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July 21, 2017
State of Police Forces in India
Responsibilities of centre and states
Sources: Schedule 7 and Article 355, Constitution of India; PRS.
States Centre
Protecting states from external
and internal disturbances
Deploying central police forces
Institutes for intelligence,
investigation and police training
Maintaining public order
Police
Prisons
Criminal law
Criminal Procedure
Central Forces
Assam Rifles: India-Myanmar border
Border Security Force: India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh borders
Indo-Tibetan Border Police: India-China border
Sashastra Seema Bal: India-Nepal and Bhutan borders
Central Industrial Security Force: Protects critical infrastructure installations
Central Reserve Police Force: Assists with law and order, counter-insurgency,
anti-naxal and communal violence operations
National Security Guards: Counter-terrorism
Over 26 lakh personnel employed
9,68,233
22,80,691
9,04,677
17,31,666
-
5,00,000
10,00,000
15,00,000
20,00,000
25,00,000
Central police State police
Strength of Police (2016)
Sanctioned strength Actual strength
Sources: Bureau of Police Research and Development; PRS.
Increase in state police (1951-2011)
Note: Police per lakh population has been calculated using data for sanctioned strength of police and population for
the respective years.
Sources: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative; Census of India; PRS.
-
5,00,000
10,00,000
15,00,000
20,00,000
25,00,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Police per lakh population (LHS)
Police Strength (RHS)
… comparing across states
… however, 24% vacancies in states
… and 7% vacancies with central forces
0
50,000
1,00,000
1,50,000
2,00,000
2,50,000
3,00,000
3,50,000
Cen
tral
Res
erve
Pol
ice
For
ce
Bor
der
Sec
urity
For
ce
Cen
tral
Indu
stria
l Sec
urity
For
ce
Sas
hast
ra S
eem
a B
al
Indo
-Tib
etan
Bor
der
Pol
ice
Ass
am R
ifles
Nat
iona
l Sec
urity
Gua
rds
SSB has 18% vacancies; CISF has 10%
Sanctioned Strength Actual
Sources: Bureau of Police Research and Development; PRS.
Hierarchy of state police
Shortages in police infrastructure
Weaponry shortages
Police vehicles
Non-implementation of Police Telecommunication
Network
… and underspending on modernisation
74% 76%
58%
22%
86%
57%
14%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%20
09-1
0
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
2015
-16
% Utilisation of Modernisation Budget
Sources: Bureau of Police Research and Development; PRS.
Rising crime, low conviction rate…
Sources: NCRB 2014; PRS. Sources: NCRB 2014; PRS.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Crime per lakh population (Crime rate)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Chargesheeting and Convictions under Indian Penal Code
Chargesheeting per 100 cases Conviction per 100 cases
…. Poor investigation: possible reasons
Understaffed and overburdened
Lack training and legal knowledge
Forensic and other infrastructure
Centre and states spend 3% on police
10,944
49,342
19,498
77,487
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
2005-06 2015-16
Spending on police (in Rs crore)
Centre States
Sources: Bureau of Police Research and Development; Union Budget documents; PRS.
States’ spending over last decade
Sources: Bureau of Police Research and Development; PRS.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
05-0
6
06-0
7
07-0
8
08-0
9
09-1
0
10-1
1
11-1
2
12-1
3
13-1
4
14-1
5
15-1
6
Expenditure by States on Police (Rs crore) Year on year increase (%)
… comparing among states
… centre spends most on CRPF and BSF
Sources: Bureau of Police Research and Development; PRS.
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
CRPF BSF CISF AR SSB ITBP NSG
Expenditure (in Rs crore)
2005-06 2015-16
Police accountability
Accountability to political executive
Issue: Political interference in professional decision-
making
Accountability to independent authorities
Issue: Powers and composition
Thank you!
