Standard Precautions (3)

8/2/2019 Standard Precautions (3)

1/20

Standard Precautions

& Isolation

Peter T. Redona Jr, RN, RM.


2/20

Isolation Precautions

Isolation refers to measures designed toprevent the spread of infections or potentially

infectious microorganisms to health

personnel, clients, and visitors.


3/20

Disease-Specific Isolation Precautions

Provide precautions for specificdiseases.

These precautions delineate

use of private rooms with specialventilation

having a client share a room with other

clients infected with the sameorganisms,

and gowning to prevent gross soilage of

clothes for specific infectious diseases.


4/20

Universal Precautions

Techniques used with all clients to decreasethe risk of transmitting unidentifiedpathogens.

Obstructs the spread of bloodborne

pathogens, those microorganisms carried inthe bloodand body fluids that are capable ofinfecting other persons with serious and

difficult to treat viral infections, namely,hepatitis B & C virus, and the HIV.


5/20

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

Employs generic infection control precautionsfor all clients except those with few diseases

transmitted through the air.

The term body substance includes blood,some body fluids, urine, feces, wound

drainage, oral secretions, and any others body

product or tissue.


6/20

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

Three premises:1. All people have an increased risk for infection

from microorganisms placed on their mucousmembranes and non-intact skin.

2. All people are likely to have potentiallyinfectious microorganisms in all of their moistbody sites and substances.

3. An unknown portion of clients and health care

workers will always be colonized or infected withpotentially infectious microorganisms in theirblood and other moist body sites and substances.


7/20

Standard PrecautionsDesigned for all clients in the hospital

Apply to

Blood

All body fluids, excretions and secretions

Nonintact (broken) skin and mucous membranes. Designed to reduce risk of transmission of

microorganisms from recognized andunrecognized sources.


8/20

Standard Precautions

1. Perform proper hand hygiene after with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions,

and contaminated objects whether or not gloves are worn.

a. Perform proper hand hygiene immediately after removing gloves.

b. Use nonantimicrobial product for routine hand cleansing.

c. Use an antimicrobial agent or an antiseptic agent for the control of specific

outbreaks of infection.

2. Wear clean gloves when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and

contaminated items (i.e. soiled gown).

a. Clean gloves can be unsterile unless their use is intended to prevent the entrance of

microorganisms into the body.b. Remove gloves before touching non-contaminated items and surfaces.

c. Perform hand hygiene immediately after removing gloves.

3. Wear a mask, eye protection, or face shield if splashes or sprays of blood, body

fluids, secretions, or excretions can be expected.


9/20

4. Wear a clean, non-sterile gown if client care is likely to result insplashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions.The gown is intended to protect clothing.

a. Remove a soiled gown carefully to avoid the transfer ofmicroorganism to others (i.e., clients or other health care workers.

b. Cleanse hands after removing gown.

5. Handle client care equipment that is soiled with blood, body fluids,secretions, or excretions carefully to prevent the transfer ofmicroorganisms to others and to the environment.

a. Make sure reusable equipment is cleaned and processed correctly.

b. Dispose of single-use equipment correctly.


10/20

6.Handle, transport, and process linen that is soiled

with blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions

in a manner to prevent contamination of clothing

and the transfer of microorganisms to others and

to the environment.

7. Prevent injuries from used scalpels, needles, or

other equipment, and place in puncture-resistant

containers.


11/20

Transmission-Based Precautions

Airborne Precautions

Use standard precautions as well as the following.

Place client in a private room that has negative air pressure, 6 -12 airchanges per hour, and either discharge of air to the outside or a filtrationsystem for room air.

If a private room is not available, place client with another client who is

infected with the same microorganism. Wear a respiratory device (N95 respirator) when entering the room of a

client who is known or suspected of having primary tuberculosis.

Susceptible people should not enter the room of a client who has rubeola(measles) varicella (chickenpox). If they must enter, they should wear arespirator.

Limit movement of client outside the room to essential purposes. Place asurgical mask on the client during transport.


12/20

Droplet Precautions

Use standard precautions as well as the

following: Place client in a private room

If a private room is not available, place a clientwith another client who is infected with the same

microorganism. Wear a mask if working within 3 feet of the client.

Limit movement of client outside the room toessential purposes. Place a surgical mask during

transport.


13/20

Contact Precautions

Use standard precautions as well as the following

Place client in a private.

If a private room is not available, place client withanother client who is infected with the same

microorganism. Wear gloves as described in standard precautions.

Remove gloves after contact with infectious material.

Remove gloves before leaving clients room

Cleanse hands immediately after removing gloves. Useand antimicrobial agent.


14/20

Contact Precautions

Note: If the client is infected with C. difficile, do not use an alcohol-based hand rub as it may not effective on these spores. Use soap

and water. Wear a gown when entering a room if there is a possibility of

contact with infected surfaces or items, or if the client isincontinent, or has a diarrhea, a colostomy, or wound drainage notcontained by a dressing.

Remove gown in the clients room

Make sure uniform does not contact possible contaminatedsurfaces.

Limit movement of client outside the room

Dedicate the use of non-critical client care equipment to a singleclient or to clients with the same infecting microorganisms.


15/20

Types of Isolation Indications Requirements

1. Strict Isolation -highly transmissible diseases

by direct contact and airborne

routes of transmission.

Private rooms

Gowns, mask, gloves,

handwashing

Double bagged techniques forsoiled articles.

2. Respiratory Isolation - droplet transmission Private rooms


handwashing.

Patients with the same organism

generally may share room.

Labeled plastic bags are used for

soiled articles.

3. TB isolation /AFB - suspected / active TB Private room with negative

pressure ventilation so the room air

is vented outside

Mask

Handwashing Bronchoscopy and dental

examination generally are

postponed until the patient has

received approximately 2 weeks of

TB medications


16/20

Negative pressure ventilation


17/20

4. Contact Isolation - infectious diseases or multiple

resistant micro organisms that are

spread by close or direct contact.

Private rooms


handwashing

5. Enteric Precautions - infectious disease transmitted

through direct or indirect contact with

infected feces.

Private room is required if

the patient does not practice

good hygiene measures.

Handwashing

Gloves

Gowns should only be wornonly when handling objects

with contaminated feces.

6. Drainage / Secretions

Precautions.

- patients with wound

drainage/infected wounds.

Gloves

Gowns are indicated if

clothing is likely to becontaminated.


18/20

7. Universal

Blood and Body

FluidsPrecautions

- blood-borne, body fluids

pathogens (blood, semen,

vaginal secretions, CSF,synovial fluid, pleural fluid,

peritoneal fluid, and

pericardial fluid, amniotic

fluid and tissues.

Gloves

Mask and protective

eye gears Gown

Contaminated

needles should not

be recapped

Use puncture

resistant containers

for used needles

and other sharp

items.


19/20

Strict

Isolation

Respiratory

Isolation

Contact

Isolation

Enteric

Precaution

Blood &

Body

fluids

precautio

ns

TB/AFB

isolation

Secretions/

Drainage

Precautions

Diptheria

Zoster

Pneumonia

Varicella

H. Influenza

Measles

Mumps

N. meningitis

Diptheria

Pediculosis

Scabies

Syphilis

Diarrhea

Gastroenteritis

Hepa A

Typhoid Fever

AIDS

Hepa B &

C

TB Burns


20/20

End of Isolation

Documents

Standard Precautions (3)