87 16 bupropion 91 17 buspirone 97 18 caprylidene 101 19 carbamazepine 105 20 chlordiazepoxide 111 21 chlorpromazine 117 22 citalopram 123 23 clomipramine 129 24 clonazepam 137 25 clonidine 143 26 clorazepate 149 27 clozapine 153 28 cyamemazine 161 29 desipramine 167 30 desvenlafaxine 175 31 dextromethorphan 181 32 diazepam 185 33 diphenhydramine 191 34 disulfi ram 195






vi

35 donepezil 199 36 dothiepin 205 37 doxepin 211 38 duloxetine 219 39 escitalopram 225 40 estazolam 231 41 eszopiclone 235 42 fl umazenil 239 43 fl unitrazepam 243 44 fl uoxetine 247 45 fl upenthixol 253 46 fl uphenazine 259 47 fl urazepam 265 48 fl uvoxamine 269 49 gabapentin 275 50 galantamine 281 51 guanfacine 287 52 haloperidol 291 53 hydroxyzine 297 54 iloperidone 301 55 imipramine 307 56 isocarboxazid 313 57 ketamine 321 58 lamotrigine 325 59 levetiracetam 333 60 levomilnacipran 337 61 lisdexamfetamine 343 62 lithium 349 63 lofepramine 355 64 lofl azeptate 361 65 lorazepam 367 66 lorcaserin 373 67 loxapine 377 68 lurasidone 383 69 maprotiline 391 70 memantine 397 71 mesoridazine 401 72 methylfolate (l) 407 73 methylphenidate (d) 411 74 methylphenidate (d,l) 417






vii

75 mianserin 425 76 midazolam 431 77 milnacipran 435 78 mirtazapine 441 79 moclobemide 447 80 modafi nil 453 81 molindone 459 82 nalmefene 463 83 naltrexone 467 84 nefazodone 471 85 nortriptyline 477 86 olanzapine 485 87 oxazepam 493 88 oxcarbazepine 497 89 paliperidone 503 90 paroxetine 513 91 perospirone 521 92 perphenazine 525 93 phenelzine 531 94 phentermine-topiramate 537 95 pimozide 541 96 pipothiazine 547 97 prazosin 553 98 pregabalin 557 99 propranolol 561

100 protriptyline 565 101 quazepam 571 102 quetiapine 575 103 ramelteon 583 104 reboxetine 587 105 risperidone 593 106 rivastigmine 603 107 selegiline 609 108 sertindole 619 109 sertraline 625 110 sodium oxybate 633 111 sulpiride 637 112 temazepam 643 113 thioridazine 647 114 thiothixene 653






viii

115 tiagabine 659 116 tianeptine 665 117 topiramate 669 118 tranylcypromide 675 119 trazodone 681 120 triazolam 687 121 trifl uoperazine 691 122 trihexyphenidyl 697 123 triiodothyronine 701 124 trimipramine 705 125 valproate 711 126 varenicline 717 127 venlafaxine 721 128 vilazodone 727 129 vortioxetine 733 130 zaleplon 739 131 ziprasidone 743 132 zolpidem 751 133 zonisamide 755 134 zopiclone 759 135 zotepine 763 136 zuclopenthixol 769

Index by drug name 775 Index by use 789 Index by class 797

Abbreviations 800

FDA Use-In-Pregnancy Ratings 802






ix

Introduction

This Guide is intended to complement Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology . Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology emphasizes mechanisms of action and how psychotro-pic drugs work upon receptors and enzymes in the brain. This guide gives practical information on how to use these drugs in clinical practice.

It would be impossible to include all available information about any drug in a single work, and no attempt is made here to be comprehensive. The purpose of this guide is instead to integrate the art of clinical practice with the science of psychopharmacology. That means including only essential facts in order to keep things short. Unfortunately that also means excluding less critical facts as well as extraneous information, which may nevertheless be useful to the reader but would make the book too long and dilute the most important information. In deciding what to include and what to omit, the author has drawn upon common sense and 30 years of clinical experience with patients. He has also consulted with many experienced clinicians and analyzed the evidence from controlled clinical trials and regulatory fi lings with government agencies.

In order to meet the needs of the clinician and to facilitate future updates of this Guide , the opinions of readers are sincerely solicited. Feedback can be emailed to [email protected]. Specifi cally, are the best and most essential psychotropic drugs included here? Do you fi nd any factual errors? Are there agreements or dis-agreements with any of the opinions expressed here? Are there suggestions for any additional tips or pearls for future editions? Any and all suggestions and comments are welcomed.

All of the selected drugs are presented in the same design format in order to facili-tate rapid access to information. Specifi cally, each drug is broken down into fi ve sec-tions, each designated by a unique color background: ■ therapeutics, ■ side effects, ■ dosing and use, ■ special populations, and ■ the art of psychopharmacology, followed by key references.

Therapeutics covers the brand names in major countries; the class of drug; what it is commonly prescribed and approved for by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); how the drug works; how long it takes to work; what to do if it works or if it doesn’t work; the best augmenting combinations for partial response or treatment resistance; and the tests (if any) that are required.

Side effects explains how the drug causes side effects; gives a list of notable, life-threatening, or dangerous side effects; gives a specifi c rating for weight gain or seda-tion; and gives advice about how to handle side effects, including best augmenting agents for side effects.

Dosing and use gives the usual dosing range; dosage forms; how to dose and dosing tips; symptoms of overdose; long-term use; if habit forming, how to stop; pharmaco-kinetics; drug interactions; when not to use; and other warnings or precautions.

Special populations gives specifi c information about any possible renal, hepatic, and cardiac impairments, and any precautions to be taken for treating the elderly, children, adolescents, and pregnant and breast-feeding women.

The art of psychopharmacology gives the author’s opinions on issues such as the potential advantages and disadvantages of any one drug, the primary target symp-toms, and clinical pearls to get the best out of a drug.






x

In addition, drugs for which switching between medications can be complicated have a special section called The Art of Switching, which includes clinical pearls and graphical representations to help guide the switching process.

At the back of the guide are several indices. The fi rst is an index by drug name, giving both generic names (uncapitalized) and trade names (capitalized and fol-lowed by the generic name in parentheses). The second is an index of common uses for the generic drugs included in the guide and is organized by disorder/symptom. Agents that are approved by the FDA for a particular use are shown in bold. The third index is organized by drug class and lists all the agents that fall within each particular class. In addition to these indices there is a list of abbreviations; FDA defi nitions for the Pregnancy Categories A, B, C, D, and X; and, fi nally, an index of the icons used in the guide.

Readers are encouraged to consult standard references 1 and comprehensive psy-chiatry and pharmacology textbooks for more in-depth information. They are also reminded that the art of psychopharmacology section is the author’s opinion.

It is strongly advised that readers familiarize themselves with the standard use of these drugs before attempting any of the more exotic uses discussed, such as unusu-al drug combinations and doses. Reading about both drugs before augmenting one with the other is also strongly recommended. Today’s psychopharmacologist should also regularly track blood pressure, weight, and body mass index for most of his or her patients. The dutiful clinician will also check out the drug interactions of non–central-nervous-system (CNS) drugs with those that act in the CNS, including any prescribed by other clinicians.

Certain drugs may be for experts only and might include clozapine, thioridazine, pimozide, nefazodone, mesoridazine, and MAO inhibitors, among others. Off-label uses not approved by the FDA and inadequately studied doses or combina-tions of drugs may also be for the expert only, who can weigh risks and benefi ts in the presence of sometimes vague and confl icting evidence. Pregnant or nursing women, or people with two or more psychiatric illnesses, substance abuse, and/or a concomitant medical illness may be suitable patients for the expert only. Con-trolled substances also require expertise. Use your best judgment as to your level of expertise and realize that we are all learning in this rapidly advancing fi eld. The practice of medicine is often not so much a science as it is an art. It is impor-tant to stay within the standards of medical care for the fi eld, and also within your personal comfort zone, while trying to help extremely ill and often diffi cult patients with medicines that can sometimes transform their lives and relieve their suffering.

Finally, this book is intended to be genuinely helpful for practitioners of psychophar-macology by providing them with the mixture of facts and opinions selected by the author. Ultimately, prescribing choices are the reader’s responsibility. Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Neverthe-less, the psychopharmacology fi eld is evolving rapidly and the author and publisher make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. Furthermore, the author and publisher disclaim any responsibility for the

1 For example, Physician’s Desk Reference and Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference.






xi

continued currency of this information and disclaim all liability for any and all dam-ages, including direct or consequential damages, resulting from the use of informa-tion contained in this book. Doctors recommending and patients using these drugs are strongly advised to pay careful attention to, and consult information provided by, the manufacturer.











xiii

List of icons

alcohol dependence treatment

alpha adrenergic blocker

alpha 2 agonist

anticonvulsant

antihistamine

antiparkinson/anticholinergic

benzodiazepine

beta blocker

cholinesterase inhibitor

conventional antipsychotic

dopamine stabilizer

lithium

lorcaserin

medical food

CH3HH

H H

l-methylfolate






xiv

modafi nil (wake-promoter)

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

nefazodone (serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitor)

nicotinic partial agonist

N -methyl-D-aspartate antagonist

noradrenergic and specifi c serotonergic antidepressant

norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor

sedative-hypnotic

selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

serotonin-dopamine antagonist

serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

serotonin 1A partial agonist

serotonin partial agonist reuptake inhibitor

sodium oxybate






xv

stimulant

thyroid hormone

topiramate/phentermine

trazodone (serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitor)

tricyclic/tetracyclic antidepressant

vortioxetine

How the drug works, mechanism of action

Best augmenting agents to add for partial response or treatment-

resistance

Life-threatening or dangerous side effects

Weight Gain : Degrees of weight gain associated with the drug,

with unusual signifying that weight gain has been reported but is not expected; not unusual signifying that weight gain occurs in a signifi cant minority; common signifying that many experience weight gain and/or it can be signifi cant in amount; and problematic signifying that weight gain occurs frequently, can be signifi cant in amount, and may be a health problem in some patients

Sedation : Degrees of sedation associated with the drug, with unusual

signifying that sedation has been reported but is not expected; not unusual signifying that sedation occurs in a signifi cant minority; common signifying that many experience sedation and/or it can be signifi cant in amount; and problematic signifying that sedation occurs frequently, can be signifi cant in amount, and may be a health problem in some patients

Tips for dosing based on the clinical expertise of the author






xvi

Drug interactions that may occur

Warnings and precautions regarding use of the drug

Dosing and other information specifi c to children and

adolescents

Information regarding use of the drug during pregnancy

Clinical pearls of information based on the clinical expertise of

the author

The art of switching

Suggested reading






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